Publications

histopathology of root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) infection on white yam (dioscorea rotundata) tubers.	white yam tissues naturally and artificially infected with root-knot nematodes were fixed, sectioned, and examined with a microscope. infective second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita penetrated and moved intercellularly within the tuber. feeding sites were always in the ground tissue layer where the vascular tissues are distributed in the tubers. giant cells were always associated with xylem tissue. they were thin walled with dense cytoplasm and multinucleated. the nuclei of the giant c ...	1988	19290181
meloidogyne mayaguensis n. sp. (meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode from puerto rico.	meloidogyne mayaguensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from specimens obtained from galled roots of eggplant, solanum melongena l., from puerto rico. the perineal pattern of females is round to ovoid with fine, widely spaced striae. it has occasional breaks of striation laterally and a circular tail tip area lacking striae. the stylet, 15.8 mum long, has reniform knobs that merge gradually with the stylet shaft. males have a high, rectangular, smooth head region, not set off from the body c ...	1988	19290185
interactions between meloidogyne incognita and pratylenchus brachyurus on soybean.	interactions among meloidogyne incognita, pratylenchus brachyurus, and soybean genotype on plant growth and nematode reproduction were studied in a greenhouse. coker 317 (susceptible to both nematodes) and gordon (resistant to m. incognita, susceptible to p. brachyurus) were inoculated with increasing initial population densities (pi) of both nematodes individually and combined. m. incognita and p. brachyurus individually usually suppressed shoot growth of both cultivars, but only root growth on ...	1988	19290187
ultrastructural cytochemistry of secretory granules of esophageal glands of meloidogyne incognita.	ultrastructural cytochemical tests for several enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids were conducted on secretory granules o pound dorsal and subventral esophageal glands of preparasitic second-stage juveniles and the dorsal gland of adult females of meloidogyne incognita. secretory granules in the subventral glands of juveniles stained positive for acid phosphatase. peroxidase, dnase, rnase, cellulase, and nucleic acids were not detected in these granules. secretory granules in the ...	1988	19290195
potential for nematode control by mycofloras endemic in the tropics.	results of mycological surveys of root-knot and cyst nematodes from tropical regions indicate that most fungal species associated with females or cysts of species of globodera, heterodera, and meloidogyne are those found with nematodes from temperate areas. some fungal species, however, were found in higher frequency in tropical regions than in temperate countries; e.g., cylindrocarpon destructans and ulocladium atrum were the most common species associated with g. pallida and g. rostochiensis c ...	1988	19290202
soybean response to two isolates of meloidogyne arenaria.		1988	19290218
behavioral responses of meloidogyne incognita to small temperature changes.	small, rapid temperature changes were generated by incandescent radiation, and behavioral responses of meloidogyne incognita juveniles were recorded with high time resolution by computer tracking. temperature changes away from the preferred temperature resulted in decreases in the rate of movement and increases in the rate of change of direction, whether the changes were toward warmer or cooler temperatures. these behavioral changes lasted about 30 seconds. temperature changes toward the preferr ...	1988	19290222
histology of the interactions of paecilomyces lilacinus with meloidogyne incognita on tomato.	excised tomato roots were examined histologically for interactions of the fungus paecilomyces lilacinus and meloidogyne incognita race 1. root galling and giant-cell formation were absent in tomato roots inoculated with nematode eggs infected with p. lilacinus. few to no galls and no giant-cell formation were found in roots dipped in a spore suspension of p. lilacinus and inoculated with m. incognita. numerous large galls and giant cells were present in roots inoculated only with m. incognita. p ...	1988	19290224
differential response of thor alfalfa to meloidogyne chitwoodi races and m. hapla.	second-stage juveniles (j2) of races 1 and 2 of meloidogyne chiiwoodi and m. hapla readily penetrated roots of thor alfalfa and columbian tomato seedlings; however, few individuals of m. chitwoodi race 1 were able to establish feeding sites and mature on alfalfa. histopathological studies indicate that j2 of race 1 either failed to initiate feeding sites or they caused cell enlargement without typical cell wall thickening. the protoplasm of these cells coagulated, and juveniles of race 1 did not ...	1988	19290231
host tests to differentiate meloidogyne chitwoodi races 1 and 2 and m. hapla.	the reproductive factor (r = final egg density at 55 days / 5,000, initial egg density) of meloidogyne chitwoodi race 2 (alfalfa race) on 46 crop cultivars ranged from 0 to 130. the reproductive efficiency of m. chitwoodi race 1 (non-alfalfa race) and m. chitwoodi race 2 was compared on selected crop cultivars. the basic difference between the two races lay in their differential reproduction on thor alfalfa and red cored chantenay carrot. m. chitwoodi race 2 reproduced on alfalfa but not on carr ...	1988	19290239
a role for the 'excretory' system in secernentean nematodes.		1988	19290243
a simple technique for mounting whole root-knot nematode females.		1988	19290246
relationship between egg viability and population densities of meloidogyne incognita on cotton.	cotton seedlings were inoculated with a range of initial populations (pi) of meloidogyne incognita in greenhouse experiments to test the relationship between nematode population densities and egg viability. in two of three experiments, a significant (p < 0.05) negative linear relationship was detected between percentage of hatch of first generation eggs and log pi. a similar relationship between hatch and root-gall index was observed. in two experiments numbers of eggs judged to be nonviable bas ...	1988	19290248
effect of meloidogyne incognita and m. javanica on leaf water potential and water use of tobacco.	greenhouse lysimeter and field microplot tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of meloidogyne incognita and m. javanica on plant water relations and growth performance of nc 2326 flue-cured tobacco. in the greenhouse, afternoon leaf water potential values at 8-11 weeks after transplanting were lower by as much as 0.22 mpa in plants infected with either nematode than in the control plants. from 11 to 22 weeks, leaf water potential values were similar in all treatments. over the course of t ...	1988	19290249
