Publications

pectin biosynthesis is critical for cell wall integrity and immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.	plant cell walls are important barriers against microbial pathogens. cell walls of arabidopsis thaliana leaves contain three major types of polysaccharides: cellulose, various hemicelluloses, and pectins. udp-d-galacturonic acid, the key building block of pectins, is produced from the precursor udp-d-glucuronic acid by the action of glucuronate 4-epimerases (gaes). pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola es4326 (pma es4326) repressed expression of gae1 and gae6 in arabidopsis, and immunity to pma es4 ...	2016	26813622
specific gene loci of clinical pseudomonas putida isolates.	pseudomonas putida are ubiquitous inhabitants of soils and clinical isolates of this species have been seldom described. clinical isolates show significant variability in their ability to cause damage to hosts because some of them are able to modulate the host's immune response. in the current study, comparisons between the genomes of different clinical and environmental strains of p. putida were done to identify genetic clusters shared by clinical isolates that are not present in environmental ...	2016	26820467
a phytophthora infestans rxlr effector targets plant pp1c isoforms that promote late blight disease.	plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. knowledge of how effectors target and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. here, we show that in planta expression of the rxlr effector pi04314 enhances leaf colonization by phytophthora infestans via activity in the host nucleus and attenuates induction of jasmonic and salicylic acid-responsive genes. pi04314 interacts with three host protein phosphatase 1 catalytic (pp1c) isoforms, causing their re-localizat ...	2016	26822079
altered glycosylation of exported proteins, including surface immune receptors, compromises calcium and downstream signaling responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns in arabidopsis thaliana.	calcium, as a second messenger, transduces extracellular signals into cellular reactions. a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration is one of the first plant responses after exposure to microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). we reported previously the isolation of arabidopsis thaliana mutants with a "changed calcium elevation" (cce) response to flg22, a 22-amino-acid mamp derived from bacterial flagellin.	2016	26822404
quantification and gene expression analysis of histone deacetylases in common bean during rust fungal inoculation.	histone deacetylases (hdacs) play an important role in plant growth, development, and defense processes and are one of the primary causes of epigenetic modifications in a genome. there was only one study reported on epigenetic modifications of the important legume crop, common bean, and its interaction with the fungal rust pathogen uromyces appendiculatus prior to this project. we measured the total active hdacs levels in leaf tissues and observed expression patterns for the selected hdac genes ...	2015	26824033
the μ subunit of arabidopsis adaptor protein-2 is involved in effector-triggered immunity mediated by membrane-localized resistance proteins.	endocytosis has been suggested to be important in the cellular processes of plant immune responses. however, our understanding of its role during effector-triggered immunity (eti) is still limited. we have previously shown that plant endocytosis, especially clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, is mediated by the adaptor protein-2 (ap-2) complex and that loss of the μ subunit of ap-2 (ap2m) affects plant growth and floral organ development. here, we report that ap2m is requir ...	2016	26828402
[the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to streptomycin under the influence of pesticides].	the results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. it is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. granstar herbicide, tviks and alpha super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of xanthomonas translucens 3164, p s ...	2016	26829841
development of scar markers for rapid and specific detection of pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum races 1 and 2, using conventional and real-time pcr.	specific primers were developed to detect the causal agent of stone fruit bacterial canker using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. pcr melting profile (pcr mp) used for analysis of diversity of pseudomonas syringae strains, allowed to pinpoint the amplified fragments specific for p. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (psm1) and race 2 (psm2), which were sequenced. using obtained data, specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) primers were designed. c ...	2016	26830104
screening for expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics.	liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. herein we report a protocol using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss) from bacterial strains. taking advantage of the large size of modular nrpss and pkss (often >200 kda), size-based separa ...	2016	26831706
arm-in-arm response regulator dimers promote intermolecular signal transduction.	bacteriophytochrome photoreceptors (bphps) and their cognate response regulators make up two-component signal transduction systems which direct bacteria to mount phenotypic responses to changes in environmental light quality. most of these systems utilize single-domain response regulators to transduce signals through unknown pathways and mechanisms. here we describe the photocycle and autophosphorylation kinetics of rtbphp1, a red light-regulated histidine kinase from the desert bacterium ramlib ...	2016	26833410
pigeonpea hybrid-proline-rich protein (cchyprp) confers biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic rice.	in this study, we report the overexpression of cajanus cajan hybrid-proline-rich protein encoding gene (cchyprp) in rice which resulted in increased tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses. compared to the control plants, the transgenic rice lines, expressing cchyprp, exhibited high-level tolerance against major abiotic stresses, viz., drought, salinity, and heat, as evidenced by increased biomass, chlorophyll content, survival rate, root, and shoot growth. further, transgenic rice lines s ...	2015	26834756
pigeonpea hybrid-proline-rich protein (cchyprp) confers biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic rice.	in this study, we report the overexpression of cajanus cajan hybrid-proline-rich protein encoding gene (cchyprp) in rice which resulted in increased tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses. compared to the control plants, the transgenic rice lines, expressing cchyprp, exhibited high-level tolerance against major abiotic stresses, viz., drought, salinity, and heat, as evidenced by increased biomass, chlorophyll content, survival rate, root, and shoot growth. further, transgenic rice lines s ...	2015	26834756
