Publications

sleep-dependent motor memory plasticity in the human brain.	growing evidence indicates a role for sleep in off-line memory processing, specifically in post-training consolidation. in humans, sleep has been shown to trigger overnight learning on a motor-sequence memory task, while equivalent waking periods produce no such improvement. but while the behavioral characteristics of sleep-dependent motor learning become increasingly well characterized, the underlying neural basis remains unknown. here we present functional magnetic resonance imaging data demon ...	2005	15964485
brain cholinergic vulnerability: relevance to behavior and disease.	the major populations of cholinergic neurons in the brain include two "projection" systems, located in the pontine reticular formation and in the basal forebrain. these two complexes comprise, in part, the anatomical substrates for the "ascending reticular activating system" (aras). the pontine cholinergic system relays its rostral influences mainly through thalamic intralaminar nuclei, but it also connects to the basal forebrain and provides a minor innervation of cortex. the basal forebrain ch ...	2005	15975560
hypocretins (orexins): clinical impact of the discovery of a neurotransmitter.	hypothalamic excitatory hypocretin (orexin) neurons have been discovered in 1998 and found to have widespread projections to basal forebrain, monoaminergic and cholinergic brainstem, and spinal cord regions. the hypocretin system is influenced both neuronally (e.g. suprachiasmatic nucleus, gabaergic, cholinergic and aminergic brainstem nuclei) as well as metabolically (e.g. glucose, ghrelin, and leptin). physiologically the hypocretin system has been implicated in the regulation of behaviours th ...	2005	15979356
[from health promoting school perspectives to discuss the building of school-community partnership].	in the wake of the who's health promotion campaign health promotion schools have gained currency in europe and the united states. the department of education in taiwan has proposed a "school health promotion program" and the department of health a "program to build healthy schools" the goal of these programs was to create a holistic environment for school health and put the concepts of "school-family-community partnership" into practice. although difficulties, such as school-centered perspective ...	2005	15986306
human biovibrations: assessment of human life signs, motor activity, and cognitive performance using wrist-mounted actigraphy.	the application of miniature motion sensors (accelerometers) to study the macro- (gross) and micro- (barely discernible) activities associated with human motion has been termed actigraphy. in countless human sleep studies, actigraphy has mostly been applied to distinguish between when a person is asleep or awake. use of sleep/wake information has been applied to the development of mathematical models that aim to predict aspects of cognitive performance. however, wrist-mounted actigraphy potentia ...	2005	16018332
after the indian ocean tsunami: singapore's contribution to the international disaster victim identification effort in thailand.	this paper describes the international disaster victim identification (dvi) response mounted in thailand, with particular reference to singapore's contribution to this process, in the wake of the asian tsunami of 26 december, 2004, which devastated parts of more than 10 countries in and around the indian ocean and claimed more than 200,000 lives. although singapore was unscathed by this natural calamity, over 30 singaporean visitors were counted amongst the thousands of deceased victims, mostly ...	2005	16021223
chronic ethanol intake alters circadian period-responses to brief light pulses in rats.	although chronic alcohol intake is associated with widespread disruptions of sleep-wake cycles and other daily biological rhythms in both human alcoholics and experimental animals, the extent to which the chronobiological effects of alcohol are mediated by effects on the underlying circadian pacemaker remains unknown. nevertheless, recent studies indicate that both adult and perinatal ethanol treatments may alter the free-running period and photic responsiveness of the circadian pacemaker. the p ...	2005	16021840
diurnal fluctuation of time perception under 30-h sustained wakefulness.	previous studies have reported that time perception in humans fluctuates over a 24-h period. behavioral changes seem to affect human time perception, so that the fluctuation in human time perception may be the result of such changes due to self-determined activities. recently, we carried out a study in which a healthy human cohort was asked to perform simultaneously loaded cognitive tasks under controlled conditions, and found that time perception decreased linearly from morning to evening. in a ...	2005	16039739
modafinil-associated weight loss in a clozapine-treated schizoaffective disorder patient.	we report a case of weight loss associated with modafinil-initiation in a clozapine-treated man with schizoaffective disorder.	2005	16075662
timing and consolidation of human sleep, wakefulness, and performance by a symphony of oscillators.	daily rhythms in sleep and waking performance are generated by the interplay of multiple external and internal oscillators. these include the light-dark and social cycles, a circadian hypothalamic oscillator oscillating virtually independently of behavior, and a homeostatic oscillator driven primarily by sleep-wake behavior. both internal oscillators contribute to variation in many aspects of sleep and wakefulness (e.g., sleep timing and duration, rem sleep, non-rem sleep, rem density, sleep spi ...	2005	16077148
melatonin: characteristics, concerns, and prospects.	melatonin is of great importance to the investigation of human biological rhythms. its rhythm in plasma or saliva provides the best available measure of the timing of the internal circadian clock. its major metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin is robust and easily measured in urine. it thus enables long-term monitoring of human rhythms in real-life situations where rhythms may be disturbed, and in clinical situations where invasive procedures are difficult. melatonin is not only a "hand of the clock ...	2005	16077149
nonphotic entrainment in humans?	although light is accepted as the dominant zeitgeber for entrainment of the human circadian system, there is evidence that nonphotic stimuli may play a role. this review critically assesses the current evidence in support of nonphotic entrainment in humans. studies involving manipulations of sleep-wake schedules, exercise, mealtimes, and social stimuli are re-examined, bearing in mind the fact that the human circadian clock is sensitive to very dim light and has a free-running period very close ...	2005	16077153
