Publications

antibody- and complement-mediated lysis of hiv-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication.	hiv-1-positive antisera were tested for their ability to lyse hiv-1-infected cells in the presence of active complement. cytolytic effects caused by sera derived from infected humans were slower than those observed with sera from immunised chimpanzees. lytic but also negative sera were found among hiv-1-infected asymptomatic men as well as among clinical aids cases. human antisera that lysed infected cells reacted similarly irrespective of whether the complement was heterologous or autologous. a ...	1990	1973445
interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors.	the pharmacokinetics of three aldose reductase inhibitors (aris) were evaluated in various species, including rat, dog, cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, and man. the three aris (al01567, al01576, and al01750) were administered intravenously as a single dose to all species except rat, which was dosed orally with al01750, and man, who was dosed orally with al01567 and al01576. plasma drug concentrations were measured by hplc or liquid scintillation spectrometry and various pharmacokin ...	1990	1976064
the nt 1311 polymorphism of g6pd: g6pd mediterranean mutation may have originated independently in europe and asia.	a polymorphic site exists in exon 11 of g6pd: in the wild-type enzyme, nucleotide (nt) 1311 is a c, but is some individuals from diverse populations a t is present instead. nine of 54 x chromosomes from europeans of mixed origins, nine of 41 x chromosomes of ashkenazi jewish subjects, three of 18 x chromosomes of sicilians, five of 20 african x chromosomes, and nine of 20 asian indian x chromosomes had the mutant genotype. in contrast, the mutation was found in only three of 59 oriental x chromo ...	1990	1978554
the chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex class ii dr subregion contains an unexpectedly high number of beta-chain genes.	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii dr subregion of the chimpanzee was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. genomic dna obtained from a panel of 94 chimpanzees was digested with the restriction enzyme taq i and hybridized with an hla-dr beta probe specific for the 3' untranslated (ut) region. such a screening revealed the existence of 14 distinct drb/taq i gene-associated fragments allowing the definition of 11 haplotypes. segregation studies prove ...	1990	1978714
comparative analysis of the fragments of highly repeated dna of homo, pan, macaca and cercopithecus.	in the present paper the restriction patterns of homo, pan troglodytes, macaca fascicularis and cercopithecus aethiops, obtained by digestion with eco ri endonuclease, were compared. all these species showed two common bands at 0.3 and 0.6 kb. in this region another band at 0.5 kb was present in macaca fascicularis and cercopithecus aethiops. furthermore macaca fascicularis, cercopithecus aethiops and pan troglodytes showed a series of bands not present in humans. the distance matrix shows a str ...	1990	1979493
polymorphisms and gross structure of glycophorin genes in common chimpanzees.	using human alpha glycophorin cdna probe and six restriction enzymes, we examined the homologues of human glycophorin genes in genomic dna of 11 unrelated chimpanzees. we show that, in contrast to the human, the chimpanzee exhibits an unusual array of nonrandomly distributed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp). no clear correlation was found between the rflp and the v-a-b-d blood-group phenotypes of the subjects, with one possible exception. however, pairs of allelic rflp occurring ...	1990	1980061
syncytial giant-cell hepatitis. sporadic hepatitis with distinctive pathological features, a severe clinical course, and paramyxoviral features.	we describe a new form of hepatitis, occurring in 10 patients over a period of six years, characterized clinically by manifestations of severe hepatitis, histologically by large syncytial giant hepatocytes, and ultrastructurally by intracytoplasmic structures consistent with paramyxoviral nucleocapsids.	1991	1988831
immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus.	sustained high titers of neutralizing antibodies were elicited in three chimpanzees after sequential injections of different human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) antigen preparations derived from the hiv-1 bru strain that included whole inactivated virus or purified recombinant proteins and then synthetic peptides identical to the major hiv-1 neutralizing epitope v3. the animals were challenged i.v. with 40 chimpanzee infectious doses (equivalent to 100 tissue culture 50% infectious doses) of ...	1991	1988952
no severe bottleneck during human evolution: evidence from two apolipoprotein c-ii deficiency alleles.	the dna sequences of a japanese and a venezuelan apolipoprotein (apo) c-ii deficiency allele, of a normal japanese apo c-ii gene, and of a chimpanzee apo c-ii gene were amplified by pcr, and their nucleotide sequences were determined on multiple clones of the pcr products. the normal japanese sequence is identical to--and the chimpanzee sequence differs by only three nucleotides from--a previously published normal caucasian sequence. in contrast, the two human mutant sequences each differ from t ...	1991	1990844
preparation and characterization of an intravenous solution of igg from human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive donors.	an intravenous solution of 99% pure globulin (hyperimmune igg, hivig) was obtained from pooled plasma of selected human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1)-seropositive asymptomatic donors with greater than 400 cd4+/microliters cells per microliter and a high titer of antibody to hiv-1 p24 protein. hivig had high titers of antibody to p24, glycoprotein 41 (gp41), and gp120, group-specific neutralizing activity, and binding to the gp120 hypervariable loop region. it inhibited syncytia formation. at lo ...	1991	1995097
identification of the ancestral haplotype for apolipoprotein b suggests an african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and traces their subsequent migration to europe and the pacific.	the probable ancestral haplotype for human apolipoprotein b (apob) has been identified through immunological analysis of chimpanzee and gorilla serum and sequence analysis of their dna. moreover, the frequency of this ancestral apob haplotype among different human populations provides strong support for the african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and their subsequent migration from africa to europe and to the pacific. the approach used here for the identification of the ancestral human apob haplo ...	1991	1996341
resolution of the african hominoid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence.	mitochondrial dna sequences encoding the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene have been determined for five primate species, siamang (hylobates syndactylus), lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis), and green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with published sequences of other primate and nonprimate species. comparisons of cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene sequences provide clear-cut evidence from the mitochondrial g ...	1991	1996358