taadf3, an actin-depolymerizing factor, negatively modulates wheat resistance against puccinia striiformis.	the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. actin depolymerizing factors (adfs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. however, there is limited evidence linking adfs with plant defense against pathogens. in this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive adf gene (taadf3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. taadf3 is a three-copy gene located on chromoso ...	2015	26834758
taadf3, an actin-depolymerizing factor, negatively modulates wheat resistance against puccinia striiformis.	the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. actin depolymerizing factors (adfs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. however, there is limited evidence linking adfs with plant defense against pathogens. in this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive adf gene (taadf3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. taadf3 is a three-copy gene located on chromoso ...	2015	26834758
an in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus schinus.	growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection enhanced the need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. the chemical composition of the three essential oils (eos) extracted from leaves and fruits of schinus terebinthifolius and leaves of schinus molle, growing in tunisia, was studied by gc and gc-ms. in all, 12 compounds were identified. the oils were mainly composed of terpene compounds. α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and d-limonene were the major constituents. the aim o ...	2016	26836214
co-expression of active human cytochrome p450 1a2 and cytochrome p450 reductase on the cell surface of escherichia coli.	human cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug-drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of cyp related drug metabolites. however, recombinant expression of cyp enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cyt ...	2016	26838175
role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana.	plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (brs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. however, mechanisms by which brs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. in this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of brs in plant defense against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. exogenous applied brs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, w ...	2016	26838475
de novo assembled wheat transcriptomes delineate differentially expressed host genes in response to leaf rust infection.	pathogens like puccinia triticina, the causal organism for leaf rust, extensively damages wheat production. the interaction at molecular level between wheat and the pathogen is complex and less explored. the pathogen induced response was characterized using mock- or pathogen inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines (with or without seedling leaf rust resistance gene lr28). four serial analysis of gene expression libraries were prepared from mock- and pathogen inoculated plants and were subjected to ...	2016	26840746
extensive field survey, laboratory and greenhouse studies reveal complex nature of pseudomonas syringae-associated hazelnut decline in central italy.	pseudomonas avellanae (pav) has been reported as the causal agent of bacterial decline and bacterial canker of hazelnut in italy and greece, respectively. both hazelnut diseases were reported to be similar in terms of symptoms, severity and persistence. in this study, we found that both symptomatic and asymptomatic trees in the field were colonized by pav. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis showed that pav strains isolated during this study in italy belong to the p. syringae phylogroup 1 ...	2016	26840951
a site-specific integrative plasmid found in pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 along with a plasmid carrying an aminoglycoside-resistant gene.	plasmids play critical roles in bacterial fitness and evolution of pseudomonas aeruginosa. here two plasmids found in a drug-resistant p. aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 were completely sequenced. the phs87b plasmid (11.2 kb) carries phage-related genes and function-unknown genes. notably, phs87b encodes an integrase and has an adjacent trnathr-associated attachment site. a corresponding integrated form of phs87b at the trnathr locus was identified on the chromosome of p. aeruginosa, showing th ...	2016	26841043
spore density determines infection strategy by the plant pathogenic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.	necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens are resisted by different plant defenses. while necrotrophic pathogens are sensitive to jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent resistance, biotrophic pathogens are resisted by salicylic acid (sa)- and reactive oxygen species (ros)-dependent resistance. although many pathogens switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy during infection, little is known about the signals triggering this transition. this study is based on the observation that the early colonization pattern and ...	2016	26842622
the genome of newly classified ochroconis mirabilis: insights into fungal adaptation to different living conditions.	ochroconis mirabilis, a recently introduced water-borne dematiaceous fungus, is occasionally isolated from human skin lesions and nails. we identified an isolate of o. mirabilis from a skin scraping with morphological and molecular studies. its genome was then sequenced and analysed for genetic features related to classification and biological characteristics.	2016	26842951
foliar endophytic fungi as potential protectors from pathogens in myrmecophytic acacia plants.	in defensive ant-plant interactions myrmecophytic plants express reduced chemical defense in their leaves to protect themselves from pathogens, and it seems that mutualistic partners are required to make up for this lack of defensive function. previously, we reported that mutualistic ants confer plants of acacia hindsii protection from pathogens, and that the protection is given by the ant-associated bacteria. here, we examined whether foliar endophytic fungi may potentially act as a new partner ...	2014	26843901
effector polymorphisms of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen plasmopara halstedii and their use to identify pathotypes from field isolates.	the obligate biotroph oomycete plasmopara halstedii causes downy mildew on sunflower crop, helianthus annuus. the breakdown of several pl resistance genes used in sunflower hybrids over the last 25 years came along with the appearance of new pl. halstedii isolates showing modified virulence profiles. in oomycetes, two classes of effector proteins, key players of pathogen virulence, are translocated into the host: rxlr and crn effectors. we identified 54 putative crn or rxlr effector genes from t ...	2016	26845339
integration of decoy domains derived from protein targets of pathogen effectors into plant immune receptors is widespread.	plant immune receptors of the class of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain (nlr) proteins can contain additional domains besides canonical nb-arc (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by apaf-1, r proteins, and ced-4 (nb-arc)) and leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains. recent research suggests that these additional domains act as integrated decoys recognizing effectors from pathogens. proteins homologous to integrated decoys are suspected to be effector targets and involved in disease or ...	2016	26848538
