Publications

oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait uptake by captive striped skunks.	aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in north america this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus and vulpes vulpes), raccoons (procyon lotor), and coyotes (canis latrans). skunks are also a major reservoir and vector of rabies, but at present oral vaccines for use in skunks are not licensed. furthermore, given differences in morphology (smaller jaws) and behav ...	2007	17347398
study on the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum and molecular evidence of encephalitozoon cuniculi and encephalitozoon (septata) intestinalis infections in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in rural ireland.	thoracic fluid (pleural fluid and clotted blood) from 206 foxes were examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and 220 thoracic fluid samples were tested for neospora caninum antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (ifat). a total of 115 (56%) and six (3%) foxes had antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum, respectively. the brains from 148 foxes were examined for histological lesions and pathological changes suggestive of parasitic encephalitis were observed in 33 (22%). two ...	2007	17368946
[analysis of secondary sex ratio in the fox (vulpes vulpes l.)].	secondary sex ratio and its variability in relation to some paratypic and genetic factors were studied in the silver fox by analysis of data obtained at the pushkinskii fur farm (moscow oblast) in 1980-1989. a total of 17285 whelps were examined. the mean proportion of males over the ten years of observation was 0.536+/-0.004. no effect of parent age or litter size on this proportion was found. individual analysis of the progeny of a single parent revealed 44 males and 49 females showing signifi ...	2007	17385323
influence of urbanization on the epidemiology of intestinal helminths of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in geneva, switzerland.	dixenous helminths that depend on rodent intermediate hosts are supposed to be negatively affected by urbanization due to lower supply of rodents in urbanized environments. prevalence rates of dixenous, non-strictly monoxenous, and monoxenous helminths in 228 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) along a gradient of increasing urbanization were assessed by morphological parasite identification in the city of geneva, switzerland. multivariate analyses for the five most prevalent helminth species or genera re ...	2007	17393184
epizootiological survey of trichinella spp. infection in carnivores, rodents and insectivores in hokkaido, japan.	in order to evaluate the present epidemiological situation of trichinella infection in wild animals in hokkaido, japan, red foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) , brown bears (ursus arctos) , martens (martes melampus), rodents and insectivores captured in hokkaido were examined for muscle larvae by the artificial digestion method from 2000 to 2006. foxes (44/319, 13.8%), raccoon dogs (6/77, 7.8%) and brown bears (4/126, 3.2%) were found to be infected with trichinella l ...	2007	17405354
a survey of trichinella spiralis in wild carnivores in southwestern quebec.	in 1982-1983, 144 muscle samples from 11 different species of wild carnivores from southwestern quebec, canada, were examined for the presence of trichinella spiralis larvae, using direct microscopic examination and the peptic digestion method. two red foxes (vulpes vulpes) (out of 29) and one pine marten (martes americana) (out of 56) were found positive, giving a 2.1% prevalence for the whole sample.	1985	17422546
[wild and domestic animals as permanent trichinella reservoir in poland].	[corrected] since owen first described trichinella as a human patogen in 1835, the number of organisms comprising this genus has grown dramatically. this etiological agent of human trichinellosis shows worldwide distribution in domestic and/or sylvatic animals.	2006	17432240
analysis of the epidemiological factors influencing vulpine trichinellosis in ecologically different regions of slovakia.	in the slovak republic, trichinellosis circulates almost exclusively in the sylvatic cycle, with main reservoir host red fox and wild boar and sporadic occurrence of human outbreaks. a detailed study was performed in five ecologically different regions of eastern slovakia with more profound regard to eco-geographical and anthropogenic influences to natural fox habitat.	2006	17432245
[molecular and morphological comparison of hookworms from genus uncinaria invading red fox (vulpes vulpes) and dog (canis familiaris)].	two species of hookworms from genus uncinaria have been found so far in poland. uncinaria stenocephala infects mainly dog, wolf and red fox, whereas uncinaria criniformis is a parasite of mustelids (but it was also reported from red fox). 19 male and 29 female hookworms from red foxes have been compared with 10 male and 12 female worms from dogs. hookworms from dogs were generally smaller than these from foxes, but no other morphological differences could be found. these hookworms were qualified ...	2006	17432625
first larval record of mesocestoides in carnivora of tenerife (canary islands).	larvae of mesocestoides sp. were recovered in tenerife (canary islands) in 2004 from the peritoneal cavities of 2 domestic dogs and a domestic cat. morphological and molecular identification were carried out. mesocestoides litteratus from vulpes vulpes was sequenced for the first time using the its-2 region (18s rdna), and was included in the phylogenetic analysis to compare the sequence variability among these and other mesocestoides spp. belonging to different carnivores. phylogenetic studies ...	2007	17436953
selection for tameness modulates the expression of heme related genes in silver foxes.	the genetic and molecular mechanisms of tameness are largely unknown. a line of silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) selected for non-aggressive behavior has been used in russia since the 1960's to study the effect of domestication. we have previously compared descendants of these selected (s) animals with a group of non-selected (ns) silver foxes kept under identical conditions, and showed that changes in the brain transcriptome between the two groups are small. unexpectedly, many of the genes showing ...	2007	17439650
rudolf virchow and the recognition of alveolar echinococcosis, 1850s.	alveolar echinococcosis, which is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most dangerous parasitic diseases. it is endemic in many parts of the northern hemisphere and an emerging health problem in the people's republic of china. in europe and north america, human cases are rare, but concomitant with an increase in the population of the final host, the red fox, an increase of human infections is expected. rudolf virchow, the father of the concept ...	2007	17553252
