Publications

pediculicidal activity of certain plant essential oils against head lice pediculus humanus capitis.	this paper reports the pediculicidal activity of certain monoterpenoids of plant essential oils compared to several anti-head lice formulations. it also reports the molecular features required for a chemical to kill head lice. live adult pediculus humanus capitus were collected from children living in the qabary area, alexandria, egypt and used in in vitro bioassays. the data demonstrated that the commercial formulation, quick (0.5% malathion) was the most potent formulation against head lice, w ...	2004	17265607
pediculus humanus capitis infestation in a shiraz rural area, iran.		1999	17283477
head lice: what seems to change, and what seems to stay the same.		2007	17283702
molecular characterization of two acetylcholinesterase cdnas in pediculus human lice.	two cdna sequences encoding drosophila ace-orthologous and -paralogous acetylcholinesterase precursors (ao- and ap-ache precursors, respectively), were identified from the body louse, pediculus humanus humanus l. in vitro inhibition studies with an insecticide-susceptible body louse strain exhibited a simplex inhibitory response of ache. the i50 values of fenitroxon and carbaryl were estimated to be 2.2 and 1.9 microm for the susceptible lice, respectively. the mrna level of ap-ache gene was 3.1 ...	2007	17294923
head lice--more resistance to common treatments...and a hot air approach to the problem.		2006	17297741
pediculus humanus: ectoparasite?		2007	17328510
head lice vs. white piedra: something to consider.		2007	17338030
pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice.	the parasitic sucking lice of primates are known to have undergone at least 25 million years of coevolution with their hosts. for example, chimpanzee lice and human head/body lice last shared a common ancestor roughly six million years ago, a divergence that is contemporaneous with their hosts. in an assemblage where lice are often highly host specific, humans host two different genera of lice, one that is shared with chimpanzees and another that is shared with gorillas. in this study, we recons ...	2007	17343749
pediculosis corporis: an ancient itch.	lice are obligatory parasites surviving on blood meals obtained from the host, with their mouthparts modified to enable piercing and sucking. the infestation with body lice, also known as pediculosis corporis, is a common worldwide problem that affects people of all races. body lice are preferentially seen in cold climates, under conditions of poor sanitation and crowding. pediculosis corporis is not only a disease in itself, but it can also be a source of bacterial infections. the hallmark of p ...	2007	17433178
a comparison of botanical and synthetic substances commonly used to prevent head lice (pediculus humanus var. capitis) infestation.	pediculosis, caused by head lice (pediculidae: pediculus humanus var. capitis), is experiencing a global resurgence, with the prevalence in primary schools averaging as high as 40% in some areas regardless of socioeconomic factors. control efforts using chemical treatments are becoming increasingly ineffective, with insecticide resistance recorded in several countries. prevention using repellents and oils would be useful if they limited transmission. many commercially available substances repute ...	2007	17442090
hot air is an effective treatment for head lice.		2007	17452240
[the frequency of intestinal parasites and head lice among students of the akşemsettin primary school for deaf students].	parasitic infections especially affect those children in critical phases of growing and development. they can lead to malnutrition, malabsorption, mental and social adaptation problems, and critical illnesses that hinder productivity. this is an important health problem in turkey, and intestinal parasites are quite frequently found in boarding school and care centers for children. the aim of this study was to discover and treat the parasitological agents found in the students of the primary scho ...	2007	17471415
therapy for head lice based on life cycle, resistance, and safety considerations.	the timing of head lice maturation most favorable to their survival in the presence of anti-lice agents is the maximum time as an ovum (12 days) and the shortest possible time of maturing from newly hatched nymph to egg-laying adult (8.5 days). pediculicides that are not reliably ovicidal (pyrethroids and lindane) require 2 to 3 treatment cycles to eradicate lice. ovicidal therapies (malathion) require 1 to 2 treatments. treatment with an agent to which there is genetic resistance is unproductiv ...	2007	17473098
look for head lice.		2007	17542477
pediculus capitis infestation according to sex and social factors in hamedan, iran.	pediculus capitis or head-louse infestation has been a worldwide public-health problem, especially among school-aged children. to determine the intensity of infestation (abundance) among schoolchildren, children's sex and social factors were analyzed as modifiers of the general prevalence of parasitism. the study included 847 schoolchildren (407 girls, 440 boys) aged 6-12 years, from 12 public rural primary schools of hamedan, hamedan province, iran. classic prevalence was obtained as the percen ...	2006	17547060
a downturn in the incidence of head lice infestation?		2007	17550575