gene structures, evolution and transcriptional profiling of the wrky gene family in castor bean (ricinus communis l.).	wrky proteins comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and form key regulators of many plant processes. this study presents the characterization of 58 wrky genes from the castor bean (ricinus communis l., euphorbiaceae) genome. compared with the automatic genome annotation, one more wrky-encoding locus was identified and 20 out of the 57 predicted gene models were manually corrected. all rcwrky genes were shown to contain at least one intron in their coding sequences. ...	2016	26849139
overexpression of the ndr1/hin1-like gene nhl6 modifies seed germination in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis.	nhl (ndr1/hin1-like) genes play crucial roles in pathogen induced plant responses to biotic stress. here, we report the possible function of nhl6 in plant response to abscisic acid (aba) and abiotic stress. nhl6 was highly expressed in non-germinated seeds, and its expression was strongly induced by aba and multiple abiotic stress signals. loss-of-function of nhl6 decreased sensitivity to aba in the early developmental stages including seed germination and post-germination seedling growth of the ...	2016	26849212
transcriptome analysis of an anthracnose-resistant tea plant cultivar reveals genes associated with resistance to colletotrichum camelliae.	tea plant breeding is a topic of great economic importance. however, disease remains a major cause of yield and quality losses. in this study, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar, zc108, was developed. an infection assay revealed different responses to colletotrichum sp. infection between zc108 and its parent cultivar lj43. zc108 had greater resistance than lj43 to colletotrichum camelliae. additionally, zc108 exhibited earlier sprouting in the spring, as well as different leaf shape and plant arc ...	2016	26849553
14-3-3 proteins in guard cell signaling.	guard cells are specialized cells located at the leaf surface delimiting pores which control gas exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. to optimize the co2 uptake necessary for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss, guard cells integrate environmental signals to adjust stomatal aperture. the size of the stomatal pore is regulated by movements of the guard cells driven by variations in their volume and turgor. as guard cells perceive and transduce a wide array of environmental cues, ...	2015	26858725
14-3-3 proteins in guard cell signaling.	guard cells are specialized cells located at the leaf surface delimiting pores which control gas exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. to optimize the co2 uptake necessary for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss, guard cells integrate environmental signals to adjust stomatal aperture. the size of the stomatal pore is regulated by movements of the guard cells driven by variations in their volume and turgor. as guard cells perceive and transduce a wide array of environmental cues, ...	2015	26858725
a partial loss-of-function mutation in an arabidopsis rna polymerase iii subunit leads to pleiotropic defects.	plants employ five dna-dependent rna polymerases (pols) in transcription. one of these polymerases, pol iii, has previously been reported to transcribe 5s rrna, trnas, and a number of small rnas. however, in-depth functional analysis is complicated by the fact that knockout mutations in pol subunits are typically lethal. here, we report the characterization of the first known viable pol iii subunit mutant,nrpc7-1 this mutant was originally isolated from a forward genetic screen designed to ident ...	2016	26865731
the quantitative basis of the arabidopsis innate immune system to endemic pathogens depends on pathogen genetics.	the most established model of the eukaryotic innate immune system is derived from examples of large effect monogenic quantitative resistance to pathogens. however, many host-pathogen interactions involve many genes of small to medium effect and exhibit quantitative resistance. we used the arabidopsis-botrytis pathosystem to explore the quantitative genetic architecture underlying host innate immune system in a population of arabidopsis thaliana. by infecting a diverse panel of arabidopsis access ...	2016	26866607
analysis of the lmmunity-related oxidative bursts by a luminol-based assay.	the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to biotic and abiotic cues is a conserved hallmark of plant responses. the detection and quantification of ros generation during immune responses is an excellent readout to analyze signaling triggered by the perception of pathogens. the assay described here is easy to employ and versatile, allowing its use in a multitude of variations. for example, ros production can be analyzed using different tissues including whole seedlings, r ...	2016	26867635
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae alf3 isolated from alfalfa.	we report here the annotated draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain alf3, isolated in wyoming. a comparison of this genome sequence with those of closely related strains of p. syringae adapted to other hosts will facilitate research into interactions between this pathogen and alfalfa.	2016	26868403
genome-wide analysis indicates lineage-specific gene loss during papilionoideae evolution.	gene loss is the driving force for changes in genome and morphology; however, this particular evolutionary event has been poorly investigated in leguminous plants. legumes (fabaceae) have some lineage-specific and diagnostic characteristics that are distinct from other angiosperms. to understand the potential role of gene loss in the evolution of legumes, we compared six genome-sequenced legume species of papilionoideae, the largest representative clade of fabaceae, such as glycine max, with 34 ...	2016	26868598
regulation of wrky46 transcription factor function by mitogen-activated protein kinases in arabidopsis thaliana.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are central signaling pathways activated in plants after sensing internal developmental and external stress cues. knowledge about the downstream substrate proteins of mapks is still limited in plants. we screened arabidopsis wrky transcription factors as potential targets downstream of mapks, and concentrated on characterizing wrky46 as a substrate of the mapk, mpk3. mass spectrometry revealed in vitro phosphorylation of wrky46 at amino acid posit ...	2016	26870073
the mechanistic underpinnings of an ago1-mediated, environmentally dependent, and stochastic phenotype.	the crucial role of micrornas in plant development is exceedingly well supported; their importance in environmental robustness is studied in less detail. here, we describe a novel, environmentally dependent phenotype in hypomorphic argonaute1 (ago1) mutants and uncover its mechanistic underpinnings in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). ago1 is a key player in microrna-mediated gene regulation. we observed transparent lesions on embryonic leaves of ago1 mutant seedlings. these lesions increased ...	2016	26872948
