Publications

genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.	initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...	2015	25653643
interactions of salmonella with animals and plants.	salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ...	2014	25653644
interactions of salmonella with animals and plants.	salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ...	2014	25653644
a high-throughput screen for ligand binding reveals the specificities of three amino acid chemoreceptors from pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.	chemoreceptors play a central role in chemotaxis, allowing bacteria to detect chemical gradients and bias their swimming behavior in order to navigate toward favorable environments. the genome of the kiwifruit pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) strain nz-v13 encodes 43 predicted chemoreceptors, none of which has been characterized. we developed a high-throughput fluorescence-based thermal shift assay for identifying the signal molecules that are recognized by a given chemorecept ...	2015	25656450
antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated co2.	increasing co2 concentrations ([co2]) have the potential to disrupt plant-pathogen interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, but the research in this area has often produced conflicting results. variations in phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) signalling could be associated with variations in the responses of pathogens to plants grown under elevated [co2]. in this study, interactions between tomato plants and three pathogens with different infection strategies wer ...	2015	25657213
isonitrosoacetophenone drives transcriptional reprogramming in nicotiana tabacum cells in support of innate immunity and defense.	plants respond to various stress stimuli by activating broad-spectrum defense responses both locally as well as systemically. as such, identification of expressed genes represents an important step towards understanding inducible defense responses and assists in designing appropriate intervention strategies for disease management. genes differentially expressed in tobacco cell suspensions following elicitation with isonitrosoacetophenone (inap) were identified using mrna differential display and ...	2015	25658943
molecular mechanism and evolution of guanylate kinase regulation by (p)ppgpp.	the nucleotide (p)ppgpp mediates bacterial stress responses, but its targets and underlying mechanisms of action vary among bacterial species and remain incompletely understood. here, we characterize the molecular interaction between (p)ppgpp and guanylate kinase (gmk), revealing the importance of this interaction in adaptation to starvation. combining structural and kinetic analyses, we show that (p)ppgpp binds the gmk active site and competitively inhibits the enzyme. the (p)ppgpp-gmk interact ...	2015	25661490
dirhamnose-lipid production by recombinant nonpathogenic bacterium pseudomonas chlororaphis.	we previously discovered that pseudomonas chlororaphis nrrl b-30761 produces monorhamnolipids (r1ls) with predominantly 3-hydroxydodecenoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate (c12:1-c10) or 3-hydroxydodecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate (c12-c10) as the lipid moiety under static growth conditions only. we have now cloned, sequenced, and analyzed in silico the gene locus of nrrl b-30761 containing the putative coding sequences of rhamnosyltransferase chain a (rhla pch , 894 bps), rhamnosyltransferase chain b (rhlb pch , ...	2015	25661819
pebl1, a novel protein elicitor from brevibacillus laterosporus strain a60, activates defense responses and systemic resistance in nicotiana benthamiana.	we report the identification, characterization, and gene cloning of a novel protein elicitor (pebl1) secreted from brevibacillus laterosporus strain a60. through a purification process consisting of ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), we isolated a protein that was identified by electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (esi-q-tof-ms-ms). the 351-bp pebl1 gene produces a 12,833-da protein with 116 amino acids that contai ...	2015	25662975
the bacterial alarmone (p)ppgpp activates the type iii secretion system in erwinia amylovora.	the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a key pathogenicity factor in erwinia amylovora. previous studies have demonstrated that the t3ss in e. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by a sigma factor cascade. in this study, the role of the bacterial alarmone ppgpp in activating the t3ss and virulence of e. amylovora was investigated using ppgpp mutants generated by red recombinase cloning. the virulence of a ppgpp-deficient mutant (ppgpp(0)) as ...	2015	25666138
bacteriophages and phage-derived proteins--application approaches.	currently, the bacterial resistance, especially to most commonly used antibiotics has proved to be a severe therapeutic problem. nosocomial and community-acquired infections are usually caused by multidrug resistant strains. therefore, we are forced to develop an alternative or supportive treatment for successful cure of life-threatening infections. the idea of using natural bacterial pathogens such as bacteriophages is already well known. many papers have been published proving the high antibac ...	2015	25666799
homologs of the acinetobacter baumannii acei transporter represent a new family of bacterial multidrug efflux systems.	multidrug efflux systems are a major cause of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria, including those pathogenic to humans, animals, and plants. these proteins are ubiquitous in these pathogens, and five families of bacterial multidrug efflux systems have been identified to date. by using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses, we recently identified the novel acei (acinetobacter chlorhexidine efflux) protein from acinetobacter baumannii that conferred resistance to the biocide chlorhexidine, ...	2015	25670776
recognition and activation domains contribute to allele-specific responses of an arabidopsis nlr receptor to an oomycete effector protein.	in plants, specific recognition of pathogen effector proteins by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) receptors leads to activation of immune responses. rpp1, an nlr from arabidopsis thaliana, recognizes the effector atr1, from the oomycete pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, by direct association via c-terminal leucine-rich repeats (lrrs). two rpp1 alleles, rpp1-nda and rpp1-wsb, have narrow and broad recognition spectra, respectively, with rpp1-nda recognizing a subset of the atr1 ...	2015	25671309
genome-wide characterization of mirnas involved in n gene-mediated immunity in response to tobacco mosaic virus in nicotiana benthamiana.	micrornas (mirnas) are a class of endogenous small rnas (srnas) that play pivotal roles in plant development, abiotic stress response, and pathogen response. mirnas have been extensively studied in plants, but rarely in nicotiana benthamiana, despite its wide use in plant virology studies, particularly for studying n protein-tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) interactions. we report an efficient method using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics to identify genome-wide mirnas in n. benthamiana. ...	2015	25673968