clinical aspects of human circadian rhythms.	circadian rhythmicity can be important in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clinical disease. due to the difficulties in conducting the necessary experimental work, it remains unknown whether approximately 24-h changes in pathophysiology or symptoms of many diseases are causally linked to endogenous circadian rhythms or to other diurnal factors that change across the day, such as changes in posture, activity, sleep or wake state, or metabolic changes associated with feeding or fas ...	2005	16077156
variation of 24-hour intraocular pressure in healthy individuals: right eye versus left eye.	an assumption for the one-eye therapeutic trial of ocular hypotensive drugs is the symmetrical variation of intraocular pressure (iop) between the two eyes. we evaluated whether or not 24-hour variations of iop in the two eyes are similar in healthy individuals.	2005	16095707
changes in sleep-wake cycle after chronic exposure to uranium in rats.	uranium is a heavy metal known to induce toxicity in kidneys. it is also known to enter the central nervous system, thus inducing neurophysiological effects, after exposure to relatively high concentrations. the effect of chronic uranium exposure (40 mg l(-1) in drinking water, for 90 days) on electroencephalographic architecture has been studied on freely moving rats using a telemetry technique. the main effects of uranium on the sleep-wake cycle were an increase in rapid eye movement sleep (re ...	2005	16099620
fatal familial insomnia: a model disease in sleep physiopathology.	fatal familial insomnia (ffi) is characterized by loss of sleep, oneiric stupor with autonomic/motor hyperactivity and somato-motor abnormalities (pyramidal signs, myoclonus, dysarthria/dysphagia, ataxia). positon emission tomography (pet) disclosed thalamic hypometabolism and milder involvement of the cortex; neuropathology severe neuronal loss in the thalamic nuclei variably affecting the caudate, gyrus cinguli and fronto-temporal cortices. genetic analysis disclosed a mutation in the prnp gen ...	2005	16109494
the physiological role of orexins.	orexins/hypocretins are recently discovered neuropeptides synthetized mainly by neurons located in the posterolateral hypothalamus. hypocretin-1 and -2 are the same peptides as orexin-a and orexin-b. orexin a is a 33 amino acid peptide with n-terminal pyroglutamyl residue and two intrachain disulphide bonds. orexin b is a linear peptide of 28 amino acids. these two peptides are potent agonists at both the orexin-1 (oxr1) and orexin-2 (oxr2) receptors. orexin-a is selective ligand for oxr1 and ox ...	2005	16135995
the period length of fibroblast circadian gene expression varies widely among human individuals.	mammalian circadian behavior is governed by a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain hypothalamus, and its intrinsic period length is believed to affect the phase of daily activities. measurement of this period length, normally accomplished by prolonged subject observation, is difficult and costly in humans. because a circadian clock similar to that of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is present in most cell types, we were able to engineer a lentiviral circadian reporter that permi ...	2005	16167846
individual differences in adult human sleep and wakefulness: leitmotif for a research agenda.	this paper reviews the literature on interindividual variability in human sleep parameters, sleepiness, responses to sleep deprivation, and manifestations of sleep disorders. variability among individuals in sleep/wake biology and behavior is pervasive. the magnitude of such individual differences is often considerable and comparable to the effect sizes of many experimental and clinical interventions. evidence is accumulating that certain aspects of sleep/wake-related variability--such as sleep ...	2005	16171293
age-related attenuation of the evening circadian arousal signal in humans.	the human circadian pacemaker maintains timing and consolidation of sleep-wake behavior by opposing the build-up of homeostatic sleep pressure during the wake episode, particularly in the evening during the 'wake maintenance zone'. we tested whether age-related changes in sleep are a consequence of a weaker circadian arousal signal in the evening. circadian rhythms and spectral components of the sleep eeg were investigated in 17 young (20-31 year) and 15 older (57-74 year) volunteers under const ...	2005	16182904
wake-up call for sleeping beauty.	by tinkering with the transposon sleeping beauty, researchers have developed new, highly effective strategies for performing mammalian mutagenesis screens.	2005	16184661
associations between sleep and cortisol responses to stress in children and adolescents: a pilot study.	a growing body of animal and human research suggests reciprocal associations between sleep and activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (hpa) axis. however, few studies have examined associations between sleep and stress-induced cortisol responses in children and adolescents. this pilot study examined associations among 3 sleep parameters (sleep-wake behavior problems, daytime sleepiness, sleep quantity) and cortisol responses to stress in 31 participants ages 10 to 17 (15 males, 16 ...	2005	16190809
normative sleep data, cognitive function and daily living activities in older adults in the community.	to present normative data of sleep-wake characteristics and to examine risk factors associated with extreme values (i.e., in the 5 lower and upper percentiles of the distribution) in older adults.	2005	16218081
fluoxetine during pregnancy: impact on fetal development.	women are at greatest risk of suffering from depression during the childbearing years and thus may either become pregnant while taking an antidepressant or may require a prescription for one during pregnancy. the antidepressant fluoxetine (fx) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (ssri), which increases serotonin neurotransmission. serotonin is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological systems, including the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms and the hypothalamic-pituitary ...	2005	16263070
advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoon melatonin and morning intermittent bright light.	both light and melatonin can be used to phase shift the human circadian clock, but the phase-advancing effect of the combination has not been extensively investigated.	2006	16263827
acehnese reefs in the wake of the asian tsunami.	the sumatra-andanaman tsunami was one of the greatest natural disasters in recorded human history. here, we show that on the northwest coast of aceh, indonesia, where the tsunami was most ferocious, the damage to corals, although occasionally spectacular, was surprisingly limited. we detected no change in shallow coral assemblages between march 2003 and march 2005, with the exception of one site smothered by sediment. direct tsunami damage was dependent on habitat and largely restricted to coral ...	2005	16271869
