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development of oat-based markers from barley and wheat microsatellites.although microsatellites are an efficient and reliable genetic marker system, availability is limited in cultivated oat (avena sativa l.). previous research has suggested that microsatellites from related species may be adapted to oat. this study investigated the stability of existing oat microsatellites, sequenced polymorphic oat amplicons derived from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) primers, and redesigned primers to develop oat-based markers. we evaluated 161 publ ...201020555435
bioaccessible mineral content of malted finger millet (eleusine coracana), wheat (triticum aestivum), and barley (hordeum vulgare).malted grains are extensively used in weaning and geriatric foods. malting generally improves the nutrient content and digestibility of foods. the present investigation examined the influence of malting of finger millet, wheat, and barley on the bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, and manganese. malting increased the bioaccessibility of iron by >3-fold from the two varieties of finger millet and by >2-fold from wheat, whereas such a beneficial influence was not seen in barley. the b ...201020560601
a barley cysteine-proteinase inhibitor reduces the performance of two aphid species in artificial diets and transgenic arabidopsis plants.cystatins from plants have been implicated in plant defense towards insects, based on their role as inhibitors of heterologous cysteine-proteinases. we have previously characterized thirteen genes encoding cystatins (hvcpi-1 to hvcpi-13) from barley (hordeum vulgare), but only hvcpi-1 c68 → g, a variant generated by direct-mutagenesis, has been tested against insects. the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the whole gene family members of barley cystatins against two aphids, myzus p ...201120567901
global phylogenetics of diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae), an invasive aphid species: evidence for multiple invasions into north america.the russian wheat aphid, diruaphis noxia (kudjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, tritium aestivum l., durum wheat, triticum turgidum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l. several sources of d. noxia resistance have been incorporated in commercial wheat and barley genotypes, but up to eight virulent biotypes, defined based on their ability to damage different wheat and barley genotypes, now occur across the western united states since the firs ...201020568643
the molecular characterization of two barley proteins establishes the novel pr-17 family of pathogenesis-related proteins.summary two barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cdna clones (pbh6-12 and pbh6-17) were isolated from a cdna library prepared from leaves 6 h after inoculation with blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh). the two transcripts accumulate strongly in response to bgh, peaking around 6, 15-24 and 48-96 h after inoculation, concomitant with fungal penetration attempts, hypersensitive response and fungal growth. the encoded proteins, hvpr-17a and hvpr-17b, belong to a new family of plant pathogenesis-related prot ...200220569319
brome mosaic virus, good for an rna virologist's basic needs.abstract taxonomic relationship: type member of the bromovirus genus, family bromoviridae. a member of the alphavirus-like supergroup of positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses. physical properties: virions are nonenveloped icosahedrals made up of 180 coat protein subunits (fig. 1). the particles are 26 nm in diameter and contain 22% nucleic acid and 78% protein. the bmv genome is composed of three positive-sense, capped rnas: rna1 (3.2 kb), rna2 (2.9 kb), rna3 (2.1 kb) (fig. 2). viral protei ...200020572956
mutations in ror1 and ror2 genes cause modification of hydrogen peroxide accumulation in mlo-barley under attack from the powdery mildew fungus.abstract race nonspecific resistance of barley against the barley powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, speer, bgh) is mediated by recessive mlo alleles and is controlled by at least two additional genes 'required for ml o-specified disease resistance' (ror1 and ror2). the pathogenesis-related accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) was comparatively analysed in a susceptible barley line (hordeum vulgare l. cv ingrid, genotype mlo ror1, ror2), a resistant ingrid backcross l ...200020572975
boron toxicity tolerance in barley through reduced expression of the multifunctional aquaporin hvnip2;1.boron (b) toxicity is a significant limitation to cereal crop production in a number of regions worldwide. here we describe the cloning of a gene from barley (hordeum vulgare), underlying the chromosome 6h b toxicity tolerance quantitative trait locus. it is the second b toxicity tolerance gene identified in barley. previously, we identified the gene bot1 that functions as an efflux transporter in b toxicity-tolerant barley to move b out of the plant. the gene identified in this work encodes hvn ...201020581256
relationships between the addition rates of cellulase or glucose and silage fermentation at different temperatures.the influence of the application rates of cellulase preparation and glucose on silage fermentation at different temperatures was studied with the straw of naked barley (hordeum vulgare l. emand lam) and guineagrass (panicum maximum jacq.). addition rate of cellulase and glucose, temperature and their interaction had significant effects on ph value, lactic acid content, butyric acid content and propionic acid content of naked barley straw silage and significant effects on all the parameters of gu ...201020597889
a synteny map and disease resistance gene comparison between barley and the model monocot brachypodium distachyon.grass species have coevolved with current economically important crop pathogens over millions of years. during this time, speciation of current domestic crops has occurred, resulting in related yet divergent genomes. here, we present a synteny map between the crop species hordeum vulgare and the recently sequenced brachypodium distachyon genome, focusing on regions known to harbor important barley disease resistance genes. the resistance genes have orthologous genes in brachypodium that show con ...201020616871
the rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 systemically suppresses arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization in a split-root system of barley (hordeum vulgare).nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) form a nodule symbiosis with legumes, but also induce certain effects on non-host plants. here, we used a split-root system of barley to examine whether inoculation with rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 on one side of a split-root system systemically affects arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) root colonization on the other side. mutant strains of ngr234 deficient in nod factor production (strain ngrδnodabc), perception of flavonoids (strain ngrδnodd1) and secretion of typ ...201020618761
intracellular expression of a host-selective toxin, toxa, in diverse plants phenocopies silencing of a toxa-interacting protein, toxabp1.*toxa, a host-selective toxin of wheat, can be detected within toxa-sensitive mesophyll cells, where it localizes to chloroplasts and induces necrosis. interaction of toxa with the chloroplast-localized protein toxabp1 has been implicated in this process. therefore, we hypothesized that silencing of toxabp1 in wheat would lead to a necrotic phenotype. also, because toxabp1 is highly conserved in plants, internal expression of toxa in plants that do not normally internalize toxa should result in ...201020646220
