Publications

lc/esi/ms method development for the analysis of hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins in animal tissues.	microcystins (mcysts) are a family of related cyclic heptapeptides produced by several genera and species of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). mcysts are potent and specific inhibitors of the serine threonine family of protein phosphatases, especially pp1 and pp2a. mcysts inhibit a liver's protein phosphatase by forming a covalent linkage between mcysts' mdha residue and the phosphatase's cysteine residue. due to the covalent linkage, analysis of mcysts in animal tissues has been limited to dete ...	2006	16626770
antioxidant properties of recombinant allophycocyanin expressed in escherichia coli.	allophycocyanin (apc) is the main core component of phycobilisome found in blue-green algae. the apo-allophycocyanin and its subunits were expressed in escherichia coli and their antioxidant properties were evaluated using deoxyribose assay. the result showed that both recombinant allophycocyanin fused with maltose binding protein (mbp) tag and 6 x his-tag and their alpha or beta subunits can scavenge hydroxyl radicals successfully, and the separated alpha or beta subunits had a higher inhibitio ...	2006	16647860
photosynthesis and respiration of three blue-green algae.		1955	16654770
studies on nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae. i. growth and nitrogen fixation by anabaena cylindrica lemm.		1955	16654787
pteridines in blue green algae.		1961	16655500
role of aldolase in photosynthesis. i. enzyme studies with photosynthetic organisms with special reference to blue-green algae.		1962	16655666
on the pigment absorbing at 750 mmu occurring in some blue-green algae.		1962	16655706
role of aldolase in photosynthesis. ii demonstration of aldolase types in photosynthetic organisms.	spinach leaves and photoautotrophically grown euglena and chlorella possess fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolases inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but insensitive to k(+) or ethylenediamine tetraacetate (type i). dark grown euglena and chlorella have aldolases inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and ethylenediamine tetraacetate but stimulated by k(+) (type ii). the red alga, chondrus, and the golden-brown alga, ochromonas, appear to possess both types. bean, pea, and spinach seeds and the leav ...	1968	16656841
the effects of ultraviolet irradiation on a coccoid blue-green alga: survival, photosynthesis, and photoreactivation.	the effects of uv irradiation (254 mmu) on a coccoid blue-green alga agmenellum quadruplicatum, strain pr-6, have been examined in terms of the survival curve and measurement of short time photosynthetic rates. from study of survival evidence has been found for a strong photoreactivation centered near 430 mmu. measurements of photosynthetic rate suggest that there is a correlation between decay of photosynthesis and survival after uv exposure. the uv induced decay in photosynthetic activity is r ...	1968	16656955
glycolic acid oxidase activity in cell-free preparations of blue-green algae.	glycolic acid oxidase activity was detected in cell-free preparations of anabaena flos-aquae and oscillatoria sp. by the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and by the formation of glyoxylate. enzyme activity was localized in the 20,000 times gravity supernatant fraction, and optimal activity was obtained at ph 8.0. activity was lost on storing the preparation at 4 c and could not be restored by addition of flavin mononucleotide.oxidase activity of the supernatant fraction of oscillatoria ...	1970	16657383
lipid composition of cyanidium.	the major lipids in cyanidium caldarium geitler are monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, plant sulfolipid, lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. fatty acid composition varies appreciably among the lipids, but the major ones are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and moderate amounts of stearic acid. trace amounts of other acids in the c(14) to c(20) range were also present. moderate amounts of linolenic acid were found in t ...	1970	16657541
cytochrome oxidase activity in cell-free preparations from blue-green algae.		1972	16657938
studies with deoxyribonucleic acid from blue-green algae.	dna from two blue-green algae was isolated and characterized. the buoyant densities, thermal denaturation and renaturation, thermal melting values, base compositions, sedimentation coefficients, and molecular weights were determined. blue-green algal dna renatured extensively and at a comparable rate to that of bacterial dna. the similarities among the kinds of dna from bacteria and blue-green algae were interpreted to reflect a close relationship.	1972	16657954
formation of carbon monoxide and bile pigment in red and blue-green algae.	five blue-green and one red algal species produced carbon monoxide during photosynthetic growth. the blue-green algae synthesized co and phycocyanobilin in equimolar quantities at identical rates. the red alga, porphyridium cruentum, incorporated delta-aminolevulinic acid-5-(14)c into phycoerythrobilin and co. the ratio of the specific radioactivity of phycoerythrobilin to that of co, and the kinetics and stoichiometry of phycocyanobilin and co formation suggest that linear tetrapyrroles in plan ...	1973	16658300
action spectra for chromatic adaptation in tolypothrix tenuis.	the dark synthesis of biliproteins in the blue-green alga tolypothrix tenuis is controlled by brief light treatments. green light potentiates synthesis of phycoerythrin and red light potentiates synthesis of phycocyanin. red reverses the effect of green and vice versa. action spectra for the red and green effects were obtained for the wavelength region 320 nanometers to 710 nanometers, at 10-nanometer intervals. the principal action band in the red peaks at 660 nanometers, with a half-band width ...	1973	16658334
biochemical effects of technetium-99-pertechnetate on microorganisms.	the biochemical effects of technetium-99 as pertechnetate (tco(4) (-)) were investigated in a variety of microorganisms (a nonsulfur purple bacterium, five blue-green algae, a protozoan, a diatom, two heterotrophic bacteria, a red alga and two green algae). sensitivity to pertechnetate as measured by growth ranged from marked inhibition at 1 mug tc/ml (nonsulfur purple bacterium) to no effect at 600 mug tc ml (both green algae). no correlation between organism type and growth susceptibility to p ...	1975	16659059
metabolism of delta-aminolevulinic acid in red and blue-green algae.	delta-aminolevulinic acid was incorporated in vivo into c-phycocyanin and b-phycoerythrin in two species of the rhodophyta (cyanidium caldarium, porphyridium cruentum) and three species of the cyanophyta (anacystis nidulans, plectonema boryanum, phormidium luridum). amino acid analysis of phycocyanin-(14)c from c. caldarium cells which had been incubated with delta-aminolevulinate-4-(14)c showed that 84% of the radioactivity incorporated was present in the phycocyanobilin chromophore and less th ...	1975	16659103
regulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in blue-green algae.	glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.49) has been partially purified from anacystis nidulans and anabaena flos-aquae by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and exclusion gel chromatography and the kinetic properties determined.glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from these blue-green algae exhibits michaelis-menten kinetics at ph 6.7. at this ph, km values of 0.37 mm for glucose 6-phosphate and 10 mum for nadp were determined. at a ph above 7.4, the enzyme exhibits sigmoidal kinetics wi ...	1975	16659143
diurnal variation in n(2) fixation and photosynthesis by aquatic blue-green algae.	rates of (14)co(2) fixation, o(2) evolution, and n(2) fixation (acetylene reduction) by natural populations of blue-green algae recovered from lake mendota were measured at frequent intervals between sunrise and sunset. photosynthesis and n(2) fixation were depressed during midday when light intensity was greatest. as the light intensity rose, most of the algal population migrated to deeper, light-limited waters where radiation damage would be diminished. as the relative rate of n(2) fixation co ...	1977	16659792
uptake and utilization of sugar phosphates by anabaena flos-aquae.	the effect of various sugar phosphates on co(2) fixation in anabaena flos-aquae was investigated and found to be very similar to that found for isolated spinach chloroplasts. one exception, glucose 6-phosphate, has a stimulatory effect on co(2) fixation in anabaena but not in isolated chloroplasts.further examination of the role of glucose 6-phosphate metabolism in anabaena indicates that: (a) this sugar phosphate can be taken up; (b) its uptake is greater in the light than the dark; (c) turnove ...	1977	16660103
phycobilisomes from blue-green and red algae: isolation criteria and dissociation characteristics.	a general procedure for the isolation of functionally intact phycobilisomes was devised, based on modifications of previously used procedures. it has been successful with numerous species of red and blue-green algae (anabaena variabilis, anacystis nidulans, agmenellum quadruplicatum, fremyella diplosiphon, glaucosphaera vacuolata, griffithsia pacifica, nemalion multifidum, nostoc sp., phormidium persicinum, porphyridium cruentum, p. sordidum, p. aerugineum, rhodosorus marinus). isolation was car ...	1979	16660778
control of phycoerythrin synthesis during chromatic adaptation.	chromatic adaptation is the process by which blue-green algae alter the rates of biliprotein synthesis in response to changes in the color of available light. we have examined the control of phycoerythrin synthesis during the early stages of chromatic adaptation in fremyella diplosiphon using fluorescence spectroscopy and (35)s-labeling of polypeptides. phycoerythrin synthesis begins within 45 to 90 minutes after transfer of cells from red to green light, but is blocked by rifamycin. transfer of ...	1979	16661054
biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate in agmenellum quadruplicatum.	delta-aminolevulinic acid accumulated in the culture medium when agmenellum quadruplicatum strain pr-6 was incubated in the presence of levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and specifically labeled glutamate and glycine. the delta-aminolevulinic acid was purified using dowex 50w-x8 and cleaved by periodate to yield succinic acid and formaldehyde. the distribution of radioactivity in the two fragments suggested that in blue-green algae the carbon skele ...	1980	16661125
light-induced changes in allophycocyanin.	several lines of evidence indicate that allophycocyanin is the previously unidentified "phycochrome" observed in extracts of blue-green algae.fractions containing phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin and exhibiting light-induced absorbance changes were prepared from extracts of nostoc muscorum and fremyella diplosiphon by isoelectric focusing. illumination of such fractions with red light (650 nanometers) causes a reduction in absorbance at 620 nm ( approximately 1 to 2%) and an incre ...	1980	16661143
evidence for hco(3) transport by the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) coccochloris peniocystis.	the possibility of hco(3) (-) transport in the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) coccochloris peniocystis has been investigated. coccochloris photosynthesized most rapidly in the ph range 8 to 10, where most of the inorganic c exists as hco(3) (-). if photosynthesis used only co(2) from the external solution the rate of photosynthesis would be limited by the rate of hco(3) (-) dehydration to co(2). observed rates of photosynthesis at alkaline ph were as much as 48-fold higher than could be suppor ...	1980	16661199
thermotropic properties of thermophilic, mesophilic, and psychrophilic blue-green algae.	thermotropic properties of blue-green algae grown at high, room, and low temperatures in h(2)o and d(2)o media were studied by highly sensitive differential scanning microcalorimetry. the thermograms of these organisms contain an endothermal peak in the temperature range of 50 to 70 c with an endothermal heat ranging from 0.14 to 1.91 joules per gram organism. the temperature at which the endothermal peak occurs is comparable with the thermal denaturation temperature of phycocyanin, the major bi ...	1980	16661485
properties of the photosynthetic system and dna of cyanophora paradoxa cyanelles.	the cyanelle from the photosynthetic biflagellate protist cyanophora paradoxa has been studied in terms of its photosynthetic properties. structurally, the cyanelle resembles unicellular cyanobacteria. the cyanelle is readily released from the host cell by means of the french press. the isolated cyanelle shows typical photosystem i and photosystem ii activities as well as phenazine methosulfate-mediated photophosphorylation. the kinetic parameters k(m) and v(max) were determined for co(2) fixati ...	1981	16661925
measurement of photorespiration in algae.	the rates of true and apparent photosynthesis of two unicellular green algae, one diatom and four blue-green algae were measured in buffer at ph 8.0 at subsaturating concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (13-27 micromolar). initial rates of depletion from the medium of inorganic carbon and (14)c activity caused by the algae in a closed system were measured by gas chromatography and by liquid scintillation counting, respectively. the rate of photorespiration was calculated as the differenc ...	1982	16662171
