Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| effects of cryptosporidium parvum infection in peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. | the authors conducted a 2-year (1989-1991) community-based longitudinal study in a shantytown in lima, peru, to examine the effect of cryptosporidium parvum infection on child growth during the year following the onset of infection. a cohort of children, aged 0-3 months at recruitment, was followed monthly for anthropometrics, weekly for stool samples, and daily for diarrheal status. data from 185 children in the cohort permitted a comparison of growth in c. parvum-infected and noninfected child ... | 1998 | 9737562 |
| telomeric sequences of cryptosporidium parvum. | 1998 | 9747979 | |
| cryptosporidiosis in urban zambian children: an analysis of risk factors. | in four crowded townships of lusaka, zambia, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in 222 children with diarrhea was 18%, with marked temporal and geographic variation over the course of one rainy season. using data on the finding of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in urban water supplies, the areas under study were categorized as high or low risk. prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea was higher in high risk areas after stratification by early/late stage of the rains (mantel ... | 1998 | 9749640 |
| the use of a ribosomal rna targeted oligonucleotide probe for fluorescent labelling of viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | a fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique has been developed for the fluorescent labelling of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water samples. the fish technique employs a fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probe (cry1 probe) targeting a specific sequence in the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) of c. parvum. hybridization with the cry1 probe resulted in fluorescence of sporozoites within oocysts that were capable of excystation, while oocysts that were dead prior to fixation did not fluo ... | 1998 | 9750273 |
| cryptosporidium parvum is cytopathic for cultured human biliary epithelia via an apoptotic mechanism. | while the clinical features of sclerosing cholangitis secondary to opportunistic infections of the biliary tree in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are well known, the mechanisms by which microbial pathogens such as cryptosporidium parvum associated with this syndrome actually cause disease are obscure. we established an in vitro model of biliary cryptosporidiosis employing a human biliary epithelial cell line. using morphological and biochemical techniques, we examined th ... | 1998 | 9755224 |
| new perspectives on the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium biliary disease. | 1998 | 9755257 | |
| establishing the cryptosporidium parvum karyotype by noti and sfii restriction analysis and southern hybridization. | the molecular karyotype of the coccidian parasite cryptosporidium parvum has proven difficult to study because chromosomes of similar sizes migrate together when submitted to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). in the present work, the karyotype was studied by restriction of chromosome-sized dna with the rare-cutting enzymes noti and sfii, followed by pfge separation of the restriction fragments and southern hybridization. these experiments showed that the c. parvum karyotype is formed by e ... | 1998 | 9757000 |
| viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to chlorine or other oxidising conditions may lack identifying epitopes. | the intestinal protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum is a known cause of water-borne disease in humans. the detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples relies upon the use of fluorescently labelled antibodies, preferably using flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy. here we demonstrate that four commercially available antibodies recognise a similar set of immunodominant epitopes on the oocyst wall. these epitopes appear to be carbohydrate in nature and are labile to chlorine ... | 1998 | 9762566 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of cryptosporidium parvum in holstein freisian dairy calves in central méxico. | a total of 31 dairy farms from three states in central méxico were selected for this study in order to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for cryptosporidium parvum shedding in young holstein freisian calves. fecal samples were obtained once from each calf for acid-fast staining for detection of c. parvum oocysts. information on each calf and on each dairy's management practices regarding the maternity pen, calf hutches and calf feeding was obtained by personal interview using a standa ... | 1998 | 9762732 |
| characterisation of a cryptosporidium parvum-specific cdna clone and detection of parasite dna in mucosal scrapings of infected mice. | a cdna library was constructed using total rna extracted from oocysts and sporozoites of the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum. the expression library was screened with an anti-c. parvum antiserum and a clone, cp3.4, with a 2043 bp insert, was extracted. southern blot analysis demonstrated a single copy gene that was located on a 1.6 mb chromosome. the gene was found to be c. parvum specific as cp3.4 did not cross-hybridise with chromosomal dna from three other apicomplexan parasites. th ... | 1998 | 9763286 |
| construction and characterisation of a genomic pac library of the intestinal parasite cryptosporidium parvum. | 1998 | 9763297 | |
| cryptosporidium parvum: pcr-rflp analysis of the trap-c1 (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-1) gene discriminates between two alleles differentially associated with parasite isolates of animal and human origin. | 1998 | 9769250 | |
| declining prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in san francisco. | 1998 | 9770178 | |
| cyclosporiasis in a traveler returning from south america. | cyclospora is a coccidian, previously referred to as a cyanobacterium-like body, with an epidemiology similar to that of cryptosporidium parvum. in recent years, several studies have shown that cyclospora is not a rare opportunistic pathogen but rather is the cause of common, worldwide intestinal infections in healthy adults and children. previous reports of diarrhea resulting from cyclospora sp. have been linked to travelers and immunocompromised patients. the species has a worldwide distributi ... | 1998 | 9772334 |
