Publications

neurological manifestations of lyme disease.	neurological disorder may be the initial manifestation of lyme disease. six cases of neurological lyme disease have been seen in the years 1986-89, five of whom contracted the disease in the west of ireland. three presented with a radiculoneuropathy, one with myalgia/fatigue and one with bilateral sixth nerve palsies and ataxia. these cases indicate the spectrum of neurological involvement of lyme disease in ireland which reflects that seen in europe. they also highlight some of the problems in ...	2007	2045261
lyme disease surveillance--united states, 1989-1990.	surveillance for lyme disease (ld) was initiated by cdc in 1982 (1), and in january 1991, ld became nationally reportable (2). forty-six states reported cases in 1989 and 1990 (figure 1), but the occurrence in nature of the causative bacterium, borrelia burgdorferi, has not been documented in all of these states. from 1982 through 1989, the annual reported number of cases of ld increased 18-fold (from 497 to 8803, respectively) and from 1986 through 1989, nearly doubled each year (figure 2). the ...	1991	2046649
lyme disease. difficulties in diagnosis and management.	lb is a multisystem illness caused by the spirochete b. burgdorferi. as with other spirochetal diseases, lb evolves in stages. some manifestations are the result of persistent infection, whereas other symptoms are a consequence of immunologic changes secondary to the infection. most disease manifestations are not specific to this illness. in addition, in endemic areas, almost 100% of the tick vector, the ixodes species, are infected and the incidence rate of lb is as high as 1%. because of these ...	1991	2047137
cellular immune response to borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lyme borreliosis.		1991	2049046
a mouse model for borrelia burgdorferi infection: pathogenesis, immune response and protection.	viable borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi) organisms induce a chronic infection associated with arthritis, carditis and hepatitis in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice but not in most of the adult mice from the various immunocompetent inbred strains tested. furthermore, we have found that experimental inoculation of normal mice with b. burgdorferi organisms leads to the generation of antibodies and t cells specific for various spirochetal antigens including the outer surface proteins ...	1991	2049047
lyme disease: a multifocal worldwide epidemic.		1991	2049148
lyme disease.		1991	2049589
lyme disease.	the rapid rate of increase in reported cases of lyme disease exceeds that of any zoonotic disease, and the annual occurrence of cases is greater than the sum of all other tick-borne illnesses in the united states. this, in addition to the geographic spread of cases to most of the united states, has greatly heightened investigative interests in all aspects of lyme disease and its control.	1991	2051010
[diagnosis of lyme disease].		1991	2051808
[ixodes ricinus, a demonstrated vector of borrelia burgdorferi in spain].		1991	2051824
[lyme disease in la rioja].		1991	2051825
the long-term course of lyme arthritis in children.	the natural history of lyme disease is not completely known. we studied the long-term course of lyme arthritis in 46 children in whom the onset of the disease occurred between 1976 and 1979 and who received no antibiotic therapy for at least the first four years of the illness.	1991	2052061
t cell responses to polypeptide fractions of borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lyme arthritis.	among 6 patients with prolonged episodes of lyme arthritis, the mean response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) to all borrelia burgdorferi antigens (stimulation index [si] 46) was greater than that among 5 patients with brief attacks of lyme arthritis (si 13; p less than 0.1), as well as that among 7 control patients with rheumatoid arthritis and among 6 normal control subjects (in both instances si 3; p less than 0.05). in individual patients with brief episodes of lyme arthritis, pbl had ...	1991	2053916
neutrophil chemotactic factors in synovial fluids of patients with lyme disease.	we examined synovial fluid samples from 14 patients with lyme arthritis for the presence of neutrophil chemotactic factors. thirteen of the synovial fluids stimulated chemotaxis of normal human neutrophils. the chemotactic activity was heat-sensitive and was not inhibited by antibody to c5a or antibody to interleukin-8, or by a competitive inhibitor of the chemotactic peptide f-met-leu-phe. a culture supernatant of borrelia burgdorferi also contained neutrophil chemoattractants. chromatography d ...	1991	2053924
consensus conference on lyme disease.		1991	2054769
consensus conference on lyme disease.		1991	2054852
persistent cardiac and urinary tract infections with borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected syrian hamsters.	the heart can be severely affected in humans with lyme disease, causing conduction defects and, rarely, heart failure. although immunodeficient and young mice may develop cardiac lesions, cultivation of borrelia burgdorferi from cardiac tissues of experimentally infected animals has not been reported previously. we infected syrian hamsters with b. burgdorferi 297 and found a marked tropism of the spirochete for myocardial and urinary tract tissues. fifty-six of 57 hearts (98%) and 52 of 58 bladd ...	1991	2056054
