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of mosquito nets and condoms: the zika virus challenge. 201627223311
public health acts to detect, respond to, and prevent the latest public health threat-zika virus disease. 201627223315
prospective study of pregnancy and newborn outcomes in mothers with west nile illness during pregnancy.a previous case report of west nile virus (wnv) illness during pregnancy suggested that wnv could be a cause of congenital defects. we performed a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women with wnv illness to increase our knowledge of the effects of wnv illness during pregnancy.201627223334
emerging infectious disease and fast-track publication: when public health gets priority over the formality of scholarly publishing. 027223865
public health: use open data to curb zika virus. 201627225109
guillain-barré syndrome and zika virus: estimating attributable risk to inform intensive care capacity preparedness. 201627225243
inhibitory antibodies targeting emerging viruses: advancements and mechanisms.from ebola virus outbreaks in western africa to the introduction of chikungunya and zika viruses in the americas, new and neglected viruses continue to emerge and spread around the world. due to a lack of existing vaccines or specific therapeutics, little other than supportive care and attempts to interrupt transmission can be provided during initial outbreaks. this has prompted a shift in vaccine design and development to identify novel epitopes and mechanisms of protection that may offer a bro ...201627226280
zika in the united states of america and a fateful 1969 decision.the united states gulf coast's current risk to zika transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes can be traced back to some important federal health policy decisions made during the 1960s.201627227971
risk factors associated with the ophthalmoscopic findings identified in infants with presumed zika virus congenital infection.the zika virus (zikv) might cause microcephaly and ophthalmoscopic findings in infants of mothers infected during pregnancy.201627228275
[guillain-barré syndrome following infection with the zika virus].guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) has been identified as a possible complication of infections with the zika virus (zikv) in the current epidemic in central and south america. here we describe the first case of gbs in the netherlands following a zikv infection.201627229696
zika virus and neurology: proving cause and effect. 201627230852
cns infections: mouse studies confirm the link between zika virus infection and microcephaly. 201627231186
adapting the stress response: viral subversion of the mtor signaling pathway.the mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) is a central regulator of gene expression, translation and various metabolic processes. multiple extracellular (growth factors) and intracellular (energy status) molecular signals as well as a variety of stressors are integrated into the mtor pathway. viral infection is a significant stress that can activate, reduce or even suppress the mtor signaling pathway. consequently, viruses have evolved a plethora of different mechanisms to attack and co-opt the m ...201627231932
zika virus: oral healthcare implications.zika virus (zikv) infection has been recognised since 1947, but just recently it became a worldwide major public health problem. the most common features of zikv infection are fever, cutaneous rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis but most affected patients with the clinical disease present with only mild symptoms. however, severe neurological complications have been described: there is an occasional association with guillain-barre syndrome, and emerging data indicate an association between vertic ...201727232461
first case of zika virus infection in a hiv+ patient.zika virus is an enveloped, single-stranded rna virus that belongs to the flavivirus genre. as with arbovirus, it is transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes), both aedes aegypti (urban) and albopictus (rural). zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from monkeys in uganda. the first human cases were reported in 1952 in east africa. outbreaks were reported in micronesia (2007), polynesia (2013), and chile (2014). both diagnostic procedures and therapeutics are poorly developed. serological tests cros ...201727232506
challenges of zika virus infection in pregnant women. 201627232529
production of chikungunya virus-like particles and subunit vaccines in insect cells.chikungunya virus is a reemerging human pathogen that causes debilitating arthritic disease in humans. like dengue and zika virus, chikv is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes in an epidemic urban cycle, and is now rapidly spreading through the americas since its introduction in the caribbean in late 2013. there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs available, and only a few vaccine candidates have passed phase i human clinical trials. using recombinant baculovirus expression technology, we ha ...201627233282
nucleoside inhibitors of zika virus.there is growing evidence that zika virus (zikv) can cause devastating infant brain defects and other neurological disorders in humans. however, no specific antiviral therapy is available at present. we tested a series of 2'-c- or 2'-o-methyl-substituted nucleosides, 2'-c-fluoro-2'-c-methyl-substituted nucleosides, 3'-o-methyl-substituted nucleosides, 3'-deoxynucleosides, derivatives with 4'-c-azido substitution, heterobase-modified nucleosides, and neplanocins for their ability to inhibit zikv ...201627234417
