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a waterborne outbreak and detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul.from may to june 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul, republic of korea. the residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the korean drinking water standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. the microbiological paramet ...201324039290
new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species.three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ...201324045008
effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler clostridium perfringens infection model.in an effort to explore strategies to control clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) with penicillin g in a broiler challenge model. all chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 c. perfringens strains. birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-gmp by gavage or intramuscularly (im) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicilli ...201324046411
clinical models for anaerobic bacterial infections in dogs and their use in testing the efficacy of clindamycin and lincomycin.two canine models of clinical anaerobic bacterial infections were developed for the study of the clinical parameters associated with these infections and for evaluation of antimicrobial agents that might be useful in therapy. in model i, a mixed culture of bacteroides fragilis, b melaninogenicus, and fusobacterium necrophorum was used as the inoculum. in model ii, a mixed culture of b fragilis and clostridium perfringens combined with an infection enhancer (sterile cinder dust) was used as the i ...198424049887
[the hot point and controversy of clinical measures in critical are medicine].with its powerful ability to monitoring and support of organs, the survival rate of critically ill patients has been improved significantly by critical care medicine. critical ill patients centralized in icu accepted the treatments given by multidisciplinary team as a mode have played a very important role, especially during the rescue of victims in public health emergencies and natural disasters. changings of the measures of monitoring and support are always along with the development of the cr ...201324059120
[nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit: other than clostridium difficile].to investigate the incidence and clinical features of non-clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit (icu) caused by klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium perfringens.201324059125
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infection and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most well known bacterial pathogen associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens has also been detected in up to 15% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, and it has not been found in healthy people. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of c. perfringens infection in pediatric patients with ibd.201424060617
host cell-induced signaling causes clostridium perfringens to upregulate production of toxins important for intestinal infections.clostridium perfringens causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in humans and livestock due to prolific toxin production. in broth culture, c. perfringens uses the agr-like quorum sensing (qs) system to regulate production of toxins important for enteritis/enterotoxemia, including beta toxin (cpb), enterotoxin, and epsilon toxin (etx). the virs/virr two-component regulatory system (tcrs) also controls cpb production in broth cultures. both the agr-like qs and virs/virr systems are important when c. p ...201624061146
digestion of epithelial tight junction proteins by the commensal clostridium perfringens.the enteric microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but the pathways involved and bacterial participants may vary in different hosts. we previously reported that some components of the human commensal microbiota, particularly clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens), have the proteolytic capacity for host matrix degradation and reduce transepithelial resistance. here, we examined the c. perfringens-derived proteolytic activity against epithelial tight junction p ...201324072681
cellular vacuolation and mitochondrial-associated factors induced by clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin detected using acoustic flow cytometry.epsilon toxin (etx) produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d is a potent toxin that is responsible for fatal enterotoxaemia. in vitro, etx, which is considered as a pore-forming toxin, forms a heptamer in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cell membranes, which is considered to be a pre-pore stage. after binding of the etx, vacuoles inside cell cytoplasm are produced. etx causes decreased levels of essential coenzymes required for host cell energy. here, we optimized and applied acoustic ...201324076036
antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish (armoracia rusticana) root against oral microorganisms.the antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish root was investigated against oral microorganisms: 6 strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sobrinus, lactobacillus casei, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; one strain of yeast, candida albicans, and 3 strains of anaerobic bacteria, fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella nigrescens, and clostridium perfringens. the itcs extract ...201324077540
abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water.we first determined the analytical specificity and ubiquity (i.e., the ability to detect all or most strains) of a clostridium perfringens-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay based on the cpa gene (cpa rtpcr) by using a bacterial strain panel composed of c. perfringens and non-c. perfringens clostridium strains. all non-c. perfringens clostridium strains tested negative, whereas all c. perfringens strains tested positive with the cpa rtpcr, for an analytical specificity and ubiquity of 100%. th ...201324077714
growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria.the growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of seven constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on 14 intestinal bacteria were compared with those of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin.201324083511
clostridium perfringens sepsis following a molar pregnancy.clostridium perfringens sepsis is rare since the legalization of abortion in 1973. this is a 49 year old female who developed clostridial sepsis after suction dilation and curettage for a molar pregnancy. a hysterectomy was performed after prompt recognition, and the patient survived.201424096275