growth and energy demand of meloidogyne incognita on susceptible and resistant vitis vinifera cultivars.	food (energy) consumption rates ofmeloidogyne incognita were calculated on vitis vinifera cv. french colombard (highly susceptible) and cv. thompson seedless (moderately resistant). one-month-old grape seedlings in styrofoam cups were inoculated with 2,000 or 8,000 m. incognita second-stage juveniles (j2) and maintained at 17.5 degree days (dd - base 10 c)/day until maximum adult female growth and (or) the end of oviposition. at 70 dd intervals, nematode fresh biomass was calculated on the basis ...	1988	19290253
host-parasite relationship of carrot cultivars and meloidogyne chitwoodi races and m. hapla.	most of the 15 carrot cultivars tested were moderate to good hosts to meloidogyne chitwoodi race 1, whereas all except orlando gold were nonhosts or poor hosts for m. chitwoodi race 2. all carrot cultivars were good hosts for m. hapla. the plant weights of the carrot cultivars red cored chantenay and orlando gold infected with either race of m. chitwoodi were significantly less than uninoculated checks in pots. under field microplot conditions, however, detrimental effects on quality were rarely ...	1988	19290254
evaluation of paecilomyces lilacinus as a biocontrol agent of meloidogyne javanica on tobacco.	the efficacy of the nematode parasite paecilomyces lilacinus, alone and in combination with phenamiphos and ethoprop, for controlling the root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica on tobacco and the ability of this fungus to colonize in soil under field conditions were evaluated for 2 years in microplots. combinations and individual treatments of the fungus grown on autoclaved wheat seed, m. javanica eggs (76,000 per plot), and nematicides were applied to specified microplots at the time of transp ...	1988	19290257
reproduction of meloidogyne javanica on plant roots genetically transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes.	reproduction of meloidogyne javanica was compared on several agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed root cultures under monoxenic conditions. m. javanica reproduced on all transformed roots tested; however, more females and eggs were obtained on potato and south australian early dwarf red tomato than on bindweed, tropic tomato, lima bean, or carrot. roots that grew at moderate rates into the agar and produced many secondary roots supported the highest reproduction. numbers of females produced in c ...	1988	19290260
extremely sensitive thermotaxis of the nematode meloidogyne incognita.	eggs of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita were acclimated to 23 c. newly hatched second-stage juveniles migrated toward higher temperatures when placed in shallow thermal gradients averaging 23 c. the threshold gradient for this response was below 0.001 c/cm, with a best estimate of 4 x 10 c/cm. calculations of physical limitations on thermotaxis indicate that this sensitivity is well within the limits of what is physically possible.	1988	19290261
characterization of carbohydrates on the surface of second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne spp.	fluorescent conjugates of the lectins soybean agglutinin (sba), concanavalin a (con a), wheat germ agglutinin (wga), lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin (lot), and limulus polyphemus agglutinin (lpa) bound primarily to amphidial openings and amphidial secretions of viable, preinfective second-stage juveniles (j2) of meloidogyne incognita races 1 and 3 (mil, mi3) and m. javanica (mj). no substantial difference in fluorescent lectin binding was observed among the populations examined. binding of only ...	1988	19290262
evaluation of soybean cultivars for production in meloidogyne incognita-infested soil.	significant (p < 0.05) differences among galling and yields of 41 soybean cultivars and breeding lines were found when they were produced at a site infested with meloidogyne incognita during 3 years of investigation. over a period of 6 years of testing, 13 cultivars were identified as having a suitably low susceptibility to warrant their production in m. incognita infested soil.	1987	19290271
parasitism of woody ornamentals by meloidogyne hapla.	meloidogyne hapla is the dominant root-knot nematode found in tennessee woody ornamental nurseries. in greenhouse tests, m. hapla produced galls and formed egg masses on roots of abelia x grandiflora, comus florida, hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, photinia x fraseri, spiraea x bumalda, spiraea x vanhouttei, and viburnum carlesii. galls on h. grandiflora and v. carlesii were mostly large and fusiform. galls on c. florida were spherical and usually terminal, whereas those on the other species we ...	1987	19290273
response of cowpea breeding lines and cultivars to meloidogyne incognita and m. arenaria.	twenty-four cowpea breeding lines and four cultivars were tested for resistance to meloidogyne incognita in the greenhouse. gall and egg mass ratings indicated a range of responses from susceptible to highly resistant. five breeding lines - vs84-2, vs84-8, vs84-12, vs84-14, and vs84-22 - and the cultivar erectset had gall and egg mass ratings comparable to the m. incognita-resistant cultivar mississippi silver. all of these were also resistant to m. arenaria. significantly fewer m. incognita juv ...	1987	19290274
soybean response to a planting-time application of ethylene dibromide in a soil infested with meloidogyne incognita, m. arenaria, and heterodera glycines.	a field study was conducted to evaluate one susceptible and six nematode-resistant soybean cultivars for their effects on seed yield, nematode populations, and response to a fumigant nematicide, ethylene dibromide. the soil was a sandy loam, and the field was infested with a mixture of meloidogyne incognita, m. arenaria, and heterodera glycines. soybean cultivars significantly affected yield and juvenile numbers of meloidogyne spp. but did not affect the h. glycinesjuvenile population. fumigatio ...	1987	19290278
effects of nematicides and herbicides alone or combined on meloidogyne incognita egg hatch and development.	the effects of nematicides carbofuran (c) and fenamiphos (f) and herbicides metribuzin (m) and trifluralin (t), alone and in combination, on hatching, penetration, development, and reproduction of meloidogyne incognita race 3 were determined under laboratory conditions. to study hatching, entire egg masses were exposed to nematicides (6 mug/ml), herbicides (0.5 mug/ml), and their combinations over a period of 16 days; the hatched juveniles were extracted and counted every 48 hours. second-stage ...	1987	19290279
effect of two nonfumigant nematicides on corn grown in two adjacent fields infested with different nematodes.	the organo-phosphate experimental nematicide, o-ethyl s,s-di-sec-butyl phosphorodithioate (fmc 67825), provided yield increases of corn comparable to carbofuran. both the emulsifiable concentrate and granular formulations of fmc 67825 were equally effective. the evaluations, duplicated in two adjacent fields, clearly demonstrated the importance of the type of plant pathogenic nematodes infesting the sites. where belonolaimus longicaudatus occurred, yield increases ranged from 73% to 80%, whereas ...	1987	19290284
