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recent insights into alteration of red blood cells by babesia bovis: moovin' forward.over the past decade or so, our understanding of the biology of apicomplexan parasites has increased dramatically, particularly in the case of malaria. notable achievements are the availability of complete genome sequences, transcriptome and proteome profiles and the establishment of in vitro transfection techniques for asexual-stage malaria parasites. interestingly, despite their major economic importance and striking similarities with malaria, babesia parasites have been relatively ignored, bu ...201020598944
molecular and serologic evidence for babesia bovis-like parasites in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south texas.the current study was undertaken to determine if white-tailed deer in south texas harbor babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. blood samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on two ranches in lasalle and webb counties were screened for b. bovis and other hemoparasites by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect the piroplasm 18s rdna. serology was conducted on selected samples to detect antibody activity to b. bovis by the immunofluorescent antib ...201020605333
a babesia bovis gene syntenic to theileria parva p67 is expressed in blood and tick stage parasites.completion of the babesia bovis (t2bo strain) genome provides detailed data concerning the predicted proteome of this parasite, and allows for a bioinformatics approach to gene discovery. comparative genomics of the hemoprotozoan parasites b. bovis and theileria parva revealed a highly conserved syntenic block of genes flanking the p67 gene of t. parva, a sporozoite stage-specific vaccine candidate against east coast fever (ecf). the syntenic gene in b. bovis, designated bov57, encodes a protein ...201020638797
occurrence of theileria parva and other haemoprotozoa in cattle at the edge of hluhluwe-imfolozi park, kwazulu-natal, south africa.theileria parva, the most important bovine theilerial species in sub-saharan africa, causes widespread mortality and morbidity in endemic areas. a survey was conducted using buffy-coat specimens from 60 apparently healthy adult communally herded nguni-type cattle at the northeastern edge of the hluhluwe-imfolozi park to determine, by means of pcr and reverse line blot (rlb) hybridisation, the occurrence of theileria and babesia species. the presence of trypanosoma species was determined using pc ...201020649154
identification of papain-like cysteine proteases from the bovine piroplasm babesia bigemina and evolutionary relationship of piroplasms c1 family of cysteine proteases.papain-like cysteine proteases have been shown to have essential roles in parasitic protozoa and are under study as promising drug targets. five genes were identified by sequence similarity search to be homologous to the cysteine protease family in the ongoing babesia bigemina genome sequencing project database and were compared with the annotated genes from the complete bovine piroplasm genomes of babesia bovis, theileria annulata, and theileria parva. multiple genome alignments and sequence an ...201120655912
development and laboratory evaluation of a lateral flow device (lfd) for the serodiagnosis of theileria annulata infection.several dna-based and serological tests have been established for the detection of theileria annulata infection, including polymerase chain reaction, reverse line blot and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and competitive elisa. in this study, we have applied knowledge from the development and application of a recombinant protein-based indirect elisa and competitive elisa to establish a rapid test for point-of-care diagnosis of t. annulat ...201020680339
the novel protein bborhop68 is expressed by intraerythrocytic stages of babesia bovis.the apical complex of intracellular hemoparasites contains organelles like micronemes and rhoptries, specialized structures required for adherence and invasion of host cells. several molecules discharged from rhoptries have been identified from plasmodium spp., but only a single rhoptry associated protein-1 (rap-1) has been characterized from babesia bovis. in silico search of the b. bovis genome allowed to identifying a sequence homologous to the gene that encodes a p. falciparum rhoptry protei ...201020691808
the bovine spleen: interactions among splenic cell populations in the innate immunologic control of hemoparasitic infections.over the past several years, innate immunity has been recognized as having an important role as a front-line defense mechanism and as an integral part of the adaptive immune response. innate immunity in cattle exposed to hemoparasites is spleen-dependent and age-related. in this review, we discuss general aspects of innate immunity and the cells involved in this aspect of the response to infection. we also provide examples of specific splenic regulatory and effector mechanisms involved in the re ...201020692048
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in west-africa.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is known to be a highly reproductive and efficient vector of babesia bovis, two characters which make this tick a threat to livestock keeping in many continents. the authors identified this tick in ivory coast, west africa, in 2007, and hypothesized the spread to be minimal, as this tick was not observed in previous years. to determine the extent of its distribution and to a lesser extent the possible impact of the tick on the livelihoods of iv ...201120711801
babesia bovis expresses bbo-6cys-e, a member of a novel gene family that is homologous to the 6-cys family of plasmodium.a novel babesia bovis gene family encoding proteins with similarities to the plasmodium 6cys protein family was identified by tblastn searches of the b. bovis genome using the sequence of the p. falciparum pfs230 protein as query, and was termed bbo-6cys gene family. the bbo-cys6 gene family contains six genes termed bbo-6cys-a, b, c, d, e and f encoding for proteins containing an arrangement of 6 cysteine residues. the bbo-6cys genes a, b, c, d, and e are tandemly arranged as a cluster of chrom ...201020884375
detection of antibodies against babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in calves from the region of araguaína, state of tocantins, brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against b. bovis and b. bigemina in calves from the region of araguaína, state of tocantins, brazil. in this research we used sera obtained from 506 calves, from both genders and of 8 to 24 months old, to detect antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa-test). statistical analysis of the data was performed using the chi-square (χ²) test with yates correction. the seroprevalence obtained was 90.5 and 91. ...201020943021
the seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in malaysia.one hundred sera of malaysian cattle were used in this seroprevalence study for bovine babesiosis. all sera were obtained from the serological unit of the veterinary research institute (vri), ipoh, perak. the sera were tested using a veterinary medical research & development (vmrd) commercial indirect immunofluourescent antibody test (ifat) kit. the results showed that 17.0% were found to be positive for babesia bovis, 16.0% for babesia bigemina, and 9.0% for both b. bovis and b. bigemina infect ...201020962729
