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erythrophagocytosis by neutrophils associated with clostridium perfringens-induced hemolytic anemia. 201525109599
enumeration of clostridia in goat milk using an optimized membrane filtration technique.a membrane filtration technique developed for counting butyric acid bacteria in cow milk was further developed for analysis of goat milk. reduction of the sample volume, prolongation of incubation time after addition of proteolytic enzyme and detergent, and a novel step of ultrasonic treatment during incubation allowed filtration of goat milk even in the case of somatic cell counts (scc) exceeding 10(6)/ml. however, filterability was impaired in milk from goats in late lactation. in total, spore ...201425129496
efficacy of an anticoccidial live vaccine in prevention of necrotic enteritis in chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important disease in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens combined with predisposing factors, mainly eimeriosis. in the present study, we investigated the protective effect of a commercial attenuated anticoccidial live vaccine against ne in a clinical infection model using 60 day-old chicks. vaccination was performed on study day (sd) 1 with natural booster-infections for 4 weeks from eimeria spp. oocysts present in litter. on sd 28, five groups were formed (n= ...201425131774
effects of salinomycin and bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chickens.the present study was undertaken to compare the effect of salinomycin and bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum antibody levels against clostridium spp. and eimeria spp., and cytokine mrna expression levels in broiler chickens raised in the used litter. broiler chickens fed a diet containing salinomycin showed lower (p < 0.05) body weights compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. serum nitric oxide levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in chickens fed the b. subtilis-enr ...201425135491
contributions of nani sialidase to caco-2 cell adherence by clostridium perfringens type a and c strains causing human intestinal disease.previous studies showed that clostridium perfringens type d animal disease strain cn3718 uses nani sialidase for adhering to enterocyte-like caco-2 cells. the current study analyzed whether nani is similarly important when type a and c human intestinal disease strains attach to caco-2 cells. a pcr survey determined that the nani gene was absent from typical type a food poisoning (fp) strains carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene or the genetically related type c darmbrand (db) strains. h ...201425135687
iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in kenyan infants.in-home iron fortification for infants in developing countries is recommended for control of anaemia, but low absorption typically results in >80% of the iron passing into the colon. iron is essential for growth and virulence of many pathogenic enterobacteria. we determined the effect of high and low dose in-home iron fortification on the infant gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation.201525143342
dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary ca, p, and phytase on performance, intestinal morphology, bone ash, and ca and p digestibility during a necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreak. the 35-d trial was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, which included 2 ca levels (0.6 and 0.9%), 2 p levels (0.3 and 0.45%), and 2 levels of phytase [0 and 1,000 phytase units (ftu)/kg]. birds were placed on litter from a previous flock that exhibited clinical signs of ne. birds and feed were w ...201425143591
bacterial contamination of fabric and metal-bead identity card lanyards: a cross-sectional study.in healthcare, fabric or metal-bead lanyards are universally used for carrying identity cards. however there is little information on microbial contamination with potential pathogens that may readily re-contaminate disinfected hands. we examined 108 lanyards from hospital staff. most grew skin flora but 7/108 (6%) had potentially pathogenic bacteria: four grew methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, and four grew probable fecal flora: 3 clostridium perfringens and 1 clostridium bifermenta ...201625151656
identification of a two-component signal transduction system that regulates maltose genes in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive rod that is widely distributed in nature and is the etiological agent of several human and animal diseases. the complete genome sequence of c. perfringens strain 13 has been determined and multiple two-component signal transduction systems identified. one of these systems, designated here as the malno system, was analyzed in this study. microarray analysis was used to carry out functional analysis of a malo mutant. the results, which were confirmed by q ...201425152227
targeting tight junctions during epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality of patients with this disease. in pancreatic cancer, some tight junction proteins, including claudins, are abnormally regulated and therefore are promising molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. claudin-4 and -18 are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions. claudin ...201425152584
[alpha and theta toxin clostridium perfringens infection complicated by septic shock and hemolysis]. 201425154792
a synthetic peptide corresponding to the extracellular loop 2 region of claudin-4 protects against clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in vitro and in vivo.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) action starts when the toxin binds to claudin receptors. claudins contain two extracellular loop domains, with the second loop (ecl-2) being slightly smaller than the first. cpe has been shown to bind to ecl-2 in receptor claudins. we recently demonstrated that caco-2 cells (a naturally cpe-sensitive enterocyte-like cell line) can be protected from cpe-induced cytotoxicity by preincubating the enterotoxin with soluble full-length recombinant claudin-4 (r ...201425156725
differential responses of cecal microbiota to fishmeal, eimeria and clostridium perfringens in a necrotic enteritis challenge model in chickens.clostridium perfringens causes enteric diseases in animals and humans. in poultry, avian-specific c. perfringens strains cause necrotic enteritis, an economically significant poultry disease that costs the global industry over $2 billion annually in losses and control measures. with removal of antibiotic growth promoters in some countries this disease appears to be on the rise. in experimental conditions used to study disease pathogenesis and potential control measures, reproduction of the disea ...201425167074
photocatalytic and biocidal activities of novel coating systems of mesoporous and dense tio₂-anatase containing silver nanoparticles.here we describe the development of novel nanostructured coating systems with improved photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. these systems comprise a layer of sio2 followed by a layer of mesoporous or dense tio2-anatase, and doping with silver nanoparticles (ag nps). the coatings were synthesized via a sol-gel technique by combining colloidal ag nps with tio2 and sio2 sols. the photocatalytic activity was studied through methyl orange decomposition under uv light. results showed a great i ...201425175258