soybean response to ethylene dibromide in a soil infested with meloidogyne arenaria and heterodera glycines.	one susceptible and six nematode-resistant soybean cultivars were evaluated in the field for their effects on seed yield, nematode populations, and response to the fumigant nematicide, ethylene dibromide. the soil was a loamy sand infested with meloidogyne arenaria and heterodera glycines. cultivars significantly affected yield and numbers of h. glycines but did not affect m. arenaria numbers. fumigation increased yield and reduced m. arenaria numbers but did not affect numbers of h. glycines. t ...	1987	19290285
comparative resistance of selected acala 1517 cotton cultivars to meloidogyne incognita race 3.	little information is available regarding the levels of meloidogyne incognita race 3 resistance in acala 1517 cotton cultivars compared with cultivars grown outside the southwestern united states. levels of m. incognita egg production were compared among commercial acala cultivars 1517-e2, 1517-sr1, 1517-75, 1517-77br, and sj-5, resistant and susceptible standards auburn 634 and m-8 and breeding lines acala 5701-w and n6072 grown for 45 days in the greenhouse. the acala 1517 cultivars all perfor ...	1987	19290288
screening of a granular chelate of metham-zinc for nematicidal activity using citrus and root-knot nematodes.	a granular formulation of a chelate of metham-zinc (cmz) which liberates the biocidal methyl isothiocyanate was tested for nematicidal activity on tylenchulus semipenetrans in a jar soil screening and on meloidogyne javanica (greenhouse test) and m. incognita (field test) infecting tomato. comparisons were made with 1,3-d in the jar and pot experiments. the cmz caused only 3.9% mortality of citrus nematode juveniles at 1.0 mug a.i./g soil, but 95.4% mortality at 10.0 mug a.i./g and 100.0% at 100 ...	1988	19290294
nematode population densities and yield of sweet potato and onion as affected by nematicides and time of application.	nematode population densities and yield of sweet potato and onion as affected by nematicides and time of application were determined in a 3-year test. population densities of meloidogyne incognita race 1 in untreated plots of sweet potato increased each year, but helicotylenchus dihystera and criconemella ornata did not. ethoprop (6.8 kg a.i./ha) incorporated broadcast in the top 15-cm soil layer each spring before planting sweet potato reduced population densities of nematodes in the soil and i ...	1988	19290295
effects of several phytoparasitic nematodes on the growth of basil, ocimum basilicum.	greenhouse experiments were conducted in 15-cm-d pots of steamed myakka fine sand to determine the host status and tolerance of common basil (ocimum basilicum) to several important phytoparasitic nematodes in florida. populations of meloidogyne incognita, belonolaimus longicaudatus, and pratylenchus scribneri increased and caused significant suppression of foliage and root growth during a 10-month period. the population of paratrichodorus christiei increased and caused a significant reduction in ...	1988	19290296
reproduction of meloidogyne javanica on corn hybrids and inbreds.	the reproductive potential of a meloidogyne javanica population on 64 commercial corn hybrids and 33 corn inbred lines was determined in greenhouse experiments. reproduction was measured by determining rf values (final egg number per initial egg number) and number of eggs per gram of fresh root. all corn hybrids supported reproduction greater than rf = 1.0. rf values for the hybrids ranged from 1.1 for 'pioneer 3147' to 15.5 for 'coker 8575'. three inbreds -- mpt03, nc246, and mp307 -- maintaine ...	1988	19290297
evaluation of three nematicides for the control of phytoparasitic nematodes in 'tifgreen ii' bermudagrass.	three nematicides were evaluated for control of belonolaimus longicaudatus, hoplolaimus galeatus, criconemella spp., and meloidogyne spp. in 'tifgreen ii' bermudagrass mowed at golf course fairway height (1.3 cm) in fort lauderdale, florida. bermudagrass plots were treated with fenamiphos (13.5 kg a.i./ha), oxamyl (13.5 kg a.i./ha), or 30% formaldehyde (6.4 liter a.i./ha). the plots treated with fenamiphos or formaldehyde were split 14 days later and one-half of each plot received two biweekly a ...	1988	19290302
host suitability of grain sorghum cultivars to meloidogyne spp.	grain sorghum cultivars (funk g-499gbr, funk g-611, funk g-522a, funk g-522dr, coker 7723, coker 7675, coker 7623, pioneer b815, pioneer 8222, pioneer 8272) were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to populations of meloidogyne incognita race 3, m. arenaria race 2, and m. javanica from south carolina, and m. arenaria race 1 from georgia. all the sorghum cultivars were poor hosts or nonhosts of meloidogyne spp. with fewer than 1 or 2 egg masses per root system in all cultivar x nematode co ...	1988	19290305
resistance in commercial soybean cultivars to six races of heterodera glycines and to meloidogyne incognita.	soybean cultivars grown in pots in the greenhouse were tested for resistance by inoculation with meloidogyne incognita or one of six races of heterodera glycines. selected cultivars were tested against each nematode isolate. the numbers of cultivars tested against each h. glycines race and the numbers resistant and (or) moderately resistant were as follows: race 2 - 114 tested, 1 resistant and 9 moderately resistant; race 3 - 170 tested, 56 resistant and 17 moderately resistant; race 4 - 89 test ...	1988	19290307
soybean-peanut rotations for the management of meloidogyne arenaria.	rotating soybean (glycine max cv. kirby) with peanut (arachis hypogaea cv. florunner) for managing meloidogyne arenaria race 1 was studied for 3 years (1985-87) in a field near headland, alabama. each year soybean plots had lower soil numbers of m. arenaria second-stage juveniles (j2) at peanut harvest than did plots in peanut monocnlture. peanut following either 1 or 2 years of soybean resulted in approximately 50% reduction in j2 soil population densities and a 14% (1-year soybean) or 20% (2-y ...	1988	19290309
response of cotton to infection by hoplolaimus columbus.	three field experiments were established in 1987 to determine the reaction of five cotton cultivars to infection by hoplolaimus columbus and the efficacy of selected nematicides against this nematode. at two sites in calhoun county, south carolina, early season plant growth and subsequent yields were greater in plots treated with aldicarb, fenamiphos, and 1,3-dichloropropene. hoplolaimus columbus suppressed yields approximately 10% at site 1 and 25% at site 2; however, greater yield suppression ...	1988	19290310