cody is a global regulator of virulence-associated properties for clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.cody is known to regulate various virulence properties in several gram-positive bacteria but has not yet been studied in the important histotoxic and intestinal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the present study prepared an isogenic cody-null mutant in c. perfringens type d strain cn3718 by insertional mutagenesis using the targetron system. western blot analysis indicated that, relative to wild-type cn3718 or a complementing strain, this isogenic cody mutant produces reduced levels of epsilon ...201324105766
clostridium perfringens gas gangrene at a wrist intravenous line insertion.a patient admitted to the intensive care unit for management of hypotension following a multiple medications overdose subsequently deteriorated rapidly with sepsis. a cannula site was noted to be bruised, swollen and erythematous and the x-ray demonstrated gas sitting within the tissues surrounding the metacarpal bones. the patient was referred to the orthopaedic surgeons and quickly taken for debridement of the affected area and fasciotomies of the forearm. microbiological investigation confirm ...201324108766
the tight-junction protein claudin-6 induces epithelial differentiation from mouse f9 and embryonic stem cells.during epithelialization, cell adhesions and polarity must be established to maintain tissue assemblies and separate the biological compartments in the body. however, the molecular basis of epithelial morphogenesis, in particular, a role of cell adhesion molecules in epithelial differentiation from stem cells, remains unclear. here, we show that the stable and conditional expression of a tight-junction protein, claudin-6 (cldn6), triggers epithelial morphogenesis in mouse f9 stem cells. we also ...201324116027
microbiological, pathological and histological findings in four danish pig herds affected by a new neonatal diarrhoea syndrome.neonatal diarrhoea is a frequent clinical condition in commercial swine herds, previously regarded to be uncomplicated to treat. however, since 2008 it seems that a new neonatal diarrhoeic syndrome unresponsive to antibiotics and common management practices has emerged. routine laboratory examinations have not detected any pathogen related to this syndrome. the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate if well-known enteric pathogens could be associated with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea, ...201324119974
a retrospective study on the etiological diagnoses of diarrhea in neonatal piglets in ontario, canada, between 2001 and 2010.laboratory surveillance data from the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, on the etiological diagnoses of neonatal diarrhea in piglets were analyzed to determine the relative importance and trends of different enteric pathogens in ontario. a total of 237 cases, including live and dead 1- to 7-day-old piglets, were submitted for diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness between 2001 and 2010. the combined frequencies for cases of gastrointestinal illness involving escherichia coli, clostr ...201324124267
effects of a probiotic, enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.the effects of feeding dehydrated enterococcus faecium on growth performance, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88 were investigated. two hundred eighty-eight 1-d-old birds were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: negative control birds (n-con) fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control birds (p-con) fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; birds fed a basal diet including dehydrated e. faecium (ef) at ...201324135599
isolation of clostridium perfringens type b in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease.we have isolated clostridium perfringens type b, an epsilon toxin-secreting bacillus, from a young woman at clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis (ms) with actively enhancing lesions on brain mri. this finding represents the first time that c. perfringens type b has been detected in a human. epsilon toxin's tropism for the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and binding to oligodendrocytes/myelin makes it a provocative candidate for nascent lesion formation in ms. we examined a well-characterized po ...201324146858
acute hemolysis in the emergency department: think about clostridium perfringens!clostridium perfringens (cp) gives several clinical settings, from an asymptomatic to a massive intravascular hemolysis. we report a case of fatal intravascular hemolysis due to cp septicemia having a hepatic supposed starting point in the emergency department. like in many cases, the diagnosis was made when patient had already gone into shock and died. the cp septicemia often complicated the course of the digestive or genital pathologies. the alpha toxin can damage the structural integrity of t ...201324151563
how do swine practitioners and veterinary pathologists arrive at a diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal piglets?a questionnaire was administered to 22 veterinary practitioners and 17 veterinary pathologists to investigate the methods used for diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal pigs. practitioners generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by age of onset of diarrhea (between 1 to 7 days of age). most practitioners (95%) were moderately to very confident in their diagnosis. pathologists generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by comb ...201324155437
proportional mortality: a study of 152 goats submitted for necropsy from 13 goat herds in quebec, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenitis.the objectives of this study were to determine the main causes of mortality, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenits as a cause of death or wasting in caprine herds from quebec. goats (n = 152) from 13 herds were submitted for necropsy; the cause of mortality, and the presence, location, and cause of abscesses (if present) were recorded. proportional mortalities were distributed as: clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxemia (17.1%), pneumonia (13.8%), paratuberculosis (10.5%), listeriosi ...201324155449
bio-preservation of ground beef meat by enterococcus faecalis cect7121.meat and particularly ground beef is frequently associated with food poisoning episodes and breeches in food safety. the main goal of this research was to evaluate the bactericide effect of the probiotic enterococcus faecalis cect7121, against different pathogens as: escherichia coli o157:h7, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens and listeria monocytogenes, inoculated in ground beef meat. three studies were performed to evaluate the inhibition of e. faecalis cect7121 on ground beef meat ...201324159282