prevalence and monthly distribution of head lice using two diagnostic procedures in several age groups in uberlândia, state of minas gerais, southeastern brazil.	some epidemiological characteristics of head lice, pediculus capitis, were studied using two procedures: cut hair analysis and head inspection. higher prevalence rates were observed in the middle and at the end of the school terms. both procedures indicated that children were the main reservoir for this type of pediculosis in uberlândia.	2007	17568900
[more and more frequent: parasite alarm in kindergarten. what gives head lice the final blow? (interview by dr. thomas meissner)].		2006	17632855
withdrawn: interventions for treating headlice.	infection with head lice is a widespread condition in developed and developing countries. infection occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults. if left untreated the condition can become intensely irritating and skin infections may occur if the bites are scratched.	2007	17636657
effectiveness of lotions based on essential oils from aromatic plants against permethrin resistant pediculus humanus capitis.	in argentina, field populations of the head louse pediculus humanus capitis de geer (phthiraptera: pediculidae) have developed resistance to permethrin and other pyrethroids. thus, the aim of this work was the development of a lotion containing essential oils from plants and an alcoholic coadjuvant to improve biological effect. ethanol + isopropanol (1 + 1 in volume) 50% in water and ethanol 96% were taken as bases for preparation of experimental lotions containing essential oils from plants. we ...	2007	17647002
what parents in australia know and do about head lice.	although parents in developed market economies regard head lice infections (pediculosis) as a significant problem, health departments generally rate pediculosis as a low priority health issue, encouraging parents to manage and control it. but how well equipped and willing are parents to manage the infections? there do not appear to be any studies in the literature addressing these issues. this article presents the results of a survey conducted in australia that aimed to answer these questions.	2007	17650060
an investigation and comparison of the bioactivity of selected essential oils on human lice and house dust mites.	the insecticidal potency of some essential oils suggests that they may find an application in the control of house dust mites, but current in vitro assays for mites do not appear to give consistent results. a simple, novel, mite chamber assay was therefore developed to carry out testing. different species of insects are susceptible to different essential oil components, so we compared the relative acaricidal and pediculicidal activity of three essential oils: tea tree, lavender and lemon, becaus ...	2007	17662541
international guidelines for effective control of head louse infestations.	head louse infestations are increasing or remain high in most countries. in order to reduce the proportion of children infested with head lice and slow down the emergence of strains of lice resistant to pediculicides, more active involvement of health and educational authorities, as well as parents, is of paramount importance. we suggest that health authorities should introduce more efficient methods for evaluating pediculicides and more stringent regulations for adoption of new anti-louse produ ...	2007	17668538
lessons from naked apes and their infections.	human infections come from two main sources. our 'family heirlooms' have co-evolved with the host as we diverged from the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and these are often vertically transmitted. our 'new acquisitions' come from cross-species infections, and these are typically horizontally transmitted. compared with other apes, naked apes harbor a larger variety of pathogens, acquired from the domesticated and commensal non-primate species which share our habitat, as well as from e ...	2007	17669206
does dimeticone clear head lice?	head lice infestation is common and mainly affects children of primary school age. treatments include licensed topical preparations containing conventional chemical insecticides and medical devices. each of these fail to eradicate head lice in some patients and resistance is a problem with chemical insecticides. dimeticone 4% lotion (hedrin - thornton & ross) is a new treatment licensed "for the eradication of head lice infestations". here we consider its place in the context of other options.	2007	17718305
[lice, fleas and other beasts].	bedbugs, lice, fleas and mites are blood-sucking ectoparasites whose bites cause allergic skin reactions. diagnosis of bites is based on the morphology of the skin eruptions and the pattern of involved skin areas. confirmation of the diagnosis often requires detection of the causal parasite. the main reservoir for ectoparasites (e.g., bedbugs, fleas, lice and scabies mites) are humans, but animals are also known to harbor ectoparasites (e.g., certain fleas and mites). fleas, body lice and certai ...	2007	17726924
therapy for head lice.		2007	17766547
quantitative analysis of proliferation and excretion of bartonella quintana in body lice, pediculus humanus l.	although body louse is a well-known vector of trench fever, the growth kinetics of bartonella quintana in body lice has not been fully understood. we performed a quantitative analysis of bacterial multiplication rate. b. quintana started proliferation in body lice 4 days after ingestion and was constantly excreted in the feces for at least 3 weeks. the number of bacteria in feces reached the maximum 10(7)/louse per day on day 15. the doubling time of b. quintana estimated from logistic regressio ...	2007	17827380