investigation on antibacterial and antioxidant activities, phenolic and flavonoid contents of some thai edible plants as an alternative for antibiotics.this study was aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidative properties of seven edible plants from thailand to develop alternative antibiotics as feed additives. the plants include citrus aurantifolia swingle (lime) fruits and its leaves, sesbania grandiflora l. (agati sesbania) leaves, piper sarmentosum roxb (wild betal) leaves, curcuma domestica valeton (turmeric) roots, morinda citrifolia l. (beach mulberry) leaves, cassia siamea britt (siamea cassia) leaves, and cocos nucifera l. (co ...201425178298
identification of glutamate abc-transporter component in clostridium perfringens as a putative drug target.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic pathogen known to cause vast number of diseases in mammals and birds. various toxins and hydrolysing enzymes released by the organism are responsible for the necrosis of soft tissues. due to serious safety issues associated with current vaccines against c. perfringens, there is a need for new drug or vaccine targets. c. perfringens is extremely dependent on its host for nutrition which can be targeted for vaccine development or drug design. therefore, it i ...201425187678
expression of the large clostridial toxins is controlled by conserved regulatory mechanisms.the clostridia cause many human and animal diseases, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. host damage results from the action of potent exotoxins, an important group of which is the large clostridial toxins (lcts) produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii, clostridium perfringens and clostridium novyi. knowledge of the structure and function of these toxins has been attained, however, apart from c. difficile, the regulatory pathways that control lct production remain ...201425190355
induction of potential protective immunity against enterotoxemia in calves by single or multiple recombinant clostridium perfringens toxoids.cattle enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens toxins is a noncontagious, sporadic, and fatal disease characterized by sudden death. strategies for controlling and preventing cattle enterotoxemia are based on systematic vaccination of herds with toxoids. because the process of producing conventional clostridial vaccines is dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming, the prospect of recombinant toxoid vaccines against diseases caused by c. perfringens toxins is promising. in this study, non ...201425197030
clostridium and bacillus binary enterotoxins: bad for the bowels, and eukaryotic being.some pathogenic spore-forming bacilli employ a binary protein mechanism for intoxicating the intestinal tracts of insects, animals, and humans. these gram-positive bacteria and their toxins include clostridium botulinum (c2 toxin), clostridium difficile (c. difficile toxin or cdt), clostridium perfringens (ι-toxin and binary enterotoxin, or bec), clostridium spiroforme (c. spiroforme toxin or cst), as well as bacillus cereus (vegetative insecticidal protein or vip). these gut-acting proteins for ...201425198129
view from the front lines: an emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users.injection drug use (idu), specifically non-intravenous "skin-popping" of heroin, seems to provide optimal conditions for clostridial infection and toxin production. idu is therefore a major risk factor for wound botulism and clostridial necrotizing soft tissue infections (nsti) and continues to be linked to cases of tetanus. case clusters of all 3 diseases have occurred among idus in western u.s. and europe. medical personnel who care for the idu population must be thoroughly familiar with the c ...201425230330
comparing the identification of clostridium spp. by two matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry platforms to 16s rrna pcr sequencing as a reference standard: a detailed analysis of age of culture and sample preparation.we compared the identification of clostridium species using mass spectrometry by two different matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) platforms (bruker ms and vitek ms) against 16s rrna sequencing as the reference standard. we then examined the impact of different sample preparations and (on one of those platforms) age of bacterial colonial growth on the performance of the maldi-tof ms systems. we identified 10 different species amongst the 52 ...201425230331
hygienization performances of innovative sludge treatment solutions to assure safe land spreading.the present research aims at the evaluation of the hygienization performances of innovative sludge treatment processes applied for the separated treatment of secondary sludge. namely, two digestion pretreatments (sonication and thermal hydrolysis) and two sequential biological processes (mesophilic/thermophilic and anaerobic/aerobic digestion) were compared to the mesophilic (mad) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (tad). microbial indicators (escherichia coli, somatic coliphages and clostridi ...201525233915
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: the third most potent bacterial toxin known.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by clostridium perfringens type b and d strains and causes enterotoxemia, a highly lethal disease with major impacts on the farming of domestic ruminants, particularly sheep. etx belongs to the aerolysin-like pore-forming toxin family. although etx has striking similarities to other toxins in this family, etx is often more potent, with an ld50 of 100 ng/kg in mice. due to this high potency, etx is considered as a potential bioterrorism agent and has been classifie ...201425234332
biofilms of clostridium species.the biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. a biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. it protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. in this review we describe all biofilms formed by clostridium species d ...201425242197
a tripartite cocktail of chimeric monoclonal antibodies passively protects mice against ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.due to the fast-acting nature of ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), it is necessary that therapeutic interventions following a bioterrorism incident by one of these toxins occur as soon as possible after intoxication. moreover, because the clinical manifestations of intoxication by these agents are likely to be indistinguishable from each other, especially following aerosol exposure, we have developed a cocktail of chimeric monoclonal anti ...201425260254
effect of bacillus subtilis c-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers.bacillus subtilis c-3102 has been used as a direct-fed microbial or probiotic product since 1986 to improve production performance in broilers worldwide. this study was conducted to determine and confirm the effect of b. subtilis c-3102 spore supplementation to feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass quality, blood profiles, noxious gas emission, and intestinal and excreta microflora in broilers. a total of 816 one-day-old male ross 308 broilers (46.06 ± 0.67 g) were used in ...201425260523