| multilocus genotypic analysis of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from different hosts and geographical origins. | the genetic analysis of oocysts recovered from the stools of humans and animals infected with cryptosporidium parvum has consistently shown the existence of two distinct genotypes. one of the genotypes is found exclusively in some human infections, whereas the other genotype is found in human as well as in animal infections. on the basis of these observations and the results of published epidemiological studies with single polymorphic markers, the existence of two separate transmission cycles ha ... | 1998 | 9774575 |
| genotyping reference service for cryptosporidium parvum: request for faecal specimens. | 1998 | 9780486 | |
| cryptosporidiosis in indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey. | hospital-based and community-based studies were conducted to understand the prevalence and mode of transmission of cryptosporidium parvum infection in surabaya, indonesia. in both studies people with and without diarrhea were examined for oocysts. a community-based survey included questionnaires to a community and stool examination of cats. questionnaires covered demographic information, health status, and hygienic indicators. in the hospital, c. parvum oocysts were found in 26 (2.8%) of 917 pat ... | 1998 | 9790442 |
| actin-dependent motility in cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. | the present study investigated the role of actin polymerization and myosin motor protein activity in the gliding motility of cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. short motility trails were detected using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa) with a polyclonal antisporozoite antibody following incubation of sporozoites on poly-l-lysine-coated glass slides. sporozoite motility was blocked following exposure to cytochalasin d, a myosin light-chain kinase inhibitor 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl ... | 1998 | 9794629 |
| cryptosporidium parvum: an attempt at experimental infection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | a study was carried out on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fed with a commercial feed contaminated with bovine-isolated cryptosporidium parvum oocysts whose viability and infectivity were previously tested by inoculation of oocysts to neonatal swiss cd-1 mice. histological examination of hematoxylin-eosin-stained gastrointestinal sections from control and c. parvum-exposed fish revealed no life-cycle stages of cryptosporidium in any part of the apical border of the digestive tract. however, se ... | 1998 | 9794634 |
| detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in the tissues of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) carrying principal oyster infectious diseases. | the potential cross-reactivity of the combined cryptosporidium/giardia direct immunofluorescence antibodies (ifa) of merifluor and hydrofluor-combo tests was examined against tissues containing known developmental stages of 12 pathogens causing the principal infectious diseases in oysters. spores of haplosporidium nelsoni and haplosporidium costale produced positive acid-fast stain (afs) reactions similar in intensity to cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. hexamia nelsoni trophozoites produced posit ... | 1998 | 9794651 |
| susceptibility differences to cryptosporidium parvum infection in two strains of gamma interferon knockout mice. | differences in susceptibility to cryptosporidial infections were investigated between 2 strains of gamma interferon knockout (gko) mice. male c57bl/6j-ifg and balb/c-ifg (gko) mice, ages 8-10 wk, were inoculated with infectious oocysts at various doses. c57bl/6j-ifg mice developed overwhelming infections and died 9-12 days after infection. low inoculum doses (1 x 10(3)) did not increase the survival time significantly. the infection intensity in c57bl/6j-ifg mice inoculated with 1 x 10(5) oocyst ... | 1998 | 9794653 |
| comparative efficacy evaluation of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin against cryptosporidium parvum infections in a neonatal mouse model. | the efficacies of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide (ntz), and paromomycin were evaluated against the aucp1 isolate of cryptosporidium parvum by using a neonatal mouse model. compounds were solubilized or suspended in deionized water and administered orally by gavage to neonatal mice at a constant dose rate on days 0 to 5 (treatment started on day 0). dose rates varied for individual carbazole compounds but ranged from 0.65 to 20 mg/kg of body weight. ntz was tested at 100 and 150 mg/ ... | 1998 | 9797219 |
| influence of pretreatment and experimental conditions on electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | surface properties of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were investigated by using electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity measurements. oocysts purified from calf feces by several sucrose flotation steps and deionized water (di) washes (dis method) had an electrophoretic mobility (neutral surface charge) near 0.0 m2 v-1 s-1 over a ph range of 2 to 10. the mean electrophoretic mobility of oocysts stored in di containing a mixture of antibiotics had a lower standard deviation (sigma = 0.36) than ... | 1998 | 9797304 |
| sedimentation of free and attached cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in water. | experimental analysis of the sedimentation velocity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and giardia lamblia cysts was compared with mathematical description of their sedimentation velocities by using measurements of (oo)cyst size and density and the density and viscosity of the sedimentation medium to determine if the sedimentation kinetics of freely suspended oocysts of c. parvum and cysts of g. lamblia can be described by stokes' law. the theoretically calculated sedimentation kinetics showed a ... | 1998 | 9797307 |
| sequence polymorphism in the beta-tubulin gene reveals heterogeneous and variable population structures in cryptosporidium parvum. | restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of isolates of cryptosporidium parvum has revealed two subgroups, termed h and c. the limited resolution of the rflp method precludes an in-depth study of the genetic structure of c. parvum populations. published c. parvum restriction polymorphisms lie within protein-coding regions known to be more homogeneous than noncoding sequences. to better assess the degrees of heterogeneity between and within c. parvum isolates, sequence polymorphis ... | 1998 | 9797309 |
| immunomagnetic separation of cryptosporidium parvum from source water samples of various turbidities. | immunomagnetic separation (ims) procedures which specifically capture cryptosporidium oocysts and have the potential to isolate oocysts from debris have become commercially available. we compared two ims kits (kit db [dynabeads anti-cryptosporidium; product no. 730.01; dynal a.s., oslo, norway] and kit ic1 [crypto scan ims; product no. r10; clearwater diagnostics company, llc, portland, maine]) and a modification of kit ic1 (kit ic2 [crypto scan ims; product no. r10; clearwater diagnostics compa ... | 1998 | 9797313 |