increased serotonin receptor availability in human sleep: evidence from an [18f]mppf pet study in narcolepsy.	data from animal studies suggest that serotonin release promotes wakefulness and suppresses rem sleep, but there are dangers in extrapolating these findings to humans. binding of the radioligand [18f]mppf to 5ht1a receptors is sensitive to levels of endogenous serotonin. in this study, we aimed to demonstrate changes in serotonin receptor availability in the human brain in wakefulness and sleep using [18f]mppf and positron emission tomography. 14 subjects with narcolepsy cataplexy underwent [18f ...	2006	16275016
a quartet neural system model orchestrating sleep and wakefulness mechanisms.	physiological knowledge of the neural mechanisms regulating sleep and wakefulness has been advanced by the recent findings concerning sleep/wakefulness-related preoptic/anterior hypothalamic and perifornical (orexin-containing)/posterior hypothalamic neurons. in this paper, we propose a mathematical model of the mechanisms orchestrating a quartet neural system of sleep and wakefulness composed of the following: 1) sleep-active preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons (n-r group); 2) wake-active hy ...	2006	16282204
a late wake time phase delays the human dim light melatonin rhythm.	short sleep/dark durations, due to late bedtimes or early wake times or both, are common in modern society. we have previously shown that a series of days with a late bedtime phase delays the human dim light melatonin rhythm, as compared to a series of days with an early bedtime, despite a fixed wake time. here we compared the effect of an early versus late wake time with a fixed bedtime on the human dim light melatonin rhythm. fourteen healthy subjects experienced 2 weeks of short 6h nights wit ...	2006	16309837
the human circadian system in normal and disordered sleep.	the human circadian system regulates rhythmicity in the human body and establishes normal sleep and wake phases. the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn), located in the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm, make up the human pacemaker known as the circadian or biological clock, but other essential parts of the circadian system include the pineal gland, retina, and retinohypothalamic tract. the importance of light in resetting the intrinsic human circadian cycle, the intrinsic period of which is slightly ...	2005	16336035
brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an eeg/fmri study.	regional differences in sleep eeg dynamics indicate that sleep-related brain activity involves local brain processes with sleep stage specific activity patterns of neuronal populations. macroscopically, it is not fully understood which cerebral brain regions are involved in the successive discontinuation of wakefulness. we simultaneously used eeg and functional mri on 9 subjects (6 female: mean = 24.1 years, 3 male: mean = 26.0 years) and analyzed local blood oxygenation level dependent signal c ...	2006	16339798
the circadian rhythm of tryptophan in breast milk affects the rhythms of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and sleep in newborn.	the hormone melatonin regulates the sleep and this pineal hormone is synthesized in the organism from the amino acid tryptophan. it is known that breast-fed babies have better sleep patterns and a better entrained sleep/wake cycle than bottle-fed babies (adapted formula).	2005	16380706
responses of the diaphragm to transcranial magnetic stimulation during wake and sleep in humans.	the human ventilation depends on bulbospinal and corticospinal commands. this study assessed their interactions in five healthy volunteers (two men, age 25-35) through the description of diaphragm and abductor pollicis brevis (apb) motor potentials (dimeps, abpmeps) evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) during relaxed expiration and tidal inspiration and during wake and sleep. nrem decreased corticospinal excitability and rem further did so, for both the diaphragm and the apb. during ...	2006	16406377
direct patient care during an acute disaster: chasing the will-o'-the-wisp.	well developed disaster plans are essential in today's atmosphere of natural and man-made disasters. we describe the problems faced by a community hospital on the mississippi gulf coast during and in the wake of hurricane katrina. because of significant damage to surrounding health care facilities, this hospital was called upon to provide care to a large section of the affected population. in spite of a previously successful disaster plan, a number of unforeseen difficulties were encountered. th ...	2006	16420648
sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain.	melatonin, the hormone produced nocturnally by the pineal gland, is an endogenous regulator of the sleep-wake cycle. the effects of melatonin on brain activities and their relation to induction of sleepiness were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) study. melatonin, but not placebo, reduced task-related activity in the rostro-medial aspect of the occipital cortex during a visual-search task and in the auditory cortex during a mus ...	2006	16427787
biological rhythm disturbances in mood disorders.	from earliest times, psychiatrists have described biological rhythm disturbances as characteristic of mood disorders. the present flourishing of circadian biology has revealed the molecular basis of 24-h rhythmicity driven by 'clock' genes, as well as the importance of zeitgebers (synchronisers). winter depression was first modelled on regulation of animal behaviour by seasonal changes in daylength, and led to application of light as the first successful chronobiological treatment in psychiatry. ...	2006	16436934
developing circadian rhythmicity in infants.	circadian rhythms are endogenously generated rhythms with a period length of about 24-hrs. evidence gathered over the past decade indicates that the circadian timing system develops prenatally and the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the site of a circadian clock, are present by mid-gestation in human and non-human primates. recent evidence also shows that the circadian system of primate infants is responsive to light at very premature stages and that low intensity lighting can regulate the developing cl ...	2003	16437011
wave drag on human swimmers.	drag measurements from a towed mannequin show total drag at the surface is up to 2.4 times the drag when fully immersed. this additional drag is due to the energy required to form waves in the wake behind the mannequin. the measurements show that passive wave drag is the largest drag, comprising up to 50-60% of the total at 1.7 m s(-1), much higher than any previous estimates. comprehensive measurements spanning human swimming speeds and tow depths up to 1.0m demonstrate that wave drag on the ma ...	2006	16439236