human markers for igg2 and igg4 appear to be on the same molecule in the chimpanzee.	it has been reported that all four immunoglobulin g (igg) subclasses present in human serum are also present in chimpanzee serum, as detected with antibodies specific for the human igg subclasses. we used monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for human igg subclasses to measure concentrations of the four subclasses in the chimpanzee sera. initial elisa studies indicated that epitopes for all four human subclasses are present in chimpanzee sera. the concentrations of igg1, igg2 and igg3 were simil ...	1991	1997405
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the chimpanzee c-myc gene.	a dna fragment covering the chimpanzee c-myc locus was cloned from the dna of peripheral blood lymphocytes, sequenced, and compared to its human c-myc counterpart. the two nucleotide sequences were found to be highly homologous (99%). the divergence rate between the two species was 0.4% in exons and 1.7% in introns. the different tata-boxes described in the human myc gene were also identified in the chimpanzee sequence and an open reading frame (orf) was observed which overlaps the chimpanzee c- ...	1991	1999286
segmental spinal fixation of a thoracic vertebral fracture in an adult chimpanzee.	accidental trauma associated with an epileptic convulsion in a 10-year-old, male chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) resulted in incomplete paraplegia from fracture and subluxation of t4. dorsal laminectomy and segmental spinal fixation were used in treatment. the segmental spinal fixation consisted of sublaminar wires attached to a contoured 316l stainless steel u-rod. the chimpanzee recovered sufficient function to allow reintroduction into the chimpanzee colony at a zoological park during the 12 mon ...	1991	2004998
nucleotide sequence analysis of three different hepatitis delta viruses isolated from a woodchuck and humans.	we have investigated the extent of hepatitis delta virus (hdv) genetic variability after serial passages in chimpanzees and woodchucks and between different human isolates. a complete hdv genome, isolated from a woodchuck liver, was cloned after five serial transmissions. the 1679 nucleotide long genome revealed only point mutations and a nucleotide divergence of 0.65% and 0.89% with previously published sequences of two epidemiologically related hdvs. we have obtained partial nucleotide sequenc ...	1991	2005438
an immunogenic onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection.	onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a serious health problem and a severe obstacle to social and economic development, especially in africa. a complementary dna fragment coding for an onchocerca volvulus antigen (ov-16) was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector pcg808fx. immune responses to this o. volvulus-specific recombinant antigen were detectable in patients with documented onchocerciasis; the antibody response was also detectable at 3 months and at more than 1 year before infection co ...	1991	2011741
experimental onchocerca volvulus infections in mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) compared to infections in humans and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	three chimpanzees, three mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), and 14 patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) were inoculated with l3 onchocerca volvulus of guatemalan origin. one chimpanzee and two mangabey monkeys developed antibody activity to at least three different antigens. both mangabey monkeys recognized a 20 kda antigen 3.5-5 months post-inoculation, and the monkeys and the chimpanzee developed antibody activity to 14 and 22 kda antigens 7.5-13 months post-inoculation. one mangabey monkey and ...	1991	2012258
observations after human immunodeficiency virus immunization and challenge of human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and seronegative chimpanzees.	two human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive chimpanzees (a-3 and a-86c) infected 4 yr earlier with hiv, along with one uninfected animal (a-36), were inoculated intramuscularly three times in a year with a gamma-irradiated gp120-depleted hiv immunogen in incomplete freund's adjuvant. both previously infected animals promptly developed an anamnestic humoral antibody response after the first dose, and the uninfected animal developed a primary humoral response to the first dose and then an ...	1991	2014254
puberty in the male chimpanzee: progressive maturation of semen characteristics.	cellular and biochemical characteristics of semen obtained by masturbation were studied in 5 pubertal chimpanzees during 1.5 yr. the dental age corresponding to the beginning of the pubertal testicular growth (po) ranged from 5.0 to 8.3 years (mean = 6.7 +/- 1.2 yr). time-related variations of all studied parameters were analyzed according to po and, therefore, independently of the dental age. the emission of first ejaculates, and therefore the onset of activity of the accessory sex gland, was e ...	1991	2015363
circumsporozoite protein gene from plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee malaria parasite evolutionarily related to the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.	we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium reichenowi a plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasite of chimpanzees. comparison of the two cs proteins reveals both similarities and differences in these two evolutionarily related parasites that have adapted to different hosts. the p. reichenowi cs protein has a new repeat sequence, nvnp, in addition to the p. falciparum-like nanp and nvdp repeats. in the immunodominant th2r and th3r regions of th ...	1991	2016283
baculovirus-directed high level expression of the hepatitis delta antigen in spodoptera frugiperda cells.	the hepatitis delta antigen (hdag) is a multifunctional protein. it forms the core-like structure of the hepatitis delta virus (hdv) but also enhances replication of hdv in the nucleus of the hepatocyte. a cdna fragment encoding hdag was inserted adjacent to the polyhedrin promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus present in the baculovirus transfer vector pvl941. after transfection of spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells a recombinant baculovirus ac delta 1 was isolated and pur ...	1991	2016595
identification of novel single-stranded d(tc)n binding proteins in several mammalian species.	a group of single-stranded d(tc)n specific binding proteins has been detected in the nuclear extracts of several mammalian species that included mouse, human, african green monkey, chimpanzee, and chinese muntjac. southwestern analysis of 500 mm kci nuclear extracts has shown that these proteins cluster in a similar size range, 55.5 to 57 kd. an additional 54 kd band was present for the three primate species examined. the single-stranded d(tc)n binding activity was confirmed with bandshift assay ...	1991	2017376
attempts to transmit hepatitis b virus to chimpanzees by arthropods.	bedbugs (cimex lectularius l.) were fed on an infective blood-hepatitis b virus (hbv) mixture. further bedbugs and tampan ticks (ornithodoros moubata [murray]) were fed on hbv-carrier chimpanzees. after a 10-13 day interval for oviposition, tests done on samples of individual arthropods showed that 53-85% of the bugs were hbsag-positive and none hbeag-positive, while 100% of the ticks were hbsag-positive and 88% hbeag-positive. the remaining arthropods were fed on 3 susceptible chimpanzees, whic ...	1991	2017742