a randomized, investigator-blinded, time-ranging study of the comparative efficacy of 0.5% malathion gel versus ovide lotion (0.5% malathion) or nix crème rinse (1% permethrin) used as labeled, for the treatment of head lice.	one hundred seventy-two subjects with head lice participated in a five-way, investigator-blinded, parallel-group, active-controlled study comparing 0.5% malathion gel (30, 60, and 90 minutes applications), ovide lotion (0.5% malathion), and nix crème rinse (1% permethrin). all subjects were treated on day 1. participants were reevaluated at day 8 +/- 1 and those with live lice were retreated with the same product, for the same duration as day 1. cure, defined as the absence of live lice, was eva ...	2007	17845167
the varied beneficial effects of ivermectin (mectizan) treatment, as observed within onchocerciasis foci in south-eastern nigeria.	in the treatment of humans, ivermectin (mectizan((r))), a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone, is now primarily used as a rapid microfilaricide. the drug has several other benefits, however, and these have recently been investigated in five states in south-eastern nigeria, where there have been mass treatments with ivermectin, for the control of onchocerca volvulus, for more than 10 years. between the january and december of 2005, 3125 adult onchocerciasis patients (each aged >/=20 years and know ...	2007	17877878
overcoming health inequalities by using the bug busting 'whole-school approach' to eradicate head lice.	the aim of this paper was to illustrate the socially inclusive nature of the bug busting 'whole-school approach' to head louse eradication.	2007	17880484
metalloproteases and egg-hatching in pediculus humanus, the body (clothes) louse of humans (phthiraptera: insecta).	to investigate the biochemical components of egg-hatch in the body louse, pediculus humanus, egg-shell-washings (esw) were collected during the first 2 h post-hatching and analysed by gelatin sds-page. these esw contained proteases with molecular mass in the range of 25-100 kda; the most abundant proteases were approximately 25 kda. the 3 main regions of protease activity in the one-dimensional gelatin sds-page gels resolved to at least 23 distinct regions of protease activity when analysed by t ...	2008	17892616
shared vulnerability: a theory of caring for children with persistent head lice.	head lice infestation is a worldwide phenomenon that affects persons of all ages. for reasons that are not entirely clear, a number of children experience persistent head lice infestations lasting weeks, months, or years. little is known about the impact of caring for children with persistent head lice on parents/caregivers. the purpose of this grounded theory study is to explore how parents and caregivers manage caring for children with persistent head lice. data were obtained through participa ...	2007	17894526
dna detection rates of host mtdna in bloodmeals of human body lice (pediculus humanus l., 1758).	using polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the extent to which digestion affects the potential to amplify 12s mitochondrial dna sequences from bloodmeals of individual human body lice (pediculus humanus l.) (phthiraptera, pediculidae) up to 72 h after feeding on a surrogate rabbit host (oryctolagus cuniculus l.) (lagomorpha, leporidae). two rabbit-specific primer pairs were developed to produce amplicons of 199 bp and 283 bp, the smaller of which was found to have a significantly slower de ...	2007	17897371
[head lice (pediculosis capitis). advice on infectious diseases--a leaflet for the physician].		2007	17912874
detection of pyrethroid resistance gene in head lice in schoolchildren from bobigny, france.	the head louse, pediculus humanus capitis (de geer), is an hematophagous ectoparasite that affects mainly children. resistance to insecticides belonging to pyrethroids and other pediculicides, such as malathion, is responsible for frequently reported treatment failures. recent studies showed that a m815i-t929i-l932f kdr-like mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunit gene was associated with permethrin resistance in head lice from several countries worldwide. we searched for the ...	2007	17915510
north american efficacy and safety of a novel pediculicide rinse, isopropyl myristate 50% (resultz).	head lice infestations are a major nuisance in school-aged children and are a worldwide public health problem. there are growing concerns about the effectiveness of current treatments owing to increasing resistance, safety, and patient noncompliance. a safe, easy to use, effective alternative is needed.	2007	17942025
a stochastic model for head lice infections.	we investigate the dynamics of head lice infections in schools, by considering a model for endemic infection based on a stochastic sis (susceptible-infected-susceptible) epidemic model, with the addition of an external source of infection. we deduce a range of properties of our model, including the length of a single outbreak of infection. we use the stationary distribution of the number of infected individuals, in conjunction with data from a recent study carried out in welsh schools on the pre ...	2008	17943288