detection of babesia and theileria species infection in cattle from portugal using a reverse line blotting method.babesiosis and theileriosis are tick-borne diseases widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions with high economic impact worldwide. in portugal there are at least 4 tick vectors known to be competent for the transmission of babesia and theileria sp. identified: rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, ixodes ricinus and haemaphysalis punctata. all these potential babesia and theileria tick vectors are widely distributed in portugal, although they are predominant in the sout ...201021036481
haemoparasite prevalence and theileria parva strain diversity in cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) in uganda.cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) are considered to be an important reservoir for various tick-borne haemoparasites of veterinary importance. in this study we have compared the haemoparasite carrier prevalence in buffalo from four geographically isolated national parks in uganda [lake mburo national park (lmnp), queen elizabeth national park (qenp), murchison falls national park (mfnp) and kidepo valley national park (kvnp)]. differences were seen in haemoparasite prevalence in buffalo from the fou ...201021074945
real-time polymerase chain reaction based on msa2c gene for detection of babesia bovis.this paper reports a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-pcr) based on the msa2c gene and standardized with platinum sybr green/rox for the detection of babesia bovis in cattle. the msa2c q-pcr amplified a dna fragment with average dissociation temperature of 77.41°c (± 0.25°c). no amplification was detected when dna from b. bigemina, a. marginale or bos taurus was used as the template. the detection limit of the msa2c q-pcr was 1000 copies per ml of blood sample, with a linear c ...201021075527
the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 gene plays a critical role in the fitness of ticks fed on cattle during acute babesia bovis infection.abstract:201021092112
bovipain-2, the falcipain-2 ortholog, is expressed in intraerythrocytic stages of the tick-transmitted hemoparasite babesia bovis.abstract:201021092313
spherical body protein 4 is a new serological antigen for global detection of babesia bovis infection in cattle.five babesia bovis recombinant proteins, including merozoite surface antigen 2c (bbmsa-2c), c-terminal rhoptry-associated protein 1 (bbrap-1/ct), truncated thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (bbtrap-t), spherical body protein 1 (bbsbp-1), and spherical body protein 4 (bbsbp-4), were evaluated as diagnostic antigens to detect the infection in cattle. the recombinant proteins were highly antigenic when tested with experimentally b. bovis-infected bovine serum in western blot analysis. furthe ...201021123520
dynamics of bovine spleen cell populations during the acute response to babesia bovis infection: an immunohistological study.the spleen is a critical organ in defence against haemoparasitic diseases like babesiosis. many in vitro and ex vivo studies have identified splenic cells working in concert to activate mechanisms required for successful resolution of infection. the techniques used in those studies, however, remove cells from the anatomical context in which cell interaction and trafficking take place. in this study, an immunohistological approach was used to monitor the splenic distribution of defined cells duri ...201121155841
bartonella and babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in taiwan.bartonella and babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in taiwan were investigated. blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. bartonella and babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n=254) of the ticks either by culture or dna extraction, pcr testing and dn ...201021194750
molecular detection of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from tom green county in central texas.serologic and molecular evidence suggest that white-tailed deer in south texas and north mexico carry the agents of bovine babesiosis, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. to determine if white-tailed deer in central texas, which is outside the known occurrence of the vector tick at this time, harbor these parasites, blood samples from free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in tom green county were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays for b. bovis and b. b ...201021194841
population genetic analysis and sub-structuring in babesia bovis.the tick-borne protozoan parasite, babesia bovis is one of the causes of bovine babesiosis, an economically important disease of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries. using the recently published genome sequence of the parasite, we developed a panel of eight mini- and micro-satellite markers and used these to investigate the role of genetic exchange in the population structure and diversity of the parasite using isolates from zambia and turkey. this population genetic analysis showed th ...201121316400
molecular and serological prevalence of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in water buffaloes in the northeast region of thailand.bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan disease that is mainly caused by babesia bovis and babesia bigemina and is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. the disease is widespread in the northeastern region of thailand, where an increasingly large part of the livestock is composed of water buffaloes. the present study was therefore conducted to investigate the epidemiological distribution of b. bovis and b. bigemina in water buffaloes in the northeastern re ...201121324601
detection of theileria and babesia in brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) in the state of minas gerais, brazil.intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genera theileria and babesia are known to infect both wild and domestic animals, and both are transmitted by hard-ticks of the family ixodidae. the prevalences of hemoprotozoa and ectoparasites in 15 free-living mazama gouazoubira, two captive m. gouazoubira and four captive blastocerus dichotomus from the state of minas gerais, brazil, have been determined through the examination of blood smears and the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr). t ...201021354704
sad phasing using iodide ions in a high-throughput structural genomics environment.the seattle structural genomics center for infectious disease (ssgcid) focuses on the structure elucidation of potential drug targets from class a, b, and c infectious disease organisms. many ssgcid targets are selected because they have homologs in other organisms that are validated drug targets with known structures. thus, many ssgcid targets are expected to be solved by molecular replacement (mr), and reflective of this, all proteins are expressed in native form. however, many community reque ...201121359836
secretion of a new spherical body protein of babesia bovis into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes.a cdna encoding a new babesia bovis spherical body protein 4 (bbsbp-4) was reported to have no significant homology to other apicomplexan proteins or previously reported b. bovis spherical body proteins. in the present study, we further examined the molecular characteristics of bbsbp-4 including the expression and cellular localization of the bbsbp-4. an anti-rbbsbp-4 mouse serum specifically reacted to a 41-kda native protein b. bovis in western blot analysis. the immunoelectron microscopic exa ...201121406202