a flagella-less mutant of borrelia burgdorferi. structural, molecular, and in vitro functional characterization.	a nonmotile mutant of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, was isolated and characterized. the mutant was compared with the wild-type predecessor as well as with a motile back-revertant of the same genetic background. the mutant lacked, by morphologic, biochemical, and immunologic criteria, the major structural protein of flagella, flagellin. this mutation was not associated with major dna rearrangements or with failure of transcription. an apparent consequence of a loss of ...	1991	2056133
experimental acquisition of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, by larval ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) during partial blood meals.	the duration of feeding by larval ixodes dammini was directly correlated with the proportion of larvae acquiring infection with the lyme disease spirochete. the infection rate of ticks attached to hosts for 8 h (1.4%) was much lower than ticks feeding to repletion (87.5%). infection was also detected in partially fed larvae dropping off dead animals. these partially fed larvae successfully reattached to rodents, fed to repletion, and molted to nymphs. partially fed larvae did not transmit borrel ...	1991	2056507
[parsonage and turner syndrome. apropos of a case, with demonstration of borrelia burgdorferi infection].		1991	2057735
lyme disease article questioned.		1991	2058166
[gonarthritis, lymphadenopathy and disseminated choroiditis as a primary manifestation of lyme borreliosis. case report and discussion of diagnostic possibilities in lyme borreliosis].	a 26-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital because of bilateral gonarthritis, lymphadenopathy and disseminated chorioiditis as primary manifestation of lyme borreliosis. antibody titers against borrelia burgdorferi did not reach diagnostic levels as determined by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. however, diagnosis was established by the detection of igg and igm antibodies in western blot analysis, and by the demonstration of an enhanced t-cell proliferation to borrelia burgdo ...	1991	2058316
aap issues policy on treatment of lyme disease in children.		1991	2058535
dna homology comparison between american and european borrelia burgdorferi strains.	seven strains of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ticks and from human beings in europe and u.s.a. were analyzed for dna restriction patterns with several enzymes and for dna homology in southern blot hybridizations. the restriction patterns showed a moderately high variability. in southern blot hybridization, strain b31 (u.s.a.) dna gave a strong signal with itself, strain bsf (u.s.a.) and alcaide (isolated in italy but presumably contracted in venezuela). strain b45 (f.r.g.) hybridized to it ...	1991	2059479
erythema chronicum migrans, lyme disease, and other borrelioses.		1991	2061450
development of transplantable ascites tumours which continuously produce polyclonal antibodies in pristane primed balb/c mice immunized with bacterial antigens and complete freund's adjuvant.	bacterial immunogens (whole cells of borrelia burgdorferi, elementary bodies of chlamydia trachomatis and purified proteins of 22 and 24 kda of borrelia hermsii) were emulsified with an excess of complete freund's adjuvant and injected (i.p.) on days 0, 7, 14 and 21, into balb/c mice treated with pristane on day 6. this procedure induced the development of antibody-producing ascites tumours which could be serially transplanted in pristane-conditioned mice. ascites tumours continued to yield a co ...	1991	2061607
from the centers for disease control. lyme disease surveillance--united states, 1989-1990.		2016	2061968
[lyme disease and salicylate allergy].		1991	2063038
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from arthropods collected in texas.	the texas department of health laboratory cultured arthropods from november 1988 through december 1989 in an attempt to isolate borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease. spirochetes were isolated from eight of 1,093 pools of arthropods cultured. the spirochetal isolates were from several tick and one flea species, including amblyomma americanum, a. maculatum, ixodes scapularis, and ctenocephalides felis. these 8 isolates reacted specifically when treated with monoclonal antibodi ...	1991	2063950
[tick spirochetosis by borrelia burgdorferi in wild carnivores in france. results of serologic tests in 372 foxes].	the authors made serological examination, by passive hemagglutination, of 378 wild carnivores killed in 17 departments of western, central and eastern parts of france: 372 of foxes, of which more than 90 per cent less than one year aged, 4 raccoon dogs and 2 lynx. in foxes, they found significative seropositivity (greater than or equal to 1/200) with mean frequencies of 12.77 per cent in young animals and 42.86 % in those of 1 year and more. according the parts of france, frequency is greatly va ...	1991	2065402