a sleep study in cluster headache.	cluster headache (ch) is a primary headache with a close relation to sleep. ch presents a circa-annual rhythmicity; attacks occur preferably during the night, in rapid eye movement (rem) sleep, and they are associated with autonomic and neuroendocrine modifications. the posterior hypothalamus is the key structure for the biological phenomenon of ch. our aim is to describe a 55-year-old man presenting a typical episodic ch, in whom we performed a prolonged sleep study, consisting of a 9-week acti ...	2006	16472335
cold exposure and sleep in the rat: effects on sleep architecture and the electroencephalogram.	acute exposure to low ambient temperature modifies the wake-sleep cycle due to stage-dependent changes in the capacity to regulate body temperature. this study was carried out to make a systematic analysis of sleep parameters during the exposure to different low ambient temperatures and during the following recoveries at ambient temperature 24 degrees c.	2005	16477956
variants of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 with accelerated or delayed viral gene expression activate proinflammatory cytokine synthesis.	our previous results have shown that the parainfluenza virus sv5 is a poor inducer of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 (il-8) and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1). by contrast, an engineered p/v mutant rsv5-p/v-cpi- and a naturally-occurring variant wf-piv (wake forest-parainfluenza virus) are both potent activators of il-8 and mcp-1. in the present study, we addressed the question of why rsv5-wt is such a poor inducer of host cytokine responses relative to the two sv5 variant ...	2006	16480754
cosmopolitanism and violence: difficulties of judgment.	this paper addresses the difficult relation of cosmopolitan ideas to the existence of war and violence. it explores the ambivalences within the cosmopolitan outlook as it seeks to reconcile its attentiveness to the actuality of violence in the modern age with its normative vision of perpetual peace. i address these ambivalences through a discussion of a) what it is to learn from the catastrophes of the twentieth century; b) the contribution kant's theory of cosmopolitan law to the solution to co ...	2006	16506996
amyloid beta peptide (25-35) activates protein kinase c leading to cyclooxygenase-2 induction and prostaglandin e2 release in primary midbrain astrocytes.	prostaglandins (pgs) are generated by the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (cox-1/2) and modulate several functions in the cns such as the generation of fever, the sleep/wake cycle, and the perception of pain. moreover, the induction of cox-2 and the generation of pgs has been linked to neuroinflammatory aspects of alzheimer's disease (ad). non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) that block cox enzymatic activity have been shown to reduce the incidence of ad in various epidem ...	2006	16546299
[the swiss archaeologist otto hauser. his skeletal findings and hypothesis on the evolution of man and his extensive activities in the development of prehistorical research and evolution].	new investigations on otto hauser's skeleton findings and the excavations of this swiss citizen in southwest france from 1906 until 1914 placed the activities of this archaeologist again in the focus of scientific and public interest. this paper describes life and oeuvre of otto hauser and discusses the importance of the skeletons found by him and hermann klaatsch as well as the consequences of their discovery. the efforts of otto hauser to publish his discoveries, to present and spread his view ...	2006	16623093
when and how to investigate the patient with headache.	the very common symptom of headache most often has a benign cause and can usually be diagnosed following a thorough history and neurologic and focused general physical examinations. because the potential etiologies can threaten life and neurological function, headaches provoke understandable concern on the part of the patient and health care provider. thoughtful testing can exclude the worrisome underlying causes. this article reviews the neurological and general symptoms and signs that should p ...	2006	16628526
npas2 as a transcriptional regulator of non-rapid eye movement sleep: genotype and sex interactions.	because the transcription factor neuronal per-arnt-sim-type signal-sensor protein-domain protein 2 (npas2) acts both as a sensor and an effector of intracellular energy balance, and because sleep is thought to correct an energy imbalance incurred during waking, we examined npas2's role in sleep homeostasis using npas2 knockout (npas2-/-) mice. we found that, under conditions of increased sleep need, i.e., at the end of the active period or after sleep deprivation (sd), npas2 allows for sleep to ...	2006	16636276
ethical issues in the use of genetic information in the workplace: a review of recent developments.	in the wake of the human genome project, the pace of genetic discovery has quickened. new genetic tests and other molecular technology have had immediate and wide relevance to american and european workers. these tests have the potential to provide improved workplace safety and protect workers' health, but they also carry the risk of genetic discrimination including loss of employment, promotion, insurance and health care. ethical safeguards are necessary if the benefits are to outweigh the adve ...	2005	16639111
trauma response to the asian tsunami: krabi hospital, southern thailand.	the date 26 december 2004 saw a massive tidal wave propagated from a 9.0 richter scale suboceanic earthquake off the coast of sumatra in south-east asia. it swept across the indian ocean over a matter of hours leaving destruction in its wake. in southern thailand, krabi hospital, that province's major tertiary health centre, received the majority of the region's tsunami victims. well-rehearsed contingency plans were in place to cope with 10, 20 and 40 trauma victims in the case of an extreme eve ...	2006	16669946
extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep and sleep deprivation: an in vivo microdialysis study.	to examine the pattern of extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep deprivation, sleep, and normal wake.	2006	16676778
a pandemic flu: not if, but when. sars was the wake-up call we slept through.	if an influenza pandemic struck today, borders might close, the global economy would be severely impacted, international vaccine supplies and health are systems would be overwhelmed, and some people might panic. to limit the fallout, the industrialized world must create a detailed response strategy involving the public and private sectors. some experts feel we are overdue for a flu pandemic and the sars pandemic of 2003 could have been the wake up call to begin preparations. fortunately there is ...	2006	16681227
sleep-wake disturbances in sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	the prevalence and characteristics of sleep-wake disturbances in sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease (scjd) are poorly understood.	2006	16682677