expanded spectrum of congenital ocular findings in microcephaly with presumed zika infection.to describe the ocular findings of 3 cases of suspected congenital zika viral infection with microcephaly and maculopathy.201627236271
zika virus infection: current concerns and perspectives.the zika virus outbreaks highlight the growing importance need for a reliable, specific and rapid diagnostic device to detect zika virus, as it is often recognized as a mild disease without being identified. many zika virus infection cases have been misdiagnosed or underreported because of the non-specific clinical presentation. the aim of this review was to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the published peer-reviewed evidence related to clinical presentations, various diagnostic ...201627236440
zika virus: what clinicians need to know. 201627236867
human t cell responses to japanese encephalitis virus in health and disease.japanese encephalitis (je) virus (jev) is an important cause of encephalitis in children of south and southeast asia. however, the majority of individuals exposed to jev only develop mild symptoms associated with long-lasting adaptive immunity. the related flavivirus dengue virus (denv) cocirculates in many jev-endemic areas, and clinical data suggest cross-protection between denv and jev. to address the role of t cell responses in protection against jev, we conducted the first full-breadth anal ...201627242166
scoping review of the zika virus literature.the global primary literature on zika virus (zikv) (n = 233 studies and reports, up to march 1, 2016) has been compiled using a scoping review methodology to systematically identify and characterise the literature underpinning this broad topic using methods that are documented, updateable and reproducible. our results indicate that more than half the primary literature on zikv has been published since 2011. the articles mainly covered three topic categories: epidemiology of zikv (surveillance an ...201627244249
optimal dose of vitamin d3 400 i.u. for average adults has a significant anti-cancer effect, while widely used 2000 i.u. or higher promotes cancer: marked reduction of taurine & 1α, 25(oh)2d3 was found in various cancer tissues and oral intake of optimal dose of taurine 175mg for average adults, rather than 500mg, was found to be a new potentially safe and more effective method of cancer treatment.during the past 10 years, the author had found that the optimal dose of vitamin d3 400 i.u. has safe & effective anticancer effects, while commonly used 2000-5000 i.u. of vit. d3 often creates a 2-3 time increase in cancer markers. we examined the concentration of taurine in normal internal organs and in cancer using bi-digital o-ring test. we found that taurine levels in normal tissue are 4-6ng. but, the amount of taurine of average normal value of 5.0-5.25ng was strikingly reduced to 0.0025-0. ...201627244952
zika virus infects human placental macrophages.the recent zika virus (zikv) outbreak in brazil has been directly linked to increased cases of microcephaly in newborns. current evidence indicates that zikv is transmitted vertically from mother to fetus. however, the mechanism of intrauterine transmission and the cell types involved remain unknown. we demonstrate that the contemporary zikv strain prvabc59 (pr 2015) infects and replicates in primary human placental macrophages, called hofbauer cells, and to a lesser extent in cytotrophoblasts, ...201627247001
possible zika virus infection among pregnant women - united states and territories, may 2016.zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and brain abnormalities (1), and it is the first known mosquito-borne infection to cause congenital anomalies in humans. the establishment of a comprehensive surveillance system to monitor pregnant women with zika virus infection will provide data to further elucidate the full range of potential outcomes for fetuses and infants of mothers with asymptomatic and symptomatic zika virus infection during pregnancy. in february 2016, zika virus disease and congeni ...201627248295
zika virus infection and surgery: what should we be concerned about? 201627249094
maternal inflammation disrupts fetal neurodevelopment via increased placental output of serotonin to the fetal brain.maternal inflammation during pregnancy affects placental function and is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. the molecular mechanisms linking placental dysfunction to abnormal fetal neurodevelopment remain unclear. during typical development, serotonin (5-ht) synthesized in the placenta from maternal l-tryptophan (trp) reaches the fetal brain. there, 5-ht modulates critical neurodevelopmental processes. we investigated the effects of maternal inflamma ...027251625
utilizing nontraditional data sources for near real-time estimation of transmission dynamics during the 2015-2016 colombian zika virus disease outbreak.approximately 40 countries in central and south america have experienced local vector-born transmission of zika virus, resulting in nearly 300,000 total reported cases of zika virus disease to date. of the cases that have sought care thus far in the region, more than 70,000 have been reported out of colombia.201627251981