tillage and multiple cropping systems and population dynamics of phytoparasitic nematodes.	the effect of two cropping and tillage systems on the population dynamics of four nematode species was evaluated on a loamy sand. hairy vetch succeeded by corn or grain sorghum was seeded in split plots randomized within whole plots of no-tillage versus conventional tillage over four growing seasons (1980-83). the vetch-corn cropping system increased the density of meloidogyne incognita 2.9 x more than the vetch-grain sorghum cropping system. in contrast, the vetch-grain sorghum cropping system ...	1988	19290311
efficacy of fumigant and nonfurmigant nematicides for control of meloidogyne arenaria on peanut.	three tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fumigant and nonfumigant nematicides for control of meloidogyne arenaria race 1 on peanut. methyl bromide, 1,3-d, methyl isothiocyanate, and methyl isothiocyanate mixtures were applied 7 or 8 days preplant either broadcast or in-the-row. aldicarb, ethoprop, fenamiphos, and f5145 were applied at different rates and by different methods at-plant or at early flowering. of the 32 treatments evaluated, only seven resulted in yield increases (p = ...	1988	19290312
weed hosts of meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita common in tobacco fields in south carolina.	thirty-two weed species common in south carolina and one cultivar of tobacco were evaluated as hosts of meloidogyne arenaria race 2 and m. incognita race 3 in the greenhouse. egg mass production and galling differed (p < 0.05) among weed species. chenopodium album, euphorbia maculata, and vicia villosa were good hosts of m. arenaria. amaranthus palmeri, rumex crispus, amaranthus hybridus, ambrosia artemisiifolia, lpomoea hederacea var. integriuscula, setaria lutescens, sida spinosa, portulaca ol ...	1988	19290313
effect of crop rotation on soybean in a field infested with meloidogyne arenaria and heterodera glycines.	the effect of previous crops--soybean (glycine max) or corn (zea mays)--and aldicarb (2.2 kg a.i./ha) on yield and nematode numbers at harvest for soybean cultivars with various combinations of nematode resistance was determined in a sandy loam soil infested with meloidogyne arenaria race 2 and heterodera glycines races 3 and 4 at elberta, alabama, in 1987. cultivars had an effect on yield and nematode numbers (p = 0.01), as did the interaction of previous crop and cultivar. the nematicide treat ...	1988	19290314
bahiagrass for the management of meloidogyne arenaria in peanut.	bahiagrass (paspalum notatum) cultivars argentine, pensacola, and tifton-9 were non-hosts for meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, and heterodera glycines in a greenhouse experiment using field soil infested with these nematodes. the effect of pensacola bahiagrass in rotation with peanut (arachis hypogaea) on m. arenaria was studied in 1986 and 1987 in a field at the wiregrass substation near headland, alabama. each year soil densities of second-stage juveniles of m. arenaria, determined near pea ...	1988	19290315
potential of crops uncommon to alabama for management of root-knot and soybean cyst nematodes.	vigna unguiculata, cassia fasiculata, and sesamum indicum did not support meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, or heterodera glycines race 4 in greenhouse studies with soils from peanut and soybean fields. fagopyron eseulentum, cyamopsis tetragonoloba, and cucurbita pepo were hosts to the two meloidogyne spp. but were nonhosts to h. glycines. meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita galled but reproduced poorly in the roots of three types of amaranthus cruentus, and low densities of these two meloid ...	1988	19290317
population development and pathogenicity of meloidogyne javanica on flue-cured tobacco as influenced by ethoprop and dd.	growth of flue-cured tobacco as influenced by meloidogyne javanica and the effectiveness of dd and ethoprop to manage this nematode were evaluated over two growing seasons. populations of m. javanica, root galling, plant height, steam crown diameter, whole plant weight, and yield were monitored at approximately 2-week intervals beginning 28 days after transplanting. treatment influence on nematode population development, root galling, and plant growth generally followed a pattern in descending o ...	1984	19294018
effect of soil temperature on reproduction of meloidogyne chitwoodi and m. hapla alone and in combination on potato and m. chitwoodi on rotation plants.	meloidogyne chitwoodi developed and reproduced more rapidly than m. hapla in potato roots at 15, 20, or 25 c when both species of nematodes were inoculated simultaneously at 250 or 1,000 juveniles of each. at 30 c significantly more m. hapla than m. chitwoodi females were found at the lower inoculum level after 41 days. more m. chitwoodi than m. hapla juveniles were extracted from soil at 15, 20, and 25 c, but only at the lower inoculum level at 30 c. potato was considered a more suitable host f ...	1984	19294027
pathogenicity and reproduction of hoplolaimus columbus and meloidogyne incognita on 'davis' soybean.	the effects of initial populations of hoplolaimus columbus and meloidogyne incognita on growth and yield of davis soybean were determined for 1980 and 1981 in microplots and h. columbus in field tests in 1981. m. incognita suppressed yield in microplots both years and h. columbus in 1980. maximum suppression of dry pod weight by m. incognita was 45% and by h. columbus 35%. the relationship of yield vs. nematode population at planting time was described by a declining exponential model. maximum r ...	1984	19294036
influence of nacobbus aberrans densities on growth of sugarbeet and kochia in pots.		1984	19294044
cropping effects of marigolds, corn, and okra on population levels of meloidogyne javanica and on carrot yields.		1984	19294045
rangeland grasses as hosts of meloidogyne chitwoodi.		1984	19294047
an induced resistance effect of hydroxyurea on plants infected by meloidogyne javanica.	aqueous solutions of hydroxyurea (hu) in various concentrations were applied as soil drenches to meloidogyne javanica-infected plants. at a concentration of 15 ppm, the chemical hampered giant cell formation and the number of females on the roots was 20% of that of the control but the growth of the host plants was not affected. additional hu applications after the one at infection did not add to the inhibitory effect. hu exerted its effect on m. javanica-infected tomato in five soil types. soil ...	1985	19294052
population densities of meloidogyne incognita and yield of capsicum annuum.	two microplot experiments in 1981 and 1983 provided information on the effect of different population densities of meloidogyne incognita race 1 and yield of sweet pepper. microplots were square concrete pipes (30 x 30 cm and 50 cm long) filled with 40 liters of soil infested with 0, 0.062, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 eggs and juveniles/cm(3) soil. tolerance limits of 2.2 and 0.165 eggs and juveniles/cm(3) soil and minimum yields of 58% and 20% of the controls were ...	1985	19294056