high in vitro efficacy of nyda l, a pediculicide containing dimeticone.	the therapy of pediculosis remains a common problem in clinical practice. as resistance to commonly used chemical pediculicides is constantly increasing, there is a need for new effective compounds.	2007	17958836
randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial comparing 4% dimeticone lotion with 0.5% malathion liquid for head louse infestation.	malathion 0.5% has been the most prescribed pediculicide in the united kingdom for around 10 years, and is widely used in europe and north america. anecdotal reports suggest malathion treatments are less effective than formerly, but this has not been confirmed clinically. this study was designed to determine whether malathion is still effective and if 4% dimeticone lotion is a more effective treatment for head louse infestation.	2007	17987114
do head lice spread in swimming pools?	this study investigated the potential for head lice transmission in swimming pools using an in vitro experiment and a field trial. in the former study, head lice were submerged for 20 min in aqueous solutions at 25 +/- 1 degrees c: deionized water, sea water, salt solutions (30, 60, 120 and 240 g/l), and chlorinated water (0.2, 2 and 5 mg/l). in all trials, lice located on cut hairs became immobile and did not respond to physical prodding. after entering stasis, no movement was observed until af ...	2007	17988347
an overview of head lice infestation in neurosurgical patients.	head lice or pediculosis is recognized as an increasing problem in medical practice (down et al, 1999). secondary bacterial infections can occur in patients with infestation. in neurosurgical patients, head lice infestation may be a potential risk factor for peri-operative complications. secondary infection could further complicate neurosurgical wounds with subsequent complications. the authors discuss epidemiology, pathogenesis of potential peri-operative complications resulting from pediculosi ...	2007	18026036
body lice and head lice (anoplura: pediculidae) have the smallest genomes of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date.	the human body louse, pediculus humanus humanus l. (anoplura: pediculidae), is a vector of several diseases, including louse-borne epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, whereas the head louse, pediculus humanus capitis de geer (anoplura: pediculidae), is more a pest of social concern. sequencing of the body louse genome has recently been proposed and undertaken by national human genome research institute. one of the first steps in understanding an organism's genome is to determine ...	2007	18047199
the human louse in transmission of t. duttoni in nature.		1949	18104669
the effect of typhus vaccine on the numbers of rickettsiae in body lice of typhus patients.		1949	18126463
the incidence of head lice in 1947 compared with 1938-40.		1949	18131291
studies of human body lice, pediculus humanus corporis; a method for feeding lice through a membrane and experimental infection with rickettsia prowazeki, r. mooseri, and borrelia novyi.		1949	18142313
head lice, resistance, and malathion.		2008	18166578
comparative efficacy of two nit combs in removing head lice (pediculus humanus var. capitis) and their eggs.	fine tooth lice combs fall into two classes based on the material from which their teeth are made: plastic or metal. metal combs are further divided into those that are made from a flat sheet of metal, and hence have rectangular teeth, and those that have cylindrical teeth embedded in a plastic base.	2007	18173523
multiple organism algorithm for finding ultraconserved elements.	ultraconserved elements are nucleotide or protein sequences with 100% identity (no mismatches, insertions, or deletions) in the same organism or between two or more organisms. studies indicate that these conserved regions are associated with micro rnas, mrna processing, development and transcription regulation. the identification and characterization of these elements among genomes is necessary for the further understanding of their functionality.	2008	18186941
what's eating you? body lice (pediculus humanus var corporis).		2007	18189026
host defence mediates interspecific competition in ectoparasites.	1. interspecific competition influences which, how many and where species coexist in biological communities. interactions between species in different trophic levels can mediate interspecific competition; e.g. predators are known to reduce competition between prey species by suppressing their population sizes. a parallel phenomenon may take place in host-parasite systems, with host defence mediating competition between parasite species. 2. we experimentally investigated the impact of host defenc ...	2008	18194262
different genes govern yersinia pestis pathogenicity in caenorhabditis elegans and human lice.	to assess the role of virulence factors identified in caenorhabditis elegans in the transmission of plague by lice, we infected 100 lice by feeding them on rabbits and made them bacteremic; the rabbits had been intravenously inoculated with 10(9) cfu of six different mutant yersinia pestis strains of lower pathogenicity for c. elegans, obtained from the kim5 strain. this strain lacks genes used for biofilm formation. high mortality rates were observed in all lice, which excreted viable bacteria ...	2008	18248948