comparing human-salmonella with plant-salmonella protein-protein interaction predictions.	salmonellosis is the most frequent foodborne disease worldwide and can be transmitted to humans by a variety of routes, especially via animal and plant products. salmonella bacteria are believed to use not only animal and human but also plant hosts despite their evolutionary distance. this raises the question if salmonella employs similar mechanisms in infection of these diverse hosts. given that most of our understanding comes from its interaction with human hosts, we investigate here to what d ...	2015	25674082
synthetic plant defense elicitors.	to defend themselves against invading pathogens plants utilize a complex regulatory network that coordinates extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. although many of the key players of this immunity-associated network are known, the details of its topology and dynamics are still poorly understood. as an alternative to forward and reverse genetic studies, chemical genetics-related approaches based on bioactive small molecules have gained substantial popularity in the analysis of bi ...	2014	25674095
synthetic plant defense elicitors.	to defend themselves against invading pathogens plants utilize a complex regulatory network that coordinates extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. although many of the key players of this immunity-associated network are known, the details of its topology and dynamics are still poorly understood. as an alternative to forward and reverse genetic studies, chemical genetics-related approaches based on bioactive small molecules have gained substantial popularity in the analysis of bi ...	2014	25674095
jasmonates elicit different sets of stilbenes in vitis vinifera cv. negramaro cell cultures.	the plant phenol trans-resveratrol, which is mainly found in grape, displays a wide range of biological effects. a cell suspension culture was developed from calli of grape leaves of vitis vinifera cv. negramaro in order to study the bioproduction of resveratrol. the effects of a number of secondary plant metabolism elicitors, namely chitosan, methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, coronatine, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, were tested on this cell suspension culture. the identification and quantificat ...	2015	25674504
the stringent response mediated by (p)ppgpp is required for virulence of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and its survival on tomato.	the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a key pathogenicity factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (dc3000). in this study, the role of the second messenger (p)ppgpp on virulence and survival of dc3000 was investigated. results have demonstrated that (p)ppgpp-deficient mutant (ppgpp(0)) of dc3000 exhibited lower levels of expression of the t3ss and genes of other virulence traits, such as coronatine toxin. the ppgpp(0) mutant of dc3000 wa ...	2015	25675257
structural analysis of a specialized type iii secretion system peptidoglycan-cleaving enzyme.	the gram-negative bacterium enteropathogenic escherichia coli uses a syringe-like type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject virulence or "effector" proteins into the cytoplasm of host intestinal epithelial cells. to assemble, the t3ss must traverse both bacterial membranes, as well as the peptidoglycan layer. peptidoglycan is made of repeating n-acetylmuramic acid and n-acetylglucosamine disaccharides cross-linked by pentapeptides to form a tight mesh barrier. assembly of many macromolecular ma ...	2015	25678709
profiling of spatial metabolite distributions in wheat leaves under normal and nitrate limiting conditions.	the control and interaction between nitrogen and carbon assimilatory pathways is essential in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissue in order to support metabolic processes without compromising growth. physiological differences between the basal and mature region of wheat (triticum aestivum) primary leaves confirmed that there was a change from heterotrophic to autotrophic metabolism. fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy confirmed the suitability and phenotypic reproducibil ...	2015	25680480
environmental stresses modulate abundance and timing of alternatively spliced circadian transcripts in arabidopsis.	environmental stresses profoundly altered accumulation of nonsense mrnas including intron-retaining (ir) transcripts in arabidopsis. temporal patterns of stress-induced ir mrnas were dissected using both oscillating and non-oscillating transcripts. broad-range thermal cycles triggered a sharp increase in the long ir cca1 isoforms and altered their phasing to different times of day. both abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought or pseudomonas syringae infection induced a similar increase. ther ...	2015	25680774
phospholipase d and phosphatidic acid in plant defence response: from protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions to hormone signalling.	phospholipase ds (plds) and pld-derived phosphatidic acids (pas) play vital roles in plant hormonal and environmental responses and various cellular dynamics. recent studies have further expanded the functions of plds and pas into plant-microbe interaction. the molecular diversities and redundant functions make pld-pa an important signalling complex regulating lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling in plant defence through protein-protein and protei ...	2015	25680793
retromer contributes to immunity-associated cell death in arabidopsis.	membrane trafficking is required during plant immune responses, but its contribution to the hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death (pcd) associated with effector-triggered immunity, is not well understood. hr is induced by nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) immune receptors and can involve vacuole-mediated processes, including autophagy. we previously isolated lazarus (laz) suppressors of autoimmunity-triggered pcd in the arabidopsis thaliana mutant accelerate ...	2015	25681156
crystal structure of the effector protein hopa1 from pseudomonas syringae.	plants have evolved to protect themselves against pathogen attack; in these competitions, many gram-negative bacteria translocate pathogen-originated proteins known as effectors directly into plant cells to interfere with cellular processes. effector-triggered immunity (eti) is a plant defense mechanism in which plant resistance proteins recognize the presence of effectors and initiate immune responses. enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (eds1) in arabidopsis thaliana serves as a central node pro ...	2015	25681297
detection, identification and differentiation of pectobacterium and dickeya species causing potato blackleg and tuber soft rot: a review.	the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) pectobacterium and dickeya species (formerly classified as pectinolytic erwinia spp.) cause important diseases on potato and other arable and horticultural crops. they may affect the growing potato plant causing blackleg and are responsible for tuber soft rot in storage thereby reducing yield and quality. efficient and cost-effective detection and identification methods are essential to investigate the ecology and pathogenesis of the sre as well as in seed c ...	2014	25684775