reconstruction of molecular phylogeny of extant hominoids from dna sequence data.	evolutionary distance matrices of the extant hominoids are computed from dna sequence data, and hominoid dna phylogenies are reconstructed by applying the neighbor-joining method to these distance matrices. the chimpanzee is clustered with the human in most of the phylogenetic trees thus obtained. the proportion of the distance between human and chimpanzee to that between human/chimpanzee and orangutan is estimated. both mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna show a similar value (0.44), which is clo ...	1991	2018102
a sequence dimorphism in a conserved domain of human 28s rrna. uneven distribution of variant genes among individuals. differential expression in hela cells.	in humans, cellular 28s rrna displays a sequence dimorphism within an evolutionarily conserved motif, with the presence, at position +60, of either a a (like the metazoan consensus) or a g. the relative abundance of the two forms of variant genes in the genome exhibit large differences among individuals. the two variant forms are generally represented in cellular 28s rrna in proportion of their relative abundance in the genome, at least for leucocytes. however, in some cases, one form of variant ...	1991	2020541
characterization of the transcription unit and two processed pseudogenes of chimpanzee triosephosphate isomerase (tpi).	three members of the chimpanzee tpi (encoding triosephosphate isomerase) gene family, the transcription unit and two processed pseudogenes, have been characterized by genomic blotting and nucleotide sequence analysis. the bona fide tpi gene spans 3.5 kb with seven exons and six introns, and is the first hominoid tpi gene to be completely sequenced. the chimpanzee gene exhibits a very high degree of sequence identity with human and rhesus tpi genes. for example, the polypeptides of 248 amino acid ...	1991	2022334
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hiv-1 in sera of immunized chimpanzees.	after immunization of chimpanzees against hiv antigens, antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) were evaluated and compared with anti-hiv-antibody levels detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and neutralizing antibody titers. adult chimpanzees were immunized with different hiv-1 (lav-bru) antigen preparations: recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) expressing gp160, p25 or p27nef; formalin- and beta-propiolactone-inactivated whole virus (inhiv); soluble ...	1991	2031689
intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominid fossil record.	the extent and nature of dental and cranial sexual dimorphisms in extant hominoids have been investigated using reliably sexed samples of homo sapiens (n = 75), pan troglodytes (n = 51), gorilla gorilla (n = 64) and pongo pygmaeus (n = 43). seventy nine measurements (35 dental, 16 mandibular and 28 cranial) formed the basis of the study. the patterns of mean differences and dispersions between the taxa were compared across the anatomical regions and the group structures of the separate sex sampl ...	1991	2032934
emergence of symmetry in a visual conditional discrimination by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	in exp. 1, three young chimpanzees were trained to match red to a cross and green to a circle in an arbitrary matching-to-sample task. after acquisition of this task, they were tested for the emergence of associative symmetry of these conditional relations using the trials on which shapes were presented as samples and colors as comparisons. one of the three chimpanzees showed statistically significant accuracy on these test trials. this successful subject served in exp. 2, in which an auditory-v ...	1991	2034778
lack of cleavage of immunoglobulin a (iga) from rhesus monkeys by bacterial iga1 proteases.	bacterial immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) proteases cleaving iga1 and secretory iga1 molecules in the hinge region are believed to be important virulence factors. previous studies have indicated that iga of humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees are the exclusive substrates of these enzymes. in a recent study, iga from the rhesus monkey was found to be susceptible to the iga1 protease activity of streptococcus pneumoniae. in an attempt to reproduce this observation, we found that neither five isolates of s. ...	1991	2037384
a chimpanzee-derived chromosome-specific alpha satellite dna sequence conserved between chimpanzee and human.	we describe a cloned 2.7 kb alpha satellite sequence, pan-3, from the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) that specifically hybridizes in situ to chromosome 19 in the pygmy chimpanzee and to the homeologous human chromosome, no. 17. using high stringency conditions of hybridization on southern blots, this sequence hybridized to dna from both species of chimpanzee (p. paniscus and p. troglodytes) and from human but not to dna from gorilla (gorilla gorilla) or orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). partial seque ...	1991	2040204
tissue culture system for infection with human hepatitis delta virus.	an in vitro culture system was developed for assaying the infectivity of the human hepatitis delta virus (hdv). hepatocytes were isolated from chimpanzee liver and grown in a serum-free medium. cells were shown to be infectible by hdv and to remain susceptible to infection for at least 3 weeks in culture, as evidenced by the appearance of rna species characteristic of hdv replication as early as 6 days postinfection. when repeated experiments were carried out on cells derived from an animal free ...	1991	2041075
naturally acquired and experimental leprosy in nonhuman primates.	naturally-acquired leprosy has been observed in chimpanzees and sooty mangabey monkeys. experimental multibacillary leprosy was established in 24 of 36 mangabey monkeys, 7 of 34 rhesus monkeys, and 15 of 19 african green monkeys following intravenous and intradermal inoculation of mycobacterium leprae. the experimental disease strongly resembles leprosy in humans clinically, histopathologically, and immunologically. thus, in addition to nine-banded armadillos in louisiana and texas, chimpanzees ...	1991	2042709
molecular evolution of the psi eta-globin gene locus: gibbon phylogeny and the hominoid slowdown.	an 8.4-kb genomic region spanning both the psi eta-globin gene locus and flanking dna was sequenced from the common gibbon (hylobates lar). in addition, sequencing of the entire orthologous region from galago (galago crassicaudatus) was completed. the gibbon and galago sequences, along with published orthologous sequences from 10 other species, were aligned. these noncoding nucleotide sequences represented four human alleles, four apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, organgutan, and gibbon), an old world ...	1991	2046542
experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. cell-mediated immune responses, and production and effects of il-1 and il-2 with onchocerca volvulus infection.	nine of eighteen chimpanzees inoculated with infective third-stage larvae of onchocerca volvulus developed patent infection with microfilariae in skin biopsies. in all infected chimpanzees the in vitro cellular reactivity to o. volvulus adult worm-derived ag (ovag) increased significantly after exposure to third-stage larvae. however, during prepatency the in vitro cellular responses to ovag decreased gradually in subsequently mf positive (patent) animals, and returned with patency to values not ...	1991	2051025