prenatal ethanol exposure alters the expression of period genes governing the circadian function of beta-endorphin neurons in the hypothalamus.	sleep-wake disturbances and stress hyper-responsiveness have been observed in human neonates, children and adolescents who were exposed to alcohol during the prenatal period. using the laboratory rat as an animal model, we investigated whether fetal ethanol exposure during gestational days 10-21 affects the circadian function of the stress-axis regulatory beta-endorphin neurons in the hypothalamus. fetal ethanol-exposed rats showed abnormality in the circadian expression of proopiomelanocortin ( ...	2006	16686691
age-related changes in the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep.	the reduction of electroencephalographic (eeg) slow-wave activity (swa) (eeg power density between 0.75-4.5 hz) and spindle frequency activity, together with an increase in involuntary awakenings during sleep, represent the hallmarks of human sleep alterations with age. it has been assumed that this decrease in non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep consolidation reflects an age-related attenuation of the sleep homeostatic drive. to test this hypothesis, we measured sleep eeg characteristics (i.e., ...	2006	16687319
fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact.	debate continues to rage between enthusiasts for climate change versus humans as a cause of the catastrophic faunal extinctions that have occurred in the wake of human arrival in previously uninhabited regions of the world. a global pattern of human arrival to such landmasses, followed by faunal collapse and other ecological changes, appears without known exception. this strongly suggests to some investigators that a more interesting extinction debate lies within the realm of potential human-cau ...	2005	16701402
host-feeding patterns of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central north carolina.	aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) is a major nuisance mosquito and a potential arbovirus vector. the host-feeding patterns of ae. albopictus were investigated during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons in suburban neighborhoods in wake county, raleigh, nc. hosts of blood-fed ae. albopictus (n = 1,094) were identified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by using antisera made in new zealand white rabbits to the sera of animals that would commonly occur in peridomestic h ...	2006	16739414
the neurobiology of hypocretins (orexins), narcolepsy and related therapeutic interventions.	narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and other manifestations of dissociated rapid eye movement sleep. narcolepsy is typically treated with amphetamine-like stimulants (sleepiness) and antidepressants (cataplexy). newer compounds, such as modafinil (non-amphetamine wake-promoting compound for excessive daytime sleepiness) and sodium oxybate (short-acting sedative for fragmented nighttime sleep, cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness), are increasingly used. rec ...	2006	16766052
sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans.	sleep-wake homeostatic and internal circadian timedependent brain processes interact to regulate human brain function so that alert wakefulness is promoted during the daytime and consolidated sleep is promoted at nighttime. the consequence of chronically altering the normal relationship between these processes for human brain function is largely unknown. we tested cognitive and vigilance performance while subjects lived in the laboratory for over a month. the subjects lived on either 24.0- or 24 ...	2006	16768357
disruptions in sleep time and sleep architecture in a mouse model of repeated ethanol withdrawal.	insomnia and other sleep difficulties are perhaps the most common and enduring symptoms reported by alcoholics undergoing detoxification, especially those alcoholics with a history of multiple detoxifications. while some studies have reported sleep disruptions in animal models after chronic ethanol exposure, the reports are inconsistent and few address sleep architecture across repeated ethanol exposures and withdrawals. the present study evaluated sleep time and architecture in a well-character ...	2006	16792570
an opposite role for tau in circadian rhythms revealed by mathematical modeling.	biological clocks with a period of approximately 24 h (circadian) exist in most organisms and time a variety of functions, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, bioluminescence, and core body temperature fluctuations. much of our understanding of the clock mechanism comes from the identification of specific mutations that affect circadian behavior. a widely studied mutation in casein kinase i (cki), the ckiepsilon(tau) mutant, has been shown to cause a loss of kinase function in vitro, b ...	2006	16818876
prenatal malnutrition and sleep states in adult rats: effects of restraint stress.	independently, prenatal malnutrition and psychological/physical stress have been shown to affect sleep architecture in adult rats. as malnutrition and stress commonly co-exist in malnourished human populations, the objective of the present study was to ascertain the combined effects of these two insults by examining sleep-wake parameters following a brief restraint stress in prenatally protein malnourished rats. the male offspring of rats provided with a protein deficient diet (6% casein) for 5 ...	2006	16828813
the physiological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal histamine: an insight from human positron emission tomography studies.	histamine neurons are exclusively located in the posterior hypothalamus, and project their fibers to almost all regions of the human brain. although a significant amount of research has been done to clarify the functions of the histaminergic neuron system in animals, a few studies have been reported on the roles of this system in the human brain. in past studies, we have been able to clarify some of the functions of histamine neurons using different methods, such as histamine-related gene knocko ...	2007	16890992
a taxonomic analysis of sleep stages.	to study the structure of human sleep at the level of sleep stages. we applied taxonomic statistics to detect significant configurations (types) of different physiologic variables and their relationship to sleep stages. design and statistics: polygraphic sleep recordings from 32 subjects (normal sleepers as well as patients with insomnia, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy; n = 8 per group) were visually scored and submitted to a configural frequency analysis. the configural frequency analysis was compu ...	2006	16895265