investigation of lyme disease in xinjiang.	from april through july 1988, an epidemiological investigation on lyme disease was carried out in nalati xanyuan, xinjiang uygur autonomous region, china. of 150 ixodes persulcatus ticks examined by darkfield microscopy, 42 (28%) were found to have spirochetes. two strains of spirochetes were isolated from i. persulcatus with bsk medium. rabbits inoculated with the spirochetes showed erythema chronicum migrans at the sites of inoculation and the spirochetes were found in the cerebrospinal fluid ...	1991	2065539
[lyme disease: apropos of a case].		1991	2069284
[immunohistochemistry of borrelia type spirochetes].	we have looked for the presence of borrelias by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous biopsies taken from patients with positive borrelia serology. we used the monoclonal antibody "p41 borrelia burgdorferi flagellin". we found borrelias in the dermis of pick-herxheimer disease (3/3), erythema chronicum migrans (6/9), lymphocytoma (1/3), and morpheas (2/5). they were also seen in the vascular wall of hypodermal arterioles in a case of cutaneous periarteritis nodosa (1/2). treponema pallidum was not r ...	1991	2069338
diagnosing lyme disease: often simple, often difficult.	lyme disease has as its hallmark erythema migrans. however, it is only present in about one half of the patients who contract this disease. in its absence, the diagnosis of lyme disease may be difficult. it depends upon a compatible history of exposure and clinical signs and symptoms together with positive results of serologic testing. unfortunately, seronegativity for antibody to the pathogen may occur both during the first six weeks of infection and be chronic due to the reactive antibody bein ...	1991	2070642
lyme disease during pregnancy.	lyme disease, caused by infection with borrelia burgdorferi, can affect those exposed to a vector tick. pregnant women are no exception, and such infection places the fetus at risk. it is particularly important to recognize the disease early so that effective therapy may be instituted. although the present patient had a favorable outcome, not all do. clinical diagnosis is especially important since conventional laboratory tests may be inadequate or require lengthy periods of time before a positi ...	1991	2070648
comparative in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi to cefuroxime and other antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of the lyme disease pathogen borrelia burgdorferi to cefuroxime were compared with those of several other antibiotics commonly used to treat this disease. cefuroxime demonstrated a higher mbc in vitro (1.0 microgram/ml) than ceftriaxone (0.08 microgram/ml) or erythromycin (0.32 microgram/ml), but the mbc was similar to that of amoxicillin (0.8 microgram/ml) and doxycycline (1.6 micrograms/ml). b. burgdorferi was considerably less susceptible to tetracycl ...	1990	2073103
immunological differentiation between neuroborreliosis and multiple sclerosis.	neuroborreliosis, a tick-borne spirochaetosis of the central nervous system, is diagnosed by the presence of intrathecally synthesized borrelia burgdorferi-specific antibodies. multiple sclerosis and neuroborreliosis can show similarities in clinical symptoms as well as lymphocytic cell reactions and oligoclonal bands in the isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid. to differentiate between multiple sclerosis and neuroborreliosis we tested intrathecally synthesized igm and virus antibodies. t ...	1990	2074447
lyme disease: an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of tmd.		2004	2074574
persistence of borrelia burgdorferi and histopathological alterations in experimentally infected animals. a comparison with histopathological findings in human lyme disease.	gerbils appear to be susceptible to infection by human isolates of borrelia burgdorferi; we obtained 100% infection. isolation of the b. burgdorferi from different organs six months post infection causes a generalized infection thus demonstrating that borreliae persist in these animals for a long period. spirochetemia was present for 14 days, apparently in two intervals. the borrelia burgdorferi specific antibody titers increased with time after infection thus indicating the persistence of spiro ...	1990	2076905
lyme disease in the highlands.	serological results for borrelia burgdorferi were examined for one year. the results suggest a 'pocket' of infection in one highland general practice. in this practice, most of the patients had exposure to tick bites and rashes were frequent. there were difficulties in relating serological results to clinical features and management of some patients.	1990	2077648
association of chronic lyme arthritis with hla-dr4 and hla-dr2 alleles.	a small percentage of patients infected with borrelia burgdorferi have chronic lyme arthritis that does not respond to antibiotic therapy. to learn whether genetically determined variations in the host immune response might account for such outcomes, we determined the immunogenetic profiles of 130 patients with various manifestations of lyme disease.	1990	2078208
[anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in chronic erythema migrans, benign lymphadenosis cutis, scleroderma and scleroatrophic lichen].	fiftyone patients with a diagnosis of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis cutis benigna (labc), systemic progressive sclerosis, localized scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicans were investigated in order to obtain serological evaluation of borrelia burgdorferi circulating antibodies. in addition sera from 9 patients with pellagroid erythema, prurigo and panniculitis were performed: in these dermatoses there was no evidence of a possible borrelia relationship. indirect immuno ...	1990	2079346
[false positive serological tests for borrelia burgdorferi in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome].	serological tests for borrelia burgdorferi were carried out in a series of 27 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (papls). the results showed a 14% prevalence of false positive lyme disease serology in this patient population. in patients with papls and false positive serologic tests for borrelia burgdorferi neurological involvement was significantly more common (p = 0.012, fisher's exact test) than in patients with papls without that finding. we insist on the possibility that patien ...	1990	2082109
analysis of t lymphocytes cloned from the synovial fluid and blood of a patient with lyme arthritis.	cloned t lymphocytes reactive with borrelia burgdorferi proteins were isolated from a patient with chronic lyme arthritis. all of the t cell clones which proliferated in response to borrelia proteins were cd3 + cd4 + cd8 - tcr alpha beta + and hla-dr restricted. one t cell clone (gn30) exhibited hla-dr-restricted cytotoxic activity against antigen-presenting cells pulsed with borrelia antigen. in response to borrelia antigen, the t cell clones produced tnf-alpha, inf-gamma, and gm-csf. there are ...	1990	2083228
epidemiological and aetiological evidence for transmission of lyme disease by adult ixodes persulcatus in an endemic area in china.	involvement of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks in the transmission of lyme disease in hailin county, heilongjiang province, china, is reported. in 1986 from april through august adult i. persulcatus was the dominant tick in this endemic area with an infection rate of 43% for the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi. the incidence of lyme disease cases presenting the symptom of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) within this area was correlated with the seasonal abundance of adult i. persul ...	1990	2083990
[lyme disease (review of foreign literature)].		1990	2084345
peripheral facial palsy in childhood--lyme borreliosis to be suspected unless proven otherwise.	27 consecutive cases with acute peripheral facial palsy were studied for lyme borreliosis. in 16 out of 27 children lyme borreliosis could be diagnosed by detection of specific igm antibodies in csf. csf findings allow a clear distinction according to etiology. all children with facial palsy due to lyme borreliosis revealed lymphocytic csf pleocytosis, whereas in cases of unknown etiology csf was usually normal. bilateral facial palsy occurred only in children with lyme borreliosis. all cases wi ...	1990	2085110
experimental infection of the white-footed mouse with borrelia burgdorferi.	laboratory raised white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) were inoculated experimentally with live spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi), the etiologic agent of lyme disease (borreliosis). prior to inoculation, mouse sera were tested with an indirect fluorescent antibody test, and all mice were seronegative. all inoculated mice seroconverted. in tick transmission studies, immature stages of ixodes dammini and dermacentor variabilis attached and fed to repletion on mice, but only i dammini transferr ...	1990	2085225
antigenic cross-reactivity between borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis.	the antigenic cross-reactivity between different borrelia and treponema species was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. the protein profiles of borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis revealed essential differences. using immunoblotting, rabbit immune sera to b. burgdorferi and b. recurrentis exhibited strong cross-reactivities to het ...	1990	2085371
purification of the borrelia burgdorferi flagellum by use of a monoclonal antibody.	the flagellum associated polypeptide p41 is an immunodominant antigen of borrelia burgdorferi in the early and late stages of lyme borreliosis. p41 was prepared by affinity chromatography using monoclonal antibody specific for p41. an immunoglobulin class specific elisa (igm-, igg-elisa) was established with purified p41 as antigen and compared to the conventional elisa with whole cell ultrasonic antigen. whereas the sensitivity of igm- and igg-elisa was comparable in both antigen preparations, ...	1990	2087234
[borrelia burgdorferi infection. i. aspects of basic research, current approach for diagnosis and therapy].	in this review article the current concepts on the infection caused by borrelia burgdorferi are presented. the problems associated with the diagnosis and therapy of the borrelia burgdorferi infection are pointed out. a series of monoclonal antibodies recognizing borrelia burgdorferi-associated antigens is presented. in collaborative research projects these antibodies were used for molecular biological (cloning and sequencing of borrelia burgdorferi antigens) and immunological (protection experim ...	1990	2089023