lactic acid fermentation of germinated barley fiber and proliferative function of colonic epithelial cells in loperamide-induced rats.to develop a functional food from the dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) (gbf), lactic acid fermentation was attempted using lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus thermophilus, and bifidobacterium bifidus. the quality characteristics of the lactic acid-fermented product and its effect on gastrointestinal function in an animal model were examined. the anaerobic fermentation of 1% and 2% gbf yielded lactic acid bacteria at 8.9 +/- 1.0 x 10(8) and 1.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(9 ...201020673062
stacking multiple transgenes at a selected genomic site via repeated recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchanges.recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchange (rmce) has been successfully used to insert transgenes at previously characterized genomic sites in plants. following the same strategy, groups of transgenes can be stacked to the same site through multiple rounds of rmce. a gene-silencing cassette, designed to simultaneously silence soybean (glycine max) genes fatty acid ω-6 desaturase 2 (fad2) and acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 (fatb) to improve oleic acid content, was first inserted by rmce ...201020720171
soluble sugar availability of aerobically germinated barley, oat and rice coleoptiles in anoxia.physiological and metabolic responses to anoxia were compared for aerobically germinated seedlings of barley (hordeum vulgare), oat (avena sativa) and rice (oryza sativa). coleoptile growth of barley, oat and rice seedlings was suppressed by a 24 h-anoxic stress, but the growth of the rice coleoptiles was much greater than that of the barley and oat coleoptiles. atp concentration in the anoxic rice coleoptiles was greater than that in the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles. concentrations of etha ...201020727618
root hair-specific expansin b genes have been selected for graminaceae root hairs.cell differentiation ultimately relies on the regulation of cell type-specific genes. for a root hair cell to undergo morphogenesis, diverse cellular processes including cell-wall loosening must occur in a root hair cell-specific manner. previously, we identified and characterized root hairspecific cis-elements (rhe) from the genes encoding the cell wall-loosening protein expansin a (expa) which functions preferentially on dicot cell walls. this study reports two root hair-specific grass expb ge ...201020811811
structural and kinetic analysis of bacillus subtilis n-acetylglucosaminidase reveals a unique asp-his dyad mechanism.three-dimensional structures of nagz of bacillus subtilis, the first structures of a two-domain β-n-acetylglucosaminidase of family 3 of glycosidases, were determined with and without the transition state mimicking inhibitor pugnac bound to the active site, at 1.84- and 1.40-å resolution, respectively. the structures together with kinetic analyses of mutants revealed an asp-his dyad involved in catalysis: his(234) of bsnagz acts as general acid/base catalyst and is hydrogen bonded by asp(232) fo ...201020826810
the cc-nb-lrr-type rdg2a resistance gene confers immunity to the seed-borne barley leaf stripe pathogen in the absence of hypersensitive cell death.leaf stripe disease on barley (hordeum vulgare) is caused by the seed-transmitted hemi-biotrophic fungus pyrenophora graminea. race-specific resistance to leaf stripe is controlled by two known rdg (resistance to drechslera graminea) genes: the h. spontaneum-derived rdg1a and rdg2a, identified in h. vulgare. the aim of the present work was to isolate the rdg2a leaf stripe resistance gene, to characterize the rdg2a locus organization and evolution and to elucidate the histological bases of rdg2a- ...201020844752
the potential of synthetic thiourea compound to reduce the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in hordeum vulgare and cultured human lymphocytes.this work evaluated the ability of one synthetic compound 1-(4-fluorophenylthiocarbamoyl)-4-methyl-piperazine (ftmp), thiourea derivative to reduce cytoxic and genotoxic effects of free radical inducer paraquat (pq) in two different test systems hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro. the mitotic index was used as a marker for cytotoxicity. to indicate genotoxicity, chromosome aberrations test and micronucleus induction test were used. ftmp manifested a weak genotoxic effect in both test ...201020862738
higs: host-induced gene silencing in the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen blumeria graminis.powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and cause damage in thousands of plant species. despite their agronomical importance, little direct functional evidence for genes of pathogenicity and virulence is currently available because mutagenesis and transformation protocols are lacking. here, we show that the accumulation in barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum) of double-stranded or antisense rna targeting fungal transcripts affects t ...201020884801
cross-species extrapolation of chronic nickel biotic ligand models.the use of biotic ligand models (blms) to normalize metal ecotoxicity data and predict effects in non-blm organisms should be supported by quantitative evidence. this study determined the ability of chronic nickel blms developed for the cladocera daphnia magna and ceriodaphnia dubia to predict chronic nickel toxicity to three invertebrates for which no specific blms were developed. those invertebrates were the snail lymnaea stagnalis, the insect chironomus tentans, and the rotifer brachionus cal ...201020920817
analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett.a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ...201020925056
oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf (nelumbo nucifera) and barley leaf (hordeum vulgare) powder during refrigerated storage.this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf powder at 0.1 (lp1) and 0.5% (lp2) as well as barley leaf powder at 0.1 (bp1) and 0.5% (bp2) during refrigerated storage for 10 days. the oxidative stability of these powders was compared with butylhydroxytoluene (bht). lp1 had higher a* and lower b* values than the control (-) over 4 days (p<0.05). the ph values of the ground pork samples made with addition of lp and bht decreased until da ...201120926202
a computational-based update on micrornas and their targets in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).many plant species have been investigated in the last years for the identification and characterization of the corresponding mirnas, nevertheless extensive studies are not yet available on barley (at the time of this writing). to extend and to update information on mirnas and their targets in barley and to identify candidate polymorphisms at mirna target sites, the features of previously known plant mirnas have been used to systematically search for barley mirna homologues and targets in the pub ...201020969764
antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass.two malting hulled varieties (sebastian, malz) and one nonmalting hull-less variety (af lucius) were used to assess vitamins c and e in the green biomass of young plants of spring barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) in three stages of growth and development (bbch 29, 31, 32-33). the samples from sampling i (bbch 29) had statistically significantly higher vitamin c content and vitamin e activity compared to sampling i (bbch 31). the highest average vitamin content was determined in the malting variety s ...201020973533