microneurography as a tool in clinical neurophysiology to investigate peripheral neural traffic in humans.	microneurography is a method using metal microelectrodes to investigate directly identified neural traffic in myelinated as well as unmyelinated efferent and afferent nerves leading to and coming from muscle and skin in human peripheral nerves in situ. the present paper reviews how this technique has been used in clinical neurophysiology to elucidate the neural mechanisms of autonomic regulation, motor control and sensory functions in humans under physiological and pathological conditions. micro ...	2006	16904937
comparison of manual sleep staging with automated neural network-based analysis in clinical practice.	we have compared sleep staging by an automated neural network (ann) system, biosleep (oxford biosignals) and a human scorer using the rechtschaffen and kales scoring system. sleep study recordings from 114 patients with suspected obstructed sleep apnoea syndrome (osa) were analysed by ann and by a blinded human scorer. we also examined human scorer reliability by calculating the agreement between the index scorer and a second independent blinded scorer for 28 of the 114 studies. for each study, ...	2006	16929927
health inequities, environmental insecurity and the attainment of the millennium development goals in sub-saharan africa: the case study of zambia.	the united nations millennium development goals (mdgs) are a series of 8 goals and 18 targets aimed at ending extreme poverty by 2015, and there are 48 quantifiable indicators for monitoring the process. most of the mdgs are health or health-related goals. though the mdgs might sound ambitious, it is imperative that the world, and sub-saharan africa in particular, wake up to the persistent and unacceptably high rates of extreme poverty that populations live in, and find lasting solutions to age- ...	2006	16968967
genetics of the sleep-wake cycle and its disorders.	the sleep-wake cycle is under the control of the circadian clock. recent advances in rhythm biology have identified molecular clocks and their key regulating genes. circadian clock genes (clock, per) were first isolated in drosophila, and their homologous counterparts have been found in mammals. some of the circadian master genes have been shown to influence sleeping behavior. for instance, a point mutation in a human clock gene (per2) was shown to produce the rare advanced sleep phase syndrome, ...	2006	16979429
shift of monocyte function toward cellular immunity during sleep.	sleep is considered to strengthen immune defense. we hypothesized that sleep achieves this effect by shifting the balance between types 1 and 2 cytokine activity toward increased type 1 activity, thereby supporting adaptive cellular immune responses.	2006	16983046
the biology of the gaucher cell: the cradle of human chitinases.	gaucher disease (gd) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder and is caused by inherited deficiencies of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme responsible for the lysosomal breakdown of the lipid glucosylceramide. gd is characterized by the accumulation of pathological, lipid laden macrophages, so-called gaucher cells. following the development of enzyme replacement therapy for gd, the search for suitable surrogate disease markers resulted in the identification of a thousand-fold increased chitina ...	2006	16984816
regulating a circadian clock's period, phase and amplitude by phosphorylation: insights from drosophila.	much progress has been made in understanding the molecular underpinnings governing circadian ( approximately 24 h) rhythms. despite the increased complexity in metazoans whereby inter-cellular networks form the basis for driving overt rhythms, such as wake-sleep cycles in animals, single isolated cells can exhibit all the formal properties of a circadian pacemaker. how do these cell-autonomous rhythm generators operate? breakthrough studies in drosophila melanogaster led to the realization that ...	2006	17012288
the human sleep-wake cycle reconsidered from a thermoregulatory point of view.	sleep is typically initiated on the declining portion of the circadian rhythm of core body temperature (cbt) when its rate of change, and body heat loss, is maximal. distal vasodilatation plays a primary role in the circadian regulation of body heat loss and is strongly associated with sleepiness and sleep induction. in contrast, sleep (i.e. non-rem sleep and slow-wave activity, swa) has no or only a minor thermoregulatory function. two lines of evidence support this statement. first, detailed a ...	2007	17049364
computed tomography of the human pineal gland for study of the sleep-wake rhythm: reproducibility of a semi-quantitative approach.	to propose a semi-quantitative computed tomography (ct) protocol for determining uncalcified pineal tissue (ucpt), and to evaluate its reproducibility in modification of studies showing that the degree of calcification is a potential marker of deficient melatonin production and may prove an instability marker of circadian rhythm.	2006	17050369
circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: methodological constraints, protocols, theoretical underpinnings.	the investigation of time-of-day effects on cognitive performance began in the early days of psychophysiological performance assessments. since then, standardised, highly controlled protocols (constant routine and forced desynchrony) and a standard performance task (psychomotor vigilance task) have been developed to quantify sleep-wake homeostatic and internal circadian time-dependent effects on human cognitive performance. however, performance assessment in this field depends on a plethora of f ...	2007	17055007
promoting adjustment of the sleep-wake cycle by chronobiotics.	chronobiotics are substances that adjust the timing of internal biological rhythms. many classes of drugs have been claimed to possess such properties and arouse growing interest as the circumstances for their use in sleep disturbances caused by circadian rhythms alterations (delayed or advanced sleep-phase syndromes, non-24-h sleep-wake disorders, jet lag, shift work sleep disorders and so on) have become progressively more frequent. amongst the substances potentially presenting chronobiotic pr ...	2007	17056076
[diagnostic value of particularities of circadian rhythms of sleep-wake cycle in early ontogenesis].	according to the data of direct electroencephalography (eeg) human fetus can develop circadian rhythm of sleep-wake cycle before birth. healthy fetus during birth is awake and takes an active part in the delivery. the fetus sleep during birth is developed only in hypoxic states. eeg irregularities of sleep are noticed yet in fetal stage. children aged 0-1 year develop five phases of sleep: drowsiness, active sleep, sleep of middle depth, deep sleep, paradoxical rem sleep. maturity of superficial ...	2006	17057286