microbial spoilage of portuguese chouriço along shelf life period.microbial flora of portuguese chouriço (alentejano (a) and ribatejano (r)) with abnormal sensorial characteristics along shelf life was studied. mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, enterococci, mesophilic sporeformers, coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, sulphite reducing clostridia, clostridium perfringens, moulds and yeasts were the most representative in both types of chouriço.201324159290
detection of toxins a/b and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from dogs in minas gerais, brazil.the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile a/b toxins and to isolate strains of c. perfringens and c. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in brazil. stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected by elisa, and c. perfringens and c. difficile were identified by multiplex pcr. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarr ...201324159295
antimicrobial therapy of selected diseases in turkeys, laying hens, and minor poultry species in canada.this paper identifies common poultry diseases requiring antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobials deemed efficacious to treat these diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (amr) in these commodity-pathogen combinations, and describes current residue issues and minor use minor species (mums) guidelines. veterinarians with turkey/layer expertise and diagnosticians were surveyed to determine the bacterial and protozoal diseases diagnosed in the last 5 years. avian pathogenic escherichia coli, staphyloco ...201324179239
endoscopically visualized lesions, histologic findings, and bacterial invasion in the gastrointestinal mucosa of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome.etiology of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (hge) syndrome in dogs is unknown and histopathologic and microbial investigations have only been performed post mortem.201724205886
technological properties of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from pico cheese an artisanal cow's milk cheese.evaluate technologically relevant properties from bacteriocin-producing strains to use as starter/adjunct cultures in cheese making.201424206097
anion inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from clostridium perfringens.a β-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) was recently cloned, purified and characterized kinetically in the pathogen clostridium perfringens. we report here the first inhibition study of this enzyme (cpeca). cpeca was poorly inhibited by iodide and bromide, and was inhibited with kis in the range of 1-10mm by a range of anions such as (thio)cyanate, azide, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, hydrogensulfite, hydrogensulfide, stannate, tellurate, pyrophosphate, divanadate, tetraborate, peroxydisulfat ...201324210500
inhibition of clostridium perfringens growth by potassium lactate during an extended cooling of cooked uncured ground turkey breasts.the u.s. department of agriculture's food safety and inspection service compliance guideline known as appendix b specifies chilling time and temperature limits for cured and uncured meat products to inhibit growth of spore-forming bacteria, particularly clostridium perfringens. sodium lactate and potassium lactate inhibit toxigenic growth of clostridium botulinum, and inhibition of c. perfringens has been reported. in this study, a cocktail of spores of three c. perfringens strains (atcc 13124, ...201324215704
maternal immunization with vaccines containing recombinant netb toxin partially protects progeny chickens from necrotic enteritis.avian necrotic enteritis is a major economic and welfare issue throughout the global poultry industry and is caused by isolates of clostridium perfringens that produce netb toxin. previously we have shown that birds directly vaccinated with inactivated c. perfringens type a culture supernatant (toxoid) combined with recombinant netb (rnetb) protein were significantly protected from homologous and heterologous challenge. in the present study the protective effect of maternal immunization was exam ...201324219318
performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection.the disinfection efficiency of performic acid (pfa) against various microbial contaminants has been studied in municipal secondary effluent. the study demonstrated that pfa provides rapid, efficient and safe disinfection, degrading both bacteria and viruses even at low doses. the resistance order starting from the most resistant microorganism is as follows: ms2-coliphages > dna-coliphages > enterococci and escherichia coli. pfa is also efficient in the elimination of salmonella spp., clostridium ...201324225113
mechanistic insights from substrate preference in unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase.natural and synthetic unsaturated glucuronides were tested as substrates for clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase to probe its mechanism and to guide inhibitor design. of the natural substrates, a chondroitin disaccharide substrate with sulfation of the primary alcohol on carbon 6 of its n-acetylgalactosamine moiety was found to have the highest turnover number of any substrate reported for an unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase, with kcat =112 s(-1) . synthetic aryl glycoside s ...201424227702
tissue distribution and safety evaluation of a claudin-targeting molecule, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.we previously found that claudin (cl) is a potent target for cancer therapy using a cl-3 and -4-targeting molecule, namely the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe). although cl-3 and -4 are expressed in various normal tissues, the safety of this cl-targeting strategy has never been investigated. here, we evaluated the tissue distribution of c-cpe in mice. ten minutes after intravenous injection into mice, c-cpe was distributed to the liver and kidney (24.0% and 9.5% ...201424231339
adhesive properties of clostridium perfringens to extracellular matrix proteins collagens and fibronectin.the adhesive properties of clostridium perfringens to collagens, gelatin, fibronectin (fn), fn-prebound collagens, and fn-prebound gelatin were investigated. c. perfringens could bind to fn-prebound collagen type ii, type iii, and gelatin, but not to gelatin or collagens except for collagen type i directly. recombinant fn-binding proteins of c. perfringens, rfbpa and rfbpb, were used to examine fn-mediated bacterial adherence to collagen type i. in the presence of rfbps, c. perfringens adherence ...201424239649
internalization of clostridium perfringens α-toxin leads to erk activation and is involved on its cytotoxic effect.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cpplc), also called α-toxin, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. cpplc may lead to cell lysis at concentrations that cause extensive degradation of plasma membrane phospholipids. however, at sublytic concentrations it induces cytotoxicity without inducing evident membrane damage. the results of this work demonstrate that cpplc becomes internalized in cells by a dynamin-dependent mechanism and in a time progressive process: first, cpplc c ...201424245664