210pb and 210po in finnish cereals.a survey was carried out on the activity concentrations of (210)pb and (210)po in cereal grains produced in finland. the cereal species were wheat (triticum aestivum), rye (secale cereale), oats (avena sativa) and barley (hordeum vulgare), which account for 90% of the finnish consumption of cereal products. the survey consisted of 18 flour and 13 unprocessed cereal samples and one hulled grain sample from 22 flour mills. according to the results, the mean (210)pb/(210)po concentrations in wheat ...201121035236
molecular mapping of a non-host resistance gene yrpsty1 in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) for resistance to wheat stripe rust.cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is considered as a non-host or inappropriate host species for wheat stripe rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. most barley cultivars show a broad-spectrum resistance to wheat stripe rust. to determine the genes for resistance to wheat stripe rust in barley, a cross was made between a resistant barley line y12 and a susceptible line y16. the two parents, f(1) and 147 bc(1) plants were tested at seedling stage with chinese prevalent race cyr32 ...201021039455
the multivesicular body-localized gtpase arfa1b/1c is important for callose deposition and ror2 syntaxin-dependent preinvasive basal defense in barley.host cell vesicle traffic is essential for the interplay between plants and microbes. adp-ribosylation factor (arf) gtpases are required for vesicle budding, and we studied the role of these enzymes to identify important vesicle transport pathways in the plant-powdery mildew interaction. a combination of transient-induced gene silencing and transient expression of inactive forms of arf gtpases provided evidence that barley (hordeum vulgare) arfa1b/1c function is important for preinvasive penetra ...201021057060
differential regulation of 3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase and gramine in barley by both biotic and abiotic stress conditions.the expression of nmt (3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase; ec 2.1.1.), involved in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloid gramine, was investigated in aphid-infested barley (hordeum vulgare l.). nmt is induced by methyl jasmonate and it was hypothesized that the gene would be more strongly upregulated in aphid-resistant barley. we examined the effects of feeding by three aphid species; russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia mordvilko), rose-grain aphid (metopolop ...201021074448
effect of within-species plant genotype mixing on habitat preference of a polyphagous insect predator.the effects of within-species plant genotype mixing on the habitat preference of a polyphagous ladybird were studied. plant species diversity is often claimed to positively affect habitat preferences of insect predators, but the effects of within-species genotype diversity have not been extensively studied. in a field experiment with different barley (hordeum vulgare) genotypes in mixed and pure stands, adult seven-spot ladybird coccinella septempunctata, a polyphagous predator, preferred a spec ...201021080002
[stress response genes expression analysis of barley hordeum vulgare under space flight environment].transcriptome of barley hordeum vulgare grown aboard international space station (iss) was analyzed by means of microarray. it was revealed 500 genes with mrna level, changed more than two folds in space environment. among them are genes encoding stress response proteins, videlicet heat shock proteins (hsp), pathogenesis-related proteins (pr) and antioxidant proteins. further analysis of these genes by real time pcr showed enhanced transcription level of reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging ...201021090239
a regulon conserved in monocot and dicot plants defines a functional module in antifungal plant immunity.at least two components that modulate plant resistance against the fungal powdery mildew disease are ancient and have been conserved since the time of the monocot-dicot split (≈ 200 mya). these components are the seven transmembrane domain containing mlo/mlo2 protein and the syntaxin ror2/pen1, which act antagonistically and have been identified in the monocot barley (hordeum vulgare) and the dicot arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. additionally, syntaxin-interacting n-ethylmaleimide sensitive ...201021098265
pyrenophora teres: profile of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen.pyrenophora teres, causal agent of net blotch of barley, exists in two forms, designated p. teres f. teres and p. teres f. maculata, which induce net form net blotch (nfnb) and spot form net blotch (sfnb), respectively. significantly more work has been performed on the net form than on the spot form although recent activity in spot form research has increased because of epidemics of sfnb in barley-producing regions. genetic studies have demonstrated that nfnb resistance in barley is present in b ...201121118345
fewer genes than organelles: extremely low and variable gene copy numbers in mitochondria of somatic plant cells.plant mitochondrial genomes are split into sub-genomes, i.e. genes are distributed across various sub-genomic molecules. to investigate whether copy numbers vary between individual mitochondrial genes, we used quantitative real-time pcr in combination with flow cytometric determination of nuclear dna quantities to determine absolute per-cell-copy numbers of four mitochondrial genes in various arabidopsis organs and the leaves of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). the copy ...201021143676
towards a better understanding of the generation of fructan structure diversity in plants: molecular and functional characterization of a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) cdna from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne).the main storage compounds in lolium perenne are fructans with prevailing β(2-6) linkages. a cdna library of l. perenne was screened using poa secunda sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) as a probe. a full-length lp6-sft clone was isolated as shown by heterologous expression in pichia pastoris. high levels of lp6-sft transcription were found in the growth zone of elongating leaves and in mature leaf sheaths where fructans are synthesized. upon fructan synthesis induction, lp6-sft tran ...201021196473
studies on the use of "slimax", a chinese herbal mixture, in the treatment of human obesity.a phytochemical preparation known as "slimax" was administered orally to human volunteers for a six week period, using a double-blind experimental method. this preparation is an aqueous extract of the chinese medicinal plants hordeum vulgare , polygonatum multiflorum , dimocarpus longan , ligusticum sinense , lilium brownii and zingiber officinale . treatment with slimax resulted in a significant decrease in parameters such as body weight, waist and hip circumference, and body mass index (bmi), ...200021214436
modeling rna polymerase competition: the effect of σ-subunit knockout and heat shock on gene transcription level.modeling of a complex biological process can explain the results of experimental studies and help predict its characteristics. among such processes is transcription in the presence of competing rna polymerases. this process involves rna polymerases collision followed by transcription termination.201121255416
comparative structural modeling and docking studies of oxalate oxidase: possible implication in enzyme supplementation therapy for urolithiasis.in humans oxalate is end product of protein metabolism, with no enzyme present to act on it. in conditions of its enhanced endogenous synthesis or increased absorption from the diet, oxalate accumulation leads to hyperoxaluria which can further lead to a number of pathological conditions including urolithiasis. urolithiasis has been a perplexing problem due to its high incidence and rate of recurrence after treatment like extracorporeal-shock wave lithotripsy (eswl). hence other prophylactic tre ...201121255608