detection, identification and differentiation of pectobacterium and dickeya species causing potato blackleg and tuber soft rot: a review.	the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) pectobacterium and dickeya species (formerly classified as pectinolytic erwinia spp.) cause important diseases on potato and other arable and horticultural crops. they may affect the growing potato plant causing blackleg and are responsible for tuber soft rot in storage thereby reducing yield and quality. efficient and cost-effective detection and identification methods are essential to investigate the ecology and pathogenesis of the sre as well as in seed c ...	2014	25684775
development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii.	a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific immunochromatographic test strip was developed for the detection of pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (pss) in corn seed which was soaked overnight and then centrifuged for precipitate re-dissolved as samples. a pair of sensitive monoclonal antibodies for the immunochromatographic test strip was generated by mice immunization and cell fusion. under optimized conditions, the lower detection limit of the strips for pss was 1 × 10(5) cfu/ml both in 0.01 m p ...	2015	25686315
the absence of protein y4ys affects negatively the abundance of t3ss mesorhizobium loti secretin, rhcc2, in bacterial membranes.	mesorhizobium loti maff303099 has a functional type iii secretion system (t3ss) that is involved in the determination of nodulation competitiveness on lotus. the m. loti t3ss cluster contains gene y4ys (mlr8765) that codes for a protein of unknown function (y4ys). a mutation in the y4ys gene favors the m. loti symbiotic competitive ability on lotus tenuis cv. esmeralda and affects negatively the secretion of proteins through t3ss. here we localize y4ys in the bacterial membrane using a translati ...	2015	25688250
comprehensive analysis suggests overlapping expression of rice onac transcription factors in abiotic and biotic stress responses.	nac (nam/ataf/cuc) transcription factors comprise a large plant-specific gene family that contains more than 149 members in rice. extensive studies have revealed that nac transcription factors not only play important roles in plant growth and development, but also have functions in regulation of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. however, biological functions for most of the members in the nac family remain unknown. in this study, microarray data analyses revealed that a total of 63 onac ...	2015	25690040
a tale of transposition: tn3-like transposons play a major role in the spread of pathogenicity determinants of xanthomonas citri and other xanthomonads.	members of the genus xanthomonas are among the most important phytopathogens. a key feature of xanthomonas pathogenesis is the translocation of type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector proteins (t3ses) into the plant target cells via a t3ss. several t3ses and a murein lytic transglycosylase gene (mlt, required for citrus canker symptoms) are found associated with three transposition-related genes in xanthomonas citri plasmid pxac64. these are flanked by short inverted repeats (irs). the region ...	2015	25691597
evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling.	the objective of this research is to evaluate eluents for recovery of an enveloped bacteriophage, φ6, using whole-hand sampling.	2015	25693048
comparative genomic analysis of seven mycoplasma hyosynoviae strains.	infection with mycoplasma hyosynoviae can result in debilitating arthritis in pigs, particularly those aged 10 weeks or older. strategies for controlling this pathogen are becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of cases of arthritis that have been attributed to infection in recent years. in order to begin to develop interventions to prevent arthritis caused by m. hyosynoviae, more information regarding the specific proteins and potential virulence factors that its genome e ...	2015	25693846
structure of escherichia coli dgtp triphosphohydrolase: a hexameric enzyme with dna effector molecules.	the escherichia coli dgt gene encodes a dgtp triphosphohydrolase whose detailed role still remains to be determined. deletion of dgt creates a mutator phenotype, indicating that the dgtpase has a fidelity role, possibly by affecting the cellular dntp pool. in the present study, we have investigated the structure of the dgt protein at 3.1-å resolution. one of the obtained structures revealed a protein hexamer that contained two molecules of single-stranded dna. the presence of dna caused signific ...	2015	25694425
the capsicum annuum class iv chitinase chitiv interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase pik1 to accelerate pik1-triggered cell death and defence responses.	the pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase, capik1, which mediates signalling of plant cell death and defence responses was previously identified. here, the identification of a class iv chitinase, cachitiv, from pepper plants (capsicum annuum), which interacts with capik1 and promotes capik1-triggered cell death and defence responses, is reported. cachitiv contains a signal peptide, chitin-binding domain, and glycol hydrolase domain. cachitiv expression was up-regulated by xanthomonas c ...	2015	25694549
techniques for transferring host-pathogen protein interactions knowledge to new tasks.	we consider the problem of building a model to predict protein-protein interactions (ppis) between the bacterial species salmonella typhimurium and the plant host arabidopsis thaliana which is a host-pathogen pair for which no known ppis are available. to achieve this, we present approaches, which use homology and statistical learning methods called "transfer learning." in the transfer learning setting, the task of predicting ppis between arabidopsis and its pathogen s. typhimurium is called the ...	2015	25699028
brassica napus l. cultivars show a broad variability in their morphology, physiology and metabolite levels in response to sulfur limitations and to pathogen attack.	under adequate sulfur supply, plants accumulate sulfate in the vacuoles and use sulfur-containing metabolites as storage compounds. under sulfur-limiting conditions, these pools of stored sulfur-compounds are depleted in order to balance the nitrogen to sulfur ratio for protein synthesis. stress conditions like sulfur limitation and/or pathogen attack induce changes in the sulfate pool and the levels of sulfur-containing metabolites, which often depend on the ecotypes or cultivars. we are intere ...	2015	25699060
key players of singlet oxygen-induced cell death in plants.	the production of reactive oxygen species (ros) is an unavoidable consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis. singlet oxygen ((1)o2) is a highly reactive species to which has been attributed a major destructive role during the execution of ros-induced cell death in photosynthetic tissues exposed to excess light. the study of the specific biological activity of (1)o2 in plants has been hindered by its high reactivity and short lifetime, the concurrent production of other ros under photooxidative stre ...	2015	25699067