[lyme disease in la rioja].		1990	2090903
[a case of the ophthalmological manifestation of systemic tick-borne borreliosis (lyme disease) in the acute period of the disease].		1990	2092274
in-vitro susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia hermsii to ten antimicrobial agents.	the in-vitro activity of ten antimicrobial agents against four strains of borrelia burgdorferi originating both in the united states and europe and against one isolate of b. hermsii was investigated. ceftriaxone, erythromycin and roxithromycin were the most active drugs against both borrelia species studied, with minimum bactericidal concentrations ranging from 0.015 micrograms/ml to 0.125 micrograms/ml.	1990	2093104
[a case from practice (198). lyme disease].		1990	2093222
[optic neuropathy and lyme disease].	lyme disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of acquired optic nerve disorders. protean clinical manifestations of lyme disease, diagnostic clues and treatment are reviewed.	1990	2093403
prevalence of borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern moravia, czechoslovakia.	a total of 378 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in four localities of two districts (breclav, znojmo) in south moravia and examined microscopically. borreliae were identified in giemsa-stained midgut smears from 32 (i.e. 8.5%) ticks (9.4% females, 7.2% males); the infection rate varied between 0.0 and 11.4% in the four localities examined. among female ticks, significantly more were found to be infected in autumn (19.7%) than in spring (5.8%). dark-field (df) and ...	1990	2093618
detection of serum antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi with some commercially available serological tests.	sixty-three sera were analysed for antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi with an in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay. thirty-nine sera were positive (titer greater than or equal to 256), seven borderline (titer 128) and 17 negative (titer less than or equal to 64). these results were compared with results obtained with four different commercial assays for detection of such antibodies. indirect immunofluorescence tests yielded most positive results. the flagellin elisa test detected anti ...	1990	2093855
[reflex sympathetic dystrophy. a new manifestation of lyme disease?].	several syndromes derived from the involvement of central and peripheral nervous system and meninges have been reported in the infection by borrelia burgdorferi. the features of autonomic nervous system involvement have received a marginal attention. reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an autonomic picture characterized by regional sympathetic hyperactivity which has not been associated with lyme disease. we report a 16-year-old female with clinical, radiological and scintigraphic features consisten ...	1990	2095902
[skin manifestations of infection by borrelia burgdorferi].	interest in lyme's disease is recent in spain. we review the dermatological features of the disease caused by b. burgdorferi, its differential diagnosis and its therapy, with reference to three patients with borrelia burgdorferi infection in whom the diagnosis was made on the basis of the dermatological picture. one patient had migratory erythema developing from the umbilical area, where he had been bitten by a tick. another patient had arthritis of the knee and meningoradiculitis, together with ...	1990	2095903
[antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi in a population group from valladolid].		1990	2098134
antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in hokkaido.	during 1985 to 1990, serum samples were obtained from 229 healthy dogs. the dogs lived in hokkaido, known to be infested with ticks. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect igg and igm antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi ho14 and hp3, which were isolated from ixodes ovatus and i. persulcatus in the area. igg antibody to b. burgdorferi ho14 was detected in 8.8% (1985), 16.4% (1987) and 18.5% (1990). igm antibody to the bacteria was detected in 1.8% (1987) and 2.5% (199 ...	1990	2098630
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi associated antigens by monoclonal antibodies.	in this paper, we present a series of murine mab recognizing b. burgdorferi antigens. the antibodies were characterized by immuno-blotting and immuno-fluorescence studies using isolates of b. burgdorferi from north america and europe, respectively. moreover, reactivity of the antibodies with recombinant b. burgdorferi flagellin and ospa was studied. the results suggest these anti-b. burgdorferi mab as valuable tools for the serological analysis of b. burgdorferi isolates and for affinity-purific ...	1990	2099905
[analysis of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies of the igg/igm classes by the elisa method. i. evaluation of the test and the methodological principles].		1990	2100816
[the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a population at risk].	given the increasing interest in lyme borreliosis in our community, and the lack of epidemiological studies in our country, we have considered convenient to analyze the presence of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a group of workmen who we have considered at high risk since they carry out their everyday work in an environment infested by ticks. significant antibody titers (= or greater than 1/128) are found in 38% of cases versus 0% in the control group. the significance of these results ...	1990	2102530