oxidation of c-type cytochromes by the membrane-bound cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome aa(3)) of blue-green algae.	respiratory particles containing an aa(3)-type cytochrome oxidase were prepared from anacystis nidulans, synechocystis 6714, synechococcus lividus, anabaena variabilis, nostoc sp. strain mac, nostoc muscorum, and mastigocladus laminosus. oxidation of c-type cytochromes by membrane preparations of the different blue-green algae was observed using purified cytochromes from horse heart, candida krusei, tuna, saccharomyces oviformis, rhodospirillum rubrum, rhodospirillum molischianum, rhodopseudomon ...	1982	16662253
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content determined with [c]carboxypentitol bisphosphate in plants and algae.	as is the case with spinach ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), [(14)c]carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate (cabp) bound to purified chlorella rubisco with a molar ratio of unity to large subunit of the enzyme. the concentration of binding sites in extracts of photosynthetic organisms was determined by reacting the extracts with [(14)c]-carboxypentitol bisphosphate (cpbp) and precipitating the resultant rubisco-[(14)c]cabp complex with a combination of polyethylene glycol-4000 and m ...	1985	16664126
properties of phosphoglycolate phosphatase from chlamydomonas reinhardtii and anacystis nidulans.	the levels of activity of 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase in the green algae, chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chlorella vulgaris, were in the range of 37 to 60 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour and in the blue-green algae, anacystis nidulans and anabaena variabilis were 204 to 310 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour. the activity in each species was similar regardless of whether the algae were grown with air or 5% co(2) in air. the enzyme purified 530-fold from chlamydomonas w ...	1985	16664420
immunochemistry on cryptomonad biliproteins.	a survey is made of the immunochemical behavior of four of the six known types of cryptomonad biliproteins: phycocyanins 612 and 645 and phycoerythrins 545 and 566. they were compared both among themselves and to selected biliproteins isolated from blue-green and red algae. all the cryptomonad biliproteins were shown to be closely related to each other by ouchterlony double diffusion technics. an antigenic relationship among all the cryptomonad biliproteins and b-phycoerythrin (red alga) and c-p ...	1986	16664604
action spectra for nitrate and nitrite assimilation in blue-green algae.	action spectra for the assimilation of nitrate and nitrite have been obtained for several blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) with different accessory pigment composition. the action spectra for both nitrate and nitrite utilization by nitrate-grown anacystis nidulans l-1402-1 cells exhibited a clear peak at about 620 nanometers, corresponding to photosystem ii (psii) c-phycocyanin absorption, the contribution of chlorophyll a (chl a) being barely detectable. the action spectrum for nitrate reductio ...	1988	16666041
an enzymatic conversion of lipoxygenase products by a hydroperoxide lyase in blue-green algae (oscillatoria sp.).	an enzyme has been isolated from blue-green algae oscillatoria sp. which utilizes the product, 13-hydroperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid (13-hpod), of lipoxygenase for its substrate. this enzyme, termed hydroperoxide lyase, converts the conjugated diene 13-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid to 13-oxotrideca-9, 11-dienoic acid. the structure of the latter has been determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 9-hpod is not a substrate for this enzyme. the hydroperoxide lyase from osci ...	1989	16667177
ca requirement for aerobic nitrogen fixation by heterocystous blue-green algae.	the requirement of ca(2+) for growth and nitrogen fixation has been investigated in two strains of heterocystous blue-green algae (anabaena sp. and anabaena atcc 33047). with combined nitrogen (nitrate or ammonium) or with n(2) under microaerobic conditions, ca(2+) was not required for growth, at least in concentrations greater than traces. in contrast, ca(2+) was required as a macronutrient for growth and nitrogen fixation with air as the nitrogen source. addition of ca(2+) to an aerobic cultur ...	1990	16667401
renoprotective effect of spirulina fusiformis on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats.	cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a wide array of both pediatric and adult malignancies. dose-dependent and cumulative nephrotoxicity is the major toxicity of this compound, sometimes requiring a reduction in dose or discontinuation of treatment. recent evidences have implicated oxidative and nitrosative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. spirulina fusiformis, blue-green algae, is claimed to be a potential antioxidant. the present study was design ...	2006	16703798
monitoring algal toxins in lake water by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.	microcystins (mcs) and cylindrospermopsin (cyl) are potent natural toxins produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that grow worldwide in eutrophic freshwaters and cause animal and human water-based toxicoses. the main purpose of this work has been assessing the contamination levels of some mcs and cyl in eutrophic italian lake (albano) water. to do this, we have developed an original analytical method involving mc extraction with a sorbent (carbograph 4) cartridge. cyl is a highly polar com ...	2006	16719091
the recombinant beta subunit of c-phycocyanin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.	c-phycocyanin (c-pc) from blue-green algae has been reported to have various pharmacological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. in this study, we expressed the beta-subunit of c-pc (ref to as c-pc/beta) in escherichia coli. we found that the recombinant c-pc/beta has anti-cancer properties. under the treatment of 5 microm of the recombinant c-pc/beta, four different cancer cell lines accrued high proliferation inhibition and apoptotic induction. substantially ...	2007	16740358
elisa and lc-ms/ms methods for determining cyanobacterial toxins in blue-green algae food supplements.	the use of natural products as a diet supplement is increasing worldwide but sometimes is not followed by adequate sanitary controls and analyses. twenty samples of pills and capsules of lyophilised cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), commercialised in italy as dietary supplements, were found positive at the vibrio fischeri bioassay. further analyses with elisa and lc-ms/ms methods revealed the presence of four microcystin (mc) analogues, mc-lr, -yr, -la, -rr and two demethylated forms of mc-rr. t ...	2006	16753920