effects of n-glycosylation site removal in archaellins on the assembly and function of archaella in methanococcus maripaludis.	in methanococcus maripaludis s2, the swimming organelle, the archaellum, is composed of three archaellins, flab1s2, flab2s2 and flab3s2. all three are modified with an n-linked tetrasaccharide at multiple sites. disruption of the n-linked glycosylation pathway is known to cause defects in archaella assembly or function. here, we explored the potential requirement of n-glycosylation of archaellins on archaellation by investigating the effects of eliminating the 4 n-glycosylation sites in the wild ...	2015	25700084
pale-green phenotype of atl31atl6 double mutant leaves is caused by disruption of 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana.	arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases atl31 and homologue atl6 control the carbon/nitrogen nutrient and pathogen responses. a mutant with the loss-of-function of both atl31 and atl6 developed light intensity-dependent pale-green true leaves, whereas the single knockout mutants did not. plastid ultrastructure and blue native-page analyses revealed that pale-green leaves contain abnormal plastid structure with highly reduced levels of thylakoid proteins. in contrast, the pale-green leaves of the atl31/atl ...	2015	25706562
the npr1 homolog ghnpr1 plays an important role in the defense response of gladiolus hybridus.	ghnpr1 shares similar functions as arabidopsis npr1 . silencing of ghnpr1 in gladiolus results in an enhanced susceptibility to curvularia gladioli. we propose that ghnpr1 plays important roles in plant immunity. gladiolus plants and corms are susceptible to various types of pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. understanding the innate defense mechanism in gladiolus is a prerequisite for the development of new protection strategies. the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (n ...	2015	25708873
proteomic profiling of the outer membrane fraction of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen ehrlichia ruminantium.	the outer membrane proteins (omps) of gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. here, we have developed such an approach for ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. a preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed ...	2015	25710494
the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase pcrk1 contributes to pattern-triggered immunity against pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis thaliana.	in this paper we describe pattern-triggered immunity (pti) compromised receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 (pcrk1) of arabidopsis thaliana, an rlck that is important for defense against the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326 (pma es4326). we examined defense responses such as bacterial growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and callose deposition in pcrk1 mutant plants to determine the role of pcrk1 during pathogen infection. expression of pcrk1 was induced following ...	2015	25711411
the plant-specific rab5 gtpase ara6 is required for starch and sugar homeostasis in arabidopsis thaliana.	endosomal trafficking plays integral roles in various eukaryotic cell activities. in animal cells, a member of the rab gtpase family, rab5, is a key regulator of various endosomal functions. in addition to orthologs of animal rab5, plants harbor the plant-specific rab5 group, the ara6 group, which is conserved in land plant lineages. in arabidopsis thaliana, ara6 and conventional rab5 act in distinct endosomal trafficking pathways; ara6 mediates trafficking from endosomes to the plasma membrane, ...	2015	25713173
priming of wheat with the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate enhances defense against fusarium graminearum but boosts deoxynivalenol production.	priming refers to a mechanism whereby plants are sensitized to respond faster and/or more strongly to future pathogen attack. here, we demonstrate that preexposure to the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate (z-3-hac) primed wheat (triticum aestivum) for enhanced defense against subsequent infection with the hemibiotrophic fungus fusarium graminearum. bioassays showed that, after priming with z-3-hac, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets. furthermore, leaves of seedlings ...	2015	25713338
a set of robust fluorescent peptide probes for quantification of cu(ii) binding affinities in the micromolar to femtomolar range.	reliable quantification of copper binding affinities and identification of the binding sites provide a molecular basis for an understanding of the nutritional roles and toxic effects of copper ions. sets of chromophoric probes are now available that can quantify cu(i) binding affinities from nanomolar to attomolar concentrations on a unified scale under in vitro conditions. equivalent probes for cu(ii) are lacking. this work reports development of a set of four fluorescent dansyl peptide probes ...	2015	25715324
an assessment of heavy ion irradiation mutagenesis for reverse genetics in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	reverse genetic techniques harnessing mutational approaches are powerful tools that can provide substantial insight into gene function in plants. however, as compared to diploid species, reverse genetic analyses in polyploid plants such as bread wheat can present substantial challenges associated with high levels of sequence and functional similarity amongst homoeologous loci. we previously developed a high-throughput method to identify deletions of genes within a physically mutagenized wheat po ...	2015	25719507
molecular and functional analyses of a maize autoactive nb-lrr protein identify precise structural requirements for activity.	plant disease resistance is often mediated by nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (nlr) proteins which remain auto-inhibited until recognition of specific pathogen-derived molecules causes their activation, triggering a rapid, localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr). three domains are recognized in one of the major classes of nlr proteins: a coiled-coil (cc), a nucleotide binding (nb-arc) and a leucine rich repeat (lrr) domains. the maize nlr gene rp1-d21 derives from an in ...	2015	25719542
proteomic identification of early salicylate- and flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins in arabidopsis.	accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the early defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. the mechanism about the initial and direct regulation of the defense signaling pathway by ros remains elusive. perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis by ros is believed to alter functions of redox-sensitive proteins through their oxidative modifications. here we report an oxitraq-based proteomic study in identifying proteins whose cysteines underwent oxidative modificatio ...	2015	25720653
the synthetic cationic lipid dic14 activates a sector of the arabidopsis defence network requiring endogenous signalling components.	natural and synthetic elicitors have contributed significantly to the study of plant immunity. pathogen-derived proteins and carbohydrates that bind to immune receptors, allow the fine dissection of certain defence pathways. lipids of a different nature that act as defence elicitors, have also been studied, but their specific effects have been less well characterized, and their receptors have not been identified. in animal cells, nanoliposomes of the synthetic cationic lipid 3-tetradecylamino-te ...	2015	25727690