humans and animals: increasing contacts, increasing infections.	changes in the zoonotic infections that affect americans stem primarily from shifting patterns of animal-human interaction, the crossover of species-specific organisms, and the importation or identification of new organisms. although lyme disease is not, strictly speaking, zoonotic, it leads off this review by virtue of its epidemic or near-epidemic prevalence in many areas.	1990	2105969
serologic survey of selected zoonotic disease agents in black-tailed jack rabbits from western texas.	a serologic survey for the agents of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) (rickettsia rickettsii), borrelia spp. including the causative agent for lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), and plague (yersinia pestis) was conducted on blood samples collected from 30 and 46 black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) from an urban environment in lubbock, texas (usa) during winter 1987 and the following spring 1988, respectively. antibody titers to the agents of rmsf and borreliosis were detected in ...	1990	2106044
lyme disease: a review.	in the last decade, lyme borreliosis has emerged as a complex new infection whose distribution is worldwide. the multisystem disorder, which primarily affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system at different stages, is caused by the tick-borne spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. after the first weeks of infection almost all patients have a positive antibody response to the spirochaete and serological determinations are currently the most practical laboratory aid in diagnosis. treatment with ...	1990	2107856
clinical judgment in lyme disease.		1990	2108178
lyme disease of the cns: mr imaging findings in 14 cases.	the mr images of 14 patients with clinical diagnoses of lyme disease, cns complaints, and positive lyme titers were reviewed. mr examinations were abnormal in 43%. areas of abnormal signal were identified within the cerebral white matter as well as within the brainstem.	1990	2112310
biopsy-confirmed cns lyme disease: mr appearance at 1.5 t.		1990	2112311
lyme carditis in immunodeficient mice during experimental infection of borrelia burgdorferi.	recently, we described the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse as a laboratory model for b. burgdorferi infection. scid mice inoculated with the virulent low-passage tick isolate borrelia burgdorferi zs7 developed a severe pancarditis involving endocardium, myocardium and epicardium in the absence of functional b- or t-cells. soon after inoculation perivascular infiltration was observed, later diffuse infiltration of the interstitium of the subendocardial and subepicardial areas was se ...	1990	2114691
lyme disease.		1990	2115360
imported malaria associated with malariotherapy of lyme disease--new jersey.		1990	2123017
zoonotic infections in northern ireland farmers.	evidence of past zoonotic infection was investigated serologically in randomly selected northern ireland farmers. the percentage of farmers with antibody was: brucella abortus (0.7), leptospira interrogans serovars (8.1), borrelia burgdorferi (14.3), toxoplasma gondii (73.5), coxiella burnetii (28.0), chlamydia psittaci (11.1) and hantavirus (1.2). the results show that northern ireland farmers have been exposed in the past to zoonotic infections. it is not known if these infections contributed ...	1990	2123457
[lyme disease. national foundation of health].		2004	2131498
[lyme disease].		2015	2131499
borrelia burgdorferi in ticks of the canton tessin (switzerland).	in the northern alps it is hard to find an ixodes ricinus population which does not harbour borrelia burgdorferi. the infection rates range from 5 to 34% for adults and nymphs to 3.1% for larvae. this study shows that the infection rates on the southern side of the alps are similar, at 25% for adults, 36.2% for nymphs and 3.2% for larvae. with respect to tick species other than i. ricinus, we did not succeed in finding any spirochetes in dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes hex ...	1990	2132440
nocturnal detachment of the tick ixodes hexagonus from nocturnally active hosts.	to determine whether the pattern of engorgement of ixodes hexagonus leach (acarina: ixodidae) in central europe may influence host specificity, the host relationships of the sub-adult stages of this tick were examined and the time of detachment compared with the activity patterns of various candidate vertebrate hosts. the main hosts for i. hexagonus appear to be hedgehog and fox. this tick species seems to be incapable of feeding on any rodent commonly encountered in the study region, or on rept ...	1990	2133008
lyme disease. a general survey.		1990	2133980