construction of playgrounds for chimpanzees in biomedical research.	an outdoor 9,000 sq. ft. playground connected to the indoor-outdoor runs of the breeding facility at southwest foundation for biomedical research was constructed to simulate a near natural environment for chimpanzees in biomedical research. it is divided into three 75 x 40 ft. compounds to allow several groups of animals to utilize the area simultaneously. environmental enrichment devices have been added to improve physical and psychological well-being.	1991	2051465
evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure.	a large, three-part playground for captive chimpanzees was constructed and evaluated in terms of area use and behavior changes. comparative behavioral samples were obtained on 38 subjects in the existing indoor-outdoor run and in the enclosure. the chimpanzees used the inside run, connective chute, concrete slab, and grass areas most. activity and environmental manipulation increased in the enclosure while abnormal and self-directed behaviors decreased.	1991	2051468
the first successful aids vaccine: immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus.		1991	2051469
characterization of an onchocerca volvulus cdna clone encoding a genus specific antigen present in infective larvae and adult worms.	the isolation and characterization of a recombinant cdna clone (ov7) expressing an antigen present in onchocerca volvulus infective larvae and adult stages is described. using chimpanzee antiserum generated against irradiated infective larvae, we isolated a cdna clone from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library derived from adult o. volvulus mrna. the open reading frame encodes 131 amino acids corresponding to a 15.2-kda protein. affinity purified antibodies which bound specifically to ov7 fusion ...	1991	2052041
nucleotide sequence of chimpanzee fc and hinge regions.	the nucleotide sequence of the fc and hinge regions of a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody has been determined. most of the sequence is similar to the human igg1 sequence. however, the chimpanzee hinge regions differs from the human hinge region in six of 48 nucleotides, which leads to three amino acid substitutions. two of the amino acid changes are not conservative and may lead to differences in flexibility of the hinge. the chimp hinge sequence seems to be a combination of the human igg1 hinge a ...	1991	2062315
induction of antibodies to the envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus by immunization with monoclonal anti-idiotypes.	anti-idiotypes that possess the internal image of antigen can induce protective humoral immunity toward microbes. herein we demonstrate antigen mimicry by monoclonal anti-idiotypes of a distinct epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope protein that is defined by a synthetic peptide. this peptide, corresponding to amino acid residues 503-535 (peptide 503-535) of hiv-1 iiib gp160, induced antibodies in three mammalian species that interacted with hiv-1 gp120 and inhibited in vitr ...	1991	2062842
direct assay of a alpha(1-21), a pmn elastase-specific cleavage product of fibrinogen, in the chimpanzee.		1991	2064218
dental variation in the genus pan.	dental measurements and 23 anatomical dental features are observed on 151 pan troglodytes and 69 pan paniscus of both sexes, preserved in the museum of tervuren (belgium). odontometric investigations confirm the reality of the two species in the genus pan, but do not show any difference between subspecies in pan troglodytes. correspondence analysis demonstrates that the qualitative anatomical features are differently distributed in the two chimpanzee species.	1990	2077770
human-specific sequences: isolation of species-specific dna regions by genome subtraction.	uniqueness is fundamental to the individuality of species, and this in turn is based on the uniqueness of their genomes. for the purpose of resolving the genetic basis of human uniqueness, we describe here the isolation of human-specific sequences using the technique of genome subtraction, i.e., competitive reassociation of genomic dnas between two very closely related species. one such sequence, hs5, was found to be present only in the human genome and absent in the genomes of non-human primate ...	1990	2081602
[comparative anatomy of the tongue of pan troglodytes (blumenbach, 1799) and other primates. ii. findings in other primates].	this 2nd part of our studies shows that the papilla foliata is fully developed in pan, cebus, and macaca; in prosimians the papilla foliata is well developed in lemur and chirogaleus. in galago crassicaudatus, this papilla is missing. among 3 individuals of microcebus, the papilla foliata was differently developed: in 2 cases, the tongue exhibited only 2 on both sides and a very low folia. taste buds were found in the epithelium of only one side of each folium. in the 3rd case, the folia of the ...	1990	2083819
continuous fetal heart rate monitoring and tocodynamometry in routine obstetrical care, fetal stress and non-stress testing, and labor induction in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	the use of continuous fetal heart rate (fhr) and uterine pressure monitoring in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) by external doppler transducer and tocodynamometer is described in 1) the routine obstetrical assessment of fetal well-being, 2) oxytocin challenge (stress) testing (oct) and non-stress testing (nst) for the diagnosis of in utero fetal distress, and 3) induction of labor by intravenous oxytocin infusion, by surgical rupture of the chorio-amniotic membranes (amniotomy), or by a combina ...	1990	2084260
large-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites.	mass-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites in anopheles stephensi was achieved using the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) as a source of infective blood. membrane feeding was as successful as feeding mosquitoes directly on the animal so long as the time between drawing the blood and feeding was restricted to 45 min. longer delays such as 2-3 h resulted in loss of infectivity in terms of oocyst production. the selected strain of a. stephensi was highly susceptible to p. vivax (chesson stra ...	1990	2092287
[a comparative physiological study of the generalization function in primates].	fundamental rules of the generalization function formation and development were formulated on the basis of comparative analysis of visual discrimination, summarizing and abstraction in the representatives of various primate subfamilies. it was established that monkeys and apes (macaca mulatta, cebus apella, pan troglodytes) learning to define such abstract characteristic as relative size of visual pictures of natural and geometrical objects were able to use previously remembered rules elaborated ...	1990	2092563
testing of plasmodium vivax cs proteins in saimiri monkeys.	recombinant proteins directed against the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax were tested for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. the monkeys were immunized 3 times with either alum or muramyl tripeptide as adjuvant, and were challenged with 10,000 sporozoites (p. vivax, salvador i strain) from mosquitos infected by membrane feeding on gametocytes from chimpanzees. antibodies, measured by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests and enzyme ...	1990	2094590