sleep and circadian rhythms in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.	the aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the sleep-wake cycle in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. after presenting an overview of the measurement and function of human sleep, we describe changes in sleep and circadian functioning across the life cycle. we then review evidence that, in adults, sleep and/or circadian rhythms are of considerable influence in the multifactorial causal chain implicated in relapse in bipolar disorder, discussing relevant mechanisms. the l ...	2006	17064432
altered sleep-wake cycles and physical performance in athletes.	sleep-waking cycles are fundamental in human circadian rhythms and their disruption can have consequences for behaviour and performance. such disturbances occur due to domestic or occupational schedules that do not permit normal sleep quotas, rapid travel across multiple meridians and extreme athletic and recreational endeavours where sleep is restricted or totally deprived. there are methodological issues in quantifying the physiological and performance consequences of alterations in the sleep- ...	2007	17067642
directional information flows between brain hemispheres during presleep wake and early sleep stages.	neuroscientists' efforts to better understand the underlying processes of human consciousness are growing in a variety of multidisciplinary approaches. relevant within these are the studies aimed at exploring the physiological substratum of the propagation and reduction of cerebral-namely, corticocortical-communication flows. however, the preferential direction of the information flow between brain hemispheres is as yet largely unknown. it is the aim of the present research to study the communic ...	2007	17071847
modeling biological rhythms in failure time data.	the human body exhibits a variety of biological rhythms. there are patterns that correspond, among others, to the daily wake/sleep cycle, a yearly seasonal cycle and, in women, the menstrual cycle. sine/cosine functions are often used to model biological patterns for continuous data, but this model is not appropriate for analysis of biological rhythms in failure time data.	2006	17090302
[the radical psychiatry trend and intervention with women (a californian experience).].	it was in the wake of the movement for a critical psychiatry, originated by eric berne, that the radical psychiatry collective developed in berkely california at the beginning of the 70's. starting with an analysis of the dominant therapeutic intervention, which was seen alienating, and its resultant, an oppression of which the individual is unaware, the collective teaches a new practice represented by the following equation : consciousness of one's oppression + contact with other in the same si ...	1983	17093768
the effects of dietary iron deprivation on murine circadian sleep architecture.	iron deficiency is considered a putative cause for restless legs syndrome (rls), a human sensorimotor disorder characterized by a circadian presentation of symptoms during the evening hours that disrupts one's ability to sleep. we sought to evaluate the sleep-wake effects of diet-induced iron deficiency in mice as an animal model of rls. to this end, we hypothesized that the iron-deprived mice would exhibit a sleep-wake circadian pattern characteristic of the human syndrome: increased wakefulnes ...	2006	17098470
sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memory.	both sleep and emotion are known to modulate processes of memory consolidation, yet their interaction is poorly understood. we examined the influence of sleep on consolidation of emotionally arousing and neutral declarative memory. subjects completed an initial study session involving arousing and neutral pictures, either in the evening or in the morning. twelve hours later, after sleeping or staying awake, subjects performed a recognition test requiring them to discriminate between these origin ...	2006	17100790
melatonin and immunomodulation: connections and potential clinical applications.	melatonin is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the human brain. it has a strong impact on the sleep-wake cycle and is considered a general modulator of the human circadian rhythm. apart from these well-established properties, melatonin possesses immunomodulatory, antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties. the potential ability of this hormone to act synergistically with several cytokines by enhancing their antitumoral activity and dramatically decreasing their adverse effects ...	2006	17119342
distant touch hydrodynamic imaging with an artificial lateral line.	nearly all underwater vehicles and surface ships today use sonar and vision for imaging and navigation. however, sonar and vision systems face various limitations, e.g., sonar blind zones, dark or murky environments, etc. evolved over millions of years, fish use the lateral line, a distributed linear array of flow sensing organs, for underwater hydrodynamic imaging and information extraction. we demonstrate here a proof-of-concept artificial lateral line system. it enables a distant touch hydrod ...	2006	17132735
armodafinil, the r-enantiomer of modafinil: wake-promoting effects and pharmacokinetic profile in the rat.	modafinil reduces the excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, and shift work sleep disorder. in rats, modafinil promotes dose-dependent increases in wake duration. the wake-promoting activity of the r-enantiomer of modafinil (armodafinil) was evaluated in wky rats and compared to the classical stimulant, d-methamphetamine. electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals were assessed via a tethered cranial implant. body temperature and lo ...	2006	17134745
holiday review. early to bed and early to rise: does it matter?	controversy remains about whether early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise (the ben franklin hypothesis), or healthy, wealthy and dead (the james thurber hypothesis).	2006	17146094
effect of continuous arterial blood flow in patients with rotary cardiac assist device on the washout of a stenosis wake in the carotid bifurcation: a computer simulation study.	in recipients of rotary blood pumps for cardiac assist, the pulsatility of arterial flow is considerably diminished. this influences the shear stress patterns and streamlines in the arterial bed, with potential influence on washout and plaque growth. these effects may be aggravated in the recirculation area of stenoses, and therefore, exclude patients with atherosclerosis from the therapy with these devices. a numerical study was performed for the human carotid artery bifurcation with the assump ...	2007	17157302
influenza pandemic statistics provide wake-up call to healthcare workers.		2006	17165477
identification of a biomarker for sleep drive in flies and humans.	it is a common experience to sacrifice sleep to meet the demands of our 24-h society. current estimates reveal that as a society, we sleep on average 2 h less than we did 40 years ago. this level of sleep restriction results in negative health outcomes and is sufficient to produce cognitive deficits and reduced attention and is associated with increased risk for traffic and occupational accidents. unfortunately, there is no simple quantifiable marker that can detect an individual who is excessiv ...	2006	17167051