| persistent diarrhea in a cohort of israeli bedouin infants: role of enteric pathogens and family and environmental factors. | this study examined the role of enteric pathogens and infant, family, and household characteristics in persistent diarrhea. bedouin infants from southern israel were followed from birth to age 18-23 months. during monthly home visits, stool samples were obtained, and feeding practices and history of diarrhea were determined, and at age 3 months, an environmental assessment was done. diarrhea surveillance was either via a network covering all community health care facilities or via weekly intervi ... | 1998 | 9806038 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in horses. | to determine prevalence of and risk factors for fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts among 3 populations of horses. | 1998 | 9810386 |
| efficacy of select antivirals against cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intestinal pathogen associated with diarrheal disease in both humans and animals. currently, no effective therapy exists to eliminate the parasite in the absence of a healthy, intact immune system. we used an in situ, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a primary screen to examine the effects of 13 antivirals on the development of c. parvum in human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (hct-8) cells in vitro. six of the compounds displayed some efficacy, and dose-respon ... | 1998 | 9812363 |
| gastric involvement in aids associated cryptosporidiosis. | cryptosporidiosis has been shown to be a common cause of diarrhoea in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. there are very few data on the distribution of cryptosporidium parvum along the gastrointestinal tract. | 1998 | 9824572 |
| rapid method for fluorescent in situ ribosomal rna labelling of cryptosporidium parvum. | a method for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is described that requires less than 1 h duration. oocysts were resuspended in 50% ethanol and incubated at 80 degrees c for 10 min for simultaneous fixation and permeabilization. samples were than incubated with the oligonucleotide probe at 48 degrees c for more than 30 min. the rrna binding specificity of the optimized protocol was confirmed. fish was found to be valuable as a second label for oocysts presumptively identified immunofluores ... | 1998 | 9830116 |
| a study of cryptosporidium parvum genotypes and population structure. | genetic evidence for the occurrence of two cryptosporidium parvum subgroups is presented. this evidence is based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of several independent loci. sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin intron revealed additional polymorphism. the stability of the genetic profiles following passage of c. parvum isolates between different hosts was investigated. | 1998 | 9830538 |
| variable distribution of cryptosporidium parvum in the intestine of aids patients revealed by polymerase chain reaction. | cryptosporidium parvum is associated with persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in children, with large waterborne outbreaks and with the diarrhoea-wasting syndrome in aids. however, pathophysiology of infection remains to be defined and the reasons for the variability of clinical features are uncertain. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is valuable for the analysis of infections with non-culturable organisms because of its high sensitivity, so we compared pcr and microscopy as tools for the a ... | 1998 | 9831408 |
| cryptosporidiosis in bovine and human health. | cryptosporidiosis, which is caused by cryptosporidium parvum and was discovered in mice at the turn of the century, emerged as a frequently reported intestinal disease of animals and humans in the 1980s when its zoonotic potential was recognized. in recent years, the public has become aware of severe cryptosporidiosis because of its incidence in aids patients and because of massive outbreaks of cryptosporidial enteritis among the general populace worldwide from contaminated drinking water. lives ... | 1998 | 9839243 |
| viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: assessment by the dye permeability assay. | 1998 | 9841633 | |
| cryptosporidium parvum initiates inflammatory bowel disease in germfree t cell receptor-alpha-deficient mice. | flora-bearing mice with targeted disruption of t cell receptor (tcr)-alpha or -beta genes spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation with features similar to ulcerative colitis in humans. tcr-alpha-deficient mice maintained germfree or colonized with a limited number of intestinal bacteria failed to develop inflammatory bowel disease (ibd)-like lesions. evidently, inflammation in these mice does not develop spontaneously or result from a generalized antigenic stimulation, but rather requires ... | 1998 | 9846962 |
| a novel multi-domain mucin-like glycoprotein of cryptosporidium parvum mediates invasion. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite which produces self-limited disease in immunocompetent hosts and devastating, persistent diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. there is no effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis and little is known about the basic biology of the organism. cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding gp900, a previously identified > 900 kda glycoprotein, predicts a mucin-like glycoprotein composed of distal cysteine-rich domains separated by polythreoni ... | 1998 | 9851610 |
| a case control study of potential enteric pathogens for calves raised in cow-calf herds. | a matched case control study was performed to describe the epidemiological features of potential enteric pathogens for calves reared in 53 cow-calf herds located in western switzerland. a total of 106 diarrhoeic calves and 126 healthy control calves were collected, all calves were less than 4 months old. faecal samples were analysed for presence of infectious agents related to calf diarrhoea including enterotoxigenic e. coli, verotoxin producing e. coli (vtec), campylobacter sp., yersinia sp., s ... | 1998 | 9852767 |
| molecular characterisation of cryptosporidium parvum from two large suspected waterborne outbreaks. outbreak control team south and west devon 1995, incident management team and further epidemiological and microbiological studies subgroup north thames 1997. | polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr/rflp) analysis of the cryptosporidium parvum outer wall protein (cowp) gene was applied to specimens collected from 95 patients with cryptosporidiosis associated with two suspected waterborne outbreaks, 46 sporadic human cases and 62 infected livestock from other areas, and 12 patients infected with other gastrointestinal parasites. ninety-six per cent of c. parvum isolates from patients linked to the two suspected waterborn ... | 1998 | 9854879 |