follow-up of 100 dogs with acute diarrhoea in a primary care practice.this study aimed to examine the aetiology of acute diarrhoea and the relapse rate in 100 client-owned dogs presented to a first-opinion clinic. history, physical examination, faecal testing and owner questionnaire data were collected at initial presentation (t0) and at either the time of relapse or at a recheck performed within 3 months. all dogs received treatment according to their clinical signs. of 96 dogs that completed the study, 37 (38.5%) relapsed during the study period, 21 (21.9%) rela ...201424268477
interface dynamics explain assembly dependency of influenza neuraminidase catalytic activity.influenza virus neuraminidase (ina) is a homotetrameric surface protein of the influenza virus and an established target for antiviral drugs. in contrast to neuraminidases (nas) of other biological systems (non-inas), enzymatic activity of ina is only observed in a quaternary assembly and ina needs the tetramerization to mediate enzymatic activity. obviously, differences on a molecular level between ina and non-inas are responsible for this intriguing observation. comparison between protein stru ...201524279589
relative disease susceptibility and clostridial toxin antibody responses in three commercial broiler lines coinfected with clostridium perfringens and eimeria maxima using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is an enteric disease of poultry resulting from infection by clostridium perfringens with coinfection by eimeria spp. constituting a major risk factor for disease pathogenesis. this study compared three commercial broiler chicken lines using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. day-old male cobb, ross, and hubbard broilers were orally infected with viable c. perfringens and e. maxima and fed a high-protein diet to promote the development of experimental disease. body w ...201324283139
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a malevolent molecule for animals and man?clostridium perfringens is a prolific, toxin-producing anaerobe causing multiple diseases in humans and animals. one of these toxins is epsilon, a 33 kda protein produced by clostridium perfringens (types b and d) that induces fatal enteric disease of goats, sheep and cattle. epsilon toxin (etx) belongs to the aerolysin-like toxin family. it contains three distinct domains, is proteolytically-activated and forms oligomeric pores on cell surfaces via a lipid raft-associated protein(s). vaccinatio ...201324284826
hygienization of sludge through anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 and 60 °c.legislation in sweden and the european union concerning the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is under revision and future concentration limits for pathogens in treated sludge are likely to be expected. the aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienization of salmonella, escherichia coli, enterococcus and clostridium perfringens through continuous anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 or 60 °c, as well as to investigate process stability and methane production at 60 °c. the results indicated that di ...201324292473
[diagnosis and control of human food poisoning outbreaks].medical microbiology laboratories play a key role in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks. bacterial pathogens (salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, etc) have historically been implicated in foodborne illness, while the role of viruses (especially norovirus) appears to have been underestimated. culture-based diagnosis has gradually been complemented, or replaced, by rapid molecular methods applied directly to bi ...201224313020
computer-guided approach to access the anti-influenza activity of licorice constituents.neuraminidase (na), a key enzyme in viral replication, is the first-line drug target to combat influenza. on the basis of a shape-focused virtual screening, the roots of glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) were identified as plant species with an accumulation of constituents that show 3d similarities to known influenza na inhibitors (nais). phytochemical investigation revealed 12 constituents identified as (e)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-3-(8-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-1-benzopyran-6-y ...201424313801
horizontally transferred genetic elements and their role in pathogenesis of bacterial disease.this article reviews the roles that laterally transferred genes (ltg) play in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. the features of ltg that allow them to be recognized in bacterial genomes are described, and the mechanisms by which ltg are transferred between and within bacteria are reviewed. genes on plasmids, integrative and conjugative elements, prophages, and pathogenicity islands are highlighted. virulence genes that are frequently laterally transferred include genes for bacterial adherenc ...201424318976
an unusual mode of galactose recognition by a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module.carbohydrate-binding modules (cbms) are ancillary modules commonly associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes (cazymes) that function to mediate the adherence of the parent enzyme to its carbohydrate substrates. cbm family 32 (cbm32) is one of the most diverse cbm families, whose members are commonly found in bacterial cazymes that modify eukaryotic glycans. one such example is the putative μ-toxin, cpgh84a, of the family 84 glycoside hydrolases, which comprises an n-terminal putative β-n-acety ...201424326248
[harmonization of microbiologicaland parasitological indices of epidemic safety of drinking water with the international requirements].for the purpose of harmonization of microbiological and parasitological indices and benchmarks there was performed the comparative analysis of the requirements for the quality of drinking water in respect of the epidemic safety on the basic regulations of russia, the directive council of the european union eu, who, the united states, canada, australia, finland, sweden, brazil, france, japan and china. as a result, there were revealed the priority bacteriological, virological and parasitological ...201324340910
[the diagnostic of anaerobic infection induced by clostridium perfringens in patient with post-traumatic phlegmon: a clinical case].the article presents uncommon clinical case of anaerobic gas-producing infection induced by clostridium perfringens. the disease resulted in lethal outcome at fourth day after admission of patient into hospital. the successful treatment requires timely diagnostic of clostridium infection based on complex of microbiologic, clinical and laboratory data. the early diagnostic is possible in case of bacteriologic analysis of native material.201324340950