a lectin s-domain receptor kinase mediates lipopolysaccharide sensing in arabidopsis thaliana.	the sensing of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) triggers innate immunity in animals and plants. lipopolysaccharide (lps) from gram-negative bacteria is a potent mamp for mammals, with the lipid a moiety activating proinflammatory responses via toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4). here we found that the plant arabidopsis thaliana specifically sensed lps of pseudomonas and xanthomonas. we isolated lps-insensitive mutants defective in the bulb-type lectin s-domain-1 receptor-like kinase lore ( ...	2015	25729922
discovery of core biotic stress responsive genes in arabidopsis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.	intricate signal networks and transcriptional regulators translate the recognition of pathogens into defense responses. in this study, we carried out a gene co-expression analysis of all currently publicly available microarray data, which were generated in experiments that studied the interaction of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with microbial pathogens. this work was conducted to identify (i) modules of functionally related co-expressed genes that are differentially expressed in response ...	2015	25730421
structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley.	the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ...	2015	25732064
against friend and foe: type 6 effectors in plant-associated bacteria.	bacterial secretion systems play critical roles in communication with neighboring bacteria and in the modulation of host immune responses via the secretion of small proteins called effectors. several secretion systems have been identified and these are denoted types i-vii. of these, the type vi secretion system (t6ss) and its effectors were only recently elucidated. most studies on the role and significance of the t6ss and its effectors have focused on human pathogens. in this review, type 6 eff ...	2015	25732741
identification of the linkage between a-polysaccharide and the core in the a-lipopolysaccharide of porphyromonas gingivalis w50.	porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes two lipopolysaccharides (lpss), o-lps and a-lps. the structure of the core oligosaccharide (os) of o-lps and the attachment site of the o-polysaccharide (o-ps) repeating unit [ → 3)-α-d-galp-(1 → 6)-α-d-glcp-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-β-d-galnacp-(1 → ] to the core have been elucidated using the δpg1051 (waal, o-antigen ligase) and δpg1142 (wzy, o-antigen polymerase) mutant strains, respectively. the core os occurs as an "uncapped" glycoform devoid of o-ps and ...	2015	25733619
soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation.	salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants because most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity caused by high concentrations of salts in the soil, and the area of land affected by it is increasing day by day. for all important crops, average yields are only a fraction - somewhere between 20% and 50% of record yields; these losses are mostly due to drought and high soil salinity, environmental conditions which will worsen in many region ...	2014	25737642
soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation.	salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants because most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity caused by high concentrations of salts in the soil, and the area of land affected by it is increasing day by day. for all important crops, average yields are only a fraction - somewhere between 20% and 50% of record yields; these losses are mostly due to drought and high soil salinity, environmental conditions which will worsen in many region ...	2014	25737642
expression and functional roles of the pepper pathogen-induced bzip transcription factor cabzip2 in enhanced disease resistance to bacterial pathogen infection.	a pepper bzip transcription factor gene, cabzip2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. transient expression analysis of the cabzip2-gfp fusion protein in nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the cabzip2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. the acidic domain in the n-terminal region of cabzip2 that is fused to the gal4 dna-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeas ...	2015	25738319
the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj proteolytically degrades proteasome subunit rpt6.	many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria inject type iii effector (t3e) proteins into their eukaryotic host cells to suppress immunity. the yersinia outer protein j (yopj) family of t3es is a widely distributed family of effector proteins found in both animal and plant pathogens, and its members are highly diversified in virulence functions. some members have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity; however, whether this is a general feature of yopj family t3es is currently unknown. th ...	2015	25739698
identification of plant defence regulators through transcriptional profiling of arabidopsis thaliana cdd1 mutant.	a sustainable balance between defence and growth is essential for optimal fitness under pathogen stress. plants activate immune response at the cost of normal metabolic requirements. thus, plants that constitutively activate defence are deprived of growth. arabidopsis thaliana mutant constitutive defence without defect in growth and development1 (cdd1) is an exception. the cdd1 mutant is constitutive for salicylic acid accumulation, signalling, and defence against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic p ...	2015	25740148
autoimmunity conferred by chs3-2d relies on csa1, its adjacent tnl-encoding neighbour.	plant innate immunity depends on the function of a large number of intracellular immune receptor proteins, the majority of which are structurally similar to mammalian nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) proteins. chilling sensitive 3 (chs3) encodes an atypical toll/interleukin 1 receptor (tir)-type nlr protein with an additional lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3 (lim) domain at its c-terminus. the gain-of-function mutant allele chs3-2d exhibits severe dwarfism and constitut ...	2015	25740259
fine-mapping of a major qtl controlling angular leaf spot resistance in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	a major qtl for angular leaf spot resistance in the common bean accession g5686 was fine-mapped to a region containing 36 candidate genes. markers have been developed for marker-assisted selection. common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is an important grain legume and an essential protein source for human nutrition in developing countries. angular leaf spot (als) caused by the pathogen pseudocercospora griseola (sacc.) crous and u. braun is responsible for severe yield losses of up to 80%. breedin ...	2015	25740562