| investigation of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with treated surface water finds limits to the value of case control studies. | fifty-two cases of cryptosporidiosis satisfied the case definition employed in investigation of an outbreak in spring 1996 among residents of the wirral peninsula supplied by a single water treatment plant using river water. the attack rate among those whose water was supplied solely from the plant was 1.42 per 10,000, compared with 0.42/10,000 among those having some but less than 50% supplied from it. single oocysts were detected in treated water from this plant on four occasions during the in ... | 1998 | 9854880 |
| waterborne cryptosporidiosis. | 1998 | 9854897 | |
| [intestinal parasitic infections and leishmaniasis in patients with hiv infection]. | intestinal parasite infections are very frequent in hiv patients with severe immunodeficiency (cd4 < 100/mm3) causing chronic diarrhea and malabsorption in the majority of cases. the most frequent microorganisms are microsporidia and cryptosporidium parvum while cyclospora cayetanensis and isospora belli are more prevalent in subtropical and tropical areas and rare in industrialized areas. the diagnosis can be obtained by stool examination (differences in size and form of cysts), although micros ... | 1998 | 9859620 |
| surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--united states, 1995-1996. | since 1971, cdc and the u.s. environmental protection agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (wbdos). | 1998 | 9859954 |
| calves as a potential reservoir of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia sp. | studies on cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis were carried out between march and april 1997 on 75 calves from 9 selected farms of wielkopolska macroregion. faecal specimens from calves, 3-13 days old, were screened for oocysts of c. parvum using ziehl-neelsen staining and both for oocysts of c. parvum and cysts of giardia sp. using direct immunofluorescent (merifluor cryptosporidium/giardia) assay. the oocysts of c. parvum assessed by ziehl-neelsen staining were revealed on 6 (67%) of 9 farms exam ... | 1998 | 9860815 |
| differentiating human from animal isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. | we analyzed 92 cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals by a polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method based on the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein 2 gene sequence. used as a molecular marker, this method can differentiate between the two genotypes of c. parvum and elucidate the transmission of infection to humans. | 1998 | 9866750 |
| evaluation of fluorochromes for flow cytometric detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts labelled by fluorescent in situ hybridization. | oligonucleotide probes specific to cryptosporidium parvum (cry1) were conjugated with a range of fluorochromes. the fluorescence after in situ hybridization (fish) labelling of oocysts and controls was assessed. the objective was to determine the most suitable conjugate for fish labelling, followed by analysis with a 488 nm laser flow cytometer. the most promising candidate was fluorescein isothiocyanate but only when linked to the cry1 probe via an 18-carbon spacer arm consisting of six ethylen ... | 1998 | 9871354 |
| a happy map of cryptosporidium parvum. | we have constructed a happy map of the apicomplexan parasite cryptosporidium parvum. we have placed 204 markers on the 10.4-mb genome, giving an average marker spacing of approximately 50 kb, with an effective resolution of approximately 40 kb. happy mapping (an in vitro linkage technique based on screening approximately haploid amounts of dna by the polymerase chain reaction) is fast and accurate and is not subject to the distortions inherent in cloning, meiotic recombination, or hybrid cell fo ... | 1998 | 9872984 |
| characterization of experimental cryptosporidium parvum infection in ifn-gamma knockout mice. | severe cryptosporidial infections were produced in gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) knockout mice. mean oocyst shedding increased from 332 to 30,717 oocysts/100 microliters of faecal suspension between day 4 and 9 after administration of 1 x 10(5) oocysts/mouse. no significant differences in oocyst shedding were observed in mice after being inoculated with 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(4) or 1 x 10(3) oocysts/mouse (p > 0.05). infected mouse weights decreased an average 3-4 g before death or euthanization. hist ... | 1998 | 9881376 |
| ultrastructural analysis of the sporozoite of cryptosporidium parvum. | cryopreparation of live sporozoites and oocysts of the apicomplexan parasite cryptosporidium parvum, followed by transmission electron microscopy, was undertaken to show the 3d arrangement of organelles, their number and distribution. profiles of parasites obtained from energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy of serial sections provided 3d reconstructions from which morphometric data and stereo images were derived. the results suggest that sporozoites have a single rhoptry containing a ... | 1998 | 9884216 |
| flow cytometric analysis of microsporidia belonging to the genus encephalitozoon. | flow cytometry was used in the identification of human microsporidia belonging to the genus encephalitozoon. microsporidian spores of encephalitozoon hellem, e. cuniculi, and e. intestinalis were propagated in axenic cultures of monkey kidney e6 cells, purified with percoll, and exposed to homologous and heterologous rabbit antiserum and monoclonal antibody prepared against e. hellem spores. after reaction to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin g (igg) or goat anti-mouse igg conjugated to fluorescei ... | 1999 | 9889221 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum in horses: thresholds of acid-fast stain, immunofluorescence assay, and flow cytometry. | feces collected from three asymptomatic horses and seeded with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10(1) to 10(6)/g of feces) were evaluated by acid-fast staining (af), an immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) technique, and flow cytometry. the thresholds of detection were 5 x 10(5) oocysts/g of feces for the ifa and af techniques and 5 x 10(4) oocysts/g for flow cytometry. | 1999 | 9889243 |