proteome analysis of fusarium head blight in grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum).the effect of artificial fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum infection at the level of the proteome on grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum) was investigated in comparison to naturally infected samples. fusarium infection in barley led to numerous host-specific biochemical responses. nephge 2-d page and ms were used to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in response to fungal infection and growing location of the plants. moreover, the mycotoxin concentration of ...201121271677
complexation of hg with phytochelatins is important for plant hg tolerance.three-week-old alfalfa (medicago sativa), barley (hordeum vulgare) and maize (zea mays) were exposed for 7 d to 30 µm of mercury (hgcl(2) ) to characterize the hg speciation in root, with no symptoms of being poisoned. the largest pool (99%) was associated with the particulate fraction, whereas the soluble fraction (sf) accounted for a minor proportion (<1%). liquid chromatography coupled with electro-spray/time of flight mass spectrometry showed that hg was bound to an array of phytochelatins ( ...201121276009
new allele of hvbri1 gene encoding brassinosteroid receptor in barley.the aim of these studies was to characterize nucleotide substitutions leading to the phenotype of brassinosteroid-insensitive, semi-dwarf barley mutant 093ar. two substitutions in the sequence of barley hvbri1 gene, encoding leucine-rich repeats receptor kinase (lrr-rk), which participates in brassinosteroid (br) signalling, were identified in this chemically-induced barley mutant of the cv. aramir. the lrr-rk is a transmembrane protein phosphorylating downstream components. the identified subst ...201121302020
high-density fluorescence in situ hybridization signal detection on barley (hordeum vulgare l.) chromosomes with improved probe screening and reprobing procedures.the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) genome was screened to identify sequences that could be used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). from 2000 transformed bacterium colonies carrying barley clones, 56 colonies were selected on the basis of the patterns that their pcr products produced when subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. among them, 42 (75%) exhibited fluorescent signals on barley chromosomes after in situ hybridization using the directly labeled pcr products. sequencing reveale ...201121326371
abiotic stresses modulate expression of major intrinsic proteins in barley (hordeum vulgare).in one of the most important crops, barley (hordeum vulgare l.), gene expression and physiological roles of most major intrinsic proteins (mips) remained to be elucidated. here we studied expression of five tonoplast intrinsic protein isoforms (hvtip1;2, hvtip2;1, hvtip2;2, hvtip2;3 and hvtip4;1), a nod26-like intrinsic protein (hvnip2;1) and a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (hvpip2;1) by using the quantitative real-time rt-pcr. five-day-old seedlings were exposed to abiotic stresses (salt, h ...201021333943
mapping rph20: a gene conferring adult plant resistance to puccinia hordei in barley.a doubled haploid (dh) barley (hordeum vulgare l.) population of 334 lines (nd24260 × flagship) genotyped with dart markers was used to map genes for adult plant resistance (apr) to leaf rust (puccinia hordei otth) under field conditions in australia and uruguay. the australian barley cultivar flagship carries an apr gene (qrphflag) derived from the cultivar vada. association analysis and composite interval mapping identified two genes conferring apr in this dh population. qrphflag was mapped to ...201121404059
zinc absorption from low phytic acid genotypes of maize (zea mays l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and rice (oryza sativa l.) assessed in a suckling rat pup model.dietary phytic acid is a major causative factor for low zn bioavailability in many cereal- and legume-based diets. the bioavailability of zn in seed of low phytic acid (lpa) variants of maize ( zea mays l.), rice ( oryza sativa l.), and barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) was evaluated using a suckling rat pup model. suckling rat pups (14 days old, n = 6-8/treatment) were fasted for 6 h and intubated with (65)zn-radiolabeled suspensions prepared using seed produced by either wild-type (normal phytic ac ...201121417220
mechanisms of water transport mediated by pip aquaporins and their regulation via phosphorylation events under salinity stress in barley roots.water homeostasis is crucial to the growth and survival of plants under water-related stress. plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (pips) have been shown to be primary channels mediating water uptake in plant cells. here we report the water transport activity and mechanisms for the regulation of barley (hordeum vulgare) pip aquaporins. hvpip2 but not hvpip1 channels were found to show robust water transport activity when expressed alone in xenopus laevis oocytes. however, the co-expression of hvpi ...201121441236
heterologous expression of surface-active proteins from barley and filamentous fungi in pichia pastoris and characterization of their contribution to beer gushing.the spontaneous over-foaming of beer upon opening, i.e. beer gushing, is an unwanted phenomenon for the brewing industry. currently, surface-active proteins from filamentous fungi and non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltp1) from barley are discussed as gushing inducers. in our study the class i hydrophobin fchyd3p from fusarium culmorum, the class ii hydrophobin hfb2 from trichoderma reesei, the alkaline foam protein a (afpa) from f. graminearum and nsltp1 from hordeum vulgare cv. marnie ( ...201121450361
a barley rop gtpase activating protein associates with microtubules and regulates entry of the barley powdery mildew fungus into leaf epidermal cells.little is known about the function of host factors involved in disease susceptibility. the barley (hordeum vulgare) rop (rho of plants) g-protein racb is required for full susceptibility of the leaf epidermis to invasion by the biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. stable transgenic knockdown of racb reduced the ability of barley to accommodate haustoria of b. graminis in intact epidermal leaf cells and to form hairs on the root epidermis, suggesting that racb is a common element of ...201121685259
developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) leaves.aquaporins are multifunctional membrane channels which belong to the family of major intrinsic proteins (mips) and are best known for their ability to facilitate the movement of water. in the present study, earlier results from microarray experiments were followed up. these experiments had suggested that, in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), aquaporin family members are expressed in distinct patterns during leaf development. real-time pcr and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the level and t ...201121737414
enzymatic dissolution of calcium and struvite crystals: in vitro evaluation of biochemical requirements.to evaluate the factors that affect the enzymatic dissolution rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate (com), calcium phosphate (brushite), and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) crystals as enzymatic digestion of kidney stones could enhance lithotripsy or provide alternatives to surgical removal.201121741690
isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley.glycine betaine (gb) is a compatible solute accumulated by many plants under various abiotic stresses. gb is synthesized in two steps, choline ? betaine aldehyde ? gb, where a functional choline-oxidizing enzyme has only been reported in amaranthaceae (a chloroplastic ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase) thus far. here, we have cloned a cdna encoding a choline monooxygenase (cmo) from barley (hordeum vulgare) plants, hvcmo. in barley plants under non-stress condition, gb had accumulated i ...201121769646
large-scale data integration reveals co-localization of gene functional groups with meta-qtl for multiple disease resistance in barley.race-nonspecific and durable resistance of plant genotypes to major pathogens is highly relevant for yield stability and sustainable crop production but difficult to handle in practice due to its polygenic inheritance by quantitative trait loci (qtl). as far as the underlying genes are concerned very little is currently known in the most important crop plants such as the cereals. here, we integrated publicly available data for barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) in order to detect most importa ...201121770767
barley mildew and its elicitor chitosan promote closed stomata by stimulating guard cell s-type anion channels.stomatal closure has been associated with early defence responses of plant cells triggered by microbe associated molecular patterns (mamps). however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these guard cell responses have not yet been elucidated. we therefore studied pathogen-induced changes in ion channel activity in hordeum vulgare guard cells. barley mildew hyphae growing on leaves inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, starting at 9 hours after inoculation, when they developed appressoria. al ...201121781196
bioremediation and detoxification of synthetic wastewater containing triarylmethane dyes by aeromonas hydrophila isolated from industrial effluent.economical and bio-friendly approaches are needed to remediate dye-contaminated wastewater from various industries. in this study, a novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing triarylmethane dyes was isolated from a textile wastewater treatment plant in greece. the bacterial isolate was identified as aeromonas hydrophila and was shown to decolorize three triarylmethane dyes tested within 24?h with color removal in the range of 72% to 96%. decolorization efficiency of the bacterium was a func ...201121808740
regulation of basal resistance by a powdery mildew-induced cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase in barley.the receptor-like protein kinases (rlks) constitute a large and diverse group of proteins controlling numerous plant physiological processes, including development, hormone perception and stress responses. the cysteine-rich rlks (crks) represent a prominent subfamily of transmembrane-anchored rlks. we have identified a putative barley (hordeum vulgare) crk gene family member, designated hvcrk1. the mature putative protein comprises 645 amino acids, and includes a putative receptor domain contain ...201121819533
Senescence-associated barley NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) transcription factor interacts with radical-induced cell death 1 through a disordered regulatory domain.Senescence in plants involves massive nutrient relocation and age-related cell death. Characterization of the molecular components, such as transcription factors (TFs), involved in these processes is required to understand senescence. We found that HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 of the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) TF family are up-regulated during senescence in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Both HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 bound the conserved NAC DNA target sequence. Computational and biophysical analyse ...201121856750
the rice transcription factor idef1 directly binds to iron and other divalent metals for sensing cellular iron status.iron is essential for most living organisms and its availability often determines survival and proliferation. the oryza sativa (rice) transcription factor idef1 plays a crucial role in regulating iron deficiency-induced genes involved in iron homeostasis. in the present report, we found characteristic histidine-asparagine repeat and proline-rich regions in idef1 and its homolog in hordeum vulgare (barley), hvidef1. an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography assay revealed that idef1 and hv ...201221880076
characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from field-grown barley, oat, and wheat.diazotrophic bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of field-grown triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, and avena sativa grown in various regions of greece. one isolate, with the highest nitrogen-fixation ability from each of the eleven rhizospheres, was selected for further characterisation. diazotrophic strains were assessed for plant-growth-promoting traits such as indoleacetic acid production and phosphate solubilisation. the phylogenies of 16s rrna gene of the selected isolates were com ...201121887633
conversion of deoxynivalenol to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in barley-derived fuel ethanol co-products with yeast expressing trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferases.abstract:201121888629
methods for the preparation of chlorophyllide a: an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.chlorophyllide a is a metabolite late in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. isolation procedures for chlorophyllide a from rhodobacter capsulatus cb1200 and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) are described and compared. r. capsulatus cb1200 is a double mutant in the bacteriochlorophyllide a biosynthetic pathway, and chlorophyllide a is excreted by the cells when grown in tween 80-containing liquid medium. it was purified by liquid or solid phase extraction, yielding 7 mg of chlo ...201121925479
a novel barley yellow stripe 1-like transporter (hvysl2) localized to the root endodermis transports metal-phytosiderophore complexes.recent advances in our understanding of how graminaceous plants take up insoluble forms of iron from the rhizosphere and mobilize them in plant tissues are primarily based on the identification of various transporters that are specific to metal-phytosiderophore (ps) complexes containing mugineic acid and deoxymugineic acid. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) yellow stripe 1 (hvys1) is a metal-ps transporter that preferentially transports fe(iii)-ps compared with other metal complexes. here, we report t ...201121937676
Functional characterization of barley betaglucanless mutants demonstrates a unique role for CslF6 in (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan biosynthesis.(1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans) are found in tissues of members of the Poaceae (grasses), and are particularly high in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains. The present study describes the isolation of three independent (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucanless (betaglucanless; bgl) mutants of barley which completely lack (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan in all the tissues tested. The bgl phenotype cosegregates with the cellulose synthase like HvCslF6 gene on chromosome arm 7HL. Each of the bgl mutants has a single ...201221940720