zika virus, microcephaly, and ocular findings. 201627253205
zika virus, microcephaly, and ocular findings-reply. 201627253365
zika virus, microcephaly, and ocular findings-reply. 201627253432
interim guidance for interpretation of zika virus antibody test results.zika virus is a single-stranded rna virus in the genus flavivirus and is closely related to dengue, west nile, japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses (1,2). among flaviviruses, zika and dengue virus share similar symptoms of infection, transmission cycles, and geographic distribution. diagnostic testing for zika virus infection can be accomplished using both molecular and serologic methods. for persons with suspected zika virus disease, a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymer ...201627254248
letter to the editor: specificity of zika virus elisa: interference with malaria. 201627254259
zika virus, microcephaly, and ocular findings. 201627254835
engineering paper-based sensors for zika virus.the emergence of zika virus (zikv) infections in latin america and southeast asia has created an urgent need for new, simple, yet sensitive, diagnostic tests. we highlight recent work using paper-based sensors coupled with crispr/cas9 to detect zikv rna as a new approach to achieve rapid development and deployment of field-ready diagnostics for emerging infectious diseases.201627255410
zika virus infection: an emerging disease the dermatologist must know about. 201627255550
zika virus: oral health care and oral disease. 201727255682
surveillance snapshot: zika virus infection among military health system beneficiaries following introduction of the virus into the western hemisphere, 20 may 2016. 201627255948
neurodevelopmental disorders: zika virus causes brain defects in mice. 201627256555
[investigation on the preventive and control strategies against the first imported case of zika virus infection in china mainland]. 201627256738
dengue, chikungunya … and the missing entity - zika fever: a new emerging threat.zika virus (zikv), a relative newcomer from the flavivirus group that includes dengue, japanese encepahalitis and yellow fever, is one of the emerging pathogens that is fast transcending geographical boundaries. it is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the same aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, which cause dengue and chikungunya. in addition to the vector-mediated transmission of zika fever, probable human-to-human transmission through exchange of body fluids, including sexual and perinatal ...201627257326
first international workshop on zika virus held by oswaldo cruz foundation fiocruz in northeast brazil march 2016 - a meeting report. 201627258065
zika virus infection and development of a murine model.in view of the recent outbreak of zika virus (zikv), there is an urgent need to investigate the pathogenesis of the symptoms associated with zikv infection. since the first identification of the virus in 1947, the pathologies associated with zikv infection were thought to be limited with mild illness that presented fever, rashes, muscle aches, and weakness. however, zikv infection has been shown to cause guillain-barré syndrome, and numerous cases of congenital microcephaly in children have been ...201627260223
ethnobotanical knowledge on botanical repellents employed in the african region against mosquito vectors - a review.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) represent a huge threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide, since they act as vectors for important parasites and pathogens, including malaria, filariasis and important arboviruses, such as dengue, west nile and zika virus. no vaccines or other specific treatments are available against the arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes, and avoidance of mosquito bites remains the best strategy. african regions are usually hit most whose inhabitants are poor, and ...201627260568
the clinical spectrum of zika virus in returning travelers.the clinical spectrum of zika virus had, to date, been described in small series from endemic/epidemic countries and is not well established.201627260832
zika virus spreading in south america: evolutionary analysis of emerging neutralizing resistant phe279ser strains.to investigate the genetic diversity of zika virus (zikv) and the relationships existing among these circulating viruses worldwide. to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms harbored from zikv that can have an influence on the virus circulation.201627261852
afebrile, asymptomatic and non-thrombocytopenic zika virus infection: don't miss it! 201627261865
zika virus infection in asia: reappraisal on phylogenetic data of asian lineage. 201627262078
zika virus transmission: what should we be concerned about apart from mosquito control. 201627265325
zika virus and pregnancy. 201627265775
global research trends of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a bibliometric analysis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a virus that causes severe viral pneumonia in humans, known to have a high mortality rate and a similarity in clinical symptoms with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. it was first isolated in kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) in 2012 and after that, mers-cov exhibited outbreaks in several regions of the world. this study aimed to assess the characteristics of publications involving mers-cov at global level by using a bibliometri ...201627267256