hepatozoon canis infection in slovakia: imported or autochthonous?	tissue samples from nine red foxes (four samples of striated muscle tissue and five samples of heart tissue) that originated from the michalovce district (slovakia), an area with endemic occurrence of canine babesiosis were examined by pcr method using primers amplifying a fragment of the 18s rrna spanning the v4 region of babesia and theileria. an unexpected determination of 450 bp dna fragment of hepatozoon canis was found in four samples. partial sequences of the 18s rrna gene from the h. can ...	2007	17627439
adenosquamous carcinoma with cilium formation, mucin production and keratinization in the nasal cavity of a red fox (vulpes vulpes schrencki).	a diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma was made in an 11-year-old red fox. the animal showed emaciation and purulent nasal discharge. necropsy revealed diffuse thickening of the nasal mucosa and tumours on the soft palate, and there was an oronasal fistula contiguous with the tumours. the nasal and oral lesions were composed of adenocarcinomatous cells and squamous cells, the latter predominating in the oral lesions. the marrow of the palatine bone also contained neoplastic tissue, which consist ...	2007	17645890
prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from spain.	viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (canis lupus) in spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) and against canine parvovirus (cpv) by indirect elisa. antibodies against cdv were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against cpv in 17.2%. there was no ...	2008	17646060
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild carnivores from spain.	serum samples from 282 wild carnivores from different regions of spain were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using a cut-off value of 1:25. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 22 of 27 (81.5%) of iberian lynx (lynx pardinus), 3 of 6 european wildcats (felis silvestris), 66 of 102 (64.7%) red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 15 of 32 (46.9%) wolves (canis lupus), 26 of 37 (70.3%) eurasian badgers (meles meles), 17 of 20 (85.0%) stone martens (martes foina), 4 ...	2007	17689869
chastek paralysis in two wild foxes (vulpes vulpes japonica).		2007	17693634
presence of leishmania infantum in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in southern italy.	skin, lymph node (popliteal), and bone marrow samples were collected from 50 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from may 2004 to may 2005 in southern italy. samples were tested for leishmania infantum by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the parasite was detected by pcr from 20 of 50 (40%) fox carcasses. all 20 positive cases were pcr-positive from lymph node and bone marrow samples, whereas 17 of 20 positive cases were pcr-positive from skin samples. infection status was not related to age or sex. this i ...	2007	17699092
presence of antibotulinum neurotoxin antibodies in selected wild canids in israel.	serum samples from 35 golden jackals (canis aureus syriacus), eight wolves (canis lupus), and four red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from various regions of israel were collected during the years 2001-04 and tested for antibodies to clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) types c and d. antibodies against bont types c and d were detected in 10 (29%) and in 3 (9%) of 35 golden jackals, respectively, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. this report describes detection of anti bont antibodies in wild c ...	2007	17699099
vulpes vulpes.		1981	17731239
outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in a wild animal park.	an outbreak of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis occurred in a wild animal park. three pot-bellied pigs (sus scrofa vittatus), one red deer (cervus elaphus), one buffalo (bison bonasus) and two european lynxes (lynx lynx) were affected and showed clinical signs including weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and paralysis of the hindlimbs. postmortem examinations revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions in various organs, including the lymph nodes, lungs, intestines, kidneys and the central n ...	2007	17766809
neighbor recognition in two "solitary" carnivores: the raccoon (procyon lotor) and the red fox (vulpes fulva).	male raccoons and red foxes were trapped alive and exposed to each other in captivity. animals of each species trapped close to one another demonstrated a higher frequency of initial dominance-subordinance relationships and lower frequencies of more intense aggressive interactions than did animals trapped at greater distances from each other. this suggests the existence of neighbor recognition and thus a rudimentary social structure within these free-living "solitary" species.	1974	17799055
crenosoma vulpis in dog: first case report in italy and use of the flotac technique for copromicroscopic diagnosis.	crenosoma vulpis is a metastrongylid nematode that infects the bronchi, bronchioles, and trachea of wild and domestic canids and various other carnivores. it is endemic in the red fox population in the north-eastern parts of north america and in europe, including italy. dogs are susceptible to infection with clinical signs consisting primarily in a chronic cough. the present paper reports-to the authors' knowledge-the first case of spontaneous c. vulpis infection in a dog in italy. in addition, ...	2007	17805573
chemical scent constituents in the urine of the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.) during the winter season.	four volatile chemical compounds have been identified as apparently unique constituents in urines of red foxes (both sexes) during the winter season when mating occurs. quinaldine was found only in male fox urine. several other compounds identified are found in other species also. some or all of these compounds may function in olfactory communication in the red fox.	1978	17836296
sea ice occurrence predicts genetic isolation in the arctic fox.	unlike oceanic islands, the islands of the arctic sea are not completely isolated from migration by terrestrial vertebrates. the pack ice connects many arctic sea islands to the mainland during winter months. the arctic fox (alopex lagopus), which has a circumpolar distribution, populates numerous islands in the arctic sea. in this study, we used genetic data from 20 different populations, spanning the entire distribution of the arctic fox, to identify barriers to dispersal. specifically, we con ...	2007	17868292
ectoparasites of the endangered iberian lynx lynx pardinus and sympatric wild and domestic carnivores in spain.	ectoparasites can cause important skin disorders in animals and can also transmit pathogens. the iberian lynx lynx pardinus has been stated to be the most endangered felid in the world and such vector-borne pathogens may threaten its survival. we surveyed 98 wild carnivores (26 iberian lynxes, 34 red foxes vulpes vulpes, 24 egyptian mongooses herpestes ichneumon, 11 common genets genetta genetta, two eurasian badgers meles meles, one polecat mustela putorius) and 75 domestic but free-ranging car ...	2007	17897365