septopremaxillary ligament resection and midfacial growth in a chimpanzee animal model.	data collected from human studies suggests a relationship between a disruption of the septopremaxillary ligament (spl) attachment and midfacial hypoplasia in complete cleft individuals. the present study investigates the spl-traction mechanism and midfacial growth in a chimpanzee animal model. seventeen chimps (7 unoperated controls, 5 shams, and 5 animals with early spl reaction) were used in the present study. lateral head x-rays and dental study models were collected quarterly through 1200 da ...	1990	2098177
[comparative anatomical studies of the tongues of pan troglodytes (blumenbach, 1799) and other primates. iii. discussion and literature].		1990	2099298
the importance of non-human primates for preclinical testing of immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for lymphocyte markers can be considered as very specific immunomodulating drugs for treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases. although the selection of potentially useful specificities of mab can be made in rodents, human specific mab can only be evaluated in man or a closely related species in which these human specific mab are equally reactive. because of the restricted reactivity of human specific mab, non-human primates are the only avail ...	1990	2104280
detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis c virus cdna: application to diagnosis and blood screening for posttransfusion hepatitis.	a cdna clone has been derived from the plasma of a chimpanzee with chronic non-a, non-b viral hepatitis (nanbh). we have assayed for antibodies reacting with the encoded antigen in sera from posttransfusion hepatitis patients (643 samples from 23 patients) and their corresponding donors collected during the past 10 years in japan. the antibody was detected in 15 out of 17 (88.2%) posttransfusion nanbh (pt-nanbh) patients whose sera over time displayed multiple alanine aminotransferase (alt) peak ...	1990	2105505
the significance of infections with two types of viral hepatitis demonstrated by histologic features in chimpanzees.	in view of the recognized importance of necroinflammatory episodes in chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, chimpanzees, either hbv surface antigen (hbsag) carriers or noninfected (naive), were infected with other primary hepatotropic viruses to evaluate histologic alterations and changes in virologic and biochemical markers of infection. the advantages of studies on chimpanzees are the availability of serial biopsy specimens and the viral type-specific histologic lesions, not as well recog ...	1990	2106549
a cd4 domain important for hiv-mediated syncytium formation lies outside the virus binding site.	hiv infection of chimpanzees results in a chronic viremia unaccompanied by the ultimately fatal immunodeficiency that marks hiv infection in man. we show here that expression of hiv envelope proteins allows syncytium formation between cells expressing human but not chimpanzee or macaque cd4. we find that the cd4 sequences regulating cell fusion lie outside the recognized virus binding site; in the simplest exchange, chimpanzee cd4 bearing human residue 87 supports syncytium formation, while huma ...	1990	2107024
dna hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data.	sibley and ahlquist (1984, 1987) presented the results of a study of 514 dna-dna hybrids among the hominoids and old world monkeys (cercopithecidae). they concluded that the branching order of the living hominoid lineages, from oldest to most recent, was gibbons, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, and human. thus, a chimpanzee-human clade was indicated, rather than the chimpanzee-gorilla clade usually suggested from morphological evidence. the positions of the gibbon and orangutan branches in the ...	1990	2109085
dna hybridization as a guide to phylogeny: chemical and physical limits.	the technique of forming interspecific dna heteroduplexes and estimating phylogenetic distances from the depression in their duplex melting temperature has several physical and chemical constraints. these constraints determine the maximum phylogenetic distance that may be estimated by this technique and the most appropriate method of analyzing that distance. melting curves of self-renatured single copy primate dnas reveal the presence of components absent from the renaturation products of exactl ...	1990	2109086
primate evolution at the dna level and a classification of hominoids.	the genetic distances among primate lineages estimated from orthologous noncoding nucleotide sequences of beta-type globin loci and their flanking and intergenic dna agree closely with the distances (delta t50h values) estimated by cross hybridization of total genomic single-copy dnas. these dna distances and the maximum parsimony tree constructed for the nucleotide sequence orthologues depict a branching pattern of primate lineages that is essentially congruent with the picture from phylogeneti ...	1990	2109087
relationship between lectin binding properties and the expression of blood group abh antigens in vascular endothelia and red blood cells from 18 primate species.	the reactivity was examined of horseradish peroxidase labelled ulex europaeus agglutinin-i (uea-i) and griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin i-b4 (gsai-b4) with red blood cells and vascular endothelium in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues from 18 primate species. the expression of blood group abh antigens in these cells as well as secretions from other tissues was also examined by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal anti-abh antibodies as primary antibodies. in prosimians ...	1990	2109743
[primates in the study of hepatitis viruses].	there is no a conventional tissue culture system for the propagation of the hepatitis viruses and only some of them can be maintain in continuous cell culture in particular conditions. a transmissibility of hepatitis is limited to primates. the narrow host specificity may help to establish the classification of the hepatitis viruses and their mode of transmission. moreover, the primate animal model provided the most accessible source of viruses and for clinical reasons presents the only opportun ...	1990	2110646
pharmacokinetics in chimpanzees of recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator produced in mouse c127 and chinese hamster ovary cells.	pharmacokinetics of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-pa) produced in mouse c127 cells (t-pa(c127] and chinese hamster ovary cells (t-pa(cho] was investigated in chimpanzees. rt-pa was administered via a constant rate i.v. infusion for 60 min, and t-pa concentration and activity in plasma were measured during and after infusion. the noncompartmental parameters were calculated according to the moment analysis method, and a population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to obtai ...	1990	2110870
monoclonal antibodies directed against human rh antigens in tests with the red cells of nonhuman primates.	monoclonal antibodies against rh related antigens on human red cells often crossreact with the red cells of the highest subhuman primate species. depending on specificity of antibody, the species tested, and technique used, these reactions can be either species-specific or type specific. in tests with chimpanzee red cells, some of the latter type reactions have specificities related to the r antigen of the r-c-e-f blood group system of chimpanzee; specificities of some others seem to be unrelate ...	1990	2111136