low-pressure membrane (mf/uf) fouling associated with allochthonous versus autochthonous natural organic matter.	natural organic matter (nom) isolates/fractions; organic colloids, and hydrophobic (hpo), transphilic (tpi), and hydrophilic (hpi) fractions; isolated from a natural surface water as an allochthonous source, and in the form of algal organic matter (aom) derived from blue green algae as an autochthonous source, were investigated in low-pressure membrane filtration. the most significant flux decline was caused by organic colloids, with an intermediate flux decline caused by aom derived (isolated) ...	2006	16777172
atomic structure of a nitrate-binding protein crucial for photosynthetic productivity.	cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, are the most abundant autotrophs in aquatic environments and form the base of all aquatic food chains by fixing carbon and nitrogen into cellular biomass. the single most important nutrient for photosynthesis and growth is nitrate, which is severely limiting in many aquatic environments particularly the open ocean. it is therefore not surprising that nrta, the solute-binding component of the high-affinity nitrate abc transporter, is the single-most abundant prote ...	2006	16777960
molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione s-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major chinese freshwater fishes.	two full-length cdnas encoding glutathione s-transferase (gst) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (aristichthys nobilis). the silver carp and bighead carp gst cdna were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. partial gst cdna sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (carassius a ...	2006	16788955
survival of blue-green and green algae under stress conditions.	terrestrial blue-green algae scytonema millei, phormidium bohneri and lyngbya mesotricha survived to 100 % at atmospheric temperatures of 5-36 degrees c and relative humidity 55-100 % in rainy, winter and spring seasons but the survival was 15-25 % in summer when atmospheric temperature reached 48 degrees c and relative humidity was < or =23 %. microcoleus chthonoplastes maximum survival was =80 % in rainy season followed by a decrease to =1/2 and 1/4 level in winter and spring, respectively; it ...	2006	16821721
spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.	cyclosporine (csa) causes a dose-related decrease in renal function in experimental animals and humans. the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) has been implicated in csa-induced nephrotoxicity. it was previously shown that spirulina, a blue-green algae, with antioxidant properties effectively attenuated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. the present study investigated the nephroprotective role of spirulina against csa-induced neph ...	2006	16858688
isolation and identification of antialgal compounds from the leaves of vallisneria spiralis l. by activity-guided fractionation.	vallisneria spiralis linn., a common submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in southeast asia. v. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? the aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of v. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.	2006	16910120
[study progress on pollution and liver cancer promotion of microcystins].	eutrophication of fresh water lakes and ponds has caused the occurrence of cyanobacteria. microcystins (mcs) is a class of toxic cyclic heptapeptide, which may be produced by some strains of various blue-green algae. it has become potential hazardous material in aquatic environments for its toxic, distribution and stability. mcs has been showed to be extremely potent hepatotoxins and been viewed as a promoter of liver tumor. in this review, the pollution condition of mcs and its hepatotoxins as ...	2006	16921774
photodynamic action of c-phycocyanins obtained from marine and fresh water cyanobacterial cultures: a comparative study using epr spin trapping technique.	c-phycocyanins, major biliproteins of blue green algae (cyanobacteria), widely used as colourants in food and cosmetics are known for their antioxidant as well as therapeutic potential. recent claims indicating phycobiliproteins exert stronger photodynamic action on tumor cells than clinically approved hematoporphyrin derivatives motivate us to investigate the photodynamic action of two newly isolated c-phycocyanins from phormidium [phr] and lyngbya [ly] spp, respectively in comparison with know ...	2006	17015260
the zebrafish (danio rerio) embryo as a model system for identification and characterization of developmental toxins from marine and freshwater microalgae.	the zebrafish (danio rerio) embryo has emerged as an important model of vertebrate development. as such, this model system is finding utility in the investigation of toxic agents that inhibit, or otherwise interfere with, developmental processes (i.e. developmental toxins), including compounds that have potential relevance to both human and environmental health, as well as biomedicine. recently, this system has been applied increasingly to the study of microbial toxins, and more specifically, as ...	2007	17020820
structural and functional characterization of microcystin detoxification-related liver genes in a phytoplanktivorous fish, nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).	liver genes related to phase i and phase ii detoxification, as well as inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ros) production, were cloned, and their response to microcystin-lr (mc-lr) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) exposure via intraperitoneal injection, was determined in a phytoplanktivorous fish, nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus). the cloned full-length cdna of tilapia soluble glutathione s-transferase (sgst) was classified as alpha-class gst based on their amino acid sequence identity with ...	2006	17045849
petroleum pollutant degradation by surface water microorganisms.	it is well known that the composition of petroleum or some of its processing products changes in the environment mostly under the influence of microorganisms. a series of experiments was conducted in order to define the optimum conditions for an efficient biodegradation of petroleum pollutant, or bioremediation of different segments of the environment. the aim of these investigations was to show to what extent the hydrocarbons of a petroleum pollutant are degraded by microbial cultures which wer ...	2006	17067026
the structure of a cyanobacterial bicarbonate transport protein, cmpa.	cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, are the most abundant autotrophs in aquatic environments and form the base of the food chain by fixing carbon and nitrogen into cellular biomass. to compensate for the low selectivity of rubisco for co2 over o2, cyanobacteria have developed highly efficient co2-concentrating machinery of which the abc transport system cmpabcd from synechocystis pcc 6803 is one component. here, we have described the structure of the bicarbonate-binding protein cmpa in the absence ...	2007	17121816