influence of glomus fasciculatum and meloidogyne hapla on allium cepa in organic soils.	the influence of meloidogyne hapla and glomus fasciculatum on allium cepa (onion) grown in organic soil was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. in the absence of g. fasciculatum, m. hapla significantly retarded the growth of a. cepa cv. krummery special and msu 8155 x 826, but had no detrimental influence on downing yellow globe, spartan banner, or spartan sleeper. all five cultivars maintained populations of m. hapla, final root population densities of m. hapla associated with spartan banner ...	1985	19294058
ethylene production by meloidogyne spp.-infected plants.	gall size and rates of ethylene production by various hosts infected with meloidogyne javanica and by excised tomato root cultures infected with m. javanica or m. hapla were measured. infection with m. javanica increased the rate of ethylene production in dicotyledonous plants (cabbage, pea, carrot, cucumber, carnation, and tomato), but not in infected monocotyledonous plants (corn, wheat, and onion). nematode infection induced large galls on roots of dicotyledonous, but not monocotyledonous, pl ...	1985	19294059
host suitability and reaction of bean and pea cultivars to meloidogyne chitwoodi and m. hapla.		1985	19294062
population trends and vertical distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with vitis labrusca l. in michigan.	nematode population trends and vertical distribution were monitored in a southwest michigan vineyard (vitis labrusca cv. concord) from 1976 through 1983. shallow (20 cm) and deep (90 cm) applications of 1,3-dichloropropene applied at 281 (shallow) plus 658 or 1,122 (deep) liters/ ha provided excellent control of xiphinema americanum, criconemella xenoplax, and meloidogyne hapla. populations of x. americanum remained below detectable levels for the entire 8-year experimental period where the fumi ...	1985	19294066
root penetration by meloidogyne incognita juveniles infected with bacillus penetrans.	bacillus penetrans inhibited penetration by meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (j2) into tomato roots in the laboratory and greenhouse. spores from this florida population of b. penetrans attached to j2 of m. javanica, m. incognita, and m. arenaria. a greater proportion of j2 of m. javanica were infected than were j2 of either m. incognita or m. arenaria, and a greater number of spores attached to m. incognita than to m. arenaria.	1985	19294069
effect of inhibitors and stimulators of ethylene production on gall development in meloidogyne javanica-infected tomato roots.	excised tomato roots infected with meloidogyne javanica produced ethylene at 3-6 times the rate of noninfected roots. this increase in ethylene production started 5 days after inoculation. gall growth and ethylene production in infected roots were accelerated by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc), indole acetic acid (iaa), and ethrel known as ethylene production stimulators. when inhibitors of ethylene production, like aminoethoxyvinylglycine (avg) or aminoxyacetic acid (aoa), or inhibi ...	1985	19294073
description of meloidogyne pini n. sp., a root-knot nematode parasitic on sand pine (pinus clausa), with additional notes on the morphology of m. megatyla.	meloidogyne pini n. sp. is described from sand pine, pinus clausa, in georgia. the perineal pattern of the female has a large cuticular ridge surrounding a deeply recessed perivulval area. the lateral fields are marked by transverse striae. the female stylet is 14.6 mum long, and the knobs are small, rounded, and set off from the straight and narrow shaft. the excretory pore is near the level of the base of the stylet. the labial disc of the male is large, rounded, and fused with the crescent-sh ...	1985	19294083
development of meloidogyne chitwoodi on wheat.	postinfection development of meloidogyne chitwoodi from second-stage juveniles (j2) to mature females and egg deposition on 'nugaines' winter wheat required 105, 51, 36, and 21 days at 10, 15, 20, and 25 c. at 25 c, the j2 induced cavities and hyperplasia in the cortex and apical meristem of root tips with hypertrophy of cortical and apical meristem cell nuclei, 2 and 5 days after inoculation. giant cells induced by late j2 were observed in the stele 10 days after inoculation. clusters of egg-la ...	1985	19294100
control of root-knot nematodes on tomato by the endoparasitic fungus meria coniospora.	the endoparasitic nematophagous fungus meria coniospora reduced root-knot nematode galling on tomatoes in greenhouse pot trials. the fungus was introduced to pots by addition of conidia at several inoculum levels directly to the soil or addition of nematodes infected with m. coniospora to the soil; both methods reduced root galling by root-knot nematodes. these studies represent a part of a recently initiated effort to evaluate the potential of endoparasitic nematophagous fungi for biocontrol of ...	1985	19294101
host-parasite relationships of meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita on susceptible soybean.	pathogenicity and reproduction of single and combined populations of meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita on a susceptible soybean (glycine max cv. davis) were investigated. significant galling and egg mass production were observed on roots of greenhouse-grown soybean inoculated with m. arenaria and m. incognita, in combination and individually. m. arenaria produced more galls and egg masses than m. incognita, whereas in combined inoculation with both nematode species, gall and egg production w ...	1985	19294112
interrelationship of heterodera schachtii and meloidogyne hapla on tomato.	invasion of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum l.) roots by combined and sequential inoculations of meloidogyne hapla and a tomato population of heterodera schachtii was affected more by soil temperature than by nematode competition. maximum invasion of tomato roots, by m. hapla and h. schachtii occurred at 30 and 26 c, respectively. female development and nematode reproduction (eggs per plant) of m. hapla was adversely affected by h. schachtii in combined inoculations of the two nematode species. ...	1985	19294113
host-parasite relationship of meloidogyne chitwoodi on potato.	the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene gave good to excellent control of the columbia root-knot nematode, meloidogyne chitwoodi, on potato, solanum tuberosum l. nonfumigant nematicides (aldicarb, fensulfothion, carbofuran, ethoprop, and phenamiphos) were less effective in controlling m. chitwoodi, since the nematode affects tuber quality more than quantity. soil temperature during the growing season affected parasitism of m. chitwoodi on potato more than did the initial nematode population. there ...	1985	19294115
influence of meloidogyne hapla on alfalfa yield and host population dynamics.	self-thinning in alfalfa, a dynamic process involving the progressive elimination of the weakest plants, was enhanced by meloidogyne hapla. alfalfa stand densities decreased exponentially with time and were reduced 62% (p = 0.05) in the presence of m. hapla. as stand densities decreased over time, mean plant weights increased at a rate 2.59 times faster in the absence of m. hapla. in a stepwise multiple regression analysis, 65% of the total variation in yield could be explained by changes in sta ...	1985	19294119