intestinal events and nutritional dynamics predispose clostridium perfringens virulence in broilers.clostridium perfringensa (cpa) entering the gastrointestinal system depends on favorable conditions to develop and subsequently extend pathogenicity. reduction in digestive dynamics progressing from the duodenum decreases lumen oxygen, leading to anaerobic conditions in the distal lumen that favor cpa. when nutritional support is concurrently provided, an expanding population threatens the mucosa. dietary nonstarch polysaccharides that increase viscosity further impair oxygen transfer from the m ...201425260526
residues involved in the pore-forming activity of the clostridium perfringens iota toxin.clostridium perfringens iota toxin is a binary toxin that is organized into enzyme (ia) and binding (ib) components. ib forms channels in lipid bilayers and mediates the transport of ia into the target cells. here we show that ib residues 334-359 contain a conserved pattern of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues forming two amphipathic β-strands involved in membrane insertion and channel formation. this stretch of amino acids shows remarkable structural and functional analogies with ...201525266274
surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california.the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ...201425266897
the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol predisposes for the development of clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.both mycotoxin contamination of feed and clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis have an increasing global economic impact on poultry production. especially the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) is a common feed contaminant. this study aimed at examining the predisposing effect of don on the development of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. an experimental clostridium perfringens infection study revealed that don, at a contamination level of 3,000 to 4,000 µg/kg feed, incre ...201425268498
neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes food poisoning. the neuraminidase (na) protein of c. perfringens plays a pivotal role in bacterial proliferation and is considered a novel antibacterial drug target. based on screens for novel na inhibitors, a 95% etoh extract of corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome showed na inhibitory activity (68% at 30 μg/ml), which resulted in the isolation of 10 isoquinoline alkaloids; namely, palmatine (1), berberine (2), coptisin ...201425277281
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from australian dairy farm environments.the ability of foodborne pathogens to gain entry into food supply systems remains an ongoing concern. in dairy products, raw milk acts as a major vehicle for this transfer; however, the sources of pathogenic bacteria that contaminate raw milk are often not clear, and environmental sources of contamination or the animals themselves may contribute to the transfer. this survey examined the occurrence of 9 foodborne pathogens in raw milk and environments of 7 dairy farms (3 bovine, 3 caprine, and 1 ...201425282417
clostridium perfringens type a-e toxin plasmids.clostridium perfringens relies upon plasmid-encoded toxin genes to cause intestinal infections. these toxin genes are associated with insertion sequences that may facilitate their mobilization and transfer, giving rise to new toxin plasmids with common backbones. most toxin plasmids carry a transfer of clostridial plasmids locus mediating conjugation, which likely explains the presence of similar toxin plasmids in otherwise unrelated c. perfringens strains. the association of many toxin genes wi ...201525283728
epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens acts on oligodendrocytes without forming pores, and causes demyelination.epsilon toxin (et) is produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d and causes severe neurological disorders in animals. et has been observed binding to white matter, suggesting that it may target oligodendrocytes. in primary cultures containing oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, we found that et (10(-9) m and 10(-7) m) binds to oligodendrocytes, but not to astrocytes. et induces an increase in extracellular glutamate, and produces oscillations of intracellular ca(2+) concentration in oligoden ...201525287162
genetic and antigenic typing of clostridium perfringens isolates from ostriches. 201425290951
a fatal spontaneous gas gangrene due to clostridium perfringens during neutropenia of allogeneic stem cell transplantation: case report and literature review.most cases of gas gangrene caused by clostridium species begin with trauma-related injuries but in rare cases, spontaneous gas gangrene (sgg) can occur when patients have conditions such as advanced malignancy, diabetes, or immunosuppression. clostridium perfringens, a rare cause of sgg, exists as normal flora of skin and intestines of human. adequate antibiotics with surgical debridement of infected tissue is the only curative therapeutic management. mortality rate among adults is reported rang ...201425298910
evaluation of the in vitro activity of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against clinical anaerobic bacteria.this study evaluated the in vitro anti-anaerobic activity and spectrum of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against 375 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including gram-negative bacilli (181 strains), gram-negative cocci (11 strains), gram-positive bacilli (139 strains) and gram-positive cocci (44 strains), covering 34 species. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of levornidazole, its five metabolites and three comparators against these anaerobic isolates were determined ...201425301712
regulation of toxin gene expression in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes clostridial myonecrosis (or gas gangrene), enteritis and enterotoxemia in humans and livestock by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes. the toxin gene expression is regulated by a two-component regulatory system and regulatory rna virr/virs-vr-rna cascade. the virr/virs system ...201525303832
anaerobic bacteria grow within candida albicans biofilms and induce biofilm formation in suspension cultures.the human microbiome contains diverse microorganisms, which share and compete for the same environmental niches. a major microbial growth form in the human body is the biofilm state, where tightly packed bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells must cooperate and/or compete for resources in order to survive. we examined mixed biofilms composed of the major fungal species of the gut microbiome, candida albicans, and each of five prevalent bacterial gastrointestinal inhabitants: bacteroides fragilis, ...201425308076
clostridium perfringens septicemia in a long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis: an etiology of gas bubble accumulation in cetaceans.an adult female long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis live-stranded in la jolla, california, usa, on july 30, 2012 and subsequently died on the beach. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gas bubble accumulation in the vasculature, organ parenchyma, mandibular fat pads, and subdermal sheath as well as a gas-filled cavity within the liver, mild caudal abdominal effusion, and fluid in the uterus. gross examination confirmed these findings and also identified mild ulc ...201425320031