comparative behavioral effects between synthetic 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (tmt) and the odor of natural fox (vulpes vulpes) feces in mice.	synthetic 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (tmt)--a component of red fox (vulpes vulpes) feces--is frequently used to induce unconditioned fear in rodents. surprisingly, direct comparison between tmt and natural fox feces odor is almost nonexistent. in this study, experiment 1 compared the avoidance in relation to tmt concentration, natural fox feces, and gender of fox and mice. results show that the avoidance is (a) higher with either pure or 50% tmt as compared to natural fox feces, whereas the diffe ...	2007	17907837
[prevalence of trichinella spp. in red foxes and wild boars in the northwestern part of poland].	the aim of the study was to establish in which degree wild boars and red foxes are reservoir of trichinella spp. in north-west poland. research was carried out between 1997 and 2004 on 505 foxes and 56,462 wild boars in muscle samples. the muscle samples were examined using the digestion method. the average prevalence rate of trichinella spp. infection of foxes was 4.4 %. large differences of the infection rate in wild boars were observed. in the years 1999-2001 trichinella spp. larvae were obse ...	2007	17927077
evidence for an increasing presence of echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in the netherlands.	echinococcus multilocularis, a tapeworm causing alveolar echinococcosis which is considered a serious zoonosis known to affect humans, appears to be expanding its geographical range in europe. we studied the emergence of the parasite in the european westernmost edge of its geographical distribution, based on two consecutive parasitological examinations of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) sampled between 1996 and 2003 in the netherlands. the average worm count increased from 2.6 worms per fox in the fir ...	2008	18005971
measurement of segregating behaviors in experimental silver fox pedigrees.	strains of silver foxes, selectively bred at the institute of cytology and genetics of the russian academy of sciences, are a well established, novel model for studying the genetic basis of behavior, and the processes involved in canine domestication. here we describe a method to measure fox behavior as quantitative phenotypes which distinguish populations and resegregate in experimental pedigrees. we defined 50 binary observations that nonredundantly and accurately distinguished behaviors in re ...	2008	18030612
unusual findings on host-tick interactions through carnivore scat analysis.	in the course of a study on the diet of two portuguese carnivores, the red fox (vulpes vulpes linnaeus) and the common genet (genetta genetta linnaeus), 276 ticks were found inside the 940 scats analyzed. prevalence in samples was 7.6% for both predators. association of ticks with prey identified on scats, resulted in new data for portugal on host-tick interactions [e.g. ixodes acuminatus (neumann, 1901) and wood mouse] and tick distribution pattern. these unusual findings, besides shedding some ...	2007	18040872
experimental evidence of competitive release in sympatric carnivores.	changes in the relative abundance of sympatric carnivores can have far-reaching ecological consequences, including the precipitation of trophic cascades and species declines. while such observations are compelling, experimental evaluations of interactions among carnivores remain scarce and are both logistically and ethically challenging. carnivores are nonetheless a particular focus of management practices owing to their roles as predators of livestock and as vectors and reservoirs of zoonotic d ...	2008	18089523
echinococcus multilocularis in belgium: prevalence in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in different species of potential intermediate hosts.	echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic infection in humans. this tapeworm is known to be endemic in foxes in several countries of western and central europe. in western europe, the common vole (microtus arvalis) and the water vole (arvicola terrestris) are considered to be the most important intermediate host species of this cestode whereas the red fox is by far the most important final host. the purpose of this study was to provide data on the prevalences in w ...	2008	18164551
vulpes vulpes: a possible wild reservoir for zoonotic filariae.	foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 132) killed during the hunting seasons 2005-2006 in central italy (tuscany region) were examined in order to investigate the possible importance of this animal as a wild reservoir for zoonotic filariae. in each specimen adult worms of dirofilaria immitis and hematic microfilariae were searched for. species identification was performed by morphology, morphometry, the barka staining technique applied to pulmonary and splenic blood smears, and, finally, by molecular diagno ...	2008	18260788
era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004.	a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ...	2008	18263823
mycobacterium bovis in wildlife in france.	in early 2001, tuberculosis-like lesions were detected in three hunter-killed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the brotonne forest (normandy, france), and mycobacterium bovis was isolated. in subsequent hunting seasons, two surveys were conducted in the area. in the first survey (2001-02 hunting season), nine (13%) of 72 red deer sampled were positive for m. bovis. in the 2005-06 hunting season, the prevalence of m. bovis infection increased to 24% (chi2=3.85, df=1, p=0.05; 33 positive among 138 sam ...	2008	18263825
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in northern japan.	mitochondrial dna variation in the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and the control region was examined in the red fox vulpes vulpes from japan, with special focus on the population divergence between hokkaido and northern honshu. resultant haplotypes from hokkaido were subdivided into two distinct groups (i and ii), with an average genetic distance of 0.027 for cyt b. divergence time is roughly estimated to be 1-2 million years ago, given that the conventional divergence rate of the mammalian cyt b ge ...	2007	18271634
high seroprevalence of neospora caninum in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the pyrenees (ne spain).	antibodies to neospora caninum were determined in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the pyrenees, north-eastern spain. sera from 53 red foxes (29 male and 24 female) were tested using a neospora agglutination test (nat). seroprevalence at dilutions of 1/40, 1/80 and 1/160 was 69.8%, 47.2% and 7.5%, respectively. sex differences were significant only at a dilution of 1:40. the high seroprevalence observed in red fox suggests that this species is highly exposed to n. caninum in this area.	2008	18280664
phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (canidae, carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting.	canid species (dogs and foxes) have highly rearranged karyotypes and thus represent a challenge for conventional comparative cytogenetic studies. among them, the domestic dog is one of the best-mapped species in mammals, constituting an ideal reference genome for comparative genomic study. here we report the results of genome-wide comparative mapping of dog chromosome-specific probes onto chromosomes of the dhole, fennec fox, and gray fox, as well as the mapping of red fox chromosome-specific pr ...	2008	18293108
ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in the french ardennes.	in order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (microtus sp. and arvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox, vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence of e. multilocularis in the fox population. the study was conducted in the ardennes, north-eastern france, which is an area with a high incidence of ...	2008	18394209
angiostrongylus vasorum and eucoleus aerophilus in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in great britain.	the nematode parasite angiostrongylus vasorum is a source of increasing concern in several parts of the world, where it causes significant disease in dogs. wild canids, especially foxes, are likely to have a role in the epidemiology of canine infection, and the parasite could also affect fox health and population dynamics. the heart and pulmonary vasculature of 546 foxes culled mostly by gamekeepers in great britain in 2005-2006 were examined by dissection and a modified flushing technique. fort ...	2008	18407416
infection of foxes by echinococcocus multilocularis in urban and suburban areas of nancy, france: influence of feeding habits and environment.	this study evaluated the impact of biological and environmental factors on the infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) by echinococcus multilocularis in an endemic area of north-east france. from january 2004 to april 2006, 127 foxes were examined for e. multilocularis and their stomach contents analysed. the effect of year, season, age, sex and urbanisation level on e. multilocularis presence was estimated using a general linear model (glm) with logit link, (i.e. logistic regression). urbanisati ...	2008	18416250
[the first case of human alveolar echinococcosis in hungary].	infection caused by echinococcus multilocularis is a rare helminthiasis, human cases have not been diagnosed in hungary until now. the endemic region is central europe; the occurrence of this infection has been reported from most of the neighbouring countries; however, e. multilocularis has been found in the red fox population in hungary. summarizing the recent knowledge concerning epidemiological, clinical patterns and therapeutic options, the authors describe the first hungarian case of alveol ...	2008	18426761
levels of heavy metals and metalloids in critically endangered iberian lynx and other wild carnivores from southern spain.	the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world with a wild population which probably stands at less than 200 individuals inhabiting two areas in southern spain (doñana and sierra morena) that are known to have been contaminated by heavy metals and metalloids due to a long history of mining activities. this contamination may pose a threat to long term conservation efforts and hence, the concentrations of seven elements (as, se, cd, zn, cu, pb, hg) were determined in th ...	2008	18455757
genetic regulation of canine skeletal traits: trade-offs between the hind limbs and forelimbs in the fox and dog.	genetic variation in functionally integrated skeletal traits can be maintained over 10 million years despite bottlenecks and stringent selection. here, we describe an analysis of the genetic architecture of the canid axial skeleton using populations of the portuguese water dog canis familiaris) and silver fox (vulpes vulpes). twenty-one skeletal metrics taken from radiographs of the forelimbs and hind limbs of the fox and dog were used to construct separate anatomical principal component (pc) ma ...	2007	18458753
genetic characterisation of attenuated sad rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of wildlife.	the elimination of rabies from the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in western europe has been achieved by the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of wildlife with a range of attenuated rabies virus strains. with the exception of the vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine (vrg), all strains were originally derived from a common ancestor; the street alabama dufferin (sad) field strain. however, after more than 30 years of orv it is still not possible to distinguish these vaccine strains and there is l ...	2008	18485548
reduced egg production of echinococcus multilocularis in experimentally infected and re-infected red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	ingestion of eggs of the small fox tapeworm, echinococcus multilocularis, causes the severe human disease alveolar echinococcosis. previously, the dynamics of the egg excretion from infected carnivores have been studied only where the host animals have been exposed to a single experimental infection. in nature, foxes are most likely repeatedly infected. to study the effect of repeated exposure, twenty-one foxes were inoculated with a high dose of e. multilocularis protoscoleces three times over ...	2008	18513873
rabies in estonia: situation before and after the first campaigns of oral vaccination of wildlife with sag2 vaccine bait.	despite the extermination of stray animals and the compulsory vaccination of companion animals, rabies has been widely distributed over estonia for more than 30 years. the red fox and the raccoon dog are the rabies virus reservoirs. through a phare project, successive oral vaccination campaigns, using rabidog sag2 baits, were implemented in the autumn of 2005 in north estonia, and in the spring and autumn 2006 throughout the whole territory. after the autumn 2005 campaign, 73.5% of the raccoon d ...	2008	18524435
infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) with echinococcus multilocularis during the years 2001-2004 in poland.	during the period of 2001-2004, 1,514 red foxes from the north and the southeast of poland were sampled and examined parasitologically for infections with echinococcus multilocularis. a mean 23.8% were found infected in the whole study area. the highest prevalence (50.0-62.9%) was found in some counties in the northeastern (warmia-mazuria) and the southeastern (carpathian foothill) part of the country. during the study period, significant differences in the prevalence were found on a regional le ...	2008	18536937