behavior of tethered meloidogyne incognita.	the tethered-nematode technique was adapted for use with second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita. the data demonstrate that m. incognita exhibits the same patterns of behavior as adults of the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans. the principal differences are that m. incognita is slower and less regular in its behavior than c. elegans. the frequency of normal waves is about 0.2 hz; that of reversal waves is about 0.06 hz. reversal bouts last about 1 minute. in response to a chan ...	1985	19294124
isolation of subcellular granules from second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita.	subcellular granules from the second-stage (preparasitic) juveniles of root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita were isolated by isopycnic centrifugation on percoll. the granules had an apparent density of 1.13 g/cm(3). the relative specific activity of acid phosphatase in the granule extract was 8.4. acid phosphatase activity was also detected histochemically in the subventral gland granules. electron microscopy and malate dehydrogenase activity indicated that contamination of granules by mitoc ...	1985	19294128
effects of hydroxyurea on the ultrastructure of giant cells in galls induced by meloidogyne javanica.	hydroxyurea (hu) at concentrations of 10 or 20 mg/liter was included in a medium on which excised tomato roots infected with the root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica were grown. in the hu, treated roots, giant cells were small and contained large vacuoles. giant cell nuclei were amoeboidal with relatively small nucleoli in treated roots, compared with giant cells of nontreated galls. in treated-root giant cells, the cytoplasm was diffuse and few organelles such as mitochondria, dictyosomes, a ...	1986	19294137
interrelationships of meloidogyne arenaria and m. incognita on tolerant soybean.	reproduction of meloidogyne arenaria race 2 was excellent on centennial, govan, and kirby soybeans, the latter two of which have tolerance to this species. the m. incognita race 1 isolate reproduced poorly on centennial, especially at the higher of two temperature regimes. numbers of galls and egg masses of m. arenaria plus m. incognita in simultaneous equivalent infestations on centennial did not differ from sequential infestations in which m. arenaria was added first and m. incognita was added ...	1986	19294149
interaction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and cultivars of alfalfa susceptible and resistant to meloidogyne hapla.	the interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (vam) fungi and the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla) was investigated using both nematode-susceptible (grasslands wairau) and nematode-resistant (nevada synthetic xx) cultivars of alfalfa (medicago sativa) at four levels of applied phosphate. mycorrhizal inoculation improved plant growth and reduced nematode numbers and adult development in roots in dually infected cultures of the susceptible cultivar. the tolerance of plants to nema ...	1986	19294155
distribution of field corn roots and parasitic nematodes in subsoiled and nonsubsoiled soil.	a field trial was conducted for 2 years in an arredondo fine sand containing a tillage pan at 15-20 cm deep to determine the influence of subsoiling on the distribution of corn roots and plant-parasitic nematodes. soil samples were taken at various depths and row positions at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting in field corn subsoiled under the row with two chisels and in non-subsoiled corn. at 30 and 60 days, in-row nematode population densities to 60 cm deep were not affected by subsoiling comp ...	1986	19294167
interaction of endomycorrhizal fungi, superphosphate, and meloidogyne incognita on cotton in microplot and field studies.	microplot and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (vam) fungi, glomus intraradices (gi) and gigaspora margarita (gm), and dicalcium phosphate (p) on meloidogyne incognita (mi) reproduction and seed cotton yield of the mi-susceptible cotton cultivar, stoneville 213. in 1983 population densities of mi juveniles were significantly lower 60 and 90 days after planting in microplots receiving gi. mycorrhizal fungi reduced the severity of yi ...	1986	19294168
species-specific restriction site polymorphism in root-knot nematode mitochondrial dna.	research was initiated to physically characterize the mitochondrial genomes of several meloidogyne spp. and host-races, to address questions regarding their systematics and dispersal, and to assess the possibility of developing molecular diagnostics for these nematodes. techniques were developed for purification and rapid detection of mitochondrial dna from root-knot nematodes. mitochondrial dnas among meloidogyne spp. were demonstrated to exhibit extensive divergence. the potential for using th ...	1986	19294180
cuticular collagenous proteins of second-stage juveniles and adult females of meloidogyne incognita: isolation and partial characterization.	cuticles isolated from second-stage juveniles and adult females of meloidogyne incognita were purified by treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). the juvenile cuticle was composed of three zones differing in their solubility in beta-mercaptoethanol (bme). proteins in the cortical and median zones were partially soluble in bme, whereas the basal zone was the least soluble. the bme-soluble proteins from the juvenile cuticle were separated into 12 bands by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophor ...	1986	19294181
effects of temperature, plant age, soil texture, and meloidogyne incognita on early growth of soybean.	a digitizer-microcomputer combination was utilized to determine soybean seedling response to population densities of m. incognita (mi) under varied environmental conditions. plant age, temperature, soil texture, and initial mi inoculum (pi) influenced the pattern of shoot and root growth. effects of mi on plant top growth were evident on plants inoculated 2 days after seeding, but generally were not noticeable on those receiving mi after 4, 6, or 8 days (observations limited to 6 days after inoc ...	1986	19294185
effects of soil type on the damage potential of meloidogyne incognita on soybean.	effects of soil type on the reproduction and damage potential of meloidogyne incognita on soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., were determined at five locations in north carolina, including one site where plots with six soil types were established. m. incognita reproduced readily on a susceptible soybean cultivar in most soil types, with somewhat limited reproduction in muck soils. the relationship between initial population densities and yield varied among soil types and nematode populations. yield ...	1986	19294187