| preliminary identification of an intestinal coccidian parasite in man. | an unidentified coccidian parasite was observed in saline faecal smears of five immunocompromised patients. very few of these organisms were observed in the oocystic stage. they were oval in shape with rounded edges and contained two sporulated sporocysts, 7.5-9.5 um in diameter with a nipple like projection. they are smaller than sporocysts of sarcocystis hominis and suihominis. for further identification, the modified ziehl-neelsen stain was used. the sporocysts showed variability in staining. ... | 1998 | 9914703 |
| a role for host phosphoinositide 3-kinase and cytoskeletal remodeling during cryptosporidium parvum infection. | cryptosporidium parvum preferentially infects epithelial cells lining the intestinal mucosa of mammalian hosts. parasite development and propagation occurs within a unique intracellular but extracytoplasmic parasitophorous vacuole at the apical surface of infected cells. parasite-induced host cell signaling events and subsequent cytoskeletal remodeling were investigated by using cultured bovine fallopian tube epithelial (bfte) cells inoculated with c. parvum sporozoites. indirect-immunofluoresce ... | 1999 | 9916099 |
| genetic polymorphism at the beta-tubulin locus among human and animal isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. | sequence analysis of a fragment of the beta-tubulin gene was performed on 13 isolates of the parasite cryptosporidium parvum, eight from humans and five from animals. a total of 12 synonymous substitutions and a deletion of two bases within the intron sequence were found. this genetic variation defined two alleles at the beta-tubulin locus, which can be identified by a simple polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. a total of 20 isolates were also tested using f ... | 1999 | 9919666 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures. | oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum obtained from calves were cleaned of fecal debris by density gradient centrifugation and suspended in deionized water in microcentrifuge tubes. the tubes were placed in circulating water baths at temperatures of -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 c, and 2 tubes were removed from each water bath 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk later. oocysts from 1 tube were administered at the rate of 1.5 x 10(5) oocysts per mouse to 2 litters of neonatal balb/c mice and ... | 1998 | 9920307 |
| ultrastructural details of cryptosporidium parvum development in calf intestine. | cryptosporidium parvum and c. muris appear to be different species found in calves, with different oocysts size and distribution on the gastrointestinal tract. this work presents new images of c. parvum ultrastructure in calf intestine, mainly its development in nonmicrovillous cells and the presence of microtubular structures in the membrane enveloping the macrogamonts and immature oocysts. | 1998 | 9921314 |
| human intestinal infection due to coccidia in mozambique: two cases. | a case of intestinal infection by cryptosporidium parvum and another of intestinal isospora belli infection, both in aids patients, are described. the two patients presented pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms and watery diarrhoea. modified ziehl-neelsen stain of stools gave a definitive diagnosis in both cases. they are the first reports of intestinal coccidia infections in aids patients described in mozambique. | 1999 | 9924958 |
| a cryptosporidium parvum oocyst low molecular mass fraction evokes a cd4+ t-cell-dependent ifn-gamma response in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. | t-cell antigens that induce the in-vitro interferon-gamma response during cryptosporidium parvum infection of neonatal calves were identified. a total oocyst extract was separated into a high and a low mr fraction by a microfiltration technique. both the high and low mr fractions evoked an in-vitro interferon-gamma response in naturally infected animals, although strong individual differences between the hosts were observed. using a complement-mediated technique cd4+ t-cells or wc1+gammadelta t- ... | 1998 | 9925266 |
| fuchsin fluorescence and autofluorescence in cryptosporidium, isospora and cyclospora oocysts. | cryptosporidium parvum and isospora belli oocysts stained with carbol-fuchsin, as in a modified ziehl neelsen technique, fluoresce bright red under green light (546nm). cryptosporidium oocysts tend to fluoresce more brightly the less intensely stained they appear under transmitted light; this is not the case with isospora. fuchsin-stained cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts fluoresce rather dimly, but those not taking the dye retain their typical autofluorescence. cryptosporidium and isospora oocyst ... | 1998 | 9925267 |
| evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for recovery of infectious cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples. | two commercial immunomagnetic separation (ims) kits for cryptosporidium were compared for recovery of oocysts from environmental samples. oocyst recovery efficiencies with the dynal and crypto-scan kits ranged from 62 to 100% and 34 to 74%, respectively, for seeded environmental water concentrates (turbidity of 210 to 11,480 nephelometric turbidity units). recovery efficiencies were dependent on the mechanism of agitation during the magnetic capture procedure. an assay combining in vitro cell cu ... | 1999 | 9925626 |
| detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland britain. | this paper combines the results from a preliminary survey of occurrence of cryptosporidium species in faecal samples from a range of wild mammal species inhabiting mainland britain with a tabulated literature review of world-wide reports of the parasite in those british mammals. in the literature, c. parvum was reported from 11 wild mammals found in britain and elsewhere, mainly in rodents but also in insectivores, lagomorphs and ungulates. c. muris has been reported only in wild rodents. the sa ... | 1999 | 9950333 |
| regional seroprevalence of cryptosporidium parvum-specific igg of cats in the united states. | the objective of this study was to determine the regional prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum-specific igg in the sera of cats in the united states. the continental united states was partitioned into eight regional areas. serum samples from 75 cats from each region were assayed for c. parvum-specific igg using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). age, sex, breed, and indoor/outdoor status were examined as possible risk factors for developing a positive c. parvum-specific igg a ... | 1999 | 9950343 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-c. parvum serum immunoglobulin g. | a 50% infectious dose (id50) of 132 cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was previously determined in serologically negative individuals (elisa). in this study, 17 healthy adults with pre-existing anti-c. parvum serum igg were challenged with 500-50,000 oocysts. infection and diarrhea were associated with the higher challenge doses. the id50 was 1,880 oocysts, > 20-fold higher than in seronegative volunteers. fecal oocysts were detected in only seven (53.8%) of 13 individuals with clinical cryptospori ... | 1999 | 9988341 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection in suckling rats: impairment of mucosal permeability and na(+)-glucose cotransport. | na(+)-glucose transport and transepithelial permeability were investigated during symptomatic acute cryptosporidiosis in newborn rats. the infection resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the ileal short-circuit current and a nonsignificant fall in the transepithelial potential difference and conductance. in glucose-stimulated conditions, the rise in ileal short-circuit current and transepithelial permeability were significantly lower in cryptosporidium parvum-infected rats than in con ... | 1999 | 9990339 |
| duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhea. | to determine duration of infection and association of infection with diarrhea for dairy calves with naturally acquired cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis. | 1999 | 10023403 |
| cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylated glycolipid. | the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in humans, calves, and other mammals worldwide. no approved vaccines or parasite-specific drugs are currently available for the control of cryptosporidiosis. to effectively immunize against c. parvum, identification and characterization of protective antigens are required. we previously identified cps-500, a conserved, neutralization-sensitive antigen of c. parvum sporozoites and merozoites defined by monoclonal anti ... | 1999 | 10024577 |
| declining cd4+ t-lymphocyte counts are associated with increased risk of enteric parasitosis and chronic diarrhea: results of a 3-year longitudinal study. | from january 1991 through september 1994, we observed people who were infected with hiv to assess the impact of enteric parasite-associated diarrhea. respondents answered comprehensive questionnaires covering clinical and epidemiologic information and provided stool specimens monthly, which were examined unstained as well as stained with trichrome, chromotrope 2r, and with kinyoun carbol-fuchsin, and with indirect immunofluorescence for cryptosporidium. in all, 602 participants, who were intervi ... | 1999 | 10048902 |
| [extreme hypercholesterolemia with xanthomatous eruptions caused by hiv-associated pericholangitis]. | 1998 | 10049097 | |
| stability and plasticity of primary afferent projections following nerve regeneration and central degeneration. | sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (drg) regenerate their peripheral axons with relative ease following a nerve lesion. the capacity for central regeneration appears more limited. however, after nerve lesion, some drg neurons gain a regenerative advantage to sprout centrally. we developed a lesion model in the rat to test whether, after prior lesion of their peripheral axons, subsets of cutaneous afferents benefit differently in their ability to sprout into adjacent spinal segments dener ... | 1999 | 10051747 |
| liver transplantation for endstage hepatitis c cirrhosis in a patient with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. | liver transplantation was performed in a patient with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia, chronic hepatitis c and hepatic failure. the immediate posttransplant period was uncomplicated. owing to a stricture of the choledochojejunostomy the patient was reoperated with construction of a hepaticojejunostomy 11 months posttransplant. the patient remained hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna-positive, with high and increasing levels of hcv. liver biopsies demonstrated the recurrence of hcv. 14 months after the tr ... | 1998 | 10066058 |
| cytokine profile induced by cryptosporidium antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons with cryptosporidiosis. | the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to a crude extract from cryptosporidium parvum (cce) was studied in persons who acquired cryptosporidiosis in the same outbreak (15 immunocompetent subjects with prior cryptosporidiosis and 22 human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]-positive persons with various levels of immunosuppression and active cryptosporidiosis) and in individual patients (8 hiv-positive patients with active cryptosporidiosis and 15 hiv-positive persons wi ... | 1999 | 10068593 |
| three sample preparation protocols for polymerase chain reaction based detection of cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness worldwide. in this report, we describe development of sample preparation protocols for polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based detection of c. parvum in fecal material and environmental water samples. two of these methods were found adequate for isolation of cryptosporidium dna from filtered water pellet suspensions. the first involved several filtration steps, immunomagneti ... | 1999 | 10076632 |
| characterization of an immunogenic glycocalyx on the surfaces of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and sporozoites. | ruthenium red staining of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts revealed the presence of a carbohydrate matrix on their outer bilayers that is characteristic of a glycocalyx. surface labeling of intact oocysts identified material of high molecular weight (>10(6)) that reacted positively with sera from cryptosporidium-infected patients and with immunoglobulin a monoclonal antibodies. | 1999 | 10085053 |
| phylogenetic analysis of cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rrna gene locus. | biological data support the hypothesis that there are multiple species in the genus cryptosporidium, but a recent analysis of the available genetic data suggested that there is insufficient evidence for species differentiation. in order to resolve the controversy in the taxonomy of this parasite genus, we characterized the small-subunit rrna genes of cryptosporidium parvum, cryptosporidium baileyi, cryptosporidium muris, and cryptosporidium serpentis and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the ... | 1999 | 10103253 |
| beta-tubulin mrna as a marker of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. | determining the viability of waterborne cryptosporidium parvum oocysts remains a technical challenge. rrna and mrna were evaluated in a reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay as potential markers of oocyst viability. the rationale for this approach is the rapid turnover and postmortem decay of cellular rna. the beta-tubulin mrna and an anonymous mrna transcript were chosen as potential markers because they are the only mrna species in c. parvum known to possess introns. this feature facilitated th ... | 1999 | 10103254 |