saxa-mediated isothiocyanate metabolism in phytopathogenic pectobacteria.	pectobacteria are devastating plant pathogens that infect a large variety of crops, including members of the family brassicaceae. to infect cabbage crops, these plant pathogens need to overcome the plant's antibacterial defense mechanisms, where isothiocyanates are liberated by hydrolysis of glucosinolates. here, we found that a pectobacterium isolate from the gut of cabbage root fly larvae was particularly resistant to isothiocyanate and even seemed to benefit from the abundant brassica root me ...	2016	26873319
the cotton myb108 forms a positive feedback regulation loop with cml11 and participates in the defense response against verticillium dahliae infection.	accumulating evidence indicates that plant myb transcription factors participate in defense against pathogen attack, but their regulatory targets and related signaling processes remain largely unknown. here, we identified a defense-related myb gene (ghmyb108) from upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and characterized its functional mechanism. expression of ghmyb108 in cotton plants was induced by verticillium dahliae infection and responded to the application of defense signaling molecules, inclu ...	2016	26873979
phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection.	plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. in order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. to counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. accumul ...	2016	26879412
pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from weeds in bean crop fields.	pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causative agent of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), was isolated from weeds associated with bean crops in spain. the bacterium was recovered from fumaria sp, mercurialis annua, solanum nigrum and sonchus oleraceus. ps. s. pv. phaseolicola had previously been isolated from leguminous plants and s. nigrum, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it was recovered from the other three species. the isolates were phenotypically and gen ...	2016	26880144
phytopathogen genome announcement: draft genome sequences of 62 pseudomonas syringae type and pathotype strains.	pseudomonas syringae is a diverse species-complex that includes many important crop pathogens. here, we report the draft genomes of 62 type and pathotype strains, which provide a genomic reference for the diversity of this species complex and will contribute to the elucidation of the genomic basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.	2016	26883489
fire blight disease reactome: rna-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to erwinia amylovora pathogen infection.	the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. rna-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. in presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. these included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen relate ...	2016	26883568
mapping of internal monophosphate 5' ends of bacillus subtilis messenger rnas and ribosomal rnas in wild-type and ribonuclease-mutant strains.	the recent findings that the narrow-specificity endoribonuclease rnase iii and the 5' exonuclease rnase j1 are not essential in the gram-positive model organism,bacillus subtilis, facilitated a global analysis of internal 5' ends that are generated or acted upon by these enzymes. an rna-seq protocol known as pare (parallel analysis of rna ends) was used to capture 5' monophosphorylated rna ends in ribonuclease wild-type and mutant strains. comparison of pare peaks in strains with rnase iii prese ...	2016	26883633
atpdcd5 plays a role in programmed cell death after uv-b exposure in arabidopsis.	dna damage responses have evolved to sense and react to dna damage; the induction of dna repair mechanisms can lead to genomic restoration or, if the damaged dna cannot be adequately repaired, to the execution of a cell death program. in this work, we investigated the role of an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) protein, atpdcd5, which is highly similar to the human pdcd5 protein; it is induced by ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation and participates in programmed cell death in the uv-b dna damage resp ...	2016	26884483
arabidopsis myc transcription factors are the target of hormonal salicylic acid/jasmonic acid cross talk in response to pieris brassicae egg extract.	arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants recognize insect eggs and activate the salicylic acid (sa) pathway. as a consequence, expression of defense genes regulated by the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway is suppressed and larval performance is enhanced. cross talk between defense signaling pathways is common in plant-pathogen interactions, but the molecular mechanism mediating this phenomenon is poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that egg-induced sa/ja antagonism works independently of the apet ...	2016	26884488
functional and structural analysis of a β-glucosidase involved in β-1,2-glucan metabolism in listeria innocua.	despite the presence of β-1,2-glucan in nature, few β-1,2-glucan degrading enzymes have been reported to date. recently, the lin1839 protein from listeria innocua was identified as a 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase. since the adjacent lin1840 gene in the gene cluster encodes a putative glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase, we hypothesized that lin1840 is also involved in β-1,2-glucan dissimilation. here we report the functional and structural analysis of lin1840. a recombinant lin1840 prot ...	2016	26886583
fusarium culmorum affects expression of biofilm formation key genes in bacillus subtilis.	it is known that there is correlation between biofilm formation and antagonistic activities of bacillus subtilis strains; but, the mechanism of this correlation is not clear. so, the effect of the plant pathogen (fusarium culmorum) on the biofilm formation in a b. subtilis strain with high antagonistic and biofilm formation activities was studied. the expression of sinr and tasa genes involved in the biofilm formation was studied in both single culture of bacterium (b) and co-culture with f. cul ...	2016	26887226
proteome analysis of disease resistance against ralstonia solanacearum in potato cultivar ct206-10.	potato is one of the most important crops worldwide. its commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to many fungal and bacterial diseases. among these, bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum causes significant yield loss. in the present study, integrated proteomics and genomics approaches were used in order to identify bacterial wilt resistant genes from rs resistance potato cultivar ct-206-10. 2-de and maldi-tof/tof-ms analysis identified eight differentially abundant proteins includi ...	2016	26889112