a novel neutralization sensitive and subdominant rap-1-related antigen (rra) is expressed by babesia bovis merozoites.summaryobjective. the babesia bovis genome encodes a rap-1 related gene denominated rap-1 related antigen (rra). in this study, we analysed the pattern of expression, immunogenicity and functional relevance of rra. methods. phylogenetic analysis was performed using the program phylip. expression of rra was analysed by northern blots, rt-pcr, immunoprecipitation, western blots and immunofluorescence. rra antigenicity was tested by t-cell proliferation and western blot analysis, and functional rel ...201121554842
prevalence and genetic diversity of babesia and anaplasma species in cattle in sudan.disease prevalence studies are one of the most valuable tools to demonstrate the risk or impact of certain infections in local and global economies. the data obtained in these studies contribute to develop strategies for disease control. the present study aims to provide information about the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the northern regions of sudan. blood samples from four different states of sudan were collected from apparently healthy cattle (n=692), dna was extracted and the ...201121612870
emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis.the babesia bovis and b. bigemina apicomplexan protozoa in conjunction with the rickettsia anaplasma marginale are intraerythrocytic pathogens that are responsible for the most prevalent and costly tick borne diseases (tbd's) of cattle worldwide. these organisms are historically associated as they can cause clinically related hemolytic diseases in cattle, are all transmitted by rhiphicephallus (boophilus) ticks, and share an uncanny ability to evade the immune systems of the vertebrate hosts, ca ...201121684084
serological survey of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in cattle in south africa.a total of 719 serum samples collected from clinically healthy cattle from eight provinces located in different districts of south africa were examined by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the standard indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to determine the serological prevalence of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. the results showed that 35.3% and 39.7% of cattle were positive for b. bovis and 30% and 36.5% were positive for b. bigemina antibodies on elisa and ifa ...201121700393
nilgai antelope in northern mexico as a possible carrier for cattle fever ticks and babesia bovis and babesia bigemina.of 20 blood samples from nilgais from m+®xico, five were polymerase chain reaction-positive for babesia bigemina and one for babesia bovis. positive samples had the expected 170 (b. bigemina) and 291 (b. bovis) base pairs and were identical to gen-bank b. bigemina accession s45366 and b. bovis m38218.201121719852
genome-wide analysis of peptidase content and expression in a virulent and attenuated babesia bovis strain pair.identifying virulence determinants in apicomplexan parasites remains a major gap in knowledge for members within this phylum. we hypothesized that peptidases would segregate with virulence between a virulent parent babesia bovis strain and an attenuated daughter strain derived by rapid in vivo passage. using the complete genome sequence of the virulent t2bo strain, 66 peptidases were identified and active sites confirmed. the presence, sequence identity and expression levels were tested for each ...201121741414
a campaign to eradicate bovine babesiosis from new caledonia.in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle that had been vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. although the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is common in new caledonia, the territory had previously been free of tick-borne diseases of cattle. this paper describes the initial extent of the outbreak, the measures and rationale for disease control, and the progress to date of the eradication campaign. i ...201121771538
attenuation of virulence in an apicomplexan hemoparasite results in reduced genome diversity at the population level.abstract:201121838895
comparison of diagnostic methods to detect piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle.this study was carried out to compare different diagnostic techniques to reveal the presence of piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle kept at pasture. nineteen blood samples were collected from animals of two different areas of emilia romagna region of italy and processed for microscopic observation, pcr, serological test (ifat) for babesia bovis and babesia bigemina antibodies and in vitro cultivation. the cultures were performed on both bovine and ovine erythrocytes. seventeen blood smears (89%) w ...201221846583
New insights into the epidemiology of bovine piroplasmoses in Italy.Few studies have been published on bovine piroplasmoses in Italy, and therefore a clear picture of the epidemiology of these infections is difficult to obtain. Vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in Central and Northern Regions of Italy were investigated in 2005 and 2006, when microscopy, molecular tools and serological tests were applied to 468 blood samples drawn from cattle in order to evaluate the presence of these protozoa and identify possible risk factors. Ticks were also collected, identif ...201121864982
structure of fructose bisphosphate aldolase from bartonella henselae bound to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.fructose bisphosphate aldolase (fbpa) enzymes have been found in a broad range of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. fbpa catalyses the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. the ssgcid has reported several fbpa structures from pathogenic sources, including the bacterium brucella melitensis and the protozoan babesia bovis. bioinformatic analysis of the bartonella henselae genome revealed an fbpa homolog. the b. henselae fbpa enzym ...201121904049
inhibitor-bound complexes of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase from babesia bovis.babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by eukaryotic babesia parasites which are morphologically similar to plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria in humans. like plasmodium, different species of babesia are tuned to infect different mammalian hosts, including rats, dogs, horses and cattle. most species of plasmodium and babesia possess an essential bifunctional enzyme for nucleotide synthesis and folate metabolism: dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. although thymidy ...201121904052
phylogenetic relationships of mongolian babesia bovis isolates based on the merozoite surface antigen (msa)-1, msa-2b, and msa-2c genes.we conducted a molecular epidemiological study on babesia bovis in mongolia. three hundred blood samples collected from cattle grazed in seven different districts were initially screened using a previously established diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection of b. bovis-specific dna. positive samples were then used to amplify and sequence the hyper-variable regions of three b. bovis genes encoding the merozoite surface antigen (msa)-1, msa-2b, and msa-2c. the diagnostic ...201122004913