phospholipase d affects translocation of npr1 to the nucleus in arabidopsis thaliana.	phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. although the key players of the sa pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. in our previous research, we showed in arabidopsis suspension cells that n-butanol, which specifically modulates phospholipase d activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related (pr-1) gene, whi ...	2015	25741350
synthesis and antibacterial activities of yanglingmycin analogues.	the synthesis of yanglingmycin and its enantiomer, along with eighteen yanglingmycin analogues is reported. the structures were confirmed mainly by analyses of nmr spectral data. antibacterial activity assays showed that yanglingmycin and some of its analogues exhibited significant antibacterial activities against two important agricultural pathogenic bacteria, ralstonia solanacearum and pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values ranging from 3.91 to ...	2015	25743192
two linked pairs of arabidopsis tnl resistance genes independently confer recognition of bacterial effector avrrps4.	plant immunity requires recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular nb-lrr immune receptors encoded by resistance (r) genes. most r proteins recognize a specific effector, but some function in pairs that recognize multiple effectors. arabidopsis thaliana tir-nb-lrr proteins rrs1-r and rps4 together recognize two bacterial effectors, avrrps4 from pseudomonas syringae and popp2 from ralstonia solanacearum. however, avrrps4, but not popp2, is recognized in rrs1/rps4 mutants. we reveal an r g ...	2015	25744164
innovations in air sampling to detect plant pathogens.	many innovations in the development and use of air sampling devices have occurred in plant pathology since the first description of the hirst spore trap. these include improvements in capture efficiency at relatively high air-volume collection rates, methods to enhance the ease of sample processing with downstream diagnostic methods and even full automation of sampling, diagnosis and wireless reporting of results. other innovations have been to mount air samplers on mobile platforms such as uavs ...	2015	25745191
arabidopsis flower specific defense gene expression patterns affect resistance to pathogens.	we investigated whether the arabidopsis flower evolved protective measures to increase reproductive success. firstly, analyses of available transcriptome data show that the most highly expressed transcripts in the closed sepal (stage 12) are enriched in genes with roles in responses to chemical stimuli and cellular metabolic processes. at stage 15, there is enrichment in transcripts with a role in responses to biotic stimuli. comparative analyses between the sepal and petal in the open flower ma ...	2015	25750645
protein s-nitrosylation: specificity and identification strategies in plants.	the role of nitric oxide (no) as a major regulator of plant physiological functions has become increasingly evident. to further improve our understanding of its role, within the last few years plant biologists have begun to embrace the exciting opportunity of investigating protein s-nitrosylation, a major reversible no-dependent post-translational modification (ptm) targeting specific cys residues and widely studied in animals. thanks to the development of dedicated proteomic approaches, in part ...	2014	25750911
protein s-nitrosylation: specificity and identification strategies in plants.	the role of nitric oxide (no) as a major regulator of plant physiological functions has become increasingly evident. to further improve our understanding of its role, within the last few years plant biologists have begun to embrace the exciting opportunity of investigating protein s-nitrosylation, a major reversible no-dependent post-translational modification (ptm) targeting specific cys residues and widely studied in animals. thanks to the development of dedicated proteomic approaches, in part ...	2014	25750911
molecular structure of an n-formyltransferase from providencia alcalifaciens o30.	the existence of n-formylated sugars in the o-antigens of gram-negative bacteria has been known since the middle 1980s, but only recently have the biosynthetic pathways for their production been reported. in these pathways, glucose-1-phosphate is first activated by attachment to a dtmp moiety. this step is followed by a dehydration reaction and an amination. the last step in these pathways is catalyzed by n-formyltransferases that utilize n(10) -formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. here ...	2015	25752909
the epl1 and sm1 proteins from trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma virens differentially modulate systemic disease resistance against different life style pathogens in solanum lycopersicum.	fungi belonging to the genus trichoderma, commonly found in soil or colonizing plant roots, exert beneficial effects on plants, including the promotion of growth and the induction of resistance to disease. t. virens and t. atroviride secrete the proteins sm1 and epl1, respectively, which elicit local and systemic disease resistance in plants. in this work, we show that these fungi promote growth in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants. t. virens was more effective than t. atroviride in promoting ...	2015	25755658
exploring comqxpa quorum-sensing diversity and biocontrol potential of bacillus spp. isolates from tomato rhizoplane.	bacillus subtilis is a widespread and diverse bacterium t exhibits a remarkable intraspecific diversity of the comqxpa quorum-sensing (qs) system. this manifests in the existence of distinct communication groups (pherotypes) that can efficiently communicate within a group, but not between groups. similar qs diversity was also found in other bacterial species, and its ecological and evolutionary meaning is still being explored. here we further address the comqxpa qs diversity among isolates from ...	2015	25757097
induced resistance for plant defense.		2015	25759706
arabidopsis ef-tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat.	perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. the arabidopsis prr ef-tu receptor (efr) recognizes the bacterial pamp elongation factor tu (ef-tu) and its derived peptide elf18. previous work revealed that transgenic expression of atefr in solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. in this study, we developed a set of bioassays to stu ...	2015	25760815
programmed cell death in plants: a chloroplastic connection.	programmed cell death (pcd) is an integral cellular program by which targeted cells culminate to demise under certain developmental and pathological conditions. it is essential for controlling cell number, removing unwanted diseased or damaged cells and maintaining the cellular homeostasis. the details of pcd process has been very well elucidated and characterized in animals but similar understanding of the process in plants has not been achieved rather the field is still in its infancy that see ...	2015	25760871
recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum.	previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum. this review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. biological control agents (bcas) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). avirulent strains of r. solanacearum, pseudomonas spp., bacillus spp., and streptomyces ...	2015	25762345