| sterilization using pulsed white light. | pulsed light is a non-thermal sterilization method that uses brief intense pulses or flashes of white light to kill micro-organisms. this article discusses tests performed on blow/fill/seal containers. the results suggest that pulsed light has potential as a terminal sterilization method for filled and sealed transmissive products and packages. it also examines the effectiveness of pulsed light in eliminating water-borne pathogenic organisms. | 1997 | 10169625 |
| oocysts, igg levels and immunoblot patterns determined for cryptosporidium parvum in bovine examined during a visit to a farm (northeastern spain). | single fecal and serum samples were individually collected from 101 bovines selected at random during a visit to a farm in northeastern spain (group i, 26 animals aged 2-36 days; group ii, 34 animals aged 1.5-4.5 months; group iii, 41 animals aged 20-24 months). testing for the presence of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in feces (monofluo kit cryptosporidium, diagnostics pasteur, france) indicated that 26% animals were infected (81% of group i, 15% of group ii and 0% of group iii). serological t ... | 1999 | 10190862 |
| isoenzyme activities of different strains of cryptosporidium parvum. | different isoenzyme activities have been assayed in three strains of cryptosporidium parvum, c1 (c. parvum from infected calves, uk), c2 (c. parvum from infected calves, egypt) and c3 (c. parvum from infected goats, egypt). the electrophoretic variations of five enzymes; lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi), hexokinase (hk), malate dehydrogenase (mdh) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gldh) were compared among the three different isolates using native polyacrylamide gel-elec ... | 1999 | 10190863 |
| the cryptosporidium "mouse" genotype is conserved across geographic areas. | a 298-bp region of the cryptosporidium parvum 18s rrna gene and a 390-bp region of the acetyl coenzyme a synthetase gene were sequenced for a range of cryptosporidium isolates from wild house mice (mus domesticus), a bat (myotus adversus), and cattle from different geographical areas. previous research has identified a distinct genotype, referred to as the "mouse"-derived cryptosporidium genotype, common to isolates from australian mice. comparison of a wider range of australian mouse isolates w ... | 1999 | 10203475 |
| detection by enzyme immunoassay of serum immunoglobulin g antibodies that recognize specific cryptosporidium parvum antigens. | human infection with cryptosporidium parvum usually elicits characteristic immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, and igm antibody responses against two sporozoite surface antigens with apparent molecular masses of approximately 27 and 17 kda. we have determined that these two antigens are actually complex families of related antigens. we have developed two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection and quantitation of serum igg antibodies against both antigens. the assays utilize a ... | 1999 | 10203492 |
| biallelic polymorphism in the intron region of beta-tubulin gene of cryptosporidium parasites. | nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified intron region of the cryptosporidium parvum beta-tubulin gene in 26 human and 15 animal isolates revealed distinct genetic polymorphism between the human and bovine genotypes. the separation of 2 genotypes of c. parvum is in agreement with our previous genotyping data based on the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (trap-c2) gene, indicating these genotype characteristics are linked at 2 genetic loci. characterization of cryptospo ... | 1999 | 10207387 |
| age, geographic, and temporal distribution of fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cow-calf herds. | to evaluate fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum from california cow-calf herds with respect to age, geographic region, temporal effects, and association with watery feces. | 1999 | 10211683 |
| differential mrna display cloning and characterization of a cryptosporidium parvum gene expressed during intracellular development. | differential mrna display was used to detect differences in gene expression between mock-infected and cryptosporidium parvum-infected human adenocarcinoma cells. a reproducible band present only in c. parvum-infected cells, ddhc-10 was isolated and cloned. northern blot analysis was used to confirm the differential expression of the hc-10 mrna. as differential mrna display does not differentiate between parasite and host mrnas, southern blot analysis was used to demonstrate that ddhc-10 represen ... | 1999 | 10219298 |
| constitutive expression of small subunit ribosomal rna transcripts in cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and intracellular stages. | as in other apicomplexan protozoa, the ribosomal genes of cryptosporidium parvum are present in small number and dispersed on several chromosomes. two types of ribosomal small subunit genes have been identified in bovine isolates by sequencing and sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction. using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, ribosomal gene expression was investigated in c. parvum oocysts and intracellular stages grown in tissue culture. in a calf-propageted c. parvum isolate, extra ... | 1999 | 10219300 |
| role of intraepithelial lymphocytes in mucosal immune responses of mice experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | in order to investigate the role of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iels) in host defense against cryptosporidium parvum infection, conventionally bred immunocompetent (imct) icr mice and immunosuppressed (imsp) littermates were infected orally with 10(6) c. parvum oocysts. then fecal oocyst excretion, the number and location of iels, and their t lymphocyte subsets were observed on days 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 20 postinfection (pi). uninfected imct and imsp mice were used as controls. the ... | 1999 | 10219301 |
| use of a sentinel system for field measurements of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation in soil and animal waste. | a small-volume sentinel chamber was developed to assess the effects of environmental stresses on survival of sucrose-percoll-purified cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil and animal wastes. chambers were tested for their ability to equilibrate with external chemical and moisture conditions. sentinel oocysts were then exposed to stresses of the external environment that affected their viability (potential infectivity), as indicated by results of a dye permeability assay. preliminary laboratory ... | 1999 | 10223991 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity by disinfection and sterilization processes. | cryptosporidium parvum is a common cause of self-limited gastroenteritis in the normal host but may cause severe disease in immunocompromised persons. person-to-person transmission has been well documented in households, child care centers, and hospitals. because contaminated environmental surfaces and medical devices such as endoscopes may play a role in disease transmission, we studied the susceptibility of c parvum to chemical agents commonly used for disinfection and evaluated the efficacy o ... | 1999 | 10228259 |