three mutations identified in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha-subunit gene of permethrin-resistant human head lice reduce the permethrin sensitivity of house fly vssc1 sodium channels expressed in xenopus oocytes.	point mutations in the para-orthologous sodium channel alpha-subunit of the head louse (m815i, t917i, and l920f) are associated with permethrin resistance and ddt resistance. these mutations were inserted in all combinations using site-directed mutagenesis at the corresponding amino acid sequence positions (m827i, t929i, and l932f) of the house fly para-orthologous voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha-subunit (vssc1(wt)) gene and heterologously co-expressed with the sodium channel auxiliary su ...	2008	18252244
molecular identification of lice from pre-columbian mummies.	three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. one lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type a). the other 2 (types b and c) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. it was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after european exploration and colonization (after columbus).	2008	18254682
head lice, symbiotic bacteria, the journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery, and taxonomic precedence.		2008	18258149
interspecific hybridization of eucalyptus as a potential tool to improve the bioactivity of essential oils against permethrin-resistant head lice from argentina.	the essential oils extracted from eucalyptus grandis, eucalyptus camaldulensis, eucalyptus tereticornis, and the hybrids e. grandisxe. camaldulensis, and e. grandisxe. tereticornis were analyzed by gc-ms, and evaluated for their fumigant and repellent effects on permethrin-resistant head lice. fumigant activity of both hybrids was higher than that for pure species. e. grandisxe. tereticornis and e. grandisxe. camaldulensis showed kt50 values of 12.99 and 13.63min, respectively. e. grandis, e. ca ...	2008	18261899
genomic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens, and the role of vectorbase.	high-throughput genome sequencing techniques have now reached vector biology with an emphasis on those species that are vectors of human pathogens. the first mosquito to be sequenced was anopheles gambiae, the vector for plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. further mosquitoes have followed: aedes aegypti (yellow fever and dengue fever vector) and culex pipiens (lymphatic filariasis and west nile fever). species that are currently in sequencing include the body louse pediculus humanus (typhus ...	2009	18262474
a new ivermectin formulation topically kills permethrin-resistant human head lice (anoplura: pediculidae).	this study examines the effectiveness of a new ivermectin formulation for the topical treatment of the human head louse, pediculus humanus capitis de geer (anoplura: pediculidae). permethrin-resistant lice originally obtained from south florida and maintained on an in vitro rearing system were 100% susceptible to ivermectin formulations by using a semiclinical hair tuft bioassay. the formulation was 100% effective at killing lice using 1, 0.5, and 0.25% ivermectin concentrations after 10-min exp ...	2008	18283945
survey assessment of parental perceptions regarding head lice.	head lice constitute a problem in children. each year, numerous cases of pediculosis occur worldwide. little work has been performed to evaluate the understanding, opinions, and actions of populations regarding head lice. these areas are important as they enable clinicians and educators to alert parents on how to avoid treatments that are innocuous or of high risk to patients.	2008	18289325
anticholinesterase and pediculicidal activities of monoterpenoids.	the repetitive and inadequate application of pediculicidal products frequently results in the development of resistance to these compounds. essential oils are a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides, although their mode of action remains to be explored. it has been proposed that one possible target of the essential oils is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ache). the role of monoterpenoids as possible ache inhibitors and their relationship with the toxicity was investigated both ...	2008	18321657
outcomes of the california ban on pharmaceutical lindane: clinical and ecologic impacts.	there are increasing concerns over the presence and implications of pharmaceutical agents in water. in 2002, california banned pharmaceutical use of lindane because of concerns about water quality, as lindane treatment for head lice and scabies was found to be a significant factor adversely affecting wastewater quality.	2008	18335094
head lice.		2008	18335870
comparative analysis of acinetobacters: three genomes for three lifestyles.	acinetobacter baumannii is the source of numerous nosocomial infections in humans and therefore deserves close attention as multidrug or even pandrug resistant strains are increasingly being identified worldwide. here we report the comparison of two newly sequenced genomes of a. baumannii. the human isolate a. baumannii aye is multidrug resistant whereas strain sdf, which was isolated from body lice, is antibiotic susceptible. as reference for comparison in this analysis, the genome of the soil- ...	2008	18350144
galbulimima bark and ethnomedicine in papua new guinea.	this article reviews the literature and current information on the use of galbulimima bark in traditional medicine in papua new guinea. galbulimima bark is used in papua new guinea as an analgesic, to treat fever or to get rid of head lice. it is used in divination to produce trance-like states for counteracting malevolent power that is thought to be the cause of a variety of illnesses. galbulimima bark has also been chewed, or drunk as a decoction, to induce visions and a dream-like state. it i ...	2006	18396614