long-chain bases, phosphatidic acid, mapks, and reactive oxygen species as nodal signal transducers in stress responses in arabidopsis.	due to their sessile condition, plants have developed sensitive, fast, and effective ways to contend with environmental changes. these mechanisms operate as informational wires conforming extensive and intricate networks that are connected in several points. the responses are designed as pathways orchestrated by molecules that are transducers of protein and non-protein nature. their chemical nature imposes selective features such as specificity, formation rate, and generation site to the informa ...	2015	25763001
lysine catabolism, amino acid transport, and systemic acquired resistance: what is the link?.	lysine is an essential amino acid for human nutrition, which is generally low in cereal diets. its biosynthesis via the aspartate-pathway and catabolism is controlled by complex feedback mechanisms. recently, aspartate-derived amino acids were found to be elevated during pathogen infection in arabidopsis and a lysine catabolite, pipecolic acid, was identified as critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance. pipecolic acid is mobile in plants, functions as an intensifier of defense response ...	2014	25763483
arabidopsis dual resistance proteins, both rps4 and rrs1, are required for resistance to bacterial wilt in transgenic brassica crops.	bacterial wilt phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum is a serious soil-borne disease that attacks several economically important plants worldwide, including brassicaceae. previous studies indicate that recognition of avirulence (avr)-effector popp2 by resistance (r) protein, rrs1-r, and physical interaction between rrs1-r and popp2 in the nucleus are required for resistance. of late, we showed that a pair of arabidopsis thaliana tir-nlr proteins, rrs1 and rps4, function together in disease resist ...	2014	25763492
the roles of anion channels in arabidopsis immunity.	anion efflux is one of the most immediate responses of plant cells to pathogen attacks, suggesting that anion channels may play a role in plant defense. recently we reported that the chloride channel atclcd negatively regulates arabidopsis pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (pti), probably by affecting trafficking of the pattern recognition receptors (prrs). since atclcd is localized to the trans-golgi network, it is not likely to be directly involved in anion flux across t ...	2014	25763497
intercellular salicylic acid accumulation during compatible and incompatible arabidopsis-pseudomonas syringae interactions.	the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) plays an important role in several disease resistance responses. during the age-related resistance (arr) response that occurs in mature arabidopsis responding to pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst), sa accumulates in the intercellular space where it may act as an antimicrobial agent. recently we measured intracellular and intercellular sa levels in young, arr-incompetent plants responding to virulent and avirulent strains of pst to determine if intercellular ...	2014	25763618
plant secretomics: identification, isolation, and biological significance under environmental stress.	plant secretomes are the proteins secreted by the plant cells and are involved in the maintenance of cell wall structure, relationship between host and pathogen, communication between different cells in the plant, etc. amalgamation of methodologies like bioinformatics, biochemical, and proteomics are used to separate, classify, and outline secretomes by means of harmonizing in planta systems and in vitro suspension cultured cell system (sscs). we summed up and explained the meaning of secretome, ...	2014	25763623
exogenous application of histone demethylase inhibitor trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine mimics fld loss-of-function phenotype in terms of systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	plants often learn from previous infections to mount higher level of resistance during subsequent infections, a phenomenon referred to as systemic acquired resistance (sar). during primary infection, mobile signals generated at the infection site subsequently move to the rest of plant to activate sar. sar activation is associated with alteration in the nucleosomal composition at the promoters of several defense-related genes. however, genetic regulations of such epigenetic modifications are larg ...	2014	25763701
membrane-triggered plant immunity.	plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to resist pathogen invasion. upon the pathogen recognition, the host plants activate a variety of signal transduction pathways, and one of representative defense responses is systemic acquired resistance (sar) that provides strong immunity against secondary infections in systemic tissues. accumulating evidence has demonstrated that modulation of membrane composition contributes to establishing sar and disease resistance in arabidopsis, but und ...	2014	25763708
divergent evolution of potato immune receptor cc domain interactions with the ran gtpase-activating protein 2.	effector-triggered immunity mediated by immune receptors in plants provides powerful defense against specific pathogens. solanum tuberosum ran gtpase-activating protein 2 (strangap2) interacts with immune receptors rx and gpa2 through their coiled-coil (cc) domains. we assayed additional cc domains from other solanaceous immune receptors and observed interaction by co-immunoprecipitation between strangap2 and a novel immune receptor, str5. a cc domain very similar to rx and gpa2, str4, failed to ...	2014	25763710
beyond iron: non-classical biological functions of bacterial siderophores.	bacteria secrete small molecules known as siderophores to acquire iron from their surroundings. for over 60 years, investigations into the bioinorganic chemistry of these molecules, including fundamental coordination chemistry studies, have provided insight into the crucial role that siderophores play in bacterial iron homeostasis. the importance of understanding the fundamental chemistry underlying bacterial life has been highlighted evermore in recent years because of the emergence of antibiot ...	2015	25764171
spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and the leaf surface.	microbial life on plant leaves is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leaf colonizers and their environment. while the existence of many of these interactions has been confirmed, their spatial scale or reach often remained unknown. in this study, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to 244 distribution patterns of pantoea agglomerans and pseudomonas syringae on bean leaves. the results showed that bacterial colonizers of leaves interact with their environment at different s ...	2014	25764562
spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and the leaf surface.	microbial life on plant leaves is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leaf colonizers and their environment. while the existence of many of these interactions has been confirmed, their spatial scale or reach often remained unknown. in this study, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to 244 distribution patterns of pantoea agglomerans and pseudomonas syringae on bean leaves. the results showed that bacterial colonizers of leaves interact with their environment at different s ...	2014	25764562