outer surface protein a (ospa) from the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi: high level expression and purification of a soluble recombinant form of ospa.	the ospa gene of borrelia burgdorferi encodes an outer membrane protein which is a major antigen of the lyme disease agent. two sequence-specific sets of oligonucleotide primers were used to specify the amplification of the ospa coding sequence by the polymerase chain reaction. one set allowed the entire ospa sequence to be amplified, while the other primed amplification of a truncated form of ospa lacking the first 17 codons specified by the wild-type ospa structural gene, residues believed to ...	1990	2136237
lyme polyradiculoneuropathy presenting as increasing abdominal girth.	we describe a patient with documented lyme disease whose major complaint was increasing abdominal distention. electrophysiologic studies demonstrated denervation of the lower thoracic paraspinal muscles and the rectus abdominis. expanding abdominal girth can be an unusual manifestation of the polyradiculoneuropathy associated with lyme disease.	1990	2137205
experimental chronic lyme borreliosis in lewis rats.	the course of lyme borreliosis in lew/n rats inoculated intraperitoneally as infants with 10(6) borrelia burgdorferi was followed for 360 days. spirochetes were detected in the blood through 30 days, in the brain through 60 days, and persisted in the spleen, liver, kidneys and articular tissue through 360 days. acute exudative arthritis, tendonitis, and bursitis were evident in multiple joints by day 30. arthritis regressed thereafter but capsular fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates persi ...	1990	2138431
lyme borreliosis in selected strains and ages of laboratory mice.	the susceptibility of laboratory mice to borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated for selected genotypes and ages. c3h/he, swr, c57bl/6, sjl, and balb/c mice inoculated at age 3 days developed uniformly severe polyarthritis at 30 days after intraperitoneal inoculation. mice inoculated at age 3 weeks also developed polyarthritis, but severity was influenced by genotype, with c3h/he and swr mice the most severely affected. susceptible strains developed higher igg elisa antibody titers to b. burgdorferi ...	1990	2141344
cogan's syndrome and seroreactivity to lyme borreliosis.	we document the case of a young woman with bilateral nonluetic, interstitial keratitis, vestibuloauditory problems, and bilateral recurrent facial palsies, who had strongly positive serologic tests of lyme borreliosis. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of positive serologic tests for borrelia burgdorferi in a patient with cogan's syndrome.	1990	2141863
susceptibility of laboratory rats to isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from different geographic areas.	one week old lew/n rats were inoculated with 15 different isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from 3 major north american (northeast, midwest, and pacific) and 1 european endemic areas. at 30 days after inoculation, several tissues were cultured for b. burgdorferi and examined for histopathological changes. sera were tested for igm and igg antibody to b. burgdorferi by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. one or more isolates from each geographic region was recovered by culture and caused arthriti ...	1990	2142584
[occurrence of borrelia antibodies in field hares (lepus europaeus)].	using the indirect haemagglutination reaction with an antigenic extract from borrelia recurrentis, the author assessed in the hare the incidence of borrelia antibodies, incl. antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, the causal agent of lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease with natural foci, a disease transmitted mostly by ticks of the genus ixodes. sera of 113 hares from 11 localities in the cssr examined by this method reacted in 41.6% by titres within the range from 1 : 16 to 1 : 512, onl ...	1990	2142623
[natural foci of lyme borreliosis].	the submitted paper provides evidence that tick-borne borreliosis described as lyme disease, is a disease with natural focality. its properties, despite the widespread occurrence, classify it in this group. the authors give a characteristic of the disease, of hitherto known vectors, the main reservoir animals in america and europe. attention is drawn to the importance of deer and the effect of their increasing numbers on the spread of ticks and the disease. the great adaptability of the causal a ...	1990	2142627
[persistent leg pain].	a 72 year old patient suddenly experienced severe lumbar pain irradiating into the right leg. later on, weakness of the muscles thigh appeared. a thorough radiological investigation which showed degenerative alterations of the vertebral column did not supply an explanation. after a pathological titer against borrelia burgdorferi was found in serum and radiculitis was detected on emg, the diagnosis of lyme-borreliosis of the nervous system could be confirmed by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid ...	1990	2142797
lyme borreliosis in laboratory animals: effect of host species and in vitro passage of borrelia burgdorferi.	the susceptibility of several common laboratory animal species to a known pathogenic isolate of borrelia burgdorferi (n40) was evaluated following intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of 10(6-8) spirochetes into 3-day-old lewis rats, cd-1 mice, syrian hamsters, and 3-week-old american dutch rabbits. at 30 days, tissues were cultured for spirochetes and examined histologically. all species developed multisystemic infection as well as arthritis and carditis, but disease was most severe in rats and mic ...	1990	2143358