comparative analysis of plant immune receptor architectures uncovers host proteins likely targeted by pathogens.	plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and initiate defense responses. intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) proteins contain a central nucleotide-binding (nb) domain followed by a series of leucine-rich repeats (lrrs), and are key initiators of plant defense responses. however, recent studies demonstrated that nlrs with non-canonical domain architectures play an important role in plant immunity. these composite immu ...	2016	26891798
genome analysis of the kiwifruit canker pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 5.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is a destructive pathogen of kiwifruit bacterial canker disease, causing severe economic losses to kiwifruit industry worldwide. biovar 5 is the most recently reported biovar of psa, and is found in only a local area of japan at present. there is not much information of genetic characteristics of biovar 5. thus, the genome of biovar 5 was sequenced and analyzed to clarify its detailed genetic characteristics. here, the genomes of strain maff 212056 and m ...	2016	26891997
metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the asian rice gall midge.	an incompatible interaction between rice (oryza sativa) and the asian rice gall midge (agm, orseolia oryzae wood-mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (hr), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. we investigated changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of the host (indica rice variety: rp2068-18-3-5, rp), showing hr when attacked by an avirulent gall midge biotype (gmb1), to deduce molecular and biochemical bases ...	2016	26892000
evolution of a heavy metal homeostasis/resistance island reflects increasing copper stress in enterobacteria.	copper homeostasis in bacteria is challenged by periodic elevation of copper levels in the environment, arising from both natural sources and human inputs. several mechanisms have evolved to efflux copper from bacterial cells, including thecus(copper sensing copper efflux system), andpco(plasmid-borne copper resistance system) systems. the genes belonging to these two systems can be physically clustered in a copper homeostasis and silver resistance island (chasri) on both plasmids and chromosome ...	2016	26893455
functional metagenomics of a biostimulated petroleum-contaminated soil reveals an extraordinary diversity of extradiol dioxygenases.	a metagenomic library of a petroleum-contaminated soil was constructed in a fosmid vector that allowed heterologous expression of metagenomic dna. the library, consisting of 6.5 gb of metagenomic dna, was screened for extradiol dioxygenase (edo) activity using catechol and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl as the substrates. fifty-eight independent clones encoding extradiol dioxygenase activity were identified. forty-one different edo-encoding genes were identified. the population of edo genes was not domin ...	2016	26896130
characterization of a jaz7 activation-tagged arabidopsis mutant with increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum.	in arabidopsis, jasmonate (ja)-signaling plays a key role in mediating fusarium oxysporum disease outcome. however, the roles of jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins that repress ja-signaling have not been characterized in host resistance or susceptibility to this pathogen. here, we found most jaz genes are induced following f. oxysporum challenge, and screening t-dna insertion lines in arabidopsis jaz family members identified a highly disease-susceptible jaz7 mutant (jaz7-1d). this mutant exhib ...	2016	26896849
micrornas in rice innate immunity.	micrornas (mirnas) are short regulatory non-coding rnas that guide gene silencing in most eukaryotes. they regulate gene expression by triggering sequence-specific cleavage or translational repression of target transcripts. plant mirnas are known to play important roles in a wide range of developmental processes. increasing evidence also supports that the modulation of mirna levels plays an important role in reprogramming plant responses to abiotic stress (drought, cold, salinity and nutrient de ...	2016	26897721
cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence.	plants produce cytokinin (ck) hormones for controlling key developmental processes like source/sink distribution, cell division or programmed cell-death. some plant pathogens have been shown to produce cks but the function of this mimicry production by non-tumor inducing pathogens, has yet to be established. here we identify a gene required for ck biosynthesis, cks1, in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. the fungal-secreted cks are likely perceived by the plant during infection since the ...	2016	26900703
regulation of growth, cell shape, cell division, and gene expression by second messengers (p)ppgpp and cyclic di-gmp in mycobacterium smegmatis.	the alarmone (p)ppgpp regulates transcription, translation, replication, virulence, lipid synthesis, antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, and other functions in bacteria. signaling nucleotide cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, and other functions. in mycobacterium smegmatis, both (p)ppgpp and c-di-gmp are synthesized and degraded by bifunctional proteins rel(msm) and dcpa, encoded by rel(msm) and dcpa genes, respectively. we have prev ...	2016	26903417
protein phosphorylation and redox modification in stomatal guard cells.	post-translational modification (ptm) is recognized as a major process accounting for protein structural variation, functional diversity, and the dynamics and complexity of the proteome. since ptms can change the structure and function of proteins, they are essential to coordinate signaling networks and to regulate important physiological processes in eukaryotes. plants are constantly challenged by both biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce productivity, causing economic losses in crops. the p ...	2016	26903877
functional analysis of the citrate activator cito from enterococcus faecalis implicates a divalent metal in ligand binding.	the regulator of citrate metabolism, cito, from enterococcus faecalis belongs to the fcd family within the gntr superfamily. in the presence of citrate, cito binds to cis-acting sequences located upstream of the cit promoters inducing the expression of genes involved in citrate utilization. the quantification of the molecular binding affinities, performed by isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), indicated that cito has a high affinity for citrate (k d = 1.2 ± 0.2 μm), while it did not recogniz ...	2016	26903980
bacterial-plant-interactions: approaches to unravel the biological function of bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere.	rhizobacteria produce an enormous amount of volatile compounds, however, the function of these metabolites is scarcely understood. investigations evaluating influences on plants performed in various laboratories using individually developed experimental setups revealed different and often contradictory results, e.g., ranging from a significant plant growth promotion to a dramatic suppression of plant development. in addition to these discrepancies, these test systems neglected properties and com ...	2016	26903987