expression of infectious viral particles by primary chimpanzee hepatocytes isolated during the acute phase of non-a, non-b hepatitis.	liver wedge biopsies were obtained from chimpanzees during the acute phase of experimental non-a, non-b hepatitis infections. primary chimpanzee hepatocytes were maintained for over 4 weeks in vitro with a serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and hormones. the de novo synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins characteristic for differentiated primate hepatocytes were sustained under these culture conditions. immunocytochemical staining for a non-a, non-b hepatitis-associated antig ...	1990	2111839
enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis.	more than 50% of acute viral hepatitis occurring in some developing countries appears to be unrelated to infection by hav or hbv and accumulating evidence suggests that a high proportion of this non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) is enterically transmitted. epidemics or outbreaks of enterically-transmitted nanb (et-nanb) have been documented in the soviet union, nepal, burma, pakistan, india, borneo, somalia, sudan, ivory coast, algeria, and mexico. these outbreaks primarily affect young to middle-ag ...	1990	2116213
detection of hepatitis b virus dna in serum by polymerase chain reaction. application for clinical diagnosis.	standard methods of virus dna detection using the polymerase chain reaction can be time consuming and can involve multiple steps in which contamination with exogenous dna can occur. therefore, we developed a simplified method for detecting hepatitis b virus dna in serum. the main advantages of this method are that it can be performed rapidly, consists of only several steps, and has a false positive rate of less than 0.1% in our laboratory. in testing serial samples from five chimpanzees experime ...	1990	2116344
early events in hepatitis c virus infection of chimpanzees.	the cytoplasmic antigen and ultrastructural changes we described previously for chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) or with hepatitis d virus have recently been shown to be indirect measures of viral replication and appear to represent a host response to the expression or action of interferon. the time of appearance of these changes in hepatocytes during hcv infection, when compared with similar changes in hepatitis d virus infection, suggests a very early replica ...	1990	2117282
production of immunoglobulin a protease by streptococcus pneumoniae from animals.	human isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae tested by traditional immunochemical methods produce a protease that cleaves human immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) into fab and fc fragments. the protease may be an important virulence factor, but studies of its pathogenetic significance have been hampered by lack of a suitable animal model. since s. pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen for several species of animals, we sought to determine whether isolates of this organism from animals with pneumococcal infec ...	1990	2117567
mitochondrial dna evolution in primates: transition rate has been extremely low in the lemur.	based on mitochondrial dna (mt-dna) sequence data from a wide range of primate species, branching order in the evolution of primates was inferred by the maximum likelihood method of felsenstein without assuming rate constancy among lineages. bootstrap probabilities for the maximum likelihood tree topology among alternatives were estimated without performing a maximum likelihood estimation for each resampled data set. variation in the evolutionary rate among lineages was examined for the maximum ...	1990	2120449
biologic heterogeneity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains.	seven hiv-2 isolates recovered from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of patients from the ivory coast have been biologically characterized. all seven strains replicated well in primary human lymphocyte and macrophage cultures and in established human t cell lines. they showed differences in infectivity and replicating ability in primary pbmc cultures from chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and baboons. moreover, variations in levels of virus replication in pbmc from 13 seronegative donors we ...	1990	2120848
comparative morphology of the lateral meniscus of the knee in primates.	the morphology of the lateral meniscus has been studied in a series of 316 non-human primates, representative of 43 genera. the lateral meniscus has a crescentic shape in prosimii, in platyrrhinii (new world monkeys) and in pongo pygmaeus. the lateral meniscus is disc-shaped, with a central foramen, in catarrhinii (old world monkeys), in hylobates, in gorilla and in pan troglodytes. in man, the lateral meniscus has a crescentic shape. discoid lateral menisci are reported as anomalies in man; the ...	1990	2123845
the evolutionary watershed of susceptibility to gonococcal infection.	gonococci do not cause genital infection in any convenient experimental animal, but all too easily cause genital infection in humans. to determine the 'evolutionary watershed' of gonococcal infections (the point on the evolutionary tree at which susceptibility to gonococcal infection begins) we extended previous studies of the interaction of gonococci with animal oviduct mucosa to include chimpanzees and baboons. gonococci attached to, damaged, and invaded the oviduct (fallopian tube) mucosa of ...	1990	2126057
yeast-expressed p55 precursor core protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not elicit protective immunity in chimpanzees.	yeast-expressed p55 precursor core protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was used to immunize chimpanzees. the animals developed high titers of antibodies to p55 as well as to the p24 and p17 mature cleavage products of the core precursor. virus-neutralizing antibodies were not elicited. the induced immune responses did not prevent establishment of hiv-1 infection following challenge of one immunized chimpanzee with live virus.	1990	2127681
neisseria gonorrhoeae colonises the genital tract of oestradiol-treated germ-free female mice.	germ-free balb/c mice treated with oestradiol and inoculated intravaginally with a serum-resistant strain or a freshly isolated, piliated strain of neisseria gonorrhoeae were colonised vaginally. the organisms were recovered intermittently for a month or longer and there was evidence that they could reach the upper genital tract. mice given progesterone and those not treated with either hormone did not become colonised. this is the first evidence of sustained mucosal colonisation in animals othe ...	1990	2129173
potential of primate monoclonal antibodies to substitute for human antibodies: nucleotide sequence of chimpanzee fab fragments.	the nucleotide sequence of the mrna that codes for fab fragments from two chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies has been determined. both antibodies have high affinity and good specificity for digoxin. four domains from the two antibodies have been sequenced: the constant domains of the kappa and lambda light chains, the variable domain of the lambda light chain, and the ch1 domain of the igg1 heavy chain. there are very few differences between the chimpanzee and human sequences; the nucleotide seque ...	1990	2129418