autocatalytically generated thr-gln ester bond cross-links stabilize the repetitive ig-domain shaft of a bacterial cell surface adhesin.gram-positive bacteria are decorated by a variety of proteins that are anchored to the cell wall and project from it to mediate colonization, attachment to host cells, and pathogenesis. these proteins, and protein assemblies, such as pili, are typically long and thin yet must withstand high levels of mechanical stress and proteolytic attack. the recent discovery of intramolecular isopeptide bond cross-links, formed autocatalytically, in the pili from streptococcus pyogenes has highlighted the ro ...201424344302
in silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of binding affinity between n and c-domains of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha toxin/phospholipase c (cp-plc) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known to cause soft tissue infections like gas gangrene in humans and animals. it is the first bacterial toxin demonstrated to be an enzyme with phospholipase, sphingomyelinase and lecithinase activities. the toxin is comprised of an enzymatic n-domain and a binding c-domain interconnected by a flexible linker. the n-domain alone is non-toxic to mammalian cells, but incubation with c-domain re ...201324349173
nationwide surveillance for pathogenic microorganisms in groundwater near carcass burials constructed in south korea in 2010.widespread outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza occurred in south korea during 2010. in response to the culling of many animals to attenuate the spread of disease, south korea used mass burial sites to dispose of the large number of carcasses; consequently, concerns about groundwater contamination by leachate from these burial sites are increasing. groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water, and its cleanliness is directly related to public health. thus, this stu ...201324351737
diarylacylhydrazones: clostridium-selective antibacterials with activity against stationary-phase cells.current antibiotics for treating clostridium difficile infections (cdi), that is, metronidazole, vancomycin and more recently fidaxomicin, are mostly effective but treatment failure and disease relapse remain as significant clinical problems. the shortcomings of these agents are attributed to their low selectivity for c. difficile over normal gut microflora and their ineffectiveness against c. difficile spores. this letter reports that certain diarylacylhydrazones identified during a high-throug ...201424360560
vaccines against clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is thought to be an important agent in gas gangrene, which is a lifethreatening infection with fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. the toxin (370 residues) is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 residues, n-domain) in which the catalytic site is found and a c-terminal domain (251-370 residues, c-domain) responsible for binding to membranes. during the past decade, recombinant dna technology has been employed to develop second-generation va ...201324372250
the sialidases of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 differ in their properties and sensitivities to inhibitors.clostridium perfringens causes histotoxic infections and diseases originating in animal or human intestines. a prolific toxin producer, this bacterium also produces numerous enzymes, including sialidases, that may facilitate infection. c. perfringens type d strain cn3718 carries genes encoding three sialidases, including two large secreted sialidases (named nani and nanj) and one small sialidase (named nanh) that has an intracellular location in log-phase cultures but is present in supernatants ...201424375134
synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: a case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications.silver has long been advocated as an effective antimicrobial. however, toxicity issues with silver have led to limited use of silver in nanoform, especially for food preservation. with the aim of exploring combinatorial options that could increase the antibacterial potency of silver nanoparticles and reduce the effective dosage of silver, we evaluated the extent of synergy that a combination of silver nanoparticles and an essential oil representative (cinnamaldehyde) could offer. a battery of gr ...201324376352
dietary nisin modulates the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens.due to antimicrobial properties, nisin is one of the most commonly used and investigated bacteriocins for food preservation. surprisingly, nisin has had limited use in animal feed as well as there are only few reports on its influence on microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract (git). the present study therefore aimed at investigating effects of dietary nisin on broiler chicken git microbial ecology and performance in comparison to salinomycin, the widely used ionophore coccidiostat. in t ...201324376878
a functional rect gene for recombineering of clostridium.recombineering is an efficient genetic manipulation method employing the mechanism of phagenic rect-mediated homologous recombination. to develop a recombineering method for clostridium, a putative rect gene (cpf0939) from clostridium perfringens genome was functionally verified in a clostridial host clostridium acetobutylicum. we show that a short synthetic oligonucleotide can be introduced into the target site for specific point mutation. this functional rect gene would therefore contribute to ...201424384234
antimicrobial activity of traditional medicinal plants from ankober district, north shewa zone, amhara region, ethiopia.traditional medicinal plants have long been used in ethiopia to treat human and livestock ailments. despite a well-documented rich tradition of medicinal plant use in the country, their direct antimicrobial effects are still poorly known.201424392738
[two cases of liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization].case 1 involved a 74-year-old man. after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization( tace) for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), abdominal computed tomography (ct) revealed a gas-containing lesion in the liver. the patient was diagnosed as having a gas-containing liver abscess, necessitating emergency drainage under laparotomy. blood culture revealed clostridium perfringens. he was discharged on day 63 after surgery. case 2 involved a 70-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for obstructive ...201324393925
characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis.up to 60% of cases of equine colitis have no known cause. to improve understanding of the causes of acute colitis in horses, we hypothesized that clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin (cpe) and/or beta2 toxin (cpb2) are common and important causes of severe colitis in horses and/or that c. perfringens producing an as-yet-undescribed cytotoxin may also cause colitis in horses. fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with clinical evidence of colitis were evaluated by culture fo ...201424396174
use of a multiplex pcr for the detection of toxin-encoding genes netb and tpel in strains of clostridium perfringens.some studies have shown that the netb toxin may be an important virulence factor of clostridium perfringens associated necrotic enteritis in poultry. additionally, research has shown that strains of c. perfringens positive for both the netb gene and a second toxin-encoding gene, tpel, appear to be more virulent than strains with only netb. in the past, detection of these genes has been performed relatively inefficiently using two single locus pcrs. this report describes a novel multiplex pcr dev ...201324396606
assessment of microbiological and chemical properties in a municipal landfill area.this study aimed at determining the environmental hazards for soils posed by a large municipal landfilll. the concentrations of heavy metals and policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as microbial composition (i.e., mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, molds, salmonella, staphylococcus, clostridium perfringens) in four soils within and in the vicinity of the landfill were evaluated and compared to waste samples. both chemical and microbiological analyses revealed only limited contamination of ...201424410690
enteropathogen co-infection in uk cats with diarrhoea.individual enteropathogen infections in healthy and clinically ill cats are well described, but prevalence and patterns of enteropathogen co-infection have only been reported on a limited basis. we studied enteropathogen co-infection in diarrhoeic uk cats using results of a real time pcr assay for 8 enteropathogenic species; feline coronavirus (co), feline panleukopenia virus (pa), clostridium perfringens (cl), salmonella enterica (sa), giardia spp. (gi), tritrichomonas foetus (tr), cryptosporid ...201424410914
potentialities of newly isolated bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus sp for curd preparation and a comparative study of its physico-chemical parameters with other marketed curds.two bacillus sp. were isolated from the local fermented milk and identified on the basis 16s rrna sequence profile as bacillus subtilis akl1 and by biochemical process as lactobacillus acidophilus akl2. these isolates were used as fresh inoculums for curd preparation individually and in combinations. different physico-chemical and therapeutic properties of the newly prepared curd were examined and compared with marketed local (sweet and sour) and branded (mother dairy and thackar) curds. the tot ...201324416925
exploitation of fermented shrimp-shells hydrolysate as functional food: assessment of antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic activities.in the present study the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides of fermented shrimp-shell hydrolysate (ssh) in respect to hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and prebiotic activity were tested in male albino rat. rats were treated with four different diets, viz., (i) cholesterol-rich (5%) basal diet (chb), (ii) chb+10% chitin, (iii) chb+10% ssh and (iv) control group (without cholesterol). after 4 weeks of treatment, body mass index, liver weight, serum total cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol in grou ...201324416927
analysis of alteration of gut microbial population under the exposure of graded hyperbaric pressures: application of metagenomic approach.gastroenterological disorders are very common at hyperbaric conditions. the present study was conducted to find out the impact of gut flora on the gastrointestinal disorders created at such environmental circumstances. for this, male albino rat were exposed to graded hyperbaric pressures (915 and 1277 mmhg) and large intestinal content was examined for microbial composition using culture based and pcr-dgge tools. after 30 day exposure, total aerobes (38.54 and 375.57 folds, 1.35 and 1.58 gdi) an ...201324416931
haemagglutinin production by enterotoxigenic strains of clostridium perfringens type a.thirty-nine enterotoxigenic cultures of clostridium perfringens type a were studied for enterotoxin and haemagglutinin production. enterotoxin was quantitated by sandwich elisa and dot-elisa techniques and haemagglutinin titres were determined using sheep and human erythrocytes. haemagglutinins from only six cultures reacted against both sheep and human erythrocytes; a further 13 reacted only against human erythrocytes, and another five only against sheep cells.199124425274
clostridium perfringens infection following carpal tunnel release. 201324426895
white-rot fungal pretreatment of wheat straw with phanerochaete chrysosporium for biohydrogen production: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.this paper demonstrates biohydrogen production was enhanced by white-rot fungal pretreatment of wheat straw (ws) through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf). wheat straw was pretreated by phanerochaete chrysosporium at 30 °c under solid state fermentation for 12 days, and lignin was removed about 28.5 ± 1.3 %. microscopic structure observation combined thermal gravity and differential thermal gravity analysis further showed that the lignocellulose structure obviously disrupted a ...201424429553
distribution of clostridium perfringens isolates from piglets in south korea.clostridium perfringens causes various digestive system disease symptoms in pigs. in the present study, 11 c. perfringens isolates were obtained from diarrheic piglets and 18 from healthy piglets. all of the c. perfringens isolates were shown to be type a using a multiplex pcr assay. the β2 toxin gene was detected in 27/29 c. perfringens isolates, i.e., 81% (9/11) of diarrheic piglets and 100% (18/18) of healthy piglets, and all of the genes had the same sequence. in conclusion, the β2 toxin gen ...201424430655
presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel.infectious diarrhea can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoan organisms, or a combination of these. the identification of co-infections in dogs is important to determine the prognosis and to plan strategies for their treatment and prophylaxis. although many pathogens have been individually detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a comprehensive panel of agents that cause diarrhea in privately owned dogs has not yet been established. the objective of this study was to use ...201424433321
intravascular haemolysis secondary to clostridium perfringens in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. 201424446867