mapk cascades in guard cell signal transduction.	guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss, processes which involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapks form three-tiered kinase cascades with mapk kinases and mapk kinase kinases, by which signals are transduced to the target proteins. mapk cascade genes are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and they play crucial roles in myriad developmental and phy ...	2016	26904052
the two-component system cpxra negatively regulates the locus of enterocyte effacement of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli involving σ(32) and lon protease.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is a significant cause of serious human gastrointestinal disease worldwide. ehec strains contain a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee), which encodes virulence factors responsible for damaging the gut mucosa. the cpx envelope stress response of e. coli is controlled by a two-component system (tcs) consisting of a sensor histidine kinase (cpxa) and a cytoplasmic response regulator (cpxr). in this study, we investigated the ...	2016	26904510
iron availability shapes the evolution of bacteriocin resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the evolution of bacterial resistance to conventional antimicrobials is a widely documented phenomenon with gravely important consequences for public health. however, bacteria also produce a vast repertoire of natural antimicrobials, presumably in order to kill competing species. bacteriocins are a common class of protein-based antimicrobials that have been shown to have an important role in the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. relative to the evolution of antibiotic resistance, l ...	2016	26905630
expression patterns of genes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aphid-infested maize (zea mays l.) seedlings.	reduced forms of ascorbate (asa) and glutathione (gsh) are among the most important non-enzymatic foliar antioxidants in maize (zea mays l.). the survey was aimed to evaluate impact of bird cherry-oat aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) or grain aphid (sitobion avenae f.) herbivory on expression of genes related to ascorbate-glutathione (asa-gsh) cycle in seedlings of six maize varieties (ambrozja, nana, tasty sweet, touran, waza, złota karłowa), differing in resistance to the cereal aphids. relative ...	2016	26907270
functional analysis of the ferric uptake regulator gene fur in xanthomonas vesicatoria.	iron is essential for the growth and survival of many organisms. intracellular iron homeostasis must be maintained for cell survival and protection against iron toxicity. the ferric uptake regulator protein (fur) regulates the high-affinity ferric uptake system in many bacteria. to investigate the function of the fur gene in xanthomonas vesicatoria (xv), we generated a fur mutant strain, fur-m, by site-directed mutagenesis. whereas siderophore production increased in the xv fur mutant, extracell ...	2016	26910324
atp binding by the p-loop ntpase osychf1 (an unconventional g protein) contributes to biotic but not abiotic stress responses.	g proteins are involved in almost all aspects of the cellular regulatory pathways through their ability to bind and hydrolyze gtp. the ychf subfamily, interestingly, possesses the unique ability to bind both atp and gtp, and is possibly an ancestral form of g proteins based on phylogenetic studies and is present in all kingdoms of life. however, the biological significance of such a relaxed ligand specificity has long eluded researchers. here, we have elucidated the different conformational chan ...	2016	26912459
new pseudomonas spp. are pathogenic to citrus.	five putative novel pseudomonas species shown to be pathogenic to citrus have been characterized in a screening of 126 pseudomonas strains isolated from diseased citrus leaves and stems in northern iran. the 126 strains were studied using a polyphasic approach that included phenotypic characterizations and phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis. the pathogenicity of these strains against 3 cultivars of citrus is demonstrated in greenhouse and field studies. the strains were initially grouped ...	2016	26919540
a rice lsd1-like-type zfp gene oslol5 enhances saline-alkaline tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana, yeast and rice.	zinc finger proteins (zfps) play an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. however, little is known about the function of lsd1-like-type zfp in saline-alkaline (sa) stress resistance of rice. in this study, oslol5 (genbank no. aj620677), containing two lsd1-like-type c2c2 domains, was isolated and analyzed its protection roles in transgenic plants and yeast. oslol5 was located in the nucleus as evidenced by the bombardment of onion epidermal cells.	2016	26920613
broomrape weeds. underground mechanisms of parasitism and associated strategies for their control: a review.	broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in mediterranean, central and eastern europe, and asia. due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensifi ...	2016	26925071
melatonin in plants - diversity of levels and multiplicity of functions.	melatonin has been detected in numerous plant species. a particularly surprising finding concerns the highly divergent levels of melatonin that vary between species, organs and environmental conditions, from a few pg/g to over 20 μg/g, reportedly up to 200 μg/g. highest values have been determined in oily seeds and in plant organs exposed to high uv radiation. the divergency of melatonin concentrations is discussed under various functional aspects and focused on several open questions. this comp ...	2016	26925091
unravelling potential virulence factor candidates in xanthomonas citri. subsp. citri by secretome analysis.	citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in brazil. it's mainly caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype a (xac). we analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild type xac and an asymptomatic mutant for hrpb4 (δhrpb4) grown in nutrient broth (nb) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (xam1). this allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in xam1. in this ...	2016	26925342
elongator plays a positive role in exogenous nad-induced defense responses in arabidopsis.	extracellular nad is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. although it has been shown that exogenous nad(+) activates defense responses in arabidopsis, components in the exogenous nad(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. in a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous nad(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. map-based cloning revealed that ien2 encodes elongata3 (elo3)/atelp3, a subuni ...	2016	26926998
the impact of selection, gene conversion, and biased sampling on the assessment of microbial demography.	recent studies have linked demographic changes and epidemiological patterns in bacterial populations using coalescent-based approaches. we identified 26 studies using skyline plots and found that 21 inferred overall population expansion. this surprising result led us to analyze the impact of natural selection, recombination (gene conversion), and sampling biases on demographic inference using skyline plots and site frequency spectra (sfs). forward simulations based on biologically relevant param ...	2016	26931140