Characterization of acyl carrier protein and LytB in Babesia bovis apicoplast.The apicoplast is a highly specialized organelle that mediates required functions in the growth and replication of apicomplexan parasites. Despite structural conservation of the apicoplast among different parasite genera and species, there are also critical differences in the metabolic requirements of different parasites and at different stages of the life cycle. To specifically compare apicoplast pathways between parasites that have both common and unique stages, we characterized the apicoplast ...201122057350
Genetic diversity of Babesia bovis in virulent and attenuated strains.SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of the single copy Bv80 gene sequences of Babesia bovis in populations of attenuated and virulent parasites. PCR/ RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequence analyses of 4 attenuated and 4 virulent strains were performed. Multiple fragments in the range of 420 to 744 bp were amplified by PCR or RT-PCR. Cloning of the PCR fragments and sequence analyses revealed the presence of mixed subpopulations in either virulent or attenuated para ...201122075976
Anti-babesial activity of a potent peptide fragment derived from longicin of Haemaphysalis longicornis.Babesiosis is one of the most important tick-borne diseases affecting livestock that can cause major economic losses worldwide particularly in the tropics. Control relies on controlling both the protozoan parasite and the tick vector. Antiprotozoal drugs are most commonly used for treatment, but problems on emergence of resistant strains and food residues are encountered. Longicin, a defensin-like peptide identified from the hard tick, Haemapysalis longicornis, as well as one of its synthetic pa ...201222102016
Stable expression of green fluorescent protein and targeted disruption of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 gene in Babesia bovis with the WR99210/dhfr selection system.We have achieved stable expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Babesia bovis by using the WR99210/human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene selection system. A GFP-expression plasmid with a dhfr expression cassette (DHFR-gfp) was constructed and transfected into B. bovis by nucleofection. Following WR99210 selection, a GFP-fluorescent parasite population was obtained and the fluorescent parasite was maintained for more than 7 months under WR99210 drug pressure. The DHFR-gfp was used to ...201122108434
expression and strain variation of the novel "small open reading frame" (smorf) multigene family in babesia bovis.small open reading frame (smorf) genes comprise the second largest babesia bovis multigene family. all known 44 variant smorf genes are located in close chromosomal proximity to ves1 genes, which encode proteins that mediate cytoadhesion and contribute to immune evasion. in this study, we characterised the general topology of smorf genes and investigated the gene repertoire, transcriptional profile and smorf expression in two distinct strains, t2bo and mo7. sequence analysis using degenerate pri ...201122138017
occurrence of theileria and babesia species in water buffalo (bubalus babalis, linnaeus, 1758) in the hubei province, south china.the presence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in water buffalo from the hubei province, south china was investigated using the reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay and phylogenetic analysis of the parasite 18s rrna gene. theileria buffeli (19.1%) was the most frequently found species in all of the locations, followed by babesia orientalis (8.9%), babesia bovis (1.0%) and babesia bigemina (0.7%). only 12 (3.9%) of the samples had mixed infections. eleven samples with single infe ...201122154255
[molecular characterization of babesia bovis msa-2c gene].objective: this study was carried out to determine the molecular characterization of msa-2c gene of one babesia bovis isolate from cattle in the aegean region and to compare identities with similar isolates from the world and turkey. methods: between 2008-2010 blood samples were collected from a total of 235 cattle localized in 9 provinces of the marmara and aegean regions. smears were prepared, genomic dna's were extracted from the blood samples and investigated for babe ...201122203502
a highly sensitive dna bead-based suspension array for the detection and species identification of bovine piroplasms.piroplasms are among the most harmful tick-borne pathogens for livestock and sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for rapid detection and identification of the different species are needed for effective control. reverse line blot has been the molecular technique of choice but it is laborious, time-consuming and highly susceptible to subjective variation in the interpretation of the hybridisation signal. here, an oligonucleotide multiplex suspension microarray (luminex® microsphere system) w ...201122233830
molecular and serological prevalence of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in cattle from central region of syria.a total of 207 bovine blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle bred in central region of syria and examined by giemsa-stained blood smears, nested pcr, elisa, and ifat to determine the molecular and serological prevalence of babesia bovis and b. bigemina. all samples were negative to babesia spp. by microscopic examination of blood smears. on the other hand, the overall prevalence of b. bovis and b. bigemina was 9.18% and 15.46% by npcr, 15.46% and 18.84% by elisa, and 18.36% ...201222265803
functional genomics studies of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus ticks in response to infection with the cattle protozoan parasite, babesia bigemina.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, but the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. babesia spp. are tick-borne pathogens that cause a disease called babesiosis in a wide range of animals and in humans. in particular, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are transmitted by cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatu ...201222265898
characterization of the unusual bidirectional ves promoters driving vesa1 expression and associated with antigenic variation in babesia bovis.rapid clonal antigenic variation in babesia bovis involves the variant erythrocyte surface antigen-1 (vesa1) protein expressed on the infected-erythrocyte surface. because of the significance of this heterodimeric protein for demonstrated mechanisms of parasite survival and virulence, there is a need to understand how expression of the ves multigene family encoding this protein is controlled. as an initial step toward this goal, we present here initial characterization of the ves promoter drivin ...201222286091
genetic conservation of potentially immunogenic proteins among brazilian isolates of babesia bovis.bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis remains an important constraint for the development of cattle industries worldwide. effective control can be achieved by vaccination with live attenuated phenotypes of the parasite. however, these vaccines have a number of drawbacks, which justifies the search for better, safer vaccines. in recent years, a number of parasite proteins with immunogenic potential have been discovered. however, there is little information on the genetic conservation of these ...201222309798
current advances in detection and treatment of babesiosis.babesiosis is a disease with a world-wide distribution affecting many species of mammals principally cattle and man. the major impact occurs in the cattle industry where bovine babesiosis has had a huge economic effect due to loss of meat and beef production of infected animals and death. nowadays to those costs there must be added the high cost of tick control, disease detection, prevention and treatment. in almost a century and a quarter since the first report of the disease, the truth is: the ...022360483