natural and experimental salmonella typhimurium infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes).	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) can be considered as a relevant indicator species for salmonella in the local environment and salmonella faecal carriage was investigated in 215 red foxes in norway shot during the winters 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. fourteen (6.5%) of the foxes carried salmonella. four isolates were determined as serovars kottbus (n=2) and hessarek (n=2) of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, and one as s. enterica subspecies iiib:61:k:1,5,(7). the remaining nine isolates were s. e ...	2008	18547749
disease threats to the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus).	the iberian lynx, (lynx pardinus), is the most endangered felid in the world. to determine whether sympatric carnivores are reservoirs of pathogens posing a disease risk for the lynx, evidence of exposure to 17 viral, bacterial and protozoan agents was investigated in 176 carnivores comprising 26 free-living lynx, 53 domestic cats, 28 dogs, 33 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 24 egyptian mongooses (herpestes ichneumon), 10 common genets (genetta genetta) and 2 eurasian badgers (meles meles) in the are ...	2009	18555712
neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from spain.	serum samples from 251 wild carnivores from different regions of spain were tested for antibodies to neospora caninum by the commercial competitive screening enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) and confirmed by neospora agglutination test (nat) and/or by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). samples with antibodies detected by at least two serological tests were considered seropositive. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 3.2% of 95 red foxes (vulpes vulpes); in 21.4% of 28 wolve ...	2008	18556128
characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from spain.	visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an emerging zoonotic parasitic disease caused by leishmania infantum in mediterranean countries, with sand flies (phlebotomus spp.) as vectors and dogs as the main domestic reservoir. the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is still controversial. in order to determine the prevalence of natural infection with l. infantum in wild carnivores from spain, we analyzed 217 samples by pcr and western blotting and used restriction fragment length p ...	2008	18579311
red fox and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in humans: can predators influence public health?	analysing datasets from hunting statistics and human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), we found a positive correlation between the number of human tbe cases and the number of red fox (vulpes vulpes). time lags were also present, indicating that high numbers of red fox in 1 y translated into high numbers of human tbe cases the following y. results for smaller predators were mixed and inconsistent. hares and grouse showed negative correlations with human tbe cases, suggesting that they might ...	2008	18584542
long-term study of sarcoptes scabiei infection in norwegian red foxes (vulpes vulpes) indicating host/parasite adaptation.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) population, in norway, was naïve to sarcoptes scabiei prior to the late 1970s when this parasite was first recorded and a still ongoing epidemic started. during the course of this protracted epidemic some degree of host/parasite adaptation, with the occurrence of healthy antibody positive foxes, might be expected. in the present study the prevalence of sarcoptic mange and serologically identified s. scabiei exposure was investigated in 363 norwegian red foxes, shot by ...	2008	18586406
high tolerance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in different trichinella nativa isolates.	trichinella nativa is the most frequent trichinella species in arctic wildlife and also the predominating species seen in norwegian fauna. the adaptation of t. nativa to a cold climate is reflected by the well-documented freeze tolerance of its muscle larvae. the ability of the larvae to survive repeated freezing and thawing events has not however been elucidated and was investigated in the present study, using an alaskan isolate and two isolates from coastal and inland norway, respectively. eac ...	2008	18594862
efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris).	the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ...	2008	18620017
environmental variation at the onset of independent foraging affects full-grown body mass in the red fox.	the period following the withdrawal of parental care has been highlighted as a key developmental period for juveniles. one reason for this is that juveniles cannot forage as competently as adults, potentially placing them at greater risk from environmentally-induced changes in food availability. however, no study has examined this topic. using a long-term dataset on red foxes (vulpes vulpes), we examined (i) dietary changes that occurred in the one-month period following the attainment of nutrit ...	2008	18628118
the rabies situation in eastern europe.	an overview of the rabies situation in the 19 countries of central and eastern europe covering more than 2.5 million km2 is presented. in 2005, 6,500 cases of rabies were registered in this region with 31% in domestic animals and 69% in wild animals. rabies was found in a limited number of dogs in 10 countries, and sporadically in three countries with seven cases in bats. a similar situation existed in 2006. rabies is very rare in humans: 2 cases were reported in belarus in 2006. around 40,000 p ...	2008	18634463
the rabies situation in the middle east.	rabies is a public health problem of significant importance in the majority of southern and eastern mediterranean and middle eastern countries. in some of these countries, there is a considerable death rate due to rabies. dogs are the main source of human infection, while cats constitute the second most important group of domestic animals followed by cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys and then wild animals. there are around 300 reported human cases in these regions annually, with several hund ...	2008	18634465
assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination of livestock guardian dogs in the framework of oral rabies vaccination of wild canids in israel.	since 1956, red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (canis aureus) have been the primary vectors maintaining wildlife rabies in israel. oral rabies vaccination of wild canids, initiated in 1998, resulted in near-elimination of the disease in wildlife by 2005. in 2005 and 2006, an outbreak of rabies was observed in stray dogs in the vaccinated area of the golan heights, with no cases in foxes or jackals. epidemiological investigations showed that the infected dogs were from territories acros ...	2008	18634475
epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe.	rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ...	2008	18634479