what's in a name: the taxonomic status of human head and body lice.	human head lice (anoplura: pediculidae: pediculus) are pandemic, parasitizing countless school children worldwide due to the evolution of insecticide resistance, and human body (clothing) lice are responsible for the deaths of millions as a result of vectoring several deadly bacterial pathogens. despite the obvious impact these lice have had on their human hosts, it is unclear whether head and body lice represent two morphological forms of a single species or two distinct species. to assess the ...	2008	18434207
the effect of a single dose of oral ivermectin on pruritus in the homeless.	homeless people commonly present with ectoparasite-based pruritus. we evaluated the efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin to reduce the pruritus prevalence in a homeless population.	2008	18456649
self-diagnosis of active head lice infestation by individuals from an impoverished community: high sensitivity and specificity.	to compare sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (ppv) and negative predictive value (npv) of self-diagnosis for head lice infestation with visual inspection, we conducted a study in an urban slum in brazil. individuals were asked about active head lice infestation (self-diagnosis); we performed visual inspection and thereafter wet combing (gold standard). of the 175 individuals included, 77 (44%) had an active head lice infestation. for self-diagnosis, sensitivity (80.5%), specifi ...	2008	18488093
[head lice--a challenge for pharmacists].		2008	18522016
a-to-i rna editing alters less-conserved residues of highly conserved coding regions: implications for dual functions in evolution.	the molecular mechanism and physiological function of recoding by a-to-i rna editing is well known, but its evolutionary significance remains a mystery. we analyzed the rna editing of the kv2 k(+) channel from different insects spanning more than 300 million years of evolution: drosophila melanogaster, culex pipiens (diptera), pulex irritans (siphonaptera), bombyx mori (lepidoptera), tribolium castaneum (coleoptera), apis mellifera (hymenoptera), pediculus humanus (phthiraptera), and myzus persi ...	2008	18567816
acinetobacter baumannii: a universal threat to public health?	acinetobacter spp. are non-fermentative, strictly aerobic, gram-negative microorganisms with a confusing taxonomic history. the acinetobacter baumannii-acinetobacter calcoaceticus complex is the species most commonly isolated from clinical specimens. it is ubiquitous in nature and has been found as part of the normal skin, throat and rectal flora as well as in food and body lice. it colonises patients in intensive care units and contaminates inanimate hospital surfaces and devices as well as wou ...	2008	18571905
geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (pediculus humanus capitis) based on mitochondrial data.	human head lice (pediculus humanus capitis) are subdivided into 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial clades (clades a, b, and c), each having unique geographical distributions. determining the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of these mitochondrial clades can elucidate the evolutionary history of the lice as well as their human hosts. previous data suggest that lice belonging to mitochondrial clade b may have originated in north america or asia; however, geographic sampling and sampl ...	2008	18576877
epidemic typhus.	epidemic typhus is transmitted to human beings by the body louse pediculus humanus corporis. the disease is still considered a major threat by public-health authorities, despite the efficacy of antibiotics, because poor sanitary conditions are conducive to louse proliferation. until recently, rickettsia prowazekii, the causal agent, was thought to be confined to human beings and their body lice. since 1975, r prowazekii infection in human beings has been related to contact with the flying squirr ...	2008	18582834
lethal effects of treatment with a special dimeticone formula on head lice and house crickets (orthoptera, ensifera: acheta domestica and anoplura, phthiraptera: pediculus humanus). insights into physical mechanisms.	the present study provides the first convincing explanation of the mode of action of the medical device nyda, a special dimeticone (cas 9006-65-9) formula containing 92% of two dimeticones with different viscosities specifically designed for the physical treatment of head lice infestations (pediculosis capitis) by suffocation. both, lice (pediculus humanus) and house crickets (acheta domestica) treated with this anti-head lice product are knocked out to the status "of no major vital signs" withi ...	2008	18589559
human bartonellosis: seroepidemiological and clinical features with an emphasis on data from brazil - a review.	bartonellae are fastidious gram-negative bacteria that are widespread in nature with several animal reservoirs (mainly cats, dogs, and rodents) and insect vectors (mainly fleas, sandflies, and human lice). thirteen species or subspecies of bartonella have been recognized as agents causing human disease, including b. bacilliformis, b. quintana, b. vinsonii berkhoffii, b. henselae, b. elizabethae, b. grahamii, b. washoensis, b. koehlerae, b. rocha-limaea, and b. tamiae. the clinical spectrum of in ...	2008	18592096