| [an evaluation of the relationship between intestinal parasitoses and the risk factors for hiv in aids patients]. | we conducted a cohort survey on 200 aids patients in são paulo, sp, brazil, to verify if the presence of enteroparasites is associated with the various risk factors for hiv infection. diarrhea was significantly more frequent in the group of patients presenting enteroparasitosis (p < 0.00001). giardia lamblia, found in 32 (16%) cases, was the most prevalent parasite. the presence of parasites in the stool samples was not significantly associated with risk factors for hiv infection, mainly when co ... | 1999 | 10228369 |
| fast and reliable extraction of protozoan parasite dna from fecal specimens. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of intestinal protozoa in fecal specimens is hampered by poor recovery of dna and by the presence of pcr inhibitors. in this study we describe a novel method for dna extraction from such specimens containing spores and oocysts of enterocytozoon bieneusi and cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. | 1999 | 10229775 |
| cryptosporidiosis in a black bear in virginia. | cryptosporidiosis has not been previously reported in black bears in north america, either free-roaming or captive. however, oocysts have been documented in two captive malayan sun bears (helarctos malayanus) located in zoological parks in taiwan. developmental stages of cryptosporidium parvum were observed in tissue sections from the small intestine of a black bear cub found dead in virginia (usa). | 1999 | 10231767 |
| opportunism and aids: walking the tightrope. | 1999 | 10234182 | |
| cpabc, a cryptosporidium parvum atp-binding cassette protein at the host-parasite boundary in intracellular stages. | the intracellular parasite cryptosporidium parvum develops inside a vacuole at the apex of its epithelial host cell. the developing parasite is separated from the host cell cytoplasm by a zone of attachment that consists of an extensively folded membranous structure known as the feeder organelle. it has been proposed that the feeder organelle is the site of regulation of transport of nutrients and drugs into the parasite. in this report, we localize an approximately 200-kda integral membrane pro ... | 1999 | 10318953 |
| sacroiliitis associated with cryptosporidium parvum in an hla-b27-negative patient. | 1999 | 10325675 | |
| a double-'blind' placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in aids patients in mexico. | sixty-six patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and diarrhoea caused by cryptosporidium parvum were enrolled in a double-'blind' placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. patients were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups and received either 500 mg twice daily of nitazoxanide, 1000 mg twice daily of nitazoxanide, or placebo orally for 14 d; the pat ... | 1998 | 10326116 |
| new cryptosporidium genotypes in hiv-infected persons. | using dna sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, we identified four distinct cryptosporidium genotypes in hiv-infected patients: genotype 1 (human), genotype 2 (bovine) cryptosporidium parvum, a genotype identical to c. felis, and one identical to a cryptosporidium sp. isolate from a dog. this is the first identification of human infection with the latter two genotypes. | 1999 | 10341184 |
| comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses to two preparations of cryptosporidium parvum cp15/60 recombinant protein. | this study compares the immune responses produced by immunising mice and rabbits with two preparations of the recombinant 15/60 kda protein of cryptosporidium parvum. genomic c. parvum dna was amplified and the recombinant protein was synthesized as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase in escherichia coli and in the eukaryotic system of baculovirus/insect cells. both recombinant proteins induced similar levels of serum antibodies against the fusion recombinant protein, but the eukaryo ... | 1999 | 10343059 |
| cryptosporidium infection in young children with diarrhea in rawalpindi, pakistan. | fecal excretion of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was determined in 625 children less than five years old who presented at the pediatric clinic of a teaching hospital in rawalpindi, pakistan. single stool specimens were collected from 475 children with acute diarrhea and from 150 children without diarrhea. the cryptosporidium infection rate was significantly higher in children with diarrhea than in children without diarrhea (10.3% versus 3.3%). the c. parvum infection rate was highest in childre ... | 1999 | 10344667 |
| diarrheal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in bangkok, thailand. | diarrheal disease and its associated morbidities occur frequently in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and may be associated with a decreased quality of life. we studied the spectrum of symptoms, measures of nutritional status, and the enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal disease in a group of 24 patients infected with hiv in bangkok, thailand compared with a group of 19 patients infected with hiv without diarrhea cared for at the same clinic. patients with diarrhe ... | 1999 | 10344668 |
| epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to cryptosporidium and giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. | this study was carried out to compare cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis seroprevalence rates in residents of three communities. community (com 1) uses drinking water from deep wells, community 2 (com 2) uses surface water from a protected watershed, and community 3 (com 3) uses surface water frequently containing cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts. unfiltered drinking water from each community was collected at the tap and tested for cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts during the 12 m ... | 1999 | 10348231 |
| intestinal parasites in patients with diarrhea and human immunodeficiency virus infection in zimbabwe. | to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and risk factors for infection associated with diarrhea in hiv-infected patients in harare, zimbabwe. | 1999 | 10357381 |