rabies in the mongolian steppes.	historically, rabies in mongolia has been connected to the specific steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, known as the mongolian steppes. the main reservoirs of the rabies virus (rabv) are the wolf, red fox and corsac fox. fox rabies has been reported in mongolia since the early 1960s. eleven human rabies cases (0.4 per million inhabitants) were reported in mongolia from 1994-2004. wild animals predominated as a source of human infection: five people died following wolf bites, two were exposed to ...	2008	18634480
rabies surveillance in poland (1992-2006).	data on the surveillance of rabies in poland from 1992 to 2006 is presented. between 1992 and 2006, 22,575 rabies cases were diagnosed. there were 3,963 (17.5%) cases recorded in domestic animals, 18,555 (82.2%) in wildlife and 57 (0.3%) in bats. the peak of the epizootic in wildlife was recorded in 1992 with 3,084 cases. there were 2,547 cases recorded in wildlife with 2,079 (81.6%) found in the red fox. in 1993, the decision was made to apply oral rabies vaccination (orv) of the red fox as a m ...	2008	18634486
efficacy of a square presentation of v-rg vaccine baits in red fox, domestic dog and raccoon dog.	oral vaccination programmes conducted in rabies infected countries from eastern europe and eurasia should not be restricted to foxes but should target other major rabies vectors such as dogs and raccoon dogs as well. the objective of this experimental trial was to assess the protection induced by the vaccine by challenging these different species, which had been previously vaccinated intramuscularly with the square v-rg baits (produced in the us). different parameters were evaluated such as attr ...	2008	18634487
spatial distribution of trichinella britovi, t. pseudospiralis and t. spiralis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered one of the main reservoir of trichinella spp. in europe. as limited information on trichinella infection in wildlife of hungary is available, 2116 red foxes, representing more than 3% of the estimated fox population of the country, were screened to detect trichinella larvae by a digestion method. trichinella larvae from the 35 positive foxes were identified by a multiplex pcr as trichinella britovi (30 isolates, 85.7%), trichinella spiralis (4 isolates, ...	2008	18657367
detection of gastric helicobacter species in free-ranging lynx (lynx lynx) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in sweden.	specimens of gastric mucosa and liver of 25 free-ranging eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), and four red foxes (vulpes vulpes) shot in sweden during 1999-2000, were investigated for the presence of helicobacter species. histopathology, bacteriologic culture and urease test, helicobacter genus-specific 16s rdna pcr analysis, and dna sequence analysis were applied. numerous helicobacter-like organisms were observed histologically in the gastric mucosa of one fox. helicobacter spp. were detected in the sto ...	2008	18689656
disseminated bovine tuberculosis in a wild red fox (vulpes vulpes) in southern spain.	a wild-caught, adult red fox (vulpes vulpes) from doñana national park (southern spain), in very poor condition, died during anesthesia. at necropsy, the submandibular, retropharyngeal, mediastinal, axillary, mesenteric, and popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged, and the right submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes had hard, white-colored concretions (calcifications). multiple white pinpoint foci were observed in the lungs, and abscesses were present in the left dorsal lung lobes. no lesions wer ...	2008	18689657
global warming and effects on the arctic fox.	we predict the effect of global warming on the arctic fox, the only endemic terrestrial predatory mammals in the arctic region. we emphasize the difference between coastal and inland arctic fox populations. inland foxes rely on peak abundance of lemming prey to sustain viable populations. in the short-term, warmer winters result in missed lemming peak years and reduced opportunities for successful arctic fox breeding. in the long-term, however, warmer climate will increase plant productivity and ...	2008	18717368
first passage time analysis of animal movement and insights into the functional response.	movement plays a role in structuring the interactions between individuals, their environment, and other species. although movement models coupled with empirical data are widely used to study animal distribution, they have seldom been used to study search time. this paper proposes first passage time as a novel approach for understanding the effect of the landscape on animal movement and search time. in the context of animal movement, first passage time is the time taken for an animal to reach a s ...	2009	18825463
genetic identification of mammalian carnivore species in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, by analysis of fecal dna.	to identify mammalian carnivore species distributed in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, we developed molecular-genetic methods for identification of the species from fecal samples collected from the field. species-specific primers and pcr programs were established for five native and six alien species of carnivores: martes zibellina, mustela nivalis, mustela erminea, vulpes vulpes, and nyctereutes procyonoides as native species, and neovison vison, martes melampus, mustela itatsi, c ...	2008	18828658
a dicrocoeliid trematode, eurytrema vulpis n. sp. provis., from the pancreatic ducts of the red fox.		1947	18903601
the genetics of the colour phases of the red fox in the mackenzie river locality.		1947	18919690
echinococcus multilocularis--adaptation of a worm egg isolation procedure coupled with a multiplex pcr assay to carry out large-scale screening of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in norway.	echinococcus multilocularis, causing alveolar echinococcosis in humans, is a highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic disease in central europe. the gold standard for the identification of this parasite in the main host, the red fox, namely identification of the adult parasite in the intestine at necropsy, is very laborious. copro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been suggested as an acceptable alternative, but no commercial copro-elisa t ...	2009	18923842
isolation of brucella microti from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes, vulpes vulpes, in lower austria.	from the mandibular lymph nodes of wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) hunted in the region of gmünd, lower austria, two gram-negative, oxidase- and urease-positive, coccoid rod-shaped bacteria (strains 257 and 284) were isolated. cells were fast growing, nonmotile, and agglutinated with monospecific anti-brucella (m) serum. both strains were biochemically identified as ochrobactrum anthropi by using the api 20ne test. however, sequencing of the 16s rrna and reca genes clearly identified strains 257 ...	2009	18973444