zika virus misinformation on the internet. 201727267799
understanding zika virus pathogenesis: an interview with catherine spong.a recent outbreak of zika virus has been linked to fetal abnormalities in pregnant women who have been infected. the scientific community is working toward understanding zika virus pathogenesis to better manage affected women and children. in an interview with dr. catherine spong, we discuss the aims and challenges of a forthcoming longitudinal study of a cohort of pregnant women in areas of current active zika virus transmission.201627268016
western zika virus in human fetal neural progenitors persists long term with partial cytopathic and limited immunogenic effects.the recent zika virus (zikv) outbreak in the western hemisphere is associated with severe pathology in newborns, including microcephaly and brain damage. the mechanisms underlying these outcomes are under intense investigation. here, we show that a 2015 zikv isolate replicates in multiple cell types, including primary human fetal neural progenitors (hnps). in immortalized cells, zikv is cytopathic and grossly rearranges endoplasmic reticulum membranes similar to other flaviviruses. in hnps, zikv ...201627268504
the ifitms inhibit zika virus replication.zika virus has emerged as a severe health threat with a rapidly expanding range. the ifitm family of restriction factors inhibits the replication of a broad range of viruses, including the closely related flaviruses west nile virus and dengue virus. here, we show that ifitm1 and ifitm3 inhibit zika virus infection early in the viral life cycle. moreover, ifitm3 can prevent zika-virus-induced cell death. these results suggest that strategies to boost the actions and/or levels of the ifitms might ...201627268505
clinical features and neuroimaging (ct and mri) findings in presumed zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. 201627269900
anticipating the challenges of zika virus and the incidence of guillain-barré syndrome. 201627272118
how zika virus made the transition from being a virtually unknown virus to a high-profile public health threat. 201627272625
population genetics of the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus, an invasive vector of human diseases.the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus is currently one of the most threatening invasive species in the world. native to southeast asia, the species has spread throughout the world in the past 30 years and is now present in every continent but antarctica. because it was the main vector of recent dengue and chikungunya outbreaks, and because of its competency for numerous other viruses and pathogens such as the zika virus, a. albopictus stands out as a model species for invasive diseases vecto ...201627273325
defining the syndrome associated with congenital zika virus infection. 027274588
complete coding sequence of zika virus from martinique outbreak in 2015.zika virus is an aedes-borne flavivirus causing fever, arthralgia, myalgia rash, associated with guillain-barré syndrome and suspected to induce microcephaly in the fetus. we report here the complete coding sequence of the first characterized caribbean zika virus strain, isolated from a patient from martinique in december, 2015.201627274849
microbiota and neurological disorders: a gut feeling.in the past century, noncommunicable diseases have surpassed infectious diseases as the principal cause of sickness and death, worldwide. trillions of commensal microbes live in and on our body, and constitute the human microbiome. the vast majority of these microorganisms are maternally derived and live in the gut, where they perform functions essential to our health and survival, including: digesting food, activating certain drugs, producing short-chain fatty acids (which help to modulate gene ...201627274912
human saliva collection devices for proteomics: an update.there has been a rapid growth in the interest and adaptation of saliva as a diagnostic specimen over the last decade, and in the last few years in particular, there have been major developments involving the application of saliva as a clinically relevant specimen. saliva provides a "window" into the oral and systemic health of an individual, and like other bodily fluids, saliva can be analyzed and studied to diagnose diseases. with the advent of new, more sensitive technologies to detect smaller ...201627275816
nucleotide composition of the zika virus rna genome and its codon usage.rna viruses have genomes with a distinct nucleotide composition and codon usage. we present the global characteristics of the rna genome of zika virus (zikv), an emerging pathogen within the flavivirus genus. zikv was first isolated in 1947 in uganda, caused a widespread epidemic in south and central america and the caribbean in 2015 and has recently been associated with microcephaly in newborns.201627278486
bayesian coalescent inference reveals high evolutionary rates and diversification of zika virus populations.zika virus (zikv) is a member of the family flaviviridae. in 2015, zikv triggered an epidemic in brazil and spread across latin america. by may of 2016, the world health organization warns over spread of zikv beyond this region. detailed studies on the mode of evolution of zikv strains are extremely important for our understanding of the emergence and spread of zikv populations. in order to gain insight into these matters, a bayesian coalescent markov chain monte carlo analysis of complete genom ...201627278855