allantoin, a stress-related purine metabolite, can activate jasmonate signaling in a myc2-regulated and abscisic acid-dependent manner.	allantoin is a metabolic intermediate of purine catabolism that often accumulates in stressed plants. recently, we used arabidopsis knockout mutants (aln) of allantoinase to show that this purine metabolite activates abscisic acid (aba) production, thereby stimulating stress-related gene expression and enhancing seedling tolerance to abiotic stress. a detailed re-examination of the microarray data of an aln mutant (aln-1) confirmed the increased expression of aba-related genes and also revealed ...	2016	26931169
horizontal dna transfer mechanisms of bacteria as weapons of intragenomic conflict.	horizontal dna transfer (hdt) is a pervasive mechanism of diversification in many microbial species, but its primary evolutionary role remains controversial. much recent research has emphasised the adaptive benefit of acquiring novel dna, but here we argue instead that intragenomic conflict provides a coherent framework for understanding the evolutionary origins of hdt. to test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of a clonally descended bacterial population undergoing hdt through ...	2016	26934590
are pectin esterase inhibitor genes involved in mediating resistance to rhynchosporium commune in barley?	a family of putative pectin esterase inhibitor (pei) genes, which were detected in the genomic region co-segregating with the resistance gene rrs2 against scald caused by rhynchosporium commune in barley, were characterized and tested for their possible involvement in mediating resistance to the pathogen by complementation and overexpression analysis. the sequences of the respective genes were derived from two bac contigs originating from the susceptible cultivar 'morex'. for the genes hvpei2, h ...	2016	26937960
exogenous proteinogenic amino acids induce systemic resistance in rice.	plant immune responses can be induced by endogenous and exogenous signaling molecules. recently, amino acids and their metabolites have been reported to affect the plant immune system. however, how amino acids act in plant defense responses has yet to be clarified. here, we report that treatment of rice roots with amino acids such as glutamate (glu) induced systemic disease resistance against rice blast in leaves.	2016	26940322
complete genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa strain atcc 10859, isolated from infected wheat.	pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa is a pathovar of pseudomonas syringae that can infect wheat. the complete genome of p. syringae pv. lapsa strain atcc 10859 contains a 5,918,899-bp circular chromosome with 4,973 coding sequences, 16 rrnas, 69 trnas, and an average gc content of 59.13%. the analysis of this genome revealed several gene clusters that are related to pathogenesis and virulence.	2016	26941133
are bacterial volatile compounds poisonous odors to a fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea, alarm signals to arabidopsis seedlings for eliciting induced resistance, or both?	biological control (biocontrol) agents act on plants via numerous mechanisms, and can be used to protect plants from pathogens. biocontrol agents can act directly as pathogen antagonists or competitors or indirectly to promote plant induced systemic resistance (isr). whether a biocontrol agent acts directly or indirectly depends on the specific strain and the pathosystem type. we reported previously that bacterial volatile organic compounds (vocs) are determinants for eliciting plant isr. emergi ...	2016	26941721
global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the cross-road.	current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. however, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signalin ...	2016	26941757
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family in capsicum annuum l.	the wrky family of transcription factors is one of the most important families of plant transcriptional regulators with members regulating multiple biological processes, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about wrkys in pepper (capsicum annuum l.). the recent release of completely assembled genome sequences of pepper allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for pepper wrky proteins. in the present study, a total ...	2016	26941768
editorial: salicylic acid signaling networks.		2016	26941775
targeting the trehalose utilization pathways of mycobacterium tuberculosis.	tuberculosis (tb) is an epidemic disease and the growing burden of multidrug-resistant (mdr) tb world wide underlines the need to discover new drugs to treat the disease. mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is the etiological agent of most cases of tb. mtb is difficult to treat, in part, due to the presence of a sturdy hydrophobic barrier that prevents penetration of drugs through the cell wall. mtb can also survive in a non-replicative state for long periods of time avoiding the action of common a ...	2015	26941930
targeting the trehalose utilization pathways of mycobacterium tuberculosis.	tuberculosis (tb) is an epidemic disease and the growing burden of multidrug-resistant (mdr) tb world wide underlines the need to discover new drugs to treat the disease. mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is the etiological agent of most cases of tb. mtb is difficult to treat, in part, due to the presence of a sturdy hydrophobic barrier that prevents penetration of drugs through the cell wall. mtb can also survive in a non-replicative state for long periods of time avoiding the action of common a ...	2015	26941930
psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs.	the aim of this study was to disentangle the microbial diversity on porcine musculature. the hypervariable v1-v2 region of the 16s rrna gene was amplified from dna samples of clinically healthy slaughter pigs (n=8). pyrosequencing yielded 37,000 quality-controlled reads and a diverse microbiome with 54-159 otus per sample was detected. interestingly, 6 out of 8 samples were strongly dominated by 1-2 highly abundant otus (best hits of highly abundant otus: serratia proteamaculans, pseudomonas syr ...	2016	26943946
nbcspr underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in nicotiana benthamiana.	plants use receptor kinases (rks) and receptor-like proteins (rlps) as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. after ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing prrs interact with the lrr-rk bri1-associated kinase 1 (bak1). bak1 is thus expected to interact with unknown prrs. here, we used bak1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown lrr-rlp required for the recognition ...	2016	26944079
plant aquaporin atpip1;4 links apoplastic h2o2 induction to disease immunity pathways.	hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) is a stable component of reactive oxygen species, and its production in plants represents the successful recognition of pathogen infection and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). this production of h2o2 is typically apoplastic but is subsequently associated with intracellular immunity pathways that regulate disease resistance, such as systemic acquired resistance and pamp-triggered immunity. here, we elucidate that an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) aquapo ...	2016	26945050