rna-seq analysis reveals the role of red light in resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tomato plants.	plants attenuate their responses to a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens, leading to higher incidences of pathogen infection at night. however, little is known about the molecular mechanism responsible for the light-induced defence response; transcriptome data would likely facilitate the elucidation of this mechanism.	2015	25765075
a high-sensitivity optical device for the early monitoring of plant pathogen attack via the in vivo detection of ros bursts.	biotic stressors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, are rather difficult to detect. in plants, one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen infection is the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). in this study, a novel optical device for the early monitoring of pseudomonas attack was developed; this device measures the ros level via oxidation-sensitive 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (h2dcfda)-mediated fluorescence, which could provide early monitoring of attac ...	2015	25767474
phosphorylation of trihelix transcriptional repressor asr3 by map kinase4 negatively regulates arabidopsis immunity.	proper control of immune-related gene expression is crucial for the host to launch an effective defense response. perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) induces rapid and profound transcriptional reprogramming via unclear mechanisms. here, we show that asr3 (arabidopsis sh4-related3) functions as a transcriptional repressor and plays a negative role in regulating pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in arabidopsis thaliana. asr3 belongs to a plant-specific trihelix transcription ...	2015	25770109
the barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein csep0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein.	pathogens secrete effector proteins to establish a successful interaction with their host. here, we describe two barley (hordeum vulgare) powdery mildew candidate secreted effector proteins, csep0105 and csep0162, which contribute to pathogen success and appear to be required during or after haustorial formation. silencing of either csep using host-induced gene silencing significantly reduced the fungal haustorial formation rate. interestingly, both cseps interact with the barley small heat shoc ...	2015	25770154
the dual nature of trehalose in citrus canker disease: a virulence factor for xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and a trigger for plant defence responses.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is a bacterial pathogen that causes citrus canker in susceptible citrus spp. the xcc genome contains genes encoding enzymes from three separate pathways of trehalose biosynthesis. expression of genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (otsa) and trehalose phosphatase (otsb) was highly induced during canker development, suggesting that the two-step pathway of trehalose biosynthesis via trehalose-6-phosphate has a function in pathogenesis. this pathway was ...	2015	25770587
antimicrobial cyclic peptides for plant disease control.	antimicrobial cyclic peptides derived from microbes bind stably with target sites, have a tolerance to hydrolysis by proteases, and a favorable degradability under field conditions, which make them an attractive proposition for use as agricultural fungicides. antimicrobial cyclic peptides are classified according to the types of bonds within the ring structure; homodetic, heterodetic, and complex cyclic peptides, which in turn reflect diverse physicochemical features. most antimicrobial cyclic p ...	2015	25774105
development of pcr and taqman pcr assays to detect pseudomonas coronafaciens, a causal agent of halo blight of oats.	pseudomonas coronafaciens causes halo blight on oats and is a plant quarantine bacterium in many countries, including the republic of korea. using of the certificated seed is important for control of the disease. since effective detection method of p. coronafaciens is not available yet, pcr and taqman pcr assays for specific detection of p. coronafaciens were developed in this study. pcr primers were designed from the draft genome sequence of p. coronafaciens lmg 5060 which was obtained by the n ...	2015	25774107
tanac1 acts as a negative regulator of stripe rust resistance in wheat, enhances susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae, and promotes lateral root development in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.	plant-specific nac transcription factors (tfs) constitute a large family and play important roles in regulating plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses, but only some of them have been investigated for effects on disease reaction in cereal crops. virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an effective strategy for rapid functional analysis of genes in plant tissues. in this study, tanac1, encoding a new member of the nac1 subgroup, was cloned from bread wheat and charac ...	2015	25774162
microrna844-guided downregulation of cytidinephosphate diacylglycerol synthase3 (cds3) mrna affects the response of arabidopsis thaliana to bacteria and fungi.	despite the fact that a large number of mirna sequences have been determined in diverse plant species, reports demonstrating the functional roles of mirnas in the plant response to pathogens are severely limited. here, arabidopsis thaliana mirna844 (mir844) was investigated for its functional role in the defense response to diverse pathogens. transgenic arabidopsis plants overexpressing mir844 (35s::mir844) displayed much more severe disease symptoms than the wild-type plants when challenged wit ...	2015	25775269
fine-scale analysis of 16s rrna sequences reveals a high level of taxonomic diversity among vaginal atopobium spp.	although vaginal microbial communities of some healthy women have high proportions of atopobium vaginae, the genus atopobium is more commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis, a syndrome associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. genetic differences within atopobium species may explain why single species can be associated with both health and disease. we used 16s rrna gene sequences from previously published studies t ...	2015	25778779
antibacterial activity of essential oils mixture against psa.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. it is very difficult to treat pandemic disease. the prolonged treatment with antibiotics, has resulted in failure and resistance and alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy are needed. the aim of our study was to analyse the phenotypic characteristics of psa, identify new substances from natural source i.e. essential oils (eos) able to contain the kiwifruit canker and investigate their pote ...	2016	25782920
novel type iii effectors in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic and acute infections in immunocompromised patients. most p. aeruginosa strains encode an active type iii secretion system (t3ss), utilized by the bacteria to deliver effector proteins from the bacterial cell directly into the cytoplasm of the host cell. four t3ss effectors have been discovered and extensively studied in p. aeruginosa: exot, exos, exou, and exoy. this is especially intriguing in light of p. aeru ...	2015	25784698