structural and functional characterization of the clostridium perfringens n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase essential for the sialic acid salvage pathway.pathogenic bacteria are endowed with an arsenal of specialized enzymes to convert nutrient compounds from their cell hosts. the essential n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase (nane) belongs to a convergent glycolytic pathway for utilization of the three amino sugars, glcnac, mannac, and sialic acid. the crystal structure of ligand-free nane from clostridium perfringens reveals a modified triose-phosphate isomerase (β/α)8 barrel in which a stable dimer is formed by exchanging the c-termina ...201425320079
proteolytic processing and activation of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by caprine small intestinal contents.epsilon toxin (etx), a pore-forming toxin produced by type b and d strains of clostridium perfringens, mediates severe enterotoxemia in livestock and possibly plays a role in human disease. during enterotoxemia, the nearly inactive etx prototoxin is produced in the intestines but then must be activated by proteolytic processing. the current study sought to examine etx prototoxin processing and activation ex vivo using the intestinal contents of a goat, a natural host species for etx-mediated dis ...201425336460
crystal structure of the phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type phosphate transporter from clostridium perfringens.phosphate limitation is an important environmental stress that affects the metabolism of various organisms and, in particular, can trigger the virulence of numerous bacterial pathogens. clostridium perfringens, a human pathogen, is one of the most common causes of enteritis necroticans, gas gangrene and food poisoning. here, we focused on the high affinity phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type transporter, responsible for cellular phosphate uptake. we report the crystal structure (1.6 ...201425338617
in vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria.lactulose has been known as a prebiotic that can selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. recent studies have indicated that streptococcus mutans, clostridium perfringens, and faecalibacterium prausnitzii are also able to utilize lactulose. however, the previous studies mainly focused on the utilization of lactulose by individual strains, and few studies were designed to identify the species that could utilize lactulose among gut microbiota. this study aime ...201425340538
directed structural modification of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to enhance binding to claudin-5.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to distinct claudins (clds), which regulate paracellular barrier functions in endo- and epithelia. the c-terminal domain (ccpe) has the potential for selective claudin modulation, since it only binds to a subset of claudins, e.g., cld3 and cld4 (ccpe receptors). cld5 (non-cpe receptor) is a main constituent in tight junctions (tj) of the blood-brain barrier. we aimed to reveal claudin recognition mechanisms of ccpe and to create a basis for a cld5- ...201525342221
diet is a major factor governing the fecal butyrate-producing community structure across mammalia, aves and reptilia.butyrate-producing bacteria have an important role in maintaining host health. they are well studied in human and medically associated animal models; however, much less is known for other vertebrata. we investigated the butyrate-producing community in hindgut-fermenting mammalia (n = 38), aves (n = 8) and reptilia (n = 8) using a gene-targeted pyrosequencing approach of the terminal genes of the main butyrate-synthesis pathways, namely butyryl-coa:acetate coa-transferase (but) and butyrate kinas ...201525343515
dysbiosis anticipating necrotizing enterocolitis in very premature infants.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is a devastating inflammatory bowel disease of premature infants speculatively associated with infection. suspected nec can be indistinguishable from sepsis, and in established cases an infant may die within hours of diagnosis. present treatment is supportive. a means of presymptomatic diagnosis is urgently needed. we aimed to identify microbial signatures in the gastrointestinal microbiota preceding nec diagnosis in premature infants.201425344536
a combination of targeted toxin technology and the piggybac-mediated gene transfer system enables efficient isolation of stable transfectants in nonhuman mammalian cells.isolation of cells harboring exogenous dna is typically achieved by the introduction of plasmids, but its efficiency remains still low. in this study, we developed a novel strategy to obtain stable transfectants efficiently. porcine embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with two plasmids: (i) ptransiend, which comprises the ubiquitous promoter, the piggybac (pb) transposase gene, an internal ribosomal entry site, the clostridium perfringens-derived endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc) gene, and a ...201525345906
high incidence of staphylococcus aureus and norovirus gastroenteritis in infancy: a single-center, 1-year experience.the etiology of acute gastroenteritis (age) has changed since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination. the aim of this study was to clarify which common pathogens, both bacterial and viral, are currently causing age in infants.201425349829
feed supplementation with red seaweeds, chondrus crispus and sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, affects performance, egg quality, and gut microbiota of layer hens.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of red seaweed supplementation to standard poultry diets on production performance, egg quality, intestinal histology, and cecal short-chain fatty acids in lohmann brown classic laying hens. a total of 160 birds were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups. control hens were fed a basal layer diet; positive control hens were fed a diet containing 2% inulin; and 6 treatment groups were fed a diet containing one of the following; 0. ...201425352682
splenic abscess after splenic blunt injury angioembolization.splenic angioembolization (sae), during nonoperative management (nom) of blunt splenic injury (bsi), is an effective therapy for hemodynamically stable patients with grade iii, iv, and v ois splenic injuries. we report a case of a patient with a blunt abdominal trauma due to an accidental fall, who presented splenic abscess a week after sae and a review of the literature.201425362884
in vitro effect of dietary protein level and nondigestible oligosaccharides on feline fecal microbiota.the aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of some prebiotic substances and 2 dietary protein levels on the composition and activity of feline fecal microbiota. two in vitro studies were conducted. first, 6 nondigestible oligosaccharides were studied; treatments were control diet (ctrl), gluconic acid (ga), carrot fiber (cf), fructooligosaccharides (fos), galactooligosaccharides (gos), lactitol (lac), and pectins from citrus fruit (pec). substrates were added to feline feca ...201425367521