benthic cyanobacteria (oscillatoriaceae) that produce microcystin-lr, isolated from four reservoirs in southern california.	cyanobacteria that produce the toxin microcystin have been isolated from many parts of the world. most of these organisms are planktonic; however, we report on several microcystin-producing benthic filamentous cyanobacterial isolates from four drinking-water reservoirs in southern california (usa): lake mathews, lake skinner, diamond valley lake (dvl), and lake perris. some samples of benthic material from these reservoirs tested positive for microcystin by an elisa tube assay, and all the posit ...	2007	17126876
environmental impacts of cooling system on abou qir bay.	this study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of cooling water on cooling system of abou qir power plant and on the receiving abou qir bay. abou qir power plant is a conventional steam electric power plant located in alexandria governorate, egypt. water and biota samples were collected monthly from cooling water and abou qir bay over a year. heavy metals, radionuclide, anions and total hydrocarbons were analyzed in the samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis (inaa), gamma-ray s ...	2005	17187744
toxins of cyanobacteria.	blue-green algae are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and brackish waters throughout the world. in case of excessive growth such as bloom formation, these bacteria can produce inherent toxins in quantities causing toxicity in mammals, including humans. these cyanotoxins include cyclic peptides and alkaloids. among the cyclic peptides are the microcystins and the nodularins. the alkaloids include anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins (stxs), aplysiatoxins and lyngbyatoxin. both b ...	2007	17195276
water treatment plants assessment at talkha power plant.	talkha power plant is the only power plant located in el-mansoura. it generates electricity using two different methods by steam turbine and gas turbine. both plants drew water from river nile (208 m3 /h). the nile raw water passes through different treatment processes to be suitable for drinking and operational uses. at talkha power plant, there are two purification plants used for drinking water supply (100 m3/h) and for water demineralization supply (108 m3/h). this study aimed at studying th ...	2002	17216967
a long-term copper exposure on freshwater ecosystem using lotic mesocosms: primary producer community responses.	copper is commonly used as an algicide and plant herbicide in the aquatic environment. despite of its frequent application in rivers, ponds and lakes, few studies have been performed at the ecosystem level on primary producers' communities. a long-term lotic mesocosms study was carried on, in 20m long channels, under environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 microgl(-1)) delivered continuously for 18 months. results showed significant effects at the 25 and 75 microgl(-1 ...	2007	17239970
addressing public health risks for cyanobacteria in recreational freshwaters: the oregon and vermont framework.	toxigenic cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue green algae, are an emerging public health issue. the toxins produced by cyanobacteria have been detected across the united states in marine, freshwater and estuarine systems and associated with adverse health outcomes. the intent of this paper is to focus on how to address risk in a recreational freshwater scenario when toxigenic cyanobacteria are present. several challenges exist for monitoring, assessing and posting water bodies and advising the ...	2007	17283602
vertical profile of algal distribution during aeration prior to intake tower for safe drinking water.	blue-green algae or cyanobacteria comprise a diverse group of organisms, all of which generate potent natural toxins, as well as characteristic odours. in particular, blue-green algae, such as microcystis and anabaena, are often detected abundantly in surface water used as a drinking water resource. in order to confirm our ability to provide safe drinking water even during a water bloom, we have conducted an investigation into the vertical distribution of algae during aeration prior to entry int ...	2007	17305156
[cyanobacterial toxins in bank filtrate. under which conditions is their elimination reliable?].	cyanobacterial toxins are substances produced by cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. they can occur in surface waters worldwide and have to be reliably removed when using affected surface waters as a drinking water source. bank filtration has been used for 150 years for drinking water (pre-)treatment. it utilizes natural elimination processes like sorption and degradation in the sub-surface. retention of cells on the sediment surface is the most prominent process for eliminating these primarily c ...	2007	17334885
pilot scale axenic mass cultivation of microalgae ii. sterols of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).		1986	17345372
anatoxin-a and its metabolites in blue-green algae food supplements from canada and portugal.	blue-green algae and spirulina are marketed in health food stores and over the internet as food supplements in canada, the united states, and europe. the reported benefits of consuming these products include improved digestion, strengthening of the immune system, and relief from the symptoms of attention deficit disorder. some of these products have been found to contain elevated concentrations of microcystins, which are known hepatotoxins. in addition to producing microcystins, anabaena sp. and ...	2007	17388076
water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in the palk bay, southeast coast of india.	the present study was carried out to determine the water quality in terms of physicochemical characteristics and plankton distribution in the coastal waters of kattumavadi, palk bay for a period of one year from april 2002 to march 2003. air and surface water temperatures varied from 28 degrees c to 32.50 degrees c and from 27.5 to 32.0 degrees c while light extinction coefficient (lec) varied between 0.95 and 1.85. salinity ranged from 26.0 to 34.5 per thousand and the ph ranged between 7.95 an ...	2006	17402250
toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae.	unialgal cultures of several species and strains of blue-green algae, including those most suspected of causing animal deaths, have been grown and found to vary greatly in toxicity. at least four toxic factors have been recognized. one produces fast deaths and is algal in origin. the others produce slow deaths and are bacterial in origin. the fast-death factor (fdf) is an endotoxin that so far has been encountered only with strains of microcystis aeruginosa kütz. emend. elenkin. its production i ...	1960	17421184