n-acyl-homoserine lactone confers resistance toward biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens via altered activation of atmpk6.pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria rely on quorum sensing to coordinate the collective behavior during the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts. many gram-negative bacteria use n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) as signals in such communication. here we show that plants have evolved means to perceive ahls and that the length of acyl moiety and the functional group at the γ position specify the plant's response. root treatment with the n-3-oxo-tetradecanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (oxo-c14-hsl) re ...201121940998
characterization of chloroplast dna microsatellites from saccharum spp and related species.microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (ssrs), and their flanking regions in chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of some species of the family poaceae were analyzed in silico to look for dna sequence variations. comparison of the complete chloroplast dna sequences (cpdnas) of sugarcane (saccharum hybrid cv. sp-80-3280 and s. officinarum cv. nco310) and related species, agrostis stolonifera, brachypodium distachyon, hordeum vulgare subsp vulgare, lolium perenne, oryza nivara, o. sativa sub ...201121948764
toward the storage metabolome: profiling the barley vacuole.while recent years have witnessed dramatic advances in our capacity to identify and quantify an ever-increasing number of plant metabolites, our understanding of how metabolism is spatially regulated is still far from complete. in an attempt to partially address this question, we studied the storage metabolome of the barley (hordeum vulgare) vacuole. for this purpose, we used highly purified vacuoles isolated by silicon oil centrifugation and compared their metabolome with that found in the meso ...201121949213
a new insight into application for barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat: achievement of stigmasterol accumulation.barley (hordeum vulgare) has a much higher content of bioactive substances than wheat (triticum aestivum). in order to investigate additive and/or synergistic effect(s) on the phytosterol content of barley chromosomes, we used a series of barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat that were produced by normal crossing. in determining the plant sterol levels in 2-week-old seedlings and dry seeds, we found that the level of stigmasterol in the barley chromosome 3 addition (3h) line in the se ...201121951468
enhancing transgenic pea (pisum sativum l.) resistance against fungal diseases through stacking of two antifungal genes (chitinase and glucanase).one way of enhancing and broadening resistance of plants to different biotic and abiotic stresses is to combine transgenes expressing several genes into a single line. this can be done using different strategies such as crossing, single vector with multiple genes, co-transformation, sequential transformation and ires elements. in the present study conventional crossing method was used. parental transgenic lines transformed via agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated gene transformation with pgreenii ...201121971070
potential cultivation of hordeum vulgare l. in soils with high mercury background concentrations.experimental work was carried out under close-to-real conditions to study mercury uptake by hordeum vulgare l. cultivated in lysimeter experiments. the soil in the lysimeter experiment was obtained from a test plot located near almadén (spain) and had a mean mercury content of 22.9 mg kg(-1). a sequence of four crops was sown starting in autumn 2000 and repeated on a yearly basis until 2004. the first crop was grown in the field prior to the extraction of 5 one-cubic-meter lysimeters. the succee ...201121972517
zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to accommodate septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts.the mycosphaerella complex is both poly- and paraphyletic, containing several different families and genera. the genus mycosphaerella is restricted to species with ramularia anamorphs, while septoria is restricted to taxa that cluster with the type species of septoria, s. cytisi, being closely related to cercospora in the mycosphaerellaceae. species that occur on graminicolous hosts represent an as yet undescribed genus, for which the name zymoseptoria is proposed. based on the 28s nrdna phyloge ...201122025804
Molecular mapping of Rym17, a dominant and rym18 a recessive barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) resistance genes derived from Hordeum vulgare L.PK23-2, a line of six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from Pakistan, has resistance to Japanese strains I and III of the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). To identify the source of resistance in this line, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar Daisen-gold and PK23-2. Genetic analyses in the F(1) generation, F(2) generation, and a doubled haploid population (DH45) derived from the F(1) revealed that PK23-2 harbors one dominant and one recessive resistance g ...201122038435
telomere-mediated truncation of barley chromosomes.engineered minichromosomes offer an enormous opportunity to plant biotechnology as they have the potential to simultaneously transfer and stably express multiple genes. following a top-down approach, we truncated endogenous chromosomes in barley (hordeum vulgare) by agrobacterium-mediated transfer of t-dna constructs containing telomere sequences. blocks of arabidopsis-like telomeric repeats were inserted into a binary vector suitable for stable transformation. after transfer of these constructs ...201122080935
the 'green revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in triticum aestivum and hordeum vulgare.the green revolution dwarfing genes, rht-b1b and rht-d1b, encode mutant forms of della proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. della proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana. using defined wheat rht near-isogenic lines and barley sln1 gain of function (gof) and loss of function (lof) lines, the role of della in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrop ...201122090435
spatially resolved analysis of small molecules by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi).• matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi) of tissues provides the means to analyse the spatial distributions of small molecules and proteins within tissues. this imaging technique is commonplace in medicinal and pharmaceutical research, but its application in plant science is very recent. broader introduction requires specific adaptations for plant tissues. sample preparation is of paramount importance in order to obtain high-quality spectra providing s ...201122126099
a third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of weight gain of growing feedlot cattle.this study investigated the effects of a mixed bacterial inoculant possessing ferulic acid esterase (fae) activity on silage fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and growth performance of growing feedlot steers. whole-crop barley (hordeum vulgare, l.) forage (35% dm) was chopped and ensiled without a silage inoculant (un) or with a mixed bacterial culture containing 1.0 × 10((11)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus buchneri ln4017 that produces fae, 2.0 × 10((10)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus p ...201122147468
antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of frequently consumed cereal grains using in vitro test models.the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts obtained from eight varieties (faikbey, y-1779, ci-8357, cheokota, seydişehir, y-330, sivas and yvd-18) of oat (avena sativa l.), one variety (larende) of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), one variety (tatlicak 97) of triticale (triticale sp.) and one rye variety (aslim 95) (secale cereale l.) were investigated for their antioxidant effects in seven test systems. anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa ...201222149516
denitrification by plant roots? new aspects of plant plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase.a specific form of plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase in plants is restricted to roots. two peptides originated from plasma membrane integral proteins isolated from hordeum vulgare have been assigned as homologues to the subunit narh of respiratory nitrate reductase of escherichia coli. corresponding sequences have been detected for predicted proteins of populus trichocarpa with high degree of identities for the subunits narh (75%) and narg (65%), however, with less accordance for the subun ...201122160216
Rapid and efficient protein enzymatic digestion: An experimental comparison.The major objective of proteomics is to identify and examine the large numbers of proteins extracted from complex biological systems. This is generally achieved by combining various techniques of protein separation with a mass spectrometric analysis of proteins that are digested enzymatically. Recently, several alternatives to this standard protocol have been developed for efficient and fast protein digestion. One option is the use of modified trypsin instead of native trypsin for the in-gel dig ...201122170586
ecotoxicity of siloxane d5 in soil.decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (d5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cvms) commonly found in commercially available products. d5 is expected to enter the terrestrial environment through the deposit of biosolids from sewage treatment plants onto agricultural fields for nutrient enrichment. little to no information currently exists as to the risks of d5 to the terrestrial environment. in order to evaluate the potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the toxicity of a d5 contaminated biosolid in ...201222197313
arabidopsis ubiquitin conjugase ubc32 is an erad component that functions in brassinosteroid-mediated salt stress tolerance.plants modify their growth and development to protect themselves from detrimental conditions by triggering a variety of signaling pathways, including the activation of the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway. endoplasmic reticulum (er)-associated protein degradation (erad) is an important aspect of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but only a few of the active erad components have been reported in plants. here, we report that the arabidopsis thaliana ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, ubc32 ...201222214659
antidepressant-like effects of young green barley leaf (hordeum vulgare l.) in the mouse forced swimming test.young green barley leaf is one of the richest sources of antioxidants and has been widely consumed for health management in japan. in this study, we examined whether oral administration of young green barley leaf has an antidepressant effect on the forced swimming test in mice.201222224057
identification of high-temperature-responsive genes in cereals.high temperature influences plant development and can reduce crop yields. we examined how ambient temperature influences reproductive development in the temperate cereals wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). high temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days, but inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days. activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-length-insensitive alleles of the photoperi ...201222279145
duplication and diversification of the leafy hull sterile1 and oryza sativa mads5 sepallata lineages in graminoid poales.gene duplication and the subsequent divergence in function of the resulting paralogs via subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization is hypothesized to have played a major role in the evolution of plant form. the leafy hull sterile1 (lhs1) sepallata (sep) genes have been linked with the origin and diversification of the grass spikelet, but it is uncertain 1) when the duplication event that produced the lhs1 clade and its paralogous lineage oryza sativa mads5 (osm5) occurred, and 2) how chan ...201222340849
transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of in vitro cultured ovules.agrobacterium-mediated transformation of in vitro cultured barley ovules is an attractive alternative to well-established barley transformation methods of immature embryos. the ovule culture system can be used for transformation with and without selection and has successfully been used to transform cultivars other than golden promise indicating minor genotype dependency. the method allows for the rapid and direct generation of high-quality transgenic plants where the transgenes are stably expres ...201222351006
induced mutations in circadian clock regulator mat-a facilitated short-season adaptation and range extension in cultivated barley.time to flowering has an important impact on yield and has been a key trait in the domestication of crop plants and the spread of agriculture. in 1961, the cultivar mari (mat-a.8) was the very first induced early barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mutant to be released into commercial production. mari extended the range of two-row spring barley cultivation as a result of its photoperiod insensitivity. since its release, mari or its derivatives have been used extensively across the world to facilitate s ...201222371569
barley-derived β-glucans increases gut permeability, ex vivo epithelial cell binding to e. coli, and naive t-cell proportions in weanling pigs.weaning in young animals is associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal infections. β-glucans exert numerous physiological effects, including altering immune function. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding barley (hordeum vulgare l.)-derived β-glucans on immune and intestinal function in weanling pigs (sus scrofa). thirty-one individually-housed dutch landrace pigs (21 d; initial bw, 6,298 ± 755 g) were weaned and fed a wheat-based diet (control) or a ...201222393029
transgenic expression of lactoferrin imparts enhanced resistance to head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum.the development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. using the tools of plant genetic engineering, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial gene was tested for resistance against head blight caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ...201222405032
barley rop binding kinase1 is involved in microtubule organization and in basal penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew fungus.certain plant receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases were reported to interact with small monomeric g-proteins of the rho of plant (rop; also called rac) family in planta and to be activated by this interaction in vitro. we identified a barley (hordeum vulgare) partial cdna of a rop binding protein kinase (hvrbk1) in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screenings with barley hvrop bait proteins. protein interaction of the constitutively activated (ca) barley hvrops ca hvracb and ca hvrac1 wit ...201222415513