sialidase production and genetic diversity in clostridium perfringens type a isolated from chicken with necrotic enteritis in brazil.the sialidase activity and genetic diversity of 22 clostridium perfringens strains isolated from chickens with necrotic enteritis were determined. sialidase activity was detected in 86.4 % of the strains. all c. perfringens showed a high value of similarity (>96 %), and they were grouped into seven clusters clearly separated from the other reference bacterial strains. from these clusters four patterns were defined in accordance with their phenotypic (sialidase production and antibiotic resistanc ...201525373329
dietary sodium selenite affects host intestinal and systemic immune response and disease susceptibility to necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers.1. this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary dietary selenium (se) given as sodium selenite on host immune response against necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial broiler chickens. 2. chicks were fed from hatching on a non-supplemented diet or diets supplemented with different levels of se (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 se mg/kg). to induce ne, broiler chickens were orally infected with eimeria maxima at 14 d of age and then with clostridium perfringens 4 d later using our previously establi ...201525387235
clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty with contaminated corneal allografts: a case series.to report the postoperative clinical course of 3 patients who underwent corneal transplantation with corneal allografts contaminated with clostridium perfringens and to evaluate the risk factors for anaerobic contamination in 2 donors.201525393093
effect of rooibos (aspalathus linearis) on growth control of clostridium perfringens and lipid oxidation of ready-to-eat jokbal (pig's trotters).this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of rooibos (tea extract), potassium lactate (pl) and sodium diacetate (sda) mixture alone or in combinations on the growth of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell and spore in ready-to-eat (rte) jokbal (pig's trotters). addition of a combination of 10% rooibos and 4% pl + sda inhibit growth of c. perfringens vegetative cell in jokbal at 24 °c and 36 °c. the significant inhibition on germination and growth of c. perfringens spores was also obse ...201425394229
[focal meningitis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--diagnostic procedure and pathology].a 15-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with progressive lameness of the hindlimbs and a chronic skin lesion was presented for clinical examination. the clinical neurological examination, showing a paraparesis, was completed by magnetic resonance imaging. mr images of the cervical and thoracic spine showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion between the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) and the second thoracic vertebra (t2), which extended through the intervertebral ...201425406071
comparison of two methods of bacterial dna extraction from human fecal samples contaminated with clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni.in this study, 2 methods of dna extraction were evaluated for use in conjunction with the screening system rapid foodborne bacterial screening 24 (rfbs24), which employs multiplex real-time sybr green polymerase chain reaction (sg-pcr) and can simultaneously detect 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in fecal dna samples. the qiaamp dna stool mini kit (qkit) and ultra clean fecal dna isolation kit (ukit) were used for bacterial dna extraction from fecal samples artificially inoculated with cl ...201425410559
successional changes in the chicken cecal microbiome during 42 days of growth are independent of organic acid feed additives.poultry remains a major source of foodborne bacterial infections. a variety of additives with presumed anti-microbial and/or growth-promoting effects are commonly added to poultry feed during commercial grow-out, yet the effects of these additives on the gastrointestinal microbial community (the gi microbiome) as the bird matures remain largely unknown. here we compared temporal changes in the cecal microbiome to the effects of formic acid, propionic acid, and medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa) add ...201425427406
determination of the clostridium perfringens-binding site on fibronectin.the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (fn) is known to bind to the surface of clostridium perfringens cells. fn is a disulfide-linked homodimer protein, with each fn polypeptide consisting of three types of repeating modules: 12 type i, 2 type ii, and 15-17 type iii modules. to determine the epitope on fn recognized by c. perfringens cells, anti-fn monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and various fn fragments (iii2-10, riii2-4, riii5-7, riii8, riii9, riii10) were employed. although two c. perfrin ...201525433150
modulation of small intestinal homeostasis along with its microflora during acclimatization at simulated hypobaric hypoxia.at high altitude (ha) hypobaric hypoxic environment manifested several pathophysiological consequences of which gastrointestinal (gi) disorder are very common phenomena. to explore the most possible clue behind this disorder intestinal flora, the major player of the gi functions, were subjected following simulated hypobaric hypoxic treatment in model animal. for this, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (approximately 4872.9 m) air pressure consecutively for 30 days for 8 h/day and its small ...201425434105
genomic analyses of clostridium perfringens isolates from five toxinotypes.clostridium perfringens can be isolated from a range of environments, including soil, marine and fresh water sediments, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. some c. perfringens strains have attractive industrial applications, e.g., in the degradation of waste products or the production of useful chemicals. however, c. perfringens has been most studied as the causative agent of a range of enteric and soft tissue infections of varying severities in humans and animals. host prefer ...201525445567
one-carbon metabolic pathway rewiring in escherichia coli reveals an evolutionary advantage of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs) in survival under hypoxia.in cells, n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate (n(10)-fthf) is required for formylation of eubacterial/organellar initiator trna and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. biosynthesis of n(10)-fthf is catalyzed by 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (fold) and/or 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs). all eubacteria possess fold, but some possess both fold and fhs. however, the reasons for possessing fhs in addition to fold have remained unclear. we used escherichia coli, which n ...201525448816
prevalence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea.clostridium perfringens has been suspected as an enteropathogen in dogs. however, its exact role in gastrointestinal (gi) disorders in dogs remains unknown. recent studies suggest the importance of an altered intestinal microbiota in the activation of virulence factors of enteropathogens. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diarrhea, dysbiosis, and the presence of c. perfringens and its enterotoxin (cpe). fecal samples were collected prospectively from 95 healthy contr ...201425458422