apicoplast-targeting antibacterials inhibit the growth of babesia parasites.the apicoplast housekeeping machinery, specifically apicoplast dna replication, transcription, and translation, was targeted by ciprofloxacin, thiostrepton, and rifampin, respectively, in the in vitro cultures of four babesia species. furthermore, the in vivo effect of thiostrepton on the growth cycle of babesia microti in balb/c mice was evaluated. the drugs caused significant inhibition of growth from an initial parasitemia of 1% for babesia bovis, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)s) ...201222391527
prevalence and molecular detection of anaplasma marginale, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in cattle from puntarenas province, costa rica.a study was conducted in 2008 to determine the prevalence of anaplasma and babesia infections in cattle in the puntarenas province of costa rica. blood samples were taken from a total of 449 cattle during the month of march at 30 farms in the region of espiritu santu, costa rica. commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were used to determine presence of antibodies to babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale, and real-time pcr was used to determine the presence of dna fr ...201222465150
validation and field evaluation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of babesia bovis infections in argentina.infections by babesia bovis limit cattle production and cause important economic losses in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. monitoring of calf sera can be used to detect unprotected cattle herds and to decide on strategic control measures, as well as for epidemiological studies. merozoite surface antigen 2c (msa-2c) is an immunodominant surface protein expressed in b. bovis merozoites and sporozoites and contains b-cell epitopes that are conserved among geographic isolates. a mon ...201222492742
gliding motility of babesia bovis merozoites visualized by time-lapse video microscopy.babesia bovis is an apicomplexan intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite that induces babesiosis in cattle after transmission by ticks. during specific stages of the apicomplexan parasite lifecycle, such as the sporozoites of plasmodium falciparum and tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii, host cells are targeted for invasion using a unique, active process termed "gliding motility". however, it is not thoroughly understood how the merozoites of b. bovis target and invade host red blood cells (rbcs), and ...201222506073
babesia bovis: a bipartite signal directs the glutamyl-trna synthetase to the apicoplast.babesia bovis contains a prokaryotic derived organelle known as the apicoplast. many participants of the metabolic pathways within the apicoplast are encoded in the nuclear genome and post-translationally imported with the help of a bipartite signal. recently, an all encompassing algorithm was derived to predict apicoplast targeted proteins for many non-plasmodium apicomplexans in which it reported the presence of 260 apicoplast targeted proteins in babesia. one of these proteins is glutamyl trn ...201222561041
apicoap: the first computational model for identifying apicoplast-targeted proteins in multiple species of apicomplexa.most of the parasites of the phylum apicomplexa contain a relict prokaryotic-derived plastid called the apicoplast. this organelle is important not only for the survival of the parasite, but its unique properties make it an ideal drug target. the majority of apicoplast-associated proteins are nuclear encoded and targeted post-translationally to the organellar lumen via a bipartite signaling mechanism that requires an n-terminal signal and transit peptide (tp). attempts to define a consensus moti ...201222574192
molecular detection and identification of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in cattle in northern thailand.although babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infections cause economic losses in the cattle industry in northern thailand, there is inadequate information on babesia isolates present in the area. therefore, to determine the prevalence and genetic relationship between babesia isolates, we screened 200 blood samples of cattle from chiang rai, chiang mai, and lumpang provinces of northern thailand. a nested polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting b. bovis spherical body protein 2 (bbosbp2) ...201222645033
acute and persistent infection by a transfected mo7 strain of babesia bovis.a mo7-derived babesia bovis line stably transfected with the gfp-bsd gene was inoculated into two four to five months old calves, while two additional calves were inoculated with mo7 parasites. similar mild clinical signs were detected in all calves. b. bovis rap-1 was identified in the bloodstream by pcr four days post inoculation (dpi), and consistently over ten months thereafter. transfusion of blood from experimentally infected calves into four naïve splenectomized calves at 212 dpi resulted ...201222669120
a pcr-based survey of selected babesia and theileria parasites in cattle in sri lanka.hemoprotozoan parasites are responsible for significant economic losses in cattle. we screened sri lankan cattle populations for the presence of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, and theileria orientalis, using species-specific pcr assays. out of 316 samples collected from animals in four different districts of sri lanka (nuwara eliya, polonnaruwa, ampara, and jaffna), 231 (73.1%) were positive for at least one parasite species. all four parasite species were detected among th ...201222673106
diversity of eukaryotic translational initiation factor eif4e in protists.the greatest diversity of eukaryotic species is within the microbial eukaryotes, the protists, with plants and fungi/metazoa representing just two of the estimated seventy five lineages of eukaryotes. protists are a diverse group characterized by unusual genome features and a wide range of genome sizes from 8.2 mb in the apicomplexan parasite babesia bovis to 112,000-220,050 mb in the dinoflagellate prorocentrum micans. protists possess numerous cellular, molecular and biochemical traits not obs ...201222778692
cloning and characterization of histone deacetylase from babesia bovis.the effect of inhibitors of histone deacetylase (hdac) on apicomplexa has been previously reported with the discovery of apicidin, a cyclic tetrapeptide having broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity. in the current study, we expressed babesia bovis (b. bovis) recombinant-hdac 3 (rbbhdac3) as a gst-fusion protein in escherichia coli (e. coli) and found that it was antigenic. an antiserum against the recombinant protein was generated in mice. the mice serum demonstrated the presence of hdac in b. b ...201222818786
babesia bovis biological clones and the inter-strain allelic diversity of the bv80 gene support subpopulation selection as a mechanism involved in the attenuation of two virulent isolates.the virulence phenotype of babesia bovis subpopulations was evaluated using biological clones derived from the high-virulence bbos2p and the low-virulence bbor1a strain and two original virulent isolates, bbol15 and bbol17, multiplied extensively in vitro or attenuated by successive passages in splenectomized calves. the virulence phenotype was assessed both by inoculation of normal holstein adult steers and by analyses of polymorphic fragments of the single-copy bv80 gene as a subpopulation mar ...201222820058