barley tolerance of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 herbivory involves expression of defense response and developmental genes.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is an invasive insect pest that causes serious yield losses in bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., durum wheat, t. turgidum l and barley, hordeum vulgare l. successful management of d. noxia has been achieved through resistant varieties via plant antixenosis (aphid non-preference), antibiosis (reduced aphid growth or fecundity), tolerance (plant compensatory growth after aphid feeding), or a combination of each. previous phenotyping experiment ...201222476464
origin of leaf rust adult plant resistance gene rph20 in barley.rph20 is the only reported, simply inherited gene conferring moderate to high levels of adult plant resistance (apr) to leaf rust (puccinia hordei otth) in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). key parental genotypes were examined to determine the origin of rph20 in two-rowed barley. the dutch cultivar 'vada' (released in the 1950s) and parents, 'hordeum laevigatum' and 'gull' ('gold'), along with the related cultivar 'emir' (a derivative of 'delta'), were assessed for apr to p. hordei in a disease scree ...201222533489
mutation at the circadian clock gene early maturity 8 adapts domesticated barley (hordeum vulgare) to short growing seasons.the circadian clock is an autonomous oscillator that produces endogenous biological rhythms with a period of about 24 h. this clock allows organisms to coordinate their metabolism and development with predicted daily and seasonal changes of the environment. in plants, circadian rhythms contribute to both evolutionary fitness and agricultural productivity. nevertheless, we show that commercial barley varieties bred for short growing seasons by use of early maturity 8 (eam8) mutations, also termed ...201222566625
optimizing metabolic pathways by screening for feasible synthetic reactions.reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic networks has resulted in models capable of reproducing experimentally observed biomass yield/growth rates and predicting the effect of alterations in metabolism for biotechnological applications. the existing studies rely on modifying the metabolic network of an investigated organism by removing or inserting reactions taken either from evolutionary similar organisms or from databases of biochemical reactions (e.g., kegg). a potential disadvantage of these ...201222575307
barley metallothioneins: mt3 and mt4 are localized in the grain aleurone layer and show differential zinc binding.metallothioneins (mts) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins believed to play a role in cytosolic zinc (zn) and copper (cu) homeostasis. however, evidence for the functional properties of mts has been hampered by methodological problems in the isolation and characterization of the proteins. here, we document that barley (hordeum vulgare) mt3 and mt4 proteins exist in planta and that they differ in tissue localization as well as in metal coordination chemistry. combined transcriptional ...201222582132
genome comparison of barley and maize smut fungi reveals targeted loss of rna silencing components and species-specific presence of transposable elements.ustilago hordei is a biotrophic parasite of barley (hordeum vulgare). after seedling infection, the fungus persists in the plant until head emergence when fungal spores develop and are released from sori formed at kernel positions. the 26.1-mb u. hordei genome contains 7113 protein encoding genes with high synteny to the smaller genomes of the related, maize-infecting smut fungi ustilago maydis and sporisorium reilianum but has a larger repeat content that affected genome evolution at important ...201222623492
allele mining in barley genetic resources reveals genes of race-non-specific powdery mildew resistance.race-non-specific, or quantitative, pathogen resistance is of high importance to plant breeders due to its expected durability. however, it is usually controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (qtl) and therefore difficult to handle in practice. knowing the genes that underlie race-non-specific resistance (nr) would allow its exploitation in a more targeted manner. here, we performed an association-genetic study in a customized worldwide collection of spring barley accessions for candidate ...201122629270
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 february 2012 - 31 march 2012.this article documents the addition of 171 microsatellite marker loci and 27 pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: bombus pauloensis, cephalorhynchus heavisidii, cercospora sojina, harpyhaliaetus coronatus, hordeum vulgare, lachnolaimus maximus, oceanodroma monteiroi, puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, rhea americana, salmo salar, salmo trutta, schistocephalus solidus, sousa p ...201222642264
differential accumulation of host mrnas on polyribosomes during obligate pathogen-plant interactions.plant pathogens elicit dramatic changes in the expression of host genes during both compatible and incompatible interactions. gene expression profiling studies of plant-pathogen interactions have only considered messenger rnas (mrnas) present in total rna, which contains subpopulations of actively translated mrnas associated with polyribosomes (polysomes) and non-translated mrnas that are not associated with polysomes. the goal of this study was to enhance previous gene expression analyses by id ...201222660698
rflp mapping of baymv resistance gene rym3 in barley (hordeum vulgare).the rym3 (formerly designated ym3) gene conferring resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) is effective against all strains of the virus but up to now has not been mapped to any chromosome. we performed a linkage analysis, using dna extracted from individually harvested mature leaves of 153 f(2) plants derived from a cross between baymv-resistant cv 'ishuku shirazu' carrying rym3 and susceptible cv 'ko a'. additionally, the f(3) lines derived from f(2) plants were grown in the baymv-inf ...199922665211
an integrated approach to demonstrating the anr pathway of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants.proanthocyanidins (pas) are oligomers or polymers of plant flavan-3-ols and are important to plant adaptation in extreme environmental conditions. the characterization of anthocyanidin reductase (anr) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (lar) has demonstrated the different biogenesis of four stereo-configurations of flavan-3-ols. it is important to understand whether anr and the anr pathway widely occur in the plant kingdom. here, we report an integrated approach to demonstrate the anr pathway in p ...201222678031
allelopathic effect of bromus spp. and lolium spp. shoot extracts on some crops.allelopathy is an untapped resource for weed control in crops that could give good possibilities for environmentally sound, integrated crop production. allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the production of chemical compounds, called allelochemicals, which escape into the environment. allelochemicals can be produced by weeds and affect crops, and the reverse is also true. allelopathic interactions include weed-weed, weed-c ...201122696963
the barley est dna replication and repair database (best-drrd) as a tool for the identification of the genes involved in dna replication and repair.the high level of conservation of genes that regulate dna replication and repair indicates that they may serve as a source of information on the origin and evolution of the species and makes them a reliable system for the identification of cross-species homologs. studies that had been conducted to date shed light on the processes of dna replication and repair in bacteria, yeast and mammals. however, there is still much to be learned about the process of dna damage repair in plants.201222697361
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