detection and molecular typing of clostridium perfringens isolates from beef, chicken and turkey meats.here we describe a study investigating the presence of clostridium perfringens strains in meat samples and the toxin genes in the isolates by pcr. this study, for the first time, demonstrated the presence of c. perfringens type e in turkey meats, while c. perfringens type c strains isolated from chicken meats.201525460196
novel receptors for bacterial protein toxins.while bacterial effectors are often directly introduced into eukaryotic target cells by various types of injection machines, toxins enter the cytosol of host cells from endosomal compartments or after retrograde transport via golgi from the er. a first crucial step of toxin-host interaction is receptor binding. using optimized protocols and new methods novel toxin receptors have been identified, including metalloprotease adam 10 for staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, laminin receptor lu/bcam for esc ...201525461573
differential outgrowth potential of clostridium perfringens food-borne isolates with various cpe-genotypes in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c.in the current study, the outgrowth of spores of 15 different food isolates of clostridium perfringens was evaluated in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c and 25°c. this included enterotoxic strains carrying the gene encoding the cpe enterotoxin on the chromosome (c-cpe), on a plasmid (p-cpe) and cpe-negative strains. the 15 strains were selected from a larger group of strains that were first evaluated for their ability to sporulate in modified duncan-strong sporulating medium. spo ...201525461607
effect of packaging technology on microbiological and sensory quality of a cooked blood sausage, morcela de arroz, from monchique region of portugal.morcela de arroz (ma), a popular portuguese blood sausage, with high ph and water activity (aw), is traditionally commercialized without preservatives and unpacked. this study evaluated the best packaging solution to extend ma shelf life stored at 4±1°c for 44days: without packaging (wp), vacuum (vp) and modified atmosphere packaging (map) (80% co2; 20% n2). mesophilic (mtvc), psychrotrophic (ptvc), lactic acid bacteria (lab), pseudomonads, molds and yeasts, enterobacteriaceae, listeria monocyto ...201525462380
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a/b do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs.although an association between clostridial pathogens and canine idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (ahds) has been described, the relevance of those bacteria and their toxins remains unclear. the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between severity of clinical signs and presence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and clostridium difficile toxin a/b (cdt a/b) in faeces of dogs with ahds. faecal samples of 54 dogs with idiopathic ahds were tested by qualitati ...201525467148
immune and anti-oxidant effects of in ovo selenium proteinate on post-hatch experimental avian necrotic enteritis.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of selenium (se) incorporated into hydrolyzed soybean protein (b-taxim [bt]) on protection against experimental avian necrotic enteritis (ne). broiler eggs were injected with either 100 μl of pbs alone (bt0), or 20 or 40 μg/egg of bt in pbs (bt20, bt40) at 18 days of embryogenesis. on day 14 post-hatch, the chickens were uninfected or orally infected with 1.0 × 10(4) oocysts of eimeria maxima (e. maxima). on day 18 post ...201425468015
characterization of bacteriocin like inhibitory substance produced by a new strain brevibacillus borstelensis ag1 isolated from 'marcha'.in the present study, a bacterium isolated from marcha- a herbal cake used as traditional starter culture to ferment local wine in north east india, was evaluated for bacteriocin like inhibitory substance production and was tested against six food borne/spoilage causing pathogens viz. listeria monocytogenes mtcc 839, bacillus subtilis mtcc 121, clostridium perfringens mtcc 450, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum and leuconostoc mesenteroides mtcc 107 by using bit/disc method followed ...201425477937
properties of reformulated hot dog sausage without added nitrites during chilled storage.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of a complete nitrite replacement strategy using celery, carmine, sodium lactate and orange dietary fibre combined with vitamins c and e, on the quality characteristics (technological, sensorial and safety properties) of hot dog sausages (five samples) during chilled storage (2 ± 1℃ 60 days). nitrite replacers (combined with vitamins c and e) presented antioxidant activity, reducing lipid oxidation in reformulated samples. at the end of storage redn ...201625480689
microbial evaluation of sandboxes located in urban area.this paper presents the results of a study on the degree of bacteriological pollution of sandboxes situated in fenced and unfenced housing estates located in an urban area in olsztyn, poland. heterotrophic plate counts (hpc22, hpc37), enterobacteriaceae, escherichia coli, enterococcus spp., staphylococcus spp. and clostridium perfringens determined by cultivation and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) methods were used as indicators of the sanitary state. their maximum number in the sand ...201525483374
structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a cobalamin cofactor.the eutl shell protein is a key component of the ethanolamine-utilization microcompartment, which serves to compartmentalize ethanolamine degradation in diverse bacteria. the apparent function of this shell protein is to facilitate the selective diffusion of large cofactor molecules between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the microcompartment. while eutl is implicated in molecular-transport phenomena, the details of its function, including the identity of its transport substrate, remain unknown. ...201425484204
interaction of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin with biological and model membranes: a putative protein receptor in cells.epsilon-toxin (etx) is a powerful toxin produced by some strains of clostridium perfringens (classified as types b and d) that is responsible for enterotoxemia in animals. etx forms pores through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, consisting of a β-barrel of 14 amphipathic β-strands. etx shows a high specificity for certain cell lines, of which madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) is the first sensitive cell line identified and the most studied one. the aim of this study was to establish the r ...201525485476
two novel membrane proteins, tcpd and tcpe, are essential for conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes either toxin genes or antibiotic resistance determinants on a unique family of conjugative plasmids that have a novel conjugation region, the tcp locus. studies of the paradigm conjugative plasmid from c. perfringens, the 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3, have identified several tcp-encoded proteins that are involved in conjugative transfer and form part of the transfer apparatus. in this study, the role of the conserved hypothetic ...201525488300