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method based on two species-specific primer sets for the rapid identification of chinese babesia bovis and b. bigemina.bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan disease that is mainly caused by babesia bovis and/or babesia bigemina and is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. this disease is widespread in most parts of china. however, it is difficult to rapidly discriminate between the b. bovis and b. bigemina species. to detect and distinguish these species, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) platform that targets specific sequences of the internal transcribed ...201222849831
analysis of babesia bovis infection-induced gene expression changes in larvae from the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle that has severe economic impact on cattle producers throughout the world's tropical and subtropical countries. the most severe form of the disease is caused by the apicomplexan, babesia bovis, and transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus rhipicephalus, with the most prevalent species being rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. we studied the reaction of the r. microplus larval transcriptome in response to infe ...201222871314
monitoring piroplasms infection in three cattle farms in minorca (balearic islands, spain) with previous history of clinical piroplamosis.bovine piroplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases caused by parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. three friesian cattle farms (f1-f3) with previous history of clinical piroplamosis were selected in minorca (balearic islands, spain). blood samples were collected from 8 to 11 animals every two months throughout a year and, a newly developed multiplex dna bead-based suspension array based on the luminex(®) xmap technology was used to monitor for the presence of piroplasms. the assay i ...201222884914
inhibitory effects of pepstatin a and mefloquine on the growth of babesia parasites.we evaluated the inhibitory effects of pepstatin a and mefloquine on the in vitro and in vivo growths of babesia parasites. the in vitro growth of babesia bovis, b. bigemina, b. caballi, and b. equi was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) by micromolar concentrations of pepstatin a (50% inhibitory concentrations = 38.5, 36.5, 17.6, and 18.1 μm, respectively) and mefloquine (50% inhibitory concentrations = 59.7, 56.7, 20.7, and 4 μm, respectively). furthermore, both reagents either alone at a conc ...201222890034
rapid identification and differentiation of theileria sergenti and theileria sinensis using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay.the present study developed and validated a species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid detection and discrimination of two benign bovine theileria species -t. sergenti and t. sinensis. the lamp assay is inexpensive and easy to perform and involves a rapid reaction-the amplification can be performed in 55 min or 50 min under isothermal conditions of 61°c or 63°c, respectively, by employing a set of four species-specific primer mixtures. the results can be c ...201322947247
comparative genome analysis of three eukaryotic parasites with differing abilities to transform leukocytes reveals key mediators of theileria-induced leukocyte transformation.we sequenced the genome of theileria orientalis, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan parasite of cattle. the focus of this study was a comparative genome analysis of t. orientalis relative to other highly pathogenic theileria species, t. parva and t. annulata. t. parva and t. annulata induce transformation of infected cells of lymphocyte or macrophage/monocyte lineages; in contrast, t. orientalis does not induce uncontrolled proliferation of infected leukocytes and multiplies predominantly withi ...201222951932
evaluation of in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of fusidic acid on babesia and theileria parasites.fusidic acid known to has antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial activities. fusidic acid blocks translation elongation factor g gene in plasmodium falciparum. in the present study, the inhibitory effects of fusidic acid on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine babesia parasites were evaluated. the inhibitory effect of fusidic acid on the in vivo growth of babesia microti was also assessed. the in vitro growth of four babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (p<0.05) ...201322985928
bovine babesiosis in the 21st century: advances in biology and functional genomics.bovine babesiosis caused by the protozoan parasite, babesia bovis, remains a significant cause of avoidable economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries throughout the world. the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of severe disease in susceptible cattle are not well understood and the tools available to study the biology of the parasite, including technologies for genetic manipulation, have only recently been developed. recent availability of multiple parasite gen ...201323068911
unusual chromatin structure associated with monoparalogous transcription of the babesia bovis ves multigene family.rapid antigenic variation in babesia bovis involves the variant erythrocyte surface antigen-1 (vesa1), a heterodimeric protein with subunits encoded by two branches of the ves multigene family. the ves1α and ves1β gene pair encoding vesa1a and 1b, respectively, are transcribed in a monoparalogous manner from a single locus of active ves transcription (lat), just one of many quasi-palindromic ves loci. to determine whether this organization plays a role in transcriptional regulation, chromatin st ...201323178996
delivery of recombinant vaccines against bovine herpesvirus type 1 gd and babesia bovis msa-2c to mice using liposomes derived from egg yolk lipids.liposomes prepared from total egg yolk lipid extracts were used to deliver experimental dna vaccines to mice consisting of pci-neo plasmids encoding bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) gd or babesia bovis msa-2c. a significantly higher proportion of mice in the b. bovis msa-2c group, but not those in the bohv-1 gd group, developed detectable immunoglobulin g responses when vaccinated with liposome encapsulated dna in comparison with mice vaccinated with naked dna. in both groups, antibody titres ...201323183017
development of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of theileria annulata, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle.tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. a common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. this study describes development and eva ...201223183165
library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways: a manually curated database for metabolic pathways of apicomplexan parasites.the library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways (lamp, http://www.llamp.net) is a web database that provides near complete mapping from genes to the central metabolic functions for some of the prominent intracellular parasites of the phylum apicomplexa. this phylum includes the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis and theileriosis-diseases with a huge economic and social impact. a number of apicomplexan genomes have been sequenced, but the accurate annotation of gene function remains challe ...201323193253