defects in the precore region of hepatitis b virus dna in a plasma pool from carriers seropositive for antibody against e antigen and with infectivity in chimpanzees.	a plasma pool from 12 asymptomatic carriers seropositive for antibody against hepatitis b e antigen (anti-hbe) contained hepatitis b virus (hbv) with chimpanzee infectious doses of 1-100/ml, and another pool from 12 carriers positive for hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) contained 10(8)/ml doses or more. the hbeag-positive pool contained 10(6)-fold more hbv dna than the anti-hbe-positive pool, reflecting the difference in infectivity in chimpanzees. the precore region sequences of hbv dna in the two ...	1990	2129834
isolation of rapidly evolving genomic sequences: construction of a differential library and identification of a human dna fragment that does not hybridize to chimpanzee dna.	a differential library enriched in rapidly evolving human genomic sequences was obtained by phenol-enhanced hybridization of human genomic dna with an excess of chimpanzee dna. a dna fragment 110 bp in length that did not hybridize to either chimpanzee or other primate dna was identified in this library. it was shown to be a substantially diverged member of the human beta satellite family of tandem repeats. the genomic sequences homologous to the fragment were located on the short arms of human ...	1990	2133068
a 36 nucleotide deletion mutation in the coding region of the ns1 gene of an influenza a virus rna segment 8 specifies a temperature-dependent host range phenotype.	previously a spontaneous 36 nucleotide deletion in the coding region of ns1 was detected in the ns gene of a reassortant virus (cr43-3) recovered from a dual infection by the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) mutant and wild-type (wt) influenza a/alaska/6/77 (h3n2). the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and ns genes were derived from the wild type virus parent while the other 5 genes were derived from the ca parent. the cr43-3 reassortant virus exhibited: (i) a host range (hr) phenotype, i ...	1990	2138396
human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocytes: relationship to fc-gamma receptors and antibody-dependent viral enhancement.	antibodies that augment human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infectivity of monocytes through fc receptor (fcr) type iii for igg have been found in the blood of sero-positive patients and immunized chimpanzees. this study investigated the effect of acute and chronic hiv infection, as well as protein kinase c activators capable of up-regulating latent hiv, on the expression of these receptors. in addition, the frequency of this antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) phenomenon was estimated using pur ...	1990	2143169
anti-cd3 murine monoclonal isotype switch variants tested for toxicity and immunologic monitoring in four chimpanzees.		1990	2146787
techniques and significance of gamete collection and storage in the great apes.	rectal probe electroejaculation (rpe) is the most frequently used method for semen recovery in the great apes. artificial insemination has been successful in the chimpanzee and gorilla. oocytes can be recovered using laparoscopic techniques similar to those used in human medicine. at this time there has been no successful in vitro fertilization with birth of an infant in the great apes. semen can be successfully frozen in the apes, as documented by recovery of motility of sperm after thawing. pr ...	1990	2147215
neutralization and enhancement of in vitro and in vivo hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus infections.	over the past year significant progress has been made in mapping those regions of the hiv-1 envelope glycoproteins involved in virus neutralization and virus enhancement. these functional, antigenic domains of the gp160 are illustrated in fig. 1. the role of neutralization in vaccine development is still unresolved, although high-titer antibody to the v3 loop of hiv-1 appears to be correlated with the ability to prevent hiv-1 infection by the homologous strain in chimpanzees. therefore, the mech ...	1990	2152561
novel use of a chimpanzee pseudogene for chromosomal mapping of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv.	we have isolated a chimpanzee processed pseudogene for subunit iv of cytochrome c oxidase (cox; ec 1.9.3.1) by screening a chimpanzee genomic library in lambda charon 32 with a bovine liver cdna encoding cox subunit iv (cox iv), and localized it to a 1.9-kb hindiii fragment. southern-blot analysis of genomic dna from five primates showed that dnas from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee each contained the 1.9-kb pseudogene fragment, whereas orangutan and pigtail macaque monkey dna did not. this resu ...	1990	2157630
tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees.	reported incidences of tool use and tool making for three wild chimpanzee populations increase from mahale (12 and 3 types of use and making, respectively), gombe (16 and 3) to taï (19 and 6). sticks are commonly used and prepared at all three sites. however, taï chimpanzees seem to perform more modifications on the material before using it. they are also the only chimpanzees seen to pound objects with tools and to combine two different tool uses to get access to one food item. tool making is th ...	1990	2157651
in vitro susceptibility of t lymphocytes from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) to human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6): a potential animal model to study the interaction between hhv-6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo.	the in vitro susceptibility of several nonhuman primate species to human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) was investigated. only peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were found permissive to productive infection by hhv-6, indicating that the host range of hhv-6, albeit limited, may not be restricted to homo sapiens. however, natural hhv-6 infection in chimpanzees, as well as in the other species tested, could not be documented by serological analysis. as previously observed ...	1990	2159541
rigid plastic balls as enrichment devices for captive chimpanzees.	the use of rigid, plastic balls as enrichment devices for 16 captive chimpanzees was studied at the university of texas m.d. anderson cancer center chimpanzee colony. after the subjects were presented with balls, 10 hours of data were collected for each subject using a scan-sampling technique. the mean percentage of ball-use time for all subjects during the study was 7.1%. there was no sex difference in ball use. age and housing effects were obtained, with younger animals and those housed in mor ...	1990	2162992
intracytoplasmic crystalline inclusions in the hepatocytes of humans and chimpanzees.	intracytoplasmic crystalline inclusions (ccis) were observed in liver biopsy specimens taken from three patients and three chimpanzees. ccis are rare in human hepatocytes and have never been described in chimpanzees. all three human cases were connected with alcoholic liver disease; no viral infection was noted. the histologies of the two liver biopsy specimens obtained from healthy chimpanzees were normal, but hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection was demonstrated in the third case by immunohistoch ...	1990	2166371
[behavioral instrumental reactions and the heart rhythm in chimpanzees with different rates of approach to a natural food stimulus].		2006	2166399