clostridium perfringens phospholipase c induced ros production and cytotoxicity require pkc, mek1 and nfκb activation.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cpplc), also called α-toxin, is the most toxic extracellular enzyme produced by this bacteria and is essential for virulence in gas gangrene. at lytic concentrations, cpplc causes membrane disruption, whereas at sublytic concentrations this toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway, which contributes to its cytotoxic and myotoxic effects. in the present work, the role of pkc, erk 1/2 and nfκb signalling pathways in ros generation ind ...201424466113
clostridium perfringens strains from bovine enterotoxemia cases are not superior in in vitro production of alpha toxin, perfringolysin o and proteolytic enzymes.bovine enterotoxemia is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. predominantly veal calves of beef cattle breeds are affected and losses due to enterotoxemia may account for up to 20% of total mortality. clostridium perfringens type a is considered to be the causative agent. recently, alpha toxin and perfringolysin o have been proposed to play an essential role in the development of disease. however, other potential virulence factors also may play a role in the pathogenesis of bovine enterotox ...201424479821
temporary feed restriction partially protects broilers from necrotic enteritis.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feed restriction on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. to induce subclinical necrotic enteritis, an experimental challenge model using a specific diet formulation, gumboro vaccination, oral inoculation of broilers with a 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens was adopted. two hun ...201424498863
influence of the gut microbiota on blood acute-phase proteins.little is known about the bovine intestinal microbiota influence on systemic innate immune responses. the objective of the present study was to determine relationships between acute-phase proteins in blood serum of cows [c-reactive protein (crp), lps-binding protein (lbp) and haptoglobin (hp)] and the faecal microbiota. fifty-two healthy cows (2-8 years old) were investigated. faecal bacteria were determent characterized by in situ hybridization with 16s/23s rrna-targeted probes and by conventio ...201424498969
inactivation and ultrastructure analysis of bacillus spp. and clostridium perfringens spores.bacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. it is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1-21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (em) examination outside of containment laboratories. prolonged exposure ...201424503289
food-borne pathogens of animal origin-diagnosis, prevention, control and their zoonotic significance: a review.the term food borne diseases or food-borne illnesses or more commonly food poisoning are used to denote gastrointestinal complications that occur following recent consumption of a particular food or drink. millions of people suffer worldwide every year and the situation is quiet grave in developing nations creating social and economic strain. the food borne pathogens include various bacteria viz., salmonella, campylobacter, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, staph ...201324506006
a sporulation factor is involved in the morphological change of clostridium perfringens biofilms in response to temperature.biofilm formation has been associated with bacterial pathogenesis, such as nosocomial and chronic infections, as the resistance of biofilms to environmental stresses has increased. clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic pathogen. this organism survives antibiotic treatment through the formation of biofilms or spores, but the environmental and regulatory factors involved in the biofilm formation remain unclear. here, we observed that temperature regulates c. perfringen ...201424509316
lactose-inducible system for metabolic engineering of clostridium ljungdahlii.the development of tools for genetic manipulation of clostridium ljungdahlii has increased its attractiveness as a chassis for autotrophic production of organic commodities and biofuels from syngas and microbial electrosynthesis and established it as a model organism for the study of the basic physiology of acetogenesis. in an attempt to expand the genetic toolbox for c. ljungdahlii, the possibility of adapting a lactose-inducible system for gene expression, previously reported for clostridium p ...201424509933
clostridium perfringens toxins involved in mammalian veterinary diseases.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that is classified into 5 toxinotypes (a, b, c, d, and e) according to the production of 4 major toxins, namely alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx) and iota (itx). however, this microorganism can produce up to 16 toxins in various combinations, including lethal toxins such as perfringolysin o (pfo), enterotoxin (cpe), and beta2 toxin (cpb2). most diseases caused by this microorganism are mediated by one or more of these toxins. the role ...201024511335
in vivo antimicrobial potentials of garlic against clostridium perfringens and its promotant effects on performance of broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate in vivo antimicrobial potential of garlic against clostridium perferinges and resultant promotant effects on performance of the broiler chickens. garlic powder was used as an alternative to gpas (growth promotant antibiotics) to prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis (ne) due to c. perferinges. 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six treatment groups of 20 chicks each (2 replicates(-10) chicks). six isonutrient diets supplemented with g ...201324517015
two necrotic enteritis predisposing factors, dietary fishmeal and eimeria infection, induce large changes in the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens.it is widely established that a high-protein fishmeal supplemented starter diet and eimeria infection can predispose birds to the development of clinical necrotic enteritis symptoms following clostridium perfringens infection. however, it has not been clearly established what changes these treatments cause to predispose birds to succumb to necrotic enteritis. we analysed caecal microbiota of 4 groups of broilers (n=12) using deep pyrosequencing of 16s rdna amplicons: (1) control chicks fed a con ...201424522272
alteration of predominant gastrointestinal flora and oxidative damage of large intestine under simulated hypobaric hypoxia.hypobaric hypoxia is an immediate and crucial starting mechanism of acute mountain sickness included with some non-specific gastrointestinal (gi) complications. to study the effect of hypoxia on gi microflora and its upshot to this system, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (air pressure ~ 4872.9 m altitude) consecutively 30 days for 8 hours/day. the different indicator group of large intestinal microbial populations were enumerated and correlated with the levels of antioxidant indicators l ...201424526402