saskatchewan. blue green algae (anabaena sp.) poisoning in cattle.		1989	17423446
steroidal constituents of rice (rryza sativa) hulls with algicidal and herbicidal activity against blue-green algae and duckweed.	two new compounds, 14-methyl stigmast-9(11)-en-3alpha-ol-3beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) and cholest-11-en-3beta, 6beta, 7alpha, 22beta-tetraol-24-one-3beta-palmitoleate (2), along with the known compound beta-sitosteryl-3beta-d-glucopyranosyl-6'-linoleiate (3), were isolated from the methanolic extract of rice (oryza sativa) hulls. the structures of the two new compounds were elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nmr in combination with ir, ei/ms, fab/ms, hr-ei/ms and hr-fab/ms. in bioassays wi ...	2007	17439014
biomedicinals from the phytosymbionts of marine invertebrates: a molecular approach.	marine invertebrate animals such as sponges, gorgonians, tunicates and bryozoans are sources of biomedicinally relevant natural products, a small but growing number of which are advancing through clinical trials. most metazoan and anthozoan species harbour commensal microorganisms that include prokaryotic bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), eukaryotic microalgae, and fungi within host tissues where they reside as extra- and intra-cellular symbionts. in some sponges these associated micro ...	2007	17560324
[effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and competition of m. aeruginosa and s. quadricauda].	in order to disclosure the formation rule of predominant species in different nutrition conditions, three kinds of nutrition concentration were selected for the competition experiments with the common species of blue-green algae bloom microcystis aeruginosa and the common species of green algae bloom scenedesmus quadricauda. the competition relation was analysed by the competition parameters. the results indicate, in low nutrition, scenedesmus quadricauda can stimulate the growth of microcystis ...	2007	17674727
hepatoprotective efficacy of certain flavonoids against microcystin induced toxicity in mice.	toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) water blooms have become a serious problem in several industrialized areas of the world. microcystin-lr (mc-lr) is a cyanobacterial heptapeptide that represents acute and chronic hazards to animal and human health. identification of suitable chemprotectants against microcystin is essential considering human health hazards. in the present study, we have evaluated the protective efficacy of three flavanoids namely quercetin (200 mg/kg), silybin (400 mg/kg), a ...	2007	17696131
[application of elisa for microcystins detection].	microcystins (mcs) may be group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). their toxicity could be associated with specific inhibition of intracellular protein phosphatases type-1 and type-2a (pp1 and pp2a, respectively). there are some methods for analyzing and detecting mcs in aquatic environment, such as hplc, lc-ms, ppia, and elisa. this review introduces advances on mcs determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and estim ...	2007	17712969
a comprehensive immunoassay for the detection of microcystins in waters based on polyclonal antibodies.	microcystins (mcs) are a group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and microcystin-leucine-arginine (mc-lr) is among the most frequent and most toxic microcystin congeners. in this study, a free amino group was introduced to mc-lr at its seventh amino acid residue with 2-mercaptoethylamine, and the product aminoethyl-mc-lr was coupled to bovine serum albumin (bsa) and horseradish peroxidise (hrp) by glutaraldehyde to be complete anti ...	2006	17723494
hydrocarbons of blue-green algae: geochemical signfficance.	the hydrocarbon compositions of 11 species of blue-green algae are simple and qualitatively similar. three marine coccoids contain only monoenoic and dienoic c(19) hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons of the remaining eight species are c(15) to c(18). hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight (c(20) or more) were not detected. blue-green algae do not appear to be the source material for the longchain (greater than 20 carbons) hydrocarbons found in ancient sediments.	1969	17731762
somatic reduction in cycads.	recurrent somatic reduction is a normal ontogenetic process in apogeotropic roots of cycads, which develop into dichotomously branching coralloid masses. the reduced cells make up part of a ring of differentiated cortical tissue lying midway between the pericycle and the epidermis; they serve as fillers among the large cells and become charged with slime. the differentiated tissue is colonized by a species of blue-green algae.	1968	17735993
bacterial stromatolites: origin of laminations.	laminated mats composed of motile filamentous photosynthetic bacteria and nonmotile unicellular blue-green algae occur in a large number of yellowstone hot springs at temperatures between 55 degrees and 70 degrees c. field studies indicate that the bacteria are the predominant mat-forming component. under low light intensities, mats composed exclusively of bacteria can be formed. the bacteria undergo a diurnal migration, moving on top of the algae dnring the night and becolming mixed again with ...	1974	17736194
microorganisms from the late precambrian of central australia.	an assemblage of structurally and organically well preserved microorganisms, interpreted as both green and blue-green algae, has been found in chert facies of the bitter springs limestone from the upper precambrian of central australia. this appears to be the earliest known occurrence of green algae in the fossil record. these organisms are among the oldest known multicellular and unicellular fossils exhibiting distinct histological preservation.	1965	17742361
blue-green algal inhibition of diatom growth: transition from mesotrophic to eutrophic community structure.	cell-free filtrates of axenic or bacterized cultures of the dominant blue-green algae from a freshwater lake inhibited the growth of diatoms isolated from the same lake. lake waters, collected during blue-green algal blooms, also inhibited diatom growth. in situ observations over a 5-year period indicate that diatom bloom populations vary inversely with the levels of the preceding blue-green algal populations. blue-green algal dominance of eutrophic lakes is attributed to this allelopathy, and d ...	1978	17752367