dynamic determination of kinetic parameters, computer simulation, and probabilistic analysis of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef during cooling.the objective of this research was to develop a new one-step methodology that uses a dynamic approach to directly construct a tertiary model for prediction of the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef. this methodology was based on simultaneous numerical analysis and optimization of both primary and secondary models using multiple dynamic growth curves obtained under different conditions. once the models were constructed, the bootstrap method was used to calculate the 95% confidence i ...201525500276
transcriptional profiles of host-pathogen responses to necrotic enteritis and differential regulation of immune genes in two inbreed chicken lines showing disparate disease susceptibility.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important intestinal infectious disease of commercial poultry flocks caused by clostridium perfringens. using an experimental model of ne involving co-infection with c. perfringens and eimeria maxima, transcriptome profiling and functional genomics approaches were applied to identify the genetic mechanisms that might regulate the host response to this disease. microarray hybridization identified 1,049 transcripts whose levels were altered (601 increased, 448 decreas ...201425504150
evaluation of a membrane filtration method for the rapid enumeration of confirmed clostridium perfringens from water.a modification of the uk reference and iso 14189 tsca medium for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens from water coupled with a membrane filter transfer technique for testing for production of acid phosphatase was evaluated. the new tryptose cycloserine agar (tca) medium, which lacks sodium metabisulphite but contains sodium pyruvate to improve recovery, allows the isolation and confirmation of cl. perfringens within 18-24 h of sample processing. data from a multilaboratory study analysed ...201525514882
mucin gene mrna levels in broilers challenged with eimeria and/or clostridium perfringens.the effects of eimeria (em) and clostridium perfringens (cp) challenges on the mrna levels of genes involved in mucin (muc) synthesis (muc2, muc5ac, muc13, and trefoil family factor-2 [tff2]), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha] and interleukin-18 [il-18]), and metabolic processes (cluster of differentiation [cd]36) in the jejunum of broilers were investigated. two parallel experiments involving 1) em challenge and 2) em and cp challenges were conducted. the first experiment wa ...201425518436
effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey clostridial dermatitis.clostridia represents a group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria ubiquitous in the poultry environment. they are widely distributed in soil and survive for many years as highly resistant, inactive spores. they enter the body through wounds and contaminated feed as active bacteria or spores. multiplication of clostridial bacteria occurs only in the absence of oxygen or in environments with very low concentrations of oxygen. during active multiplication, the clostridial organisms produce several ...201425518439
cost-of-illness and disease burden of food-related pathogens in the netherlands, 2011.to inform risk management decisions on control and prevention of food-related disease, both the disease burden expressed in disability adjusted life years (daly) and the cost-of-illness of food-related pathogens are estimated and presented. disease burden of fourteen pathogens that can be transmitted by food, the environment, animals and humans was previously estimated by havelaar et al. (2012). in this paper we complement these by cost-of-illness estimates. together, these present a complete pi ...201525528537
no difference in fecal levels of bacteria or short chain fatty acids in humans, when consuming fruit juice beverages containing fruit fiber, fruit polyphenols, and their combination.this study examined the effect of a boysenberry beverage (750 mg polyphenols), an apple fiber beverage (7.5 g dietary fiber), and a boysenberry plus apple fiber beverage (750 mg polyphenols plus 7.5 g dietary fiber) on gut health. twenty-five individuals completed the study. the study was a placebo-controlled crossover study, where every individual consumed 1 of the 4 treatments in turn. each treatment phase was 4-week long and was followed by a 2-week washout period. the trial beverages were 35 ...201525530011
spirotetronate antibiotics with anti-clostridium activity from actinomadura sp. 2eps.the rare actinomycetes strain 2eps was isolated from soil and analysis of cultural, morphological characteristics, diaminopimelic acid content of its cell wall, and 16s rrna gene sequence indicates that 2eps belongs to genus actinomadura. in addition, neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree also confirmed the relationships of this strain to other members of actinomadura. a butanol extract with antibacterial activity was purified by reversed-phase chromatography to obtain three bioactive compounds, de ...201525543910
high stocking density as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks.stocking density is a management factor which has critical implications for the poultry industry. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high stocking density as a predisposing factor in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. the experimental challenge model included an oral inoculation with 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens. two hundred and forty as hatc ...201525563065
four foodborne disease outbreaks caused by a new type of enterotoxin-producing clostridium perfringens.the epidemiological and bacteriological investigations on four foodborne outbreaks caused by a new type of enterotoxin-producing clostridium perfringens are described. c. perfringens isolated from patients of these outbreaks did not produce any known enterotoxin and did not carry the c. perfringens enterotoxin gene. however, the culture filtrates of these isolates induced the accumulation of fluid in rabbit ileal loop tests. the molecular weight of the new enterotoxin may be between 50,000 and 1 ...201525568432
a novel cofactor-binding mode in bacterial imp dehydrogenases explains inhibitor selectivity.the steadily rising frequency of emerging diseases and antibiotic resistance creates an urgent need for new drugs and targets. inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (imp dehydrogenase or impdh) is a promising target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. impdh catalyzes the oxidation of imp to xmp with the concomitant reduction of nad(+), which is the pivotal step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. potent inhibitors of bacterial impdhs have been identified that bind in a stru ...201525572472
effects of dietary selenium on host response to necrotic enteritis in young broilers.the effects of dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with an organic selenium (se) formulation, b-traxim se, on experimental necrotic enteritis (ne) were studied. chickens treated with three se doses (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg/kg) from hatch were orally challenged with eimeria maxima at 14 days of age followed by clostridium perfringens to induce ne. chickens fed with 0.50 mg/kg se showed significantly increased body weights and antibody levels against netb, and significantly reduced gut l ...201525575447