target specific-trisubstituted pyrrole inhibits babesia bovis erythrocytic growth.babesiosis, a significant veterinary disease and an emerging zoonotic human infection, is caused by certain species of the protozoan parasite, babesia. here we report that a trisubstituted pyrrole is a potent inhibitor of babesia bovis, a bovine parasite. furthermore, b. bovis expresses the known target of the compound, the cgmp dependent protein kinase. target conservation and the in vitro efficacy support further investigation of this compound and validation of babesia cgmp dependent protein k ...201223274642
farsenyl pyrophosphate synthase is a potential molecular drug target of risedronate in babesia bovis.a cdna encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase of babesia bovis (bbfpps) has been isolated, cloned and characterized as molecular drug target. sequence analysis revealed that bbfpps contains an open reading frame of 1011bp with predicted 336 amino acids and molecular mass of 38kda. antiserum raised in mice against recombinant bbfpps expressed in escherichia coli specifically reacted with native protein of b. bovis parasites by western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescent test. enzymatic ...201223276703
babesia bovis: lipids from virulent s2p and attenuated r1a strains trigger differential signalling and inflammatory responses in bovine macrophages.the intra-erythrocytic protozoan babesia bovis is an economically important pathogen that causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle. babesiosis limitation depends on the early activation of macrophages, essential cells of the host innate immunity, which can generate an inflammatory response mediated by cytokines and nitric oxide (no). herein, we demonstrate in bovine macrophages that lipids from b. bovis attenuated r1a strain (la) produced a stronger no release, an early tnfα mrn ...201323286221
multi-locus typing scheme for babesia bovis and babesia bigemina reveals high levels of genetic variability in strains from northern argentina.bovine babesiosis, caused by the protozoa babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, is a tick-borne disease distributed in tropical regions worldwide. current control measures are based on the use of acaricides and live attenuated vaccines. the major economic impact of babesiosis lies in the cattle industry. in order to gain insight into the extent of genetic diversity in populations of parasites in the field, we developed two mlst schemes for the molecular genotyping of b. bigemina and b. bovis. we h ...201223287026
babesia bovis infection in cattle in the southwestern brazilian amazon.the present study provides the first epidemiological data on infection with babesia bovis in cattle raised in the southwestern brazilian amazon. blood clot samples were filtered through nylon cloth before being submitted to dna extraction. pcr and nested-pcr were applied to assess the frequency of infection with b. bovis in calves with ages from 4 to 12 months bred in 4 microregions each in the states of rondônia and acre. after the dna was extracted from the samples, the infection in cattle was ...201323312480
blocking babesia bovis vaccine reactions of dairy cattle in milk.the use of 1.16 mg/kg (one third) of the recommended dose of diminazene aceturate, administered indiscriminately to cattle on day seven of the unfrozen babesia bovis and babesia bigemina bivalent live blood vaccine reaction, was an infection and block treatment method of immunisation used successfully with no known adverse effect on the parasites or the development of protective immunity. continuing with this practice after replacement of the unfrozen vaccine with deep-frozen monovalent b. bovis ...201223327323
bioinformatic prediction of the exportome of babesia bovis and identification of novel proteins in parasite-infected red blood cells.babesia bovis is a pathogen of considerable economic significance to the livestock industry worldwide but the precise mechanisms by which this parasite causes disease in susceptible cattle remain poorly understood. it is clear, however, that alterations to the structure and function of red blood cells in which the parasites reside and replicate play an important role in pathogenesis and that these are secondary to the export of numerous, currently unknown and uncharacterised parasite-encoded pro ...201323395698
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in adult dermacentor spp. ticks from nine collection sites in france.the importance of dermacentor spp. in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens is not well recognized in europe. to investigate the role of dermacentor spp. in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens, questing ticks were collected in 9 sites from southern to northwestern france (camargue delta to eastern brittany) where dermacentor spp. exist and tick-borne diseases had occurred previously. three tick species were collected during the spring and autumn of 2009. collected ticks (both males and f ...201323421886
epidemiological survey of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infections of cattle in philippines.a total of 250 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle in five provinces of philippines. dna was extracted from the samples and analyzed by nested pcr assays for an epidemiological survey of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infections. out of the 250 samples, 27 (10.8%) and 16 (6.4%) were positive for b. bovis infection and b. bigemina infection, respectively. mixed infections were detected in a total of 4 samples (1.6%). our data provide baseline information regarding the ...201323470278
molecular survey of bovine vector-borne pathogens in cebu, philippines.vector-borne diseases (vbds) continue to threaten the worldwide livestock industry, but comprehensive epidemiological surveys on such diseases have not been conducted in the philippines. in the present study, we screened 408 bovine blood samples from 9 areas in cebu, philippines, for various vbd pathogens using specific pcr assays. the results revealed prevalences of 54.7, 15.4, 10.0, and 12.0% for anaplasma spp., babesia bigemina, babesia bovis, and trypanosoma (tr.) theileri, respectively. in ...201323499481
inhibitory effect of cyclophilin a from the hard tick haemaphysalis longicornis on the growth of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina.haemaphysalis longicornis is known as one of the most important ticks transmitting babesia parasites in east asian countries, including babesia ovata and babesia gibsoni, as well as theileria parasites. h. longicornis is not the natural vector of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. vector ticks and transmitted parasites are thought to have established unique host-parasite interaction for their survival, meaning that vector ticks may have defensive molecules for the growth control of parasites in ...201323532543
molecular detection and identification of hemoparasites in pampas deer (ozotoceros bezoarticus linnaeus, 1758) from the pantanal brazil.hemoparasites were surveyed in 60 free-living pampas deer ozotoceros bezoarticus from the central area of the pantanal, known as nhecolândia, state of mato grosso do sul, brazil, through the analysis of nested pcr assays and nucleotide sequencing. blood samples were tested for babesia/theileria, anaplasma spp., and trypanosoma spp. using npcr assays and sequencing of the 18s rrna, msp4, its, and cathepsin l genes. the identity of each sequence was confirmed by comparison with sequences from genb ...201323567028