transvaal stromatolite: first evidence for the diversification of cells about 2.2 x 109 years ago.	the well-preserved fossil remnants of filamentous blue-green algae have been found in petrographic thin sections of a dolomitic limestone stromatolite in the transvaal sequence of south africa. some of these filaments contain enlarged cells which are interpreted as akinetes. a new species and genus, petraphera vivescenticula, is proposed for this microfossil, which is morphologically similar to the living cyanophyte genus raphidiopsis. this would constitute the first known occurrence of cell div ...	1974	17773039
significance of the gunflint (precambrian) microflora: photosynthetic oxygen may have had important local effects before becoming a major atmospheric gas.	several categories of biological microstructures 1.9+/- billion years old are here described, illustrated, and referred to a group of early thallophytes that includes the thread bacteria and the blue-green algae. these microstructures were almost surely autotrophic and in the line of evolution toward green-plant photosynthesis, if not themselves oxygen producers. geochemical evidence has been interpreted by some to imply that the contemporaneous atmosphere was essentially anoxygenic (reducing), ...	1965	17773767
blue-green algae: fine structure of the gas vacuoles.	the gas vacuoles seen in several species of blue-green algae under the light microscope are shown by electron microscopy to correspond to packed arrays of cylindrical, electron-transparent vesicles. single vesicles average 75 millimicrons in diameter, range from 0.2 micron to 1.0 micron in length, have conical ends, and are bounded by a single membrane 2 millimicrons wide. the reversible disappearance of gas vacuoles induced by sudden application of pressure is accompanied by a reversible collap ...	1965	17776627
nitrogen fixation by gloeocapsa.	the continuous growth in a medium free of combined nitrogen and the experimental production of ethylene via acetylene reduction indicate that nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae is not solely confined to filamentous genera with heterocysts. axenic cultures of gloeocapsa sp., adapted to nitrate-free medium, form ethylene at rates comparable to those of species known to fix nitrogen.	1969	17777006
photoreversible pigment: occurrence in a blue-green alga.	a new photoreversible pigment has been isolated from the blue-green alga tolypothrix tenuis. this pigment bears certain resemblances to phytochrome, except that absorption maxima for the two forms are in the green and red portions of the spectrum instead of the red and far-red. the pigment may control diverse differentiative processes in blue-green algae.	1972	17778430
suppression of nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae in a eutrophic lake with trace additions of copper.	nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae in highly eutrophic clear lake, california, was severely inhibited by trace amounts of copper. the chelation capacity of the lake is probably saturated by indigenous copper. additions were only 1/200 of those normally used in algal control. since nitrogen fixation provides half of the lake's annual nitrogen budget, economical eutrophication control appears possible.	1974	17781930
low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton.	an analysis of growing season data from 17 lakes throughout the world suggests that the relative proportion of blue-green algae (cyanophyta) in the epilimnetic phytoplankton is dependent on the epilimnetic ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus. blue-green algae tended to be rare when this ratio exceeded 29 to 1 by weight, suggesting that modification of this ratio by control of nutrient additions may provide a means by which lake water quality can be managed.	1983	17787737
precambrian columnar stromatolites in australia: morphological and stratigraphic analysis.	the stratigraphic distribution in australian precambrian rocks of columnar stromatolites, organosedimentary structures formed by blue-green algae, has been investigated. their morphology is being studied according to methods developed in russia. the discovery of successive different assemblages supports not only regional but also intercontinental stratigraphic correlations which are in agreement with available isotopic datings.	1969	17796609
the occurrence and biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid in a blue-green alga,spirulina platensis.	the acyl-lipid and fatty acid composition of six blue-green algae, namely,spirulina platensis, myxosarcina chroococcoides, chlorogloea fritschii, anabaena cylindrica, anabaena flos-aquae, and mastigocladus laminosus is reported.all contain major proportions of mono-and digalactosyl diglyceride, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, and phosphatidyl glycerol, but none possess lecithin, phophatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl inositol. trans-3-hexadecenoic acid was absent from all extracts.the analyses p ...	1968	17805841
fatty acid metabolism in the chloroplast lipids of green and blue-green algae.	the pattern of uptake of radioactivity into chloroplast lipids when a green alga (chlorella vulgaris) was incubated with sodium 2-(14)c-acetate differed appreciably from that obtained when two blue-green algae (anabaena cylindrica andanacystis nidulans) were incubated under similar conditions.the fatty acids of the digalactosyl diglyceride and sulphoquinovosyl diglyceride fractions from the blue-green algae were labeled more rapidly than were those of the corresponding fractions fromc. vulgaris, ...	1968	17805885
artificial microfossils: experimental studies of permineralization of blue-green algae in silica.	a technique has been developed to artificially fossilize microscopic algae in crystalline silica under conditions of moderately elevated temperature and pressure. the technique is designed to simulate geochemical processes thought to have resulted in the preservation of organic microfossils in precambrian bedded cherts. in degree of preservation and mineralogic setting, the artificially permineralized microorganisms are comparable to naturally occurring fossil algae.	1971	17806931
fatty acids in eleven species of blue-green algae: geochemical significance.	analyses of the total lipids of 11 species of blue-green algae showed a simple but qualitatively variable fatty acid composition. the species can be grouped in three categories on the basis of their oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content. one species was unusual in that the ten-carbon acid accounts for one-half of its total fatty acid. branched chain acids are absent in the algae, but are major components of marine bacteria. the geochemical significance of the data is discussed.	1967	17807956
nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae.		1930	17818238