multiple effects of escherichia coli nissle 1917 on growth, biofilm formation, and inflammation cytokines profile of clostridium perfringens type a strain cp4.clostridium perfringens is an important gram-positive pathogen responsible for food poisoning, necrotic enteritis, gas gangrene, and even death. escherichia coli nissle 1917 (ecn) is a well-characterized probiotic strain with demonstrated benefits. in this study, we evaluated the effects of ecn on growth, toxin production, biofilm formation, and inflammatory cytokine responses of c. perfringens. in vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that ecn inhibited growth, gas production, and toxin pro ...201424532573
jejunal hematoma in cattle: a retrospective case analysis.sixteen years of adult cattle submissions to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system were examined and data captured from cases with anaerobic cultures of intestinal content. analysis was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between case submission types (nonbloody intestinal content [129 cases], bloody intestinal content [134 cases], and jejunal hematoma [jh; 51 cases]) for the presence of clostridium perfringens (314 cases), c. perfringens toxinot ...201424532694
a pks i gene-based screening approach for the discovery of a new polyketide from penicillium citrinum salicorn 46.salicorn 46, an endophytic fungus isolated from salicornia herbacea torr., was identified as penicillium citrinum based on its internal transcribed spacer and ribosomal large-subunit dna sequences using a type i polyketide synthase (pks i) gene screening approach. a new polyketide, penicitriketo (1), and seven known compounds, including ergone (2), (3β,5α,8α,22e)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,9,22-trien-3-ol (3), (3β,5α,8α,22e)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol (4), stigmasta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6α-triol ...201424535256
[effect of dietary antibiotics on number of clostridium perfringens in feces of chickens]. 195224542054
antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental clostridial infections. ii. penicillin prophylaxis of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum infections. 195224542145
the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) and dextran on experimental clostridium perfringens myonecrosis. 195624543959
[studies on prophylactic action of phenoxymethyl penicillin in experimental anaerobic infections]. 201424544291
opioid analgesics stop the development of clostridial gas gangrene.gas gangrene is a potentially fatal disease that is primarily caused by the ubiquitous, anaerobic bacteria clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum. treatment is limited to antibiotic therapy, debridement of the infected tissue, and, in severe cases, amputation. the need for new treatment approaches is compelling. opioid-based analgesics such as buprenorphine and morphine also have immunomodulatory properties, usually leading to faster disease progression. however, here we show that mice ...201424550443
effects of clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of clostridium butyricumon growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88. three hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments: negative control (nc) birds were fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control (pc) birds were fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; c. butyricum treatment (cb) birds were fed a diet ...201424570422
xylanase supplementation of a wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestion and mrna expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in broiler chickens infected with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens has become prevalent in the european union due to the withdrawal of antibiotics in poultry feed. in an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to 4 groups with or without c. perfringens challenge and fed wheat-based diets supplemented with or without xylanase at 5,500 u/kg of diet. the study aimed to investigate effects of xylanase addition on growth performance as well as nut ...201424570428
growth conditions of clostridium perfringens type b for production of toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines.the diseases caused for clostridium perfringens are generically called enterotoxemias because toxins produced in the intestine may be absorbed into the general circulation. c. perfringens type b, grown in batch fermentation, produced toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines. glucose in concentrations of 1.4-111.1 mm was used to define the culture medium. the minimum concentration for a satisfactory production of vaccines against clostridial diseases was 55.6 mm. best results were brought forth ...201424573216
mechanistic investigations of unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.experiments were carried out to probe the details of the hydration-initiated hydrolysis catalyzed by the clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of glycoside hydrolase family 88 in the cazy classification system. direct (1)h nmr monitoring of the enzymatic reaction detected no accumulated reaction intermediates in solution, suggesting that rearrangement of the initial hydration product occurs on-enzyme. an attempt at mechanism-based trapping of on-enzyme intermediates using a 1, ...201424573682
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
claudin and ovarian cancer.claudins are a family of proteins and the most important component of the tight junction. they constitute a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space of an epithelium. although it seems that claudin should be down regulated in cancer cell, some claudins are, in fact highly elevated in various human cancers, including ovarian cancer. whereas the functional significance of claudin overexpression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear, these proteins are important ...201024591894
key design factors affecting microbial community composition and pathogenic organism removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.constructed wetlands constitute an interesting option for wastewater reuse since high concentrations of contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms can be removed with these natural treatment systems. in this work, the role of key design factors which could affect microbial removal and wetland performance, such as granular media, water depth and season effect was evaluated in a pilot system consisting of eight parallel horizontal subsurface flow (hssf) constructed wetlands treating urban wastewat ...201424594738
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