the brazilian zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models.zika virus (zikv) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae) and was first described in 1947 in uganda following blood analyses of sentinel rhesus monkeys. until the twentieth century, the african and asian lineages of the virus did not cause meaningful infections in humans. however, in 2007, vectored by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, zikv caused the first noteworthy epidemic on the yap island in micronesia. patients experienced fever, skin rash, arthralgia and conjunctiv ...027279226
zika virus, elevation, and transmission risk.zika virus has appeared in the americas in the form of a major outbreak, and is now known to cause birth defects when pregnant women are infected. as a result, the centers for disease control and prevention issued travel guidelines, in the form of an elevational risk definition: destinations below 2000m are considered as at-risk.201627280061
erratum: vol. 65, no. 20.in the mmwr report, "possible zika virus infection among pregnant women - united states and territories, may 2016," the following persons should be included in the zika and pregnancy working group: "nina ahmad, new york state department of health; jennifer white, new york state department of health."201627280322
dengue vaccine: considerations before rollout in colombia. 201627280803
synthetic biology provides a toehold in the fight against zika.the world health organization has identified the development of a rapid point-of-care diagnostic test for zika virus as a top research priority. in a recent cell paper, pardee et al. (2016) have exploited recent advances in synthetic biology and molecular engineering to deliver a sensitive, affordable, and field-ready zika test.201627281566
emerging role of zika virus in adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes.the rapid spread of the zika virus (zikv) in the americas and its potential association with thousands of suspected cases of microcephaly in brazil and higher rates of guillain-barré syndrome meet the conditions for a public health emergency of international concern, as stated by the world health organization in february 2016. two months later, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) announced that the current available evidence supports the existence of a causal relationship betwee ...201627281741
zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus.zika virus was originally identified in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda in 1947. the virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and is transmitted to humans by aedes species mosquitoes. the first report of zika virus outside africa and asia was in 2007 when the virus was associated with a small outbreak in yap state, part of the federated states of micronesia. since then, zika virus infections have been reported around the world, including in southeast ...201627282424
zika virus: a new threat to the safety of the blood supply with worldwide impact and implications. 201627282638
cardiac problem because of zika virus infection: a possibility. 201627282681
zika: what we do and do not know based on the experiences of brazil.zika virus, which was first discovered in 1947, has become a global threat to human health as it is rapidly spreading through latin america, the caribbean, the us and asia, after causing a large outbreak in the northeast region of brazil in 2015. there is ample evidence to support that zika virus is associated with neurological complications such as microcephaly. the review aims to provide an overview on the complex issues involved in the emergence of zika virus's neurological disorders and to d ...201627283140
zika virus-a review for clinicians. 201627283145
neural stem cells attacked by zika virus.the current outbreak of zika virus-associated diseases in south america and its threat to spread to other parts of the world has emerged as a global health emergency. insights from cell and animal models to understand how zika virus causes severe birth defects may lead to treatments and prevention of these diseases.201627283801
overview of zika infection, epidemiology, transmission and control measures.the current zika virus outbreak in the americas and the proposed link to increases in microcephaly and neurological disorders have prompted the world health organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern on february 1, 2016. the virus is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes and potentially by transfusion, perinatal and sexual transmission. the potential for spread into countries where aedes mosquitoes are endemic is high. previously, cases tended to be sporadic and associa ...201727283926
zika virus and pregnancy. 201627285308
zika virus little or no threat to britain, who says in report. 201627286010
zika virus and pregnancy.recent outbreaks of zika virus and reports linking infection in pregnant women with microcephaly in newborns have caused concern worldwide. information has been evolving rapidly. nurses and other clinicians, especially those who work with women of childbearing age, play a pivotal role in disseminating accurate information and identifying potential cases of zika virus infection.201627287356