effects of environments, meloidogyne incognita inoculum levels, and glycine max genotype on root-knot nematode-soybean interactions in field microplots.	five soybean cultivars (braxton, gordon, jeff, bragg, and wright) resistant to meloidogyne incognita (mi) and three susceptible cultivars (coker 156, gasoy 17, and coker 237) were grown at two locations for four seasons in microplots with increasing initial soil population densities (pi) of mi. the resistant cultivars and coker 156 yielded better than gasoy 17 and coker 237 at all pi. yield response was dependent on environmental conditions and at one location was stimulated on braxton, gordon, ...	1986	19294188
differential reaction of alfalfa cultivars to meloidogyne hapla and m. chitwoodi populations.	meloidogyne hapla reproduced and suppressed growth (p < 0.05) of susceptible lahontan and moapa alfalfa at 15, 20, and 25 c. at 30 c, resistant nevada syn xx lost resistance to m. hapla. m. hapla invaded and reproduced on rhizobium meliloti nodules of lahontan and moapa, inducing giant cell formation and structural disorder of vascular bundles of nodules without disrupting bacteroids. at 15, 20, and 25 c a m. chitwoodi population from utah reproduced on lahontan, moapa, and nevada syn xx alfalfa ...	1986	19294189
meloidogyne incognita resistance characteristics in tomato genotypes developed for processing.	nine resistant processing tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars and advanced lines were compared with four susceptible cultivars in 1,3-dichloropropene-fumigated and nontreated plots on meloidogyne incognita-infested sites over 3 years. yield of all resistant genotypes grown in nontreated and nematicide-treated plots did not differ and was greater than yield of susceptible genotypes. m. incognita initial soil population densities caused 39.3-56.5% significant (p = 0.05) yield suppressions o ...	1986	19294190
control of heterodera carotae, ditylenchus dipsaci, and meloidogyne javanica with fumigant and nonfumigant nematicides.	five field trials were conducted in italy in 1983 and 1984 to test the efficacy of isazofos and benfuracarb in controlling heterodera carotae on carrot, ditylenchus dipsaci on onion, and meloidogyne javanica on tomato. methyl isothiocyanate (mit) was tested against h. carotae and m. javanica. single (10 kg a.i./ha) and split (5 + 5 kg a.i./ha) applications of isazofos gave yield increases of carrot and onion similar to those obtained with dd (300 liters/ha) and aldicarb (10 kg a.i./ha). populati ...	1986	19294191
management of root-knot nematodes by phenamiphos applied through an irrigation simulator with various amounts of water.	phenamiphos (6.7 kg a.i./ha) was applied via an irrigation simulator to squash at planting (ap) and 2 weeks after planting (pp), and to corn ap and 1 week pp to manage root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne incognita). the nematicide was applied with 0.25, 0.64, 1.27, and 1.91 cm surface water/ ha to a lakeland sand in which the soil moisture was at or near field capacity. based on efficacy and crop response, no additional benefits resulted when phenamiphos was applied in volumes of water greater than ...	1986	19294192
penetration, development, reproduction, and sex ratio of meloidogyne javanica in three carrot cultivars.		1986	19294200
comparison of development, reproduction, and aggressiveness of meloidogyne incognita races 3 and 4 on cotton.		1986	19294201
penetration and postinfection development of meloidogyne incognita on cotton as affected by glomus intraradices and phosphorus.	the influence of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices (gi) and superphosphate (p) on penetration, development, and reproduction of meloidogyne incognita (mi) was studied on the mi-susceptible cotton cultivar stoneville 213 in an environmental chamber at 28 c. plants were inoculated with mi eggs at planting or after 28 days and destructively sampled 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after nematode inoculation. mi penetration after 7 days was similar in all treatments at either ino ...	1986	19294207
effects of interactions among heterodera glycines, meloidogyne incognita, and host genotype on soybean yield and nematode population densities.	the effects of host genotype and initial nematode population densities (pi) on yield of soybean and soil population densities of heterodera glycines (hg) race 3 and meloidogyne incognita (mi) race 3 were studied in a greenhouse and field microplots in 1983 and 1984. centennial (resistant to hg and mi), braxton (resistant to mi, susceptible to hg), and coker 237 (susceptible to hg and mi) were planted in soil infested with 0, 31, or 124 eggs of hg and mi, individually and in all combinations, per ...	1986	19294208
effects of heterodera glycines and meloidogyne incognita on early growth of soybean.	greenhouse and field microplot studies were conducted to compare soybean shoot and root growth responses to root penetration by heterodera glycines (hg) and meloidogyne incognita (mi) individually and in combination. soybean cultivars centennial (resistant to hg and mi), braxton (resistant to mi, susceptible to hg), and coker 237 (susceptible to hg and mi) were selected for study. in the greenhouse, pot size and number of plants per pot had no effect on hg or mi penetration of coker 237 roots; r ...	1986	19294209
effect of meloidogyne incognita and importance of the inoculum on the yield of eggplant.	the relationship between population densities of race 1 of meloidogyne incognita and yield of eggplant was studied. microplots were infested with finely chopped nematode-infected pepper roots to give population densities of 0, 0.062, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 eggs and juveniles/cm(3) soil. both plant growth and yield were suppressed by the nematode. a tolerance limit of 0.054 eggs and juveniles/cm(3) soil and a minimum relative yield of 0.05 at four or more eggs and juve ...	1986	19294216
varietal response and estimates of heritability of resistance to meloidogyne javanica in carrots.	with methods developed in this study, varietal responses to m. javanica were evaluated and heritability of resistance of two promising carrot cultivars was estimated. more egg masses were found on root systems inoculated with eggs added to the soil in three holes in 250 cm(3) cups than by mixing the inoculum with soil in the cups. a resistant breeding line, cnph 1437, was discriminated from susceptible cultivar nova kuroda with inoculum levels higher than 2,000 eggs per cup. greenhouse and field ...	1986	19294218
influence of alfalfa plant growth on the multiplication rates and ceiling population density of meloidogyne hapla.	the rates of reproduction and multiplication of meloidogyne hapla decreased as a result of self-regulatory, density-dependent processes with time and nematode population increase in the soil and roots of medicago sativa cv. cuf 101. juvenile, egg, and mature female population densities increased at a maximum rate until damage to the host resulted in alfalfa yield reductions. temporal differences in multiplication and reproduction rates of m. hapla were observed to be a function of initial popula ...	1986	19294220