paw paw and cancer: annonaceous acetogenins from discovery to commercial products.	extracts of paw paw ( asimina triloba, annonaceae) are among the most potent of the 3500 species of higher plants screened for bioactive compounds in our laboratories at purdue university. the paw paw is a small tree native to eastern north america; its edible fruits (sometimes referred to as "indiana bananas") have nurtured mankind for centuries. activity-directed fractionation of the paw paw extracts, using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, led to the isolation and molecular characterizatio ...	2008	18598079
control of head lice with a coconut-derived emulsion shampoo.	to evaluate a novel coconut-derived emulsion (cde) shampoo against head lice infestation in children.	2009	18631276
evidence of pyrethroid resistance in eggs of pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from argentina.	insecticide resistance in pediculus humanus capitis de geer 1778 (phthiraptera: pediculidae) from different countries has been well documented in the last years. otherwise, little research has been reported about insecticide resistance in insect embryos and none in human louse embryos. in this work, we studied insecticide resistance in eggs of three head lice populations whose pyrethroid resistance was shown in adults and nymphs compared with a susceptible laboratory body louse strain. all head ...	2008	18714869
[pediculosis prevalence and associated risk factors in a nursery school, bogotá, colombia].	pediculosis is one of the most important chronic infestations in schoolchildren worldwide. infestations show a high prevalence among the poorest children in developing countries, and it is associated with substandard hygienic practices.	2008	18719727
worldwide prevalence of head lice.		2008	18760032
a highly efficacious pediculicide based on dimeticone: randomized observer blinded comparative trial.	infestation with the human head louse (pediculus humanus capitis) occurs worldwide. existing treatment options are limited, and reports of resistance to commonly used pediculicides have been increasing. in this trial we assessed the efficacy of a product containing a high (92%) concentration of the silicone oil dimeticone (identical in composition to nyda(r)), as compared to a 1% permethrin lotion.	2008	18783606
in vitro efficacy of over-the-counter botanical pediculicides against the head louse pediculus humanus var capitis based on a stringent standard for mortality assessment.	infestation of the head louse pediculus humanus var capitis degeer (phthiraptera: pediculidae) is an important public health problem in australia, with up to a third of children infested in some primary schools. insecticide resistance and inadequate attention to the application instructions of topical pediculicides are common reasons for treatment failure. this study evaluated six popular australian over-the-counter products against head lice, primarily comprised of different botanical extracts, ...	2008	18816275
epidemiological aspects of pediculosis capitis and treatment evaluation in primary-school children in iran.	this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of and epidemiological factors associated with, head lice infections in iranian primary schools in 2006 and evaluate data on the therapeutic efficacy of lindane shampoo. a total of 40586 children (19774 boys (48.72%) and 20812 girls (51.28%)] from 198 governmentprimary schools in kerman, were screened for head lice between march and june 2006. the diagnosis of head lice infestation was confirmed by clinical inspection of scalp and hair for the p ...	2008	18817200
hyaluronidase of bloodsucking insects and its enhancing effect on leishmania infection in mice.	salivary hyaluronidases have been described in a few bloodsucking arthropods. however, very little is known about the presence of this enzyme in various bloodsucking insects and no data are available on its effect on transmitted microorganisms. here, we studied hyaluronidase activity in thirteen bloodsucking insects belonging to four different orders. in addition, we assessed the effect of hyaluronidase coinoculation on the outcome of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice.	2008	18820742
determination of permethrin resistance allele frequency of human head louse populations by quantitative sequencing.	a quantitative sequencing (qs) protocol that detects the frequencies of sodium channel mutations (m815i, t917i, and l920f) responsible for knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant head lice (pediculus humanus capitis de geer) was tested as a population genotyping method for use as a preliminary resistance monitoring tool. genomic dna fragments of the sodium channel a-subunit gene that encompass the three mutation sites were polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-1 amplified from individual head lic ...	2008	18826035
rearing and maintaining a laboratory colony of body lice on rabbits.		1948	18859838
the head and body races of pediculus humanus l.		1948	18876872
the transmission of spirochaeta duttoni novy & knapp by pediculus humanus corporis de geer.		1948	18907587
experiments with ddt and gamma b.h.c. (gammexane) for use against head lice.		1948	18911304
the treatment of head lice with the myl and ddt louse powders and the nbin emulsion.		1948	18921436