late sexual transmission of zika virus related to persistence in the semen. 201627287833
a theoretical estimate of the risk of microcephaly during pregnancy with zika virus infection.there has been a growing concern over zika virus (zikv) infection, particularly since a probable link between zikv infection during pregnancy and microcephaly in the baby was identified. the present study aimed to estimate a theoretical risk of microcephaly during pregnancy with zikv infection in northeastern brazil in 2015.201627288540
the threat of the zika virus to fetal development. 201627289006
clinical and laboratory profile of zika virus infection in dengue suspected patients: a case series.the zika virus (zikv) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus related to the dengue virus (denv), and shows a similar clinical profile as other arboviral diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya virus (chikv). historically, zikv has been associated with sporadic cases of human infection, but is now responsible for outbreaks worldwide. in brazil, cases have been reported since 2015, with some cases causing severe disease.201627289428
[zika virus]. 201627290831
zika virus: an evolving public health threat. 201627292005
bioinformatic analysis reveals the expression of unique transcriptomic signatures in zika virus infected human neural stem cells.the single-stranded rna flavivirus, zika virus (zikv), has recently re-emerged and spread rapidly across the western hemisphere's equatorial countries, primarily through aedes mosquito transmission. while symptoms in adult infections appear to be self-limiting and mild, severe birth defects, such as microcephaly, have been linked to infection during early pregnancy. recently, tang et al. (cell stem cell 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016) demonstrated that zikv efficiently infects induced plu ...201627293547
alphavirus infection: host cell shut-off and inhibition of antiviral responses.alphaviruses cause debilitating disease in humans and animals and are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, typically mosquitoes. with a traditional focus on two models, sindbis virus and semliki forest virus, alphavirus research has significantly intensified in the last decade partly due to the re-emergence and dramatic expansion of chikungunya virus in asia, europe, and the americas. as a consequence, alphavirus-host interactions are now understood in much more molecular detail, and importa ...201627294951
[zika virus and zika viral disease].since zika virus (zikv) has firstly been isolated in 1947, uganda, outbreaks of zika fever have been reported in many areas such as in africa, southeast asia and america. imported cases in china also have been reported. zika virus belongs to the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and include africa subtype and asia subtype. it is a mosquito-borne virus primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes. sexual transmission, blood transmission and mother-to-fetus transmission were also reporte ...201627295893
another emerging pathogen--zika virus. 201627295904
reproductive health is pleased to announce a mandatory open data policy in the journal. 201627296276
predicting zika virus structural biology: challenges and opportunities for intervention.zika virus is an emerging crisis as infection is implicated in severe neurological disorders-guillain-barré syndrome and fetal microcephaly. there are currently no treatment options available for zika virus infection. this virus is part of the flavivirus genus and closely related to dengue fever virus, west nile virus, and japanese encephalitis virus. like other flaviviruses, the zika virus genome encodes three structural proteins (capsid, precursor membrane, and envelope) and seven nonstructura ...201527296393
resources and latest news about zika virus disease available from ecdc. 201627299167
prospects and challenges of crispr/cas genome editing for the study and control of neglected vector-borne nematode diseases.neglected tropical diseases caused by parasitic nematodes inflict an immense health and socioeconomic burden throughout much of the developing world. current estimates indicate that more than two billion people are infected with nematodes, resulting in the loss of 14 million disability-adjusted life years per annum. although these parasites cause significant mortality, they primarily cause chronic morbidity through a wide range of severe clinical ailments. treatment options for nematode infectio ...201627300487
zika virus and the media. 201627303071
some vexations that challenge viral immunology.the field of viral immunology seeks to understand mechanisms of virus-host interaction with a view of applying this knowledge to the design of effective vaccines and immunomodulators that control viral infections. this brief review discusses several areas of the field that hold substantial promise for translation, but where further work is critically required to find solutions. we emphasize that our fundamental understanding of virus-host relationships is moving in leaps and bounds, but we lag b ...201627303640
the threat of zika virus in sub-saharan africa - the need to remain vigilant. 201627303663
zika virus focuses the gain-of-function debate. 201627303723
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