lyme disease: a seasonal hazard.	cutaneous markers are usually the first signs of lyme disease, a multisystem infection that affected about 7,000 people last year. this article reviews its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.	1990	2144434
in-vitro and in-vivo susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi to azithromycin.	the in-vitro and in-vivo susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferito tetracycline, erythromycin and azithromycin was investigated. a macrodilution broth technique was used to determine mbcs. b. burgdorferi was most susceptible to azithromycin (mbc 0.04 mg/l) followed by erythromycin (mbc 0.16 mg/l) and tetracycline (mbc 1.6 mg/l). syrian hamsters were used to determine ed50s for the three antimicrobials. azithromycin was most effective in the elimination of spirochaetes from experimentally infected ...	1990	2154436
saliva of the tick ixodes dammini inhibits neutrophil function.	pilocarpine-induced saliva of adult female ixodes dammini ticks inhibits the function of peritoneal-derived rat neutrophils, as measured by anaphylatoxin-induced aggregation, fmlp-induced granule enzyme secretion, zymosan-induced superoxide secretion, and phagocytosis of borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. inhibition ranged from 40 to 80% when saliva was diluted 20 times into the assay medium. this neutrophil-inhibiting activity of i. dammini saliva may aid in tick feeding and facilitate pathogen ...	1990	2157607
[recent information on tick-borne diseases (i)].	tick-borne encephalitis (central european encephalitis) and lyme disease (erythema chronicum migrans) are diseases mainly transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. the tick-borne encephalitis, a virus infection, can produce severe encephalitic symptoms. there is no specific treatment but the infection can be prevented by active or passive immunization. lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). due to the variety of often uncharacteristic symptoms this infection is ...	1990	2158155
[benign cutaneous lymphocytoma revealing lyme disease].		1990	2163518
lyme neuroborreliosis. peripheral nervous system manifestations.	an ever increasing number of apparently unrelated peripheral nervous system (pns) disorders has been associated with lyme borreliosis. to ascertain their relative frequency and significance, we studied prospectively 74 consecutive patients with late lyme disease, with and without pns symptoms: 53% had intermittent limb paraesthesiae, 25% the carpal tunnel syndrome, 8% painful radiculopathy, and 3% bell's palsy; 39% had disseminated neurophysiological abnormalities. to assess the interrelationshi ...	1990	2168778
chronic neurologic manifestations of lyme disease.	lyme disease, caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is associated with a wide variety of neurologic manifestations. to define further the chronic neurologic abnormalities of lyme disease, we studied 27 patients (age range, 25 to 72 years) with previous signs of lyme disease, current evidence of immunity to b. burgdorferi, and chronic neurologic symptoms with no other identifiable cause. eight of the patients had been followed prospectively for 8 to 12 years after the onset of ...	1990	2172819
early diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by a solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test and virus isolation.	45 cases of aseptic meningitis/meningoencephalitis were studied with regard to enteroviral etiology by virus isolation and solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test (sprist), a cross-reacting test for enterovirus igm. an etiological diagnosis was reached in 37/45 (82%) patients. etiological diagnoses other than enteroviruses were found in 8 patients: borrelia burgdorferi in 4, varicella-zoster virus in 2, herpes simplex virus in 1 and mumps virus in 1 patient. enteroviruses (echovirus 6, 21 and 30) ...	1990	2175448
cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of lyme disease--prospective, randomized therapeutic study.	the low responsiveness of lyme arthritis to high dose intravenous penicillin g therapy has evoked the demand for new drugs for the treatment of late stage borreliosis. as can be deduced from in vitro susceptibility data, third generation cephalosporins are far more effective on borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes than penicillin g. the study presented here was designed to compare cefotaxime at a dosage of 2 x 3 g/day with penicillin g at a dosage of 2 x 10 megaunits/day, for ten days in a prospecti ...	1990	2179134
effects of bovine serum albumin on the ability of barbour-stoenner-kelly medium to detect borrelia burgdorferi.	the ability of decreasing inocula of borrelia burgdorferi to grow in otherwise identical barbour-stoenner-kelly (bsk) media containing different lots of bovine serum albumin (fraction v) was determined. these media differed significantly in ability to detect b. burgdorferi. some bsk media required inocula of 2 x 10(5) organisms per ml for detection, while other media could stimulate growth after inoculation with less than 2 organisms per ml. in addition, organisms from the less sensitive bsk med ...	1990	2179264