pesticide exposure resulting from treatment of lice infestation in school-aged children in georgia.	the objective of this study was to assess pesticide exposures in children being treated for head lice with either lindane or permethrin (exposed group) and children who did not have a lice infestation and thus were not being treated with chemicals for head lice or scabies (unexposed group).	2009	18947873
seasonal fluctuations of head lice infestation in germany.	pediculosis capitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in childhood. if not diagnosed and treated rapidly, considerable clinical pathology may develop. the ubiquitous parasitic skin disease is characterized by a lack of sound epidemiological data, and factors which influence disease occurrence are still enigmatic. to investigate whether, in germany, head lice infestation follows a seasonal pattern, we analyzed the weekly head lice consultations at the health department of braunschwe ...	2009	19015879
vectorbase: a data resource for invertebrate vector genomics.	vectorbase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is an niaid-funded bioinformatic resource center focused on invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. vectorbase annotates and curates vector genomes providing a web accessible integrated resource for the research community. currently, vectorbase contains genome information for three mosquito species: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus, a body louse pediculus humanus and a tick species ixodes scapularis. since our last report vectorb ...	2009	19028744
louse- and flea-borne rickettsioses: biological and genomic analyses.	in contrast to 15 or more validated and/or proposed tick-borne spotted fever group species, only three named medically important rickettsial species are associated with insects. these insect-borne rickettsiae are comprised of two highly pathogenic species, rickettsia prowazekii (the agent of epidemic typhus) and r. typhi (the agent of murine typhus), as well as r. felis, a species with unconfirmed pathogenicity. rickettsial association with obligate hematophagous insects such as the human body l ...	2009	19036234
a hitchhiker's guide to parasite transmission: the phoretic behaviour of feather lice.	transmission to new hosts is a fundamental challenge for parasites. some species meet this challenge by hitchhiking on other, more mobile parasite species, a behaviour known as phoresis. for example, feather-feeding lice that parasitise birds disperse to new hosts by hitchhiking on parasitic louse flies, which fly between individual birds. oddly, however, some species of feather lice do not engage in phoresis. for example, although rock pigeon (columba livia) "wing" lice (columbicola columbae) f ...	2009	19038259
[pediculosis capita in childhood: epidemiological and socio-medical results from screening of school beginners].	although pediculosis capitis is the most frequent parasitosis in childhood, reliable data on its epidemiology and morbidity are scarce. in germany population-based data do not exist. during the routine medical examination of 5-6-year-old pre-school children in braunschweig city (n=1 890) the children were also examined for the presence of head lice and head lice-associated pathology. visual inspection of five predilection sites was used to diagnose head lice infestation. knowledge of careers on ...	2008	19039726
[physicians' knowledge in israel on the biology and control of head lice].	health providers such as physicians, nurses and pharmacists should be knowledgeable about the biology of head lice and the ways to control them effectively, in order to reduce the proportion of children infested with head lice.	2008	19039899
pediculus capitis infestation according to sex and social factors in hamedan-iran.	to determine the intensity of pediculus capitis infestation (abundance) among school children, children's sex and social factors were analyzed as modifiers of the general prevalence of parasitism. the study included 847 school children (407 girls, 440 boys) between 6 and 12 years, from 12 in public rural primary schools of hamedan, province of hamedan, iran. classic prevalence was obtained as the percentage of children with nits and/or lice. the general prevalence was 6.85% (girls: 13.5%; boys: ...	2007	19090174
pediculus humanus capitis: an update.	head lice infestation, or pediculosis capitis, caused by pediculus humanus capitis, is a common health concern. in the us, where pediculosis capitis is the most prevalent parasitic infestation of children, 6 to 12 million people are affected every year. pediculosis capitis remains confined to the scalp. scalp pruritus is the cardinal symptom, although patients with lice can be asymptomatic. pruritus with impetiginization should prompt the physician to look for lice or viable nits. all close cont ...	2008	19104739
resistance to benzoylphenyl urea insecticides in australian populations of the sheep body louse.	a laboratory bioassay based on the failure of eggs laid by diflubenzuron-treated sheep body lice bovicola ovis (schrank) (phthiraptera; trichodectidae) to produce nymphs is described. the test is capable of detecting benzoylphenyl urea-resistant populations. a susceptible discriminating dose (topical treatment of female lice with 0.10 microg diflubenzuron) suitable for screening suspect resistant populations is suggested but testing of further populations that are naïve to these insect growth re ...	2008	19120960