allelopathic influence on blue-green bloom sequence in a eutrophic lake.	the bloom sequence in a eutrophic lake, linsley pond, over a period of 3 years is correlated to the effects of cell-free filtrates of dominant blue-green algae on both their successors and their predecessors. there is unbroken correspondence between the effects of heat-labile probiotic and antibiotic filtrates and the rise and fall of bloom populations in situ. all organisms in vitro were axenic or unialgal (bacterized) isolates from linsley pond.	1977	17821808
endolithic blue-green algae in the dry valleys: primary producers in the antarctic desert ecosystem.	endolithic unicellular blue-green algae occur under the surface of orthoquartzite rocks in the dry valleys of southern victoria land, antarctica. this report of primary producers in the antarctic desert ecosystem suggests that, in future efforts to detect life in extraterrestrial (for example, martian) environments, scientists should consider the possible existence of endolithic life forms.	1976	17837022
role of blue green algae biofertilizer in ameliorating the nitrogen demand and fly-ash stress to the growth and yield of rice (oryza sativa l.) plants.	rice is a major food crop throughout the world; however, accumulation of toxic metals and metalloids in grains in contaminated environments is a matter of growing concern. field experiments were conducted to analyze the growth performance, elemental composition (fe, si, zn, mn, cu, ni, cd and as) and yield of the rice plants (oryza sativa l. cv. saryu-52) grown under different doses of fly-ash (fa; applied @ 10 and 100 tha(-1) denoted as fa(10) and fa(100), respectively) mixed with garden soil ( ...	2008	17854856
larvicidal algae.	although most algae are nutritious food for mosquito larvae, some species kill the larvae when ingested in large quantities. cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that kill larvae do so by virtue of toxicity. while blue-green algae toxins may offer possibilities for delivery as larvicides, the toxicity of live blue-green algae does not seem consistent enough for live algae to be useful for mosquito control. certain species of green algae in the order chlorococcales kill larvae primarily because they ...	2007	17855939
an ecologic and taxonomic study on phytoplankton of a shallow lake, turkey.	the middle black sea region has quite large wetlands, including lakes, rivers, ponds, marshs and large reservoirs. lake cernek is one of the most valuable wetlands in kizilirmak delta. the lake and its environment have a high biodiversity due to species richness and natural habitats. therefore, it has been recognized as a ramsar site. the phytoplankton of lake cemek consisted of 104 taxa belonging to cyanobacteria, bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cryptophyta, dinophyta, euglenophyta and xanthophyt ...	2007	17929763
vitamin b12 sources and bioavailability.	the usual dietary sources of vitamin b(12) are animal foods, meat, milk, egg, fish, and shellfish. as the intrinsic factor-mediated intestinal absorption system is estimated to be saturated at about 1.5-2.0 microg per meal under physiologic conditions, vitamin b(12) bioavailability significantly decreases with increasing intake of vitamin b(12) per meal. the bioavailability of vitamin b(12) in healthy humans from fish meat, sheep meat, and chicken meat averaged 42%, 56%-89%, and 61%-66%, respect ...	2007	17959839
anti-inflammatory activity of c-phycocyanin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages.	c-phycocyanin (c-pc), found in blue green algae, is often used as a dietary nutritional supplement. c-pc has been found to have an anti-inflammatory activity and exert beneficial effect in various diseases. however, little is known about its mechanism of action. overproduction of nitric oxide (no) derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. the aim of this study was to determine whether c-pc inhibits production of nitrite, an i ...	2007	17961604
cloning and biochemical characterization of the hectochlorin biosynthetic gene cluster from the marine cyanobacterium lyngbya majuscula.	cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are a rich source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites that have potential applications as antimicrobial or anticancer agents or useful probes in cell biology studies. a jamaican collection of the cyanobacterium lyngbya majuscula has yielded several unique compounds including hectochlorin ( 1) and the jamaicamides a-c ( 5- 7). hectochlorin has remarkable antifungal and cytotoxic properties. in this study, we have isolated the hectochlorin biosynthetic gene ...	2007	18001088
aquatic plants exposed to pharmaceuticals: effects and risks.	pharmaceuticals are biologically active, ubiquitous, low-level contaminants that are continuously introduced into the environment from both human and veterinary applications at volumes comparable to total pesticide loadings. recent analytical advances have made possible the detection of a number of these compounds in environmental samples, raising concerns over potential nontarget effects to aquatic organisms, especially given the highly specific biologically active nature of these compounds. th ...	2008	18020304
screening and identification of early warning algal species for metal contamination in fresh water bodies polluted from point and non-point sources.	the water bodies of lucknow, unnao and kanpur (u.p.), india polluted through various point and non point sources were found to be either eutrophic or oligotrophic in nature. these water bodies supported a great number of algal diversity, which varied seasonally depending upon the physico-chemical properties of water. further, the water bodies polluted through non point sources supports diverse algal species, while the water bodies polluted through point sources supports growth of tolerant blue g ...	2008	18071919
clinical potential of spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin.	recent research reveals that free bilirubin functions physiologically as a potent inhibitor of nadph oxidase activity. the chromophore phycocyanobilin (pcb), found in blue-green algae and cyanobacteria such as spirulina, also has been found to be a potent inhibitor of this enzyme complex, likely because in mammalian cells it is rapidly reduced to phycocyanorubin, a close homolog of bilirubin. in light of the protean roles of nadph oxidase activation in pathology, it thus appears likely that pcb ...	2007	18158824
diagnosis of anatoxin-a poisoning in dogs from north america.	anatoxin-a, a toxin produced by several genera of blue-green algae, is considered a potent neurotoxin. ingestion of water contaminated with the toxin results in acute neurological signs and often death. this report describes fatal cases of anatoxin-a ingestion in 6 dogs, with confirmation of anatoxin-a exposure by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms/ms). in 1 outbreak, 3 dogs developed seizures and died within an hour after swimming in a river in california, while the other ...	2008	18182518