characterization and biological properties of a hepatitis b virus isolated from a patient without hepatitis b virus serologic markers.	we have developed a rapid method to characterize genomic diversity of low-level hepatitis b and related viral agents after their identification in serum by high-affinity hbsag-antibody monoclonal antibody capture and subsequent polymerase chain reaction amplification. serum from an individual with chronic liver disease and without hepatitis b virus serological markers but reactive by monoclonal antibody capture/polymerase chain reaction amplification was inoculated into a chimpanzee. after inocu ...	1990	2167867
a transpositionally and transcriptionally competent alu subfamily.	dna base sequence comparisons indicate that a subfamily of recently transposed human alu repeats are distinguished from most alu repeats by diagnostic sequence differences. using an oligonucleotide hybridization probe that incorporates these sequence features, we found that there was an expansion of this alu subfamily following the divergence of humans and african apes. this oligonucleotide was used to select human genomic clones containing representatives of this subfamily. one representative m ...	1990	2169023
hepatitis c viral cdna clones isolated from a healthy carrier donor implicated in post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis.	using a specific hepatitis c virus (hcv) antibody assay, positive blood donors responsible for the transmission of post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis (pt-nanbh) were identified. cdna fragments were isolated from one of the plasma samples of such healthy hcv carriers by using polymerase chain reactions. nucleotide (nt) sequence analyses of the cdna from three different regions of the viral genome revealed that they were derived from a japanese hcv isolate that was similar but not identical t ...	1990	2170237
isolation and purification of a non-a, non-b hepatitis-associated microtubular aggregates protein.	blood-borne type non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis-associated microtubular aggregates protein was isolated and partially sequenced. the microtubular aggregates were isolated from the hepatocytes of nanb-infected chimpanzees and were found to have a buoyant density in sucrose solution of 1.21 to 1.23 g/ml. a single protein, recognized by our anti-microtubular aggregates monoclonal antibodies, was found to have an mr of 44,000 (p44). this p44 protein was not found in uninfected chimpanzees. we determi ...	1990	2170569
cloning, sequencing and expression in escherichia coli of cdna for a non-a, non-b hepatitis-associated microtubular aggregates protein.	a 1.7 kb cdna encoding a novel antigen (p44; apparent mr 44k) associated with non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis, was isolated from the hepatic cdna library of a chimpanzee infected with nanb hepatitis. the library was screened with a monoclonal antibody against this antigen. the cdna cloned contained an open reading frame encoding a 444 amino acid protein with an mr calculated to be 50,468. the cdna hybridized to a 1.9 kb mrna obtained from chimpanzee hepatocytes infected with either the nanb or hep ...	1990	2170570
antibodies to the rnase h domain of hepatitis b virus p protein are associated with ongoing viral replication.	antibodies against the rnase h domain of human hepatitis b virus p protein(s) are frequent markers of acute and chronic virus infection (t. weimer, k. weimer, z.-x. tu, m.-c. jung, g. r. pape, and h. will, j. immunol. 143:3750-3756, 1989). in the present study, these antibodies were determined in serial serum samples of experimentally infected chimpanzees and naturally infected human patients with acute and chronic hepatitis b virus infection. anti-p antibodies were found in the sera of both chi ...	1990	2170693
the 5'-terminal sequence of the hepatitis c virus genome.	the 5'-terminal sequence of the genome of hepatitis c virus (hcv) was determined for two distinct hcv strains in human and chimpanzee carriers. it had a 5'-noncoding region of at least 324 nucleotides, well preserved by the two strains with a high homology (99.1%), followed by 1348 nucleotides that continued to the documented sequence of prototype hcv spanning 7310 nucleotides (european patent application #88310922.5). based on these results, hcv is considered to possess an uninterrupted open re ...	1990	2170712
[the hepatitis c virus--principal causative agent in non-a, non-b hepatitis].	the diagnosis of non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis was based on the exclusion of hepatitis a and b infection and other known causes of hepatitis, such as other viruses, alcohol and toxic effects. more recently, an rna has been isolated from a nanb-infected chimpanzee serum and with its aid a polypeptide antigen was produced by molecular biological methods. antibodies to this antigen--as part of the infectious agent, called hepatitis c virus (hcv)--were detected in the sera of infected patients. stud ...	1990	2170894
[classification of retroviruses].	the retroviridae comprise a large number of viruses. in both nature and laboratories these viruses are associated with numerous diseases, including rapid or long latency malignancies, neurological disorders and immunodeficiency. the replication cycle is characterized by integration of the viral dna into the host's genome after the reverse transcriptase copied the viral rna into dna. the discovery of human retroviruses had a late start. it was not until 1980 that the first oncovirus, the human t- ...	1990	2173126
report of a who informal consultation on animal models for evaluation of drugs and vaccines for hiv infection and aids. w.h.o., geneva, 14-15 september 1989.	the use of animal models in the preclinical evaluation of anti-hiv drugs and vaccines was discussed at an informal consultation at world health organization headquarters in geneva, 14-15 september 1989. the consultation was attended by six experts from four countries. hiv animal models, other lentivirus/animal models and oncornavirus/animal models were discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared to hypothetical ideal hiv/animal models for preclinical evaluation of anti-hiv dr ...	1990	2175206
the putative nucleocapsid and envelope protein genes of hepatitis c virus determined by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of two isolates derived from an experimentally infected chimpanzee and healthy human carriers.	cdna fragments of a 5'-terminal region of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome were isolated by the reverse polymerase chain reaction from rna extracted from plasma samples of healthy japanese carriers. their nucleotide sequence was compared with that of the original isolate which had been passaged twice in chimpanzees. no deletions or insertions were observed between the two sequences in the regions examined. both the 5' untranslated and putative nucleocapsid (core) protein regions were highly co ...	1990	2177094
[non-a, non-b hepatitis: hepatitis c].	non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb), whether following the transfusion of blood products or occurring sporadically without percutaneous exposure, is complicated in approximately 50% of cases by the development of chronic hepatitis. emerging as a consistent observation is the insidious progression of such cases of chronic nanb hepatitis to cirrhosis. among patients with chronic nanb hepatitis followed for up to 10 years, cirrhosis is demonstrable in 20%. in may, 1988, the identification of the agent of ...	1990	2177314