detection of babesia bovis in blood samples and its effect on the hematological and serum biochemical profile in large ruminants from southern punjab.to determine the presence of babesia bovis (b. bovis) in large ruminants in southern punjab and its effect on hematological and serum biochemical profile of host animals.201223569878
association of bola-drb3 alleles with tick-borne disease tolerance in dairy cattle in a tropical environment.tick-borne disease is one of the most harmful tropical diseases in dairy production. selection of dairy cows for tolerance to tick-borne disease is a challenging concept for dairy breeders in the tropics. the objectives of this study were (1) to detect specific tick-borne pathogen in cattle of different genetics and (2) to examine the polymorphisms of drb3.2 alleles in thai dairy cattle and find the allelic association with tick-borne disease tolerance. specific primers to anaplasma marginale (a ...201323571121
diagnostic methods used to monitor an outbreak of babesiosis (babesia bovis) in a herd of feral cattle in new caledonia.in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. medical measures, acaricide and antiprotozoal treatments, and quarantine restrictions were implemented with success on all the farms involved, but the disease spread to one of the neighbouring properties where feral cattle were present. to circumscribe and eliminate this outbreak, the authorities decided to slaughter all animal ...201323718796
gut transcriptome of replete adult female cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a babesia bovis-infected bovine host.as it feeds upon cattle, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is capable of transmitting a number of pathogenic organisms, including the apicomplexan hemoparasite babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. the r. microplus female gut transcriptome was studied for two cohorts: adult females feeding on a bovine host infected with b. bovis and adult females feeding on an uninfected bovine. rna was purified and used to generate a subtracted cdna library from b. bovis-infected female gut, ...201323749091
loss of neurovirulence is associated with reduction of cerebral capillary sequestration during acute babesia bovis infection.severe neurological signs that develop during acute infection by virulent strains of babesia bovis are associated with sequestration of infected erythrocytes in cerebral capillaries. serial passage of virulent strains in cattle results in attenuated derivatives that do not cause neurologic disease. we evaluated whether serial passage also results in a loss of cerebral capillary sequestration by examining brain biopsies during acute disease and at necropsy.201323777713
molecular and serological prevalence of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in water buffaloes in the north region of brazil.bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused mainly by babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, which are associated to considerable economic losses in cattle herds worldwide. approximately 60% of buffalo herds in south america are located in northern brazil. little is known about the impact of babesiosis on buffalo herds in brazil. the present work aimed to verify the occurrence of b. bovis and b. bigemina in 542 water buffaloes in the state of pará, northern brazil, using molecular and serologi ...201323790545
seroprevalence and risk factors for cattle anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and trypanosomiasis in a brazilian semiarid region.the seroprevalence of anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina, babesia bovis and trypanosoma vivax and the risk factors for these infections were investigated in 509 cows on 37 farms in the semiarid region of paraíba, northeastern brazil. cow serum samples were tested by means of immunofluorescence assay (ifa) against each specific antigen. the mean seroprevalence values per farm were 15.0% (range: 0-75%) for a. marginale, 9.5% (range: 0-40%) for b. bigemina and 26.9% (range: 0-73.7%) for b. bovis ...201323802235
differential expression of three members of the multidomain adhesion ccp family in babesia bigemina, babesia bovis and theileria equi.members of the ccp protein family have been previously described to be expressed on gametocytes of apicomplexan plasmodium parasites. knocking out plasmodium ccp genes blocks the development of the parasite in the mosquito vector, making the ccp proteins potential targets for the development of a transmission-blocking vaccine. apicomplexans babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are the causative agents of bovine babesiosis, and apicomplexan theileria equi causes equine piroplasmosis. bovine babesio ...201323844089
genetic diversity of merozoite surface antigens in babesia bovis detected from sri lankan cattle.babesia bovis, the causative agent of severe bovine babesiosis, is endemic in sri lanka. the live attenuated vaccine (k-strain), which was introduced in the early 1990s, has been used to immunize cattle populations in endemic areas of the country. the present study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of merozoite surface antigens (msas) in b. bovis isolates from sri lankan cattle, and to compare the gene sequences obtained from such isolates against those of the k-strain. forty-fou ...201323851021
the genetic diversity of merozoite surface antigen 1 (msa-1) among babesia bovis detected from cattle populations in thailand, brazil and ghana.in the present study, we screened blood dna samples obtained from cattle bred in brazil (n=164) and ghana (n=80) for babesia bovis using a diagnostic pcr assay and found prevalences of 14.6% and 46.3%, respectively. subsequently, the genetic diversity of b. bovis in thailand, brazil and ghana was analyzed, based on the dna sequence of merozoite surface antigen-1 (msa-1). in thailand, msa-1 sequences were relatively conserved and found in a single clade of the phylogram, while brazilian msa-1 seq ...201323856760
pcr detection and genetic diversity of bovine hemoprotozoan parasites in vietnam.hemoprotozoan infections often cause serious production losses in livestock. in the present study, we conducted a pcr-based survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, theileria orientalis, trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma theileri, using 423 dna samples extracted from blood samples of cattle (n=202), water buffaloes (n=43), sheep (n=51) and goats (n=127) bred in the hue and hanoi provinces of vietnam. with the exception of t. annulata and t. evansi, all other parasite speci ...201323856762
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay based on the single-copy sag1 gene for the detection of toxoplasma gondii.real-time pcr-based detection of toxoplasma gondii is very sensitive and convenient for diagnosing toxoplasmosis. however, the performance of the pcr assays could be influenced by the target gene chosen. here we evaluate a real-time pcr assay using double-stranded dna dyes (sybr(®) green i assay) with a new set of primers targeting the sag1 gene for the fast and specific detection of t. gondii. the assay showed higher sensitivity than conventional pcr protocols using t. gondii dna as template. t ...201323867074
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