description of meloidogyne christiei n. sp. (nematoda: meloidogynidae) from oak with sem and host-range observations.	meloidogyne christiei n. sp. is described and illustrated from turkey oak (quercus laevis) in sanlando park, altamonte springs, florida. this new nematode species has a distinctive perineal pattern commonly with a high, squarish arch and coarse broken striae which tend to diverge at various angles, especially in and above the anal area. female labial disc is indented, forming four points or prongs, unlike other species. eggs are deposited inside the gall in a tubular, coiled manner. vaginal musc ...	1986	19294223
inflorescence and leaf galls on palisota barteri caused by meloidogyne javanica.		1986	19294231
potential of tissue culture for breeding root-knot nematode resistance into vegetables.	plant protoplast technology is being investigated as a means of transferring root-knot nematode resistance factors from solanum sisymbriifolium into the susceptible s. melongena. solanum sisymbriifolium plants regenerated from callus lost resistance to meloidogyne javanica but retained resistance to m. incognita. tomato plants cloned from leaf discs of the root-knot nematode resistant 'patriot' were completely susceptible to m. incognita, while sections of stems and leaves rooted in sand in the ...	1982	19295668
characterization of sialyl and galactosyl residues on the body wall of different plant parasitic nematodes.	the plant parasitic nematodes helicotylenchus multicinctus, meloidogyne javanica, tylenchulus semipenetrans, and xiphinema index, differing in their host specificity and parasitic habits, were analyzed as to their cuticle surface sialyl, galaclosyl, and/or n-acetylgalactosaminyl residues. the procedure involved the selective oxidation of sialic acid and galactose/n-acetylgal-actosamine residues using periodate and galactose oxidase, respectively, to form reactive aldehyde groups. these functiona ...	1982	19295671
population dynamics of meloidogyne incognita on corn grown in soil in fested with arthrobotrys conoides.	microplot and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil incorporation of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys conoides and green alfalfa mulch on the population dynamics of meloidogyne incognita on corn. reproduction of m. incognita and the incidence of root galling were reduced by the addition of a. conoides and/or green alfalfa in all tests. numbers of juveniles were reduced by as much as 84%, and eggs were fewest in early to mid-season soil samples from microplots ...	1982	19295673
relationship between meloidogyne hapla density and damage to carrots in organic soils.	field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effect of five initial densities (pi - 20 - 240/100 cm(3) soil) of meloidogyne hapla on carrot development and yield of storage roots at maturity. carrots growing in infested and noninfested organic soil were harvested after 15, 29, 44, 59, and 106 days of growth in controlled environment chambers and after l l 0 days in field plots. nematodes affected weight of roots and foliage, weight and length of the storage portion of tap ...	1982	19295674
effects of management practices on meloidogyne incognita and snap bean yield.	phenamiphos applied at 6.7 kg ai/ha through a solid set or a center pivot irrigation system with 28 mm of water effectively controlled root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne incognita, and resulted in greater snap bean growth and yields irrespective of growing season, tillage method, or cover crop system. the percentage yield increases attributed to this method of m. incognita control over nontreated controls were 45% in the spring crop, and 90% and 409% in the fall crops following winter rye and fall ...	1982	19295676
chloroplast differentiation in tomato root galls induced by the root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.	primary roots of tomato, lycopersicon esculentum cv. marglobe, were cultured aseptically on agar containing a standard nutrient formulation with or without kinetin. when secondary roots developed, cultures were inoculated with the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita. following inoculation, the cultures were divided into two groups which were incubated either in total darkness or in 16-h light-8-h dark cycles. at 24 h, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk after incubation, roots from all cultures were process ...	1982	19295678
meloidogyne platani n. sp. (meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing american sycamore.	meloidogyne platani n. sp. is described and illustrated from specimens obtained from roots of american sycamore, platanus occidentalis, in virginia. this new species shows certain similarities with m. arenaria but differs from it by a number of distinctive characters. the perineal pattern of females is rounded with fine, wavy to zig-zag striae and raised, convoluted striae in the inner lateral line regions. the stylet of females is 16.5 mum long with large, rounded stylet knobs set off from the ...	1982	19295679
the relationship between soil populations of meloidogyne incognita and yield reduction of soybean in the coastal plain.	in a replicated field plot experiment, the population density of meloidogyne incognita was monitored biweekly through the overwintering period (december through april) between soybean crops. the population survived as second-stage juveniles whose numbers remained stable through the winter months and did not decline until february. the yields of plots planted with a m. incognita susceptible cultivar were negatively correlated with the numbers of juveniles recovered at all preplanting sampling dat ...	1982	19295691
the effect of arthrobotrys conoides on meloidogyne incognita population densities in corn as influenced by temperature, fungus inoculum density, and time of fungus introduction in the soil.	in greenhouse experiments, the effect of arthrobotrys conoides on meloidogyne incognita population densities as affected by soil temperature, inoculum density, and green alfalfa was determined. the effect on m. incognita population densities was greater at a soil temperature of 25 c than at 18 or 32 c. nematode control by a. conoides was most effective when the fungus was introduced into the soil 2 wk prior to nematode inoculation and planting of corn. inoculum density of a. conoides was positiv ...	1982	19295692
pathological interaction of a combination of heterodera schachtii and meloidogyne hapla on tomato.	increased culturing of a tomato population of heterodera schachtii (ut1c) on tomato for 480 days (eight inoculation periods of 60 days each) significantly increased virulence to 'stone improved' tomato. a synergistic relationship existed between meloidogyne hapla and h. schaehtii on tomato. a combination of h. schachtii (utic) and m. hapla significantly reduced tomato root weights by 65, 64, and 61% below root weights of untreated controls, and single inoculations of m. hapla and h. schachtii, r ...	1982	19295694