leptospirosis in wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas in andalusia, spain.	leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. carnivores are at the top of the feeding chain, thus being exposed to pathogens through their preys. from june 2004 to april 2007, we analyzed for evidences of contact with 14 serovars of leptospira interrogans sensu lato serum (analyzed by indirect microscopic agglutination test) and urine or kidney samples (analyzed by microscopic observation, immunostaining and culture) collected from 201 wild and domestic carniv ...	2009	18973450
the birth of a trichinella britovi focus on the mediterranean island of sardinia (italy).	for 60 years, the islands of the mediterranean basin were considered to be trichinella-free. in april 2005, an outbreak of human trichinellosis due to the consumption of infected pork involved 11 persons in the villages of orgosolo and lanusei (nuoro province) on the island of sardinia (italy). we conducted an investigation to identify free-range and backyard pigs and other humans with trichinella infection in the area of the 2005 outbreak. we also tested wild animals from various parts of sardi ...	2009	19041178
long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia.	in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ...	2009	19042089
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses.	eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at high risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus (h5n1). to determine whether red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are susceptible to infection with hpai virus (h5n1), we infected 3 foxes intratracheally. they excreted virus pharyngeally for 3-7 days at peak titers of 103.5-105.2 median tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) per ml and had severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and encephalitis. to determine whether foxes can become i ...	2008	19046504
report of trichinella spiralis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) in northern ireland.	no systematic studies of the occurrence of trichinella in wildlife have been carried out in northern ireland (ni) in recent years, and the last reports of trichinellosis in livestock and human outbreaks in ni date back to 1979 and 1945, respectively. in this study, covering the period 2003/2004 and 2007/2008, a total of 443 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were collected throughout the country and screened for trichinellosis using a modified muscle digest method. one examined animal was found to be inf ...	2009	19070433
patch use in time and space for a meso-predator in a risky world.	predator-prey studies often assume a three trophic level system where predators forage free from any risk of predation. since meso-predators themselves are also prospective prey, they too need to trade-off between food and safety. we applied foraging theory to study patch use and habitat selection by a meso-predator, the red fox. we present evidence that foxes use a quitting harvest rate rule when deciding whether or not to abandon a foraging patch, and experience diminishing returns when foragi ...	2009	19082629
[gingival fibromatosis (hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis) in a wild european red fox (vulpes vulpes)].	this report describes a case of gingival fibromatosis in an otherwise healthy and well nourished wild european red fox (vulpes vulpes), which was shot by a hunter and submitted to the state laboratory in the context of the rabies monitoring program of the federal state of brandenburg, germany. at necropsy, a severe papillomatous proliferation of the complete gingival tissue of the upper and lower jaw was present. this gingival proliferation had already resulted in malocclusion, loosening and los ...	2008	19115504
multi-locus microsatellite analysis supports the hypothesis of an autochthonous focus of echinococcus multilocularis in northern italy.	echinococcus multilocularis is characterised by a wide geographical distribution, encompassing three continents (north america, asia and europe) yet very low genetic variability is documented. recently, this parasite has been detected in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) circulating in an alpine region of italy, close to austria. this finding raised the question as to whether an autochthonous cycle exists in italy or whether the infected foxes originated from the neighbouring regions of austria. studies ...	2009	19150351
development of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of trichinella spiralis in situ.	trichinellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. most human infections are caused by trichinella spiralis, with pig meat being the main source of infection. as a consequence, all countries in the eu inspect slaughtered animals to prevent the distribution of infected meat to consumers. however, trichinella spp. infect nearly all orders of mammals and so wildlife monitoring is often required in regions that want to provide evidence of negligible risk of ...	2009	19153012
rodents as shared indicators for zoonotic parasites of carnivores in urban environments.	rodents are shared intermediate or paratenic hosts for echinococcus multilocularis, toxocara spp. and toxoplasma gondii, and may serve as valuable indicators for assessing the occurrence and the level of environmental contamination and infection pressure with free-living stages of these zoonotic parasites. we investigated 658 non-commensal rodents for parasite infections in the canton of geneva, switzerland. the prevalence of infection with e. multilocularis was highest in arvicola terrestris ca ...	2009	19154652
[cloning, expression and antiviral activity of arctic fox (alopex lagopus) interferon-gamma gene].	in order to characterize the biological activity of fox (vulpes vulpes) interferon gamma(vuifn-gamma), we have isolated the cdna encoding arctic fox (alopex lagopus) vuifn-gamma. this cdna encodes a 23 amino acid signal peptide and a 144 amino acid mature protein, which shares 99.8% or 99.4% for nucleotide identity with silver fox and canine, respectively, and 100% for amino acid identity. expression of recombinant mature arctic fox interferon gamma (mvuifn-gamma) in bacterial system was confirm ...	2008	19160847
serologic survey for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in free-ranging wild carnivores from portugal.	a serologic survey for canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) was performed on serum and lung extract from an opportunistic sample of 120 free-ranging wild carnivores (13 species) from portugal, collected from 1995 to 2006. antibodies to cdv were detected in wolf (canis lupus; 3/27) and red fox (vulpes vulpes; 2/22). antibodies to cpv were detected in wolf (9/28), red fox (2/14), wildcat (felis silvestris;1/8), genet (genetta genetta; 17/18), and stone marten (martes foina; 3/1 ...	2009	19204354
animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model.	we review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. using the first domesticated species, the dog (canis familiaris), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. we suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human-defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic v ...	2009	19260016
crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a south american canid, as a definitive host for hammondia heydorni.	hammondia heydorni is a cyst forming coccidia closely related to other apicomplexans, such as toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and hammondia hammondi with a two-host life cycle. dogs and other canids as red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) may serve as definitive hosts for h. heydorni. sporulated oocysts are infective for cattle, sheep and goats, which may serve as intermediate hosts. herein, we describe the ability of crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a wild carnivore that ...	2009	19303215
genetic detection of sex-biased and age-biased dispersal in a population of wild carnivore, the red fox, vulpes vulpes.	field studies conducted on rural red fox (vulpes vulpes) populations suggest that the majority of males tend to disperse while the majority of females tend to be philopatric, that males disperse farther than females, and that most of the foxes disperse during their first year of life. however, the quantification of dispersal parameters is poorly documented in the red fox, because this carnivore is notoriously difficult to follow from birth to maturity. the aim of this study was to test hypothese ...	2009	19341332
[spatiotemporal analysis of the infection of the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.) with echinococcus multilocularis in saxony-anhalt].	a total of 2757 red foxes from 952 locations were examined parasitologically for echinococcus multilocularis between the years 1998 and 2007 at the state office of consumer protection saxony-anhalt. this examination was carried out in parallel to rabies monitoring. a period-prevalence of 17.4% of infection was found. employing different cluster tests spatial as well as spatiotemporal clusters were detected. spatial clusters remained largely stable throughout the complete time interval and were s ...	2009	19350806
a slow life in hell or a fast life in heaven: demographic analyses of contrasting roe deer populations.	1. environmental conditions shape population growth through their impact on demographic parameters. while knowledge has accumulated concerning the effects of population density and climatic conditions, a topical question now concerns how predation and harvest influence demographic parameters and population growth (lambda). 2. we performed a comparative demographic analysis based on projection matrix models for female roe deer. population-specific matrices were parameterized based on longitudinal ...	2009	19379139
serological detection of anti-trichinella antibodies in wild foxes and experimentally infected farmed foxes in norway.	trichinella surveillance in wildlife has relied on the detection of muscle larvae using digestion techniques. serology has been proposed as more suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies in wildlife. in this study, 328 individual sera from wild red foxes and 16 sera from experimentally infected farmed foxes were serologically tested with both excretory/secretory antigen (e/s) and the synthetic beta-tyvelose glycan antigen, in indirect elisa tests. the wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) had pr ...	2009	19380206
the carriage of larval echinococcus multilocularis and other cestodes by the musk rat (ondatra zibethicus) along the ourthe river and its tributaries (belgium).	in belgium, the carriage of echinococcus multilocularis by the red fox (vulpes vulpes) can be very high in some areas. this study was designed to evaluate the carriage of the larval form of e. multilocularis and other cestodes in a musk rat (ondatra zibethicus) population trapped along the ourthe river (southeastern belgium). six hundred fifty-seven musk rats were necropsied, and the larval cestodes of the abdominal and pleural cavities were identified. for e. multilocularis, the fertility of th ...	2009	19395737
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.	in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...	2009	19395747
physaloptera sibirica in foxes and badgers from the western alps (italy).	we investigated the presence of physaloptera sibirica and its distribution as well as the association among the parasite, host (i.e. mange due to sarcoptes scabiei) and environmental factors (i.e. altitudes) in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and badgers (meles meles) from the north-west of italy. from 1996 to 2008 a total of 608 foxes, culled by hunters or road killed, and 39 road killed badgers were examined in order to investigate the presence of nematodes in the stomach. p. sibirica was found in 16 fo ...	2009	19411141
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and 2.	since 1954, there have been in excess of 800 cases of rabies as a result of european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2) infection, mainly in serotine and myotis bats respectively. these viruses have rarely been reported to infect humans and terrestrial mammals, as the only exceptions are sheep in denmark, a stone marten in germany and a cat in france. the purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of foxes to eblvs using silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) as a model.	2009	19454020
phylogeography of the north american red fox: vicariance in pleistocene forest refugia.	fossil, archaeological, and morphometric data suggest that indigenous red foxes in north america were derived from vicariance in two disjunct refugia during the last glaciation: one in beringia and one in the contiguous usa. to test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogeographical analysis of the north american red fox within its presettlement range. we sequenced portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (354 bp) gene and d-loop (342 bp) from 220 historical red fox specimens. phylogenetic anal ...	2009	19457180
a comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of four medetomidine-based anaesthetic protocols in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).	to evaluate the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of four anaesthetic protocols in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	2009	19470141
variability of cag tandem repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene is not related with dog intersexuality.	numerous mutations of the human androgen receptor (ar) gene cause an intersexual phenotype, called the androgen insensitivity syndrome. the intersexual phenotype is also quite often diagnosed in dogs. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the entire coding sequence (eight exons) of the ar gene in healthy and four intersex dogs, as well as in three other canids (the red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). the coding sequence of the studied species appeared to be con ...	2010	19482445