global environmental change: what can health care providers and the environmental health community do about it now?	the debate about whether global environmental change is real is now over; in its wake is the realization that it is happening more rapidly than predicted. these changes constitute a profound challenge to human health, both as a direct threat and as a promoter of other risks. we call on health care providers to inform themselves about these issues and to become agents of change in their communities. it is our responsibility as clinicians to educate patients and their communities on the connection ...	2006	17185267
shift work and inter-individual differences in sleep and sleepiness.	inter-individual differences in tolerance for shift work have been studied primarily in terms of external factors affecting alertness on the job or the ability to rest and sleep while at home. however, there is increasing evidence that neurobiological factors play a role as well, particularly the major processes involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. these include a sleep homeostatic process seeking to balance wakefulness and sleep and a circadian process seeking to promote wakeful ...	2006	17190701
animal models of human placentation--a review.	this review examines the strengths and weaknesses of animal models of human placentation and pays particular attention to the mouse and non-human primates. analogies can be drawn between mouse and human in placental cell types and genes controlling placental development. there are, however, substantive differences, including a different mode of implantation, a prominent yolk sac placenta, and fewer placental hormones in the mouse. crucially, trophoblast invasion is very limited in the mouse and ...	2007	17196252
emerging infectious diseases that threaten the blood supply.	following the devastating effects of blood-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), blood establishments have become increasingly vigilant for the emergence or re-emergence of new threats to the safety of the blood supply. many agents have fulfilled the broad definition of emerging blood-transmitted infections, including west nile virus (wnv), trypanosoma cruzi, plasmodium spp., babesia spp., parvovirus b19, dengue virus, and the prions that cause variant creutzfeld-jacob disease (vcjd). ...	2007	17198845
reengineering real time outbreak detection systems for influenza epidemic monitoring.	in the wake of fears over pandemic influenza, triggered by concern about avian influenza, a top national priority is to adapt surveillance systems, such as biosense, for influenza monitoring. while real time surveillance system architects have been largely focused on the problem of discrete outbreak detection, the data in these systems have been shown to have unique advantages for the timely detection of influenza. in this study, we evaluate the utility influenza detection by real-time surveilla ...	2006	17238486
[the first film presentation of rem sleep behavior disorder precedes its scientific debut by 35 years].	the perplexing and tantalizing disease of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep behavior disorder (rbd) is characterized by peculiar, potentially dangerous behavior during rem sleep. it was described both in animals and humans. rbd in mammals was first described by jouvet and delorme in 1965, based on an experimental model induced by lesion in pontine region of cats. in 1972, passouant et al. described sleep with eye movements and persistent tonic muscle activity induced by tricyclic antidepressant med ...	2006	17252919
the subjective effects of chewing qat leaves in human volunteers.	chewing the leaves of the qat plant (catha edulis) for their pleasurable central stimulant effect is a habit that is widespread in yemen and certain areas of east africa. the use of the qat leaves is believed to cause a variety of gastrointestinal and genito-urinary symptoms as well as sleep disturbance. we studied the subjective effects of chewing qat leaves in human volunteers.	2002	17259764
promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans.	orexins are hypothalamic peptides that play an important role in maintaining wakefulness in mammals. permanent deficit in orexinergic function is a pathophysiological hallmark of rodent, canine and human narcolepsy. here we report that in rats, dogs and humans, somnolence is induced by pharmacological blockade of both orexin ox(1) and ox(2) receptors. when administered orally during the active period of the circadian cycle, a dual antagonist increased, in rats, electrophysiological indices of bo ...	2007	17259994
the involvement of dopamine in the modulation of sleep and waking.	dopamine (da)-containing neurons involved in the regulation of sleep and waking (w) arise in the ventral tegmental area (vta) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (snc). the vta and snc cells have efferent and afferent connections with the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn), the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (ppt/ldt), the locus coeruleus (lc), the lateral and posterior hypothalamus (lh), the basal forebrain (bfb), and the thalamus. molecular cloning techniques have enabled the ch ...	2007	17275369
automated sleep staging by a hybrid system comprising neural network and fuzzy rule-based reasoning.	a hybrid system for automated eeg sleep staging is presented in this article. by combining a self-organizing feature map (sofm) with a fuzzy reasoning-based classifier (frbc) and utilizing both temporal and spectrum features of the eeg signal, the system provides a reliable tool for automatic eeg sleep staging. conceptually, the system is divided into four passes: artifact detection, rough staging, stage refinement and post processing. the artifact detection module is firstly employed to exclude ...	2005	17281138
introducing emergency preparedness in childbirth education classes.	in the wake of recent natural and man-made disasters and emergency situations, pregnant women are especially vulnerable. the authors of this column encourage childbirth educators to include disaster preparedness instruction and emergency childbirth techniques in their class content.	2006	17322945
a roadmap to functional genomics.	in august 2006, the center for human genomics of the wake forest university school of medicine in winston-salem, nc, hosted the national institutes of health-sponsored roadmap course entitled models and technologies for defining phenotype. twenty-four biomedical and genomic researchers from throughout the world and with varying degrees of experience in the genomics, biological, and biomedical engineering sciences were invited to participate as students in a comprehensive course dedicated to pres ...	2007	17327496