inflammatory responses to a clostridium perfringens type a strain and α-toxin in primary intestinal epithelial cells of chicken embryos.the causative pathogen of necrotic enteritis is the gram-positive bacterium clostridium perfringens. its main cell wall component, peptidoglycan (pgn), can be recognized by toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod). consequently, the immune response is initiated via activation of nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb) signalling pathway. an in vitro study was conducted to investigate chicken intestinal inflammatory responses to c. perfringens type a and one of its virulenc ...201525584964
global phenotypic characterization of effects of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities of clostridium perfringens strains.fluoroquinolone resistance affects toxin production of clostridium perfringens strains differently. to investigate the effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on global changes in metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities, four c. perfringens strains and their norfloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-resistant mutants were compared in nearly 2000 assays, using phenotype microarray plates. variations among mutant strains resulting from resistance selection were observed in all a ...201425587280
a possible route for foodborne transmission of clostridium difficile?spores of toxigenic clostridium difficile and spores of food-poisoning strains of clostridium perfringens show a similar prevalence in meats. spores of both species are heat resistant and can survive cooking of foods. c. perfringens is a major cause of foodborne illness; studies are needed to determine whether c. difficile transmission by a similar route is a cause of infection.201525599421
parasitic gastroenteritis in lambs widespread.parasitic gastroenteritis diagnosed in lambs by all veterinary investigation centres, clostridium perfringens epsilon enterotoxaemia suspected in two cows, comparative quarterly porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome diagnoses reach a 10-year peak, failure of an entire colony of gulls in cumbria, endoparasitism the predominant feature in exotic farmed animals, these are among matters discussed in the animal and plant health agency's (apha's) disease surveillance report for september 2014.201525614548
a sequential statistical approach towards an optimized production of a broad spectrum bacteriocin substance from a soil bacterium bacillus sp. yas 1 strain.bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, display potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. the present study highlights integral statistical optimization and partial characterization of a bacteriocin substance from a soil bacterium taxonomically affiliated as bacillus sp. yas 1 after biochemical and molecular identifications. a sequential statistical approach (plackett-burman and box-behnken) was employed to optimize bacteriocin (bac yas 1) production. u ...201425614886
clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna).this study describes an outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in captive macaws (ara ararauna). two psittacine birds presented a history of prostration and died 18 hr after manifestation of clinical signs. the necropsy findings and histopathologic lesions were indicative of necrotic enteritis. microbiologic assays resulted in the growth of large gram-positive bacilli that were identified as c. perfringens. pcr was used to identify clostridium toxinotypes and con ...201425619013
identification of tyrosine 71 as a critical residue for the cytotoxic activity of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin towards mdck cells.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx) is an extremely potent toxin, causing fatal enterotoxaemia in many animals. several amino acids in domains i and ii have been proposed to be critical for etx to interact with mdck cells. however, the critical amino acids in domain iii remain undefined. therefore, we assessed the effects of aromatic amino acids in domain iii on etx activity in this study. all of the results indicated that y71 was critical for the cytotoxic activity of etx towards mdck c ...201525626370
correction for chen et al., epsilon-toxin production by clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 is dependent upon the agr operon but not the virs/virr two-component regulatory system. 201525626909
an assessment of the human health impact of seven leading foodborne pathogens in the united states using disability adjusted life years.we explored the overall impact of foodborne disease caused by seven leading foodborne pathogens in the united states using the disability adjusted life year (daly). we defined health states for each pathogen (acute illness and sequelae) and estimated the average annual incidence of each health state using data from public health surveillance and previously published estimates from studies in the united states, canada and europe. these pathogens caused about 112 000 dalys annually due to foodborn ...201525633631
identification and characterization of clostridium perfringens beta toxin variants with differing trypsin sensitivity and in vitro cytotoxicity activity.by producing toxins, clostridium perfringens causes devastating diseases of both humans and animals. c. perfringens beta toxin (cpb) is the major virulence determinant for type c infections and is also implicated in type b infections, but little is known about the cpb structure-function relationship. amino acid sequence comparisons of the cpbs made by 8 randomly selected isolates identified two natural variant toxins with four conserved amino acid changes, including a switch of e to k at positio ...201525643999
clostridium perfringens: a review of enteric diseases in dogs, cats and wild animals.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that is commonly part of the microbiota of humans and animals. it is considered a common enteric pathogen, but the pathogenesis and the predisposing factors of the disease commonly differ between host species. thus, specific research is necessary to understand the role of this pathogen, how to diagnose it, and which control measures are applicable. the aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of c. perfringens infections i ...201525644183
immunization with recombinant bivalent chimera r-cpae confers protection against alpha toxin and enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens type a in murine model.clostridium perfringens type a, an anaerobic pathogen is the most potent cause of soft tissue infections like gas gangrene and enteric diseases like food poisoning and enteritis. the disease manifestations are mediated via two important exotoxins, viz. myonecrotic alpha toxin (αc) and enterotoxin (cpe). in the present study, we synthesized a bivalent chimeric protein r-cpae comprising c-terminal binding regions of αc and cpe using structural vaccinology rationale and assessed its protective effi ...201525645504
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