de novo analysis of transcriptome reveals genes associated with leaf abscission in sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.).	sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) is an important sugar crop which belongs to the grass family and can be used for fuel ethanol production. the growing demands for sugar and biofuel is asking for breeding a sugarcane variety that can shed their leaves during the maturity time due to the increasing cost on sugarcane harvest.	2016	26946183
biocontrol activity of paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 against pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.	paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 (ac-1) is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that has been used as a soil inoculant for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and to promote plant growth. in this study, we examine the effects of ac-1 on the bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae and internal colonization of ac-1 by counting bacterial populations that colonize plants. ac-1 inhibited the growth of both p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) and p. syringae pv. tabaci (pta) in a concentrat ...	2016	26946374
divorcing strain classification from species names.	confusion about strain classification and nomenclature permeates modern microbiology. although taxonomists have traditionally acted as gatekeepers of order, the numbers of, and speed at which, new strains are identified has outpaced the opportunity for professional classification for many lineages. furthermore, the growth of bioinformatics and database-fueled investigations have placed metadata curation in the hands of researchers with little taxonomic experience. here i describe practical chall ...	2016	26947794
identification of differentially expressed genes in rna-seq data of arabidopsis thaliana: a compound distribution approach.	gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, which may be proteins. a gene is declared differentially expressed if an observed difference or change in read counts or expression levels between two experimental conditions is statistically significant. to identify differentially expressed genes between two conditions, it is important to find statistical distributional property of the data to approximate the nature of differen ...	2016	26949988
pp2a phosphatase as a regulator of ros signaling in plants.	reactive oxygen species (ros) carry out vital functions in determining appropriate stress reactions in plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensing, signaling and response to ros as signaling molecules are not yet fully understood. recent studies have underscored the role of protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) in ros-dependent responses involved in light acclimation and pathogenesis responses in arabidopsis thaliana. genetic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated that trim ...	2016	26950157
identification of an extracellular endoglucanase that is required for full virulence in xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri causes citrus canker disease, which is characterized by the formation of water-soaked lesions, white or yellow spongy pustules and brown corky canker. in this work, we report the contribution of extracellular endoglucanase to canker development during infection. the ectopic expression of nine putative cellulases in escherichia coli indicated that two endoglucanases, bglc3 and engxca, show carboxymethyl cellulase activity. both bglc3 and engxca genes were transcribe ...	2016	26950296
lack of host specialization on winter annual grasses in the fungal seed bank pathogen pyrenophora semeniperda.	generalist plant pathogens may have wide host ranges, but many exhibit varying degrees of host specialization, with multiple pathogen races that have narrower host ranges. these races are often genetically distinct, with each race causing highest disease incidence on its host of origin. we examined host specialization in the seed pathogen pyrenophora semeniperda by reciprocally inoculating pathogen strains from bromus tectorum and from four other winter annual grass weeds (bromus diandrus, bromu ...	2016	26950931
the chloroplastic protein thf1 interacts with the coiled-coil domain of the disease resistance protein n' and regulates light-dependent cell death.	one branch of plant immunity is mediated through nucleotide-binding/leu-rich repeat (nb-lrr) family proteins that recognize specific effectors encoded by pathogens. members of the i2-like family constitute a well-conserved subgroup of nb-lrrs from solanaceae possessing a coiled-coil (cc) domain at their n termini. we show here that the cc domains of several i2-like proteins are able to induce a hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death associated with disease resistance. usin ...	2016	26951433
characterization of sala, syrf, and syrg genes and attendant regulatory networks involved in plant pathogenesis by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a.	pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a, causal agent of brown spot on bean, is an economically important plant pathogen that utilizes extracellular signaling to initiate a lifestyle change from an epiphyte to a pathogen. luxr regulatory proteins play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of a variety of biological processes involving two-component signaling, quorum sensing, and secondary metabolism. analysis of the b728a genome identified 24 luxr-like proteins, three of which are ...	2016	26954255
role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in plants.	reversible protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism that controls many biological processes in eukaryotes. in plants, phosphorylation events primarily occur on serine (ser) and threonine (thr) residues, while in certain cases, it was also discovered on tyrosine (tyr) residues. in contrary to plants, extensive reports on tyr phosphorylation regulating a large numbers of biological processes exist in animals. despite of such prodigious function in animals, tyr phosphorylation is a ...	2015	26962298
bacteria-host relationship: ubiquitin ligases as weapons of invasion.	eukaryotic cells utilize the ubiquitin (ub) system for maintaining a balanced functioning of cellular pathways. although the ub system is exclusive to eukaryotes, prokaryotic bacteria have developed an armory of ub ligase enzymes that are capable of employing the ub systems of various hosts, ranging from plant to animal cells. these enzymes have been acquired through the evolution and can be classified into three main classes, ring (really interesting new gene), hect (homologous to the e6-ap car ...	2016	26964724
genome sequences of two pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato race 1 strains, isolated from tomato fields in california.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato race 1 strains have evolved to overcome genetic resistance in tomato. here, we present the draft genome sequences of two race 1 p. syringae pv. tomato strains, a9 and 407, isolated from diseased tomato plants in california.	2016	26966221