Publications

diversity and bioactive potential of endospore-forming bacteria cultured from the marine sponge haliclona simulans.	despite the frequent isolation of endospore-formers from marine sponges, little is known about the diversity and characterization of individual isolates. the main aims of this study were to isolate and characterize the spore-forming bacteria from the marine sponge haliclona simulans and to examine their potential as a source for bioactive compounds.	2012	21985154
effect of direct-fed microbials on performance and clostridium perfringens colonization of turkey poults.	clostridium perfringens is recognized as an enteric pathogen in humans, domestic animals, and livestock. this organism is associated with necrotic enteritis, gangrenous dermatitis, clostridial dermatitis (turkeys), and gizzard erosions in poultry. this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a direct-fed microbial (dfm), primalac (star labs, clarksdale, mo), in preventing intestinal colonization of turkey poults with c. perfringens. one-day-old turkey poults (n = 128) were randomly ...	2011	22010255
tpel-producing strains of clostridium perfringens type a are highly virulent for broiler chicks.	clostridium perfringens type a and type c are causative agents of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry. tpel, a recently-described novel member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, was found in c. perfringens type c. others have since reported tpel in type a isolates from ne outbreaks, suggesting that it may contribute to the pathogenesis of ne. the virulence of tpel-positive and -negative c. perfringens strains from cases of ne was examined by challenge of broiler chicks. gross lesions ...	2011	22019986
Antimicrobial properties of a chitosan dextran-based hydrogel for surgical use.	A chitosan dextran-based (CD) hydrogel, developed for use in endoscopic sinus surgery, was tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro against a range of pathogenic microorganisms. The microdilution technique was used to determine minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentrations. In addition, the time-kill efficacy of CD hydrogel was determined for two bacterial species. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to elucidate the antimicrobial me ...	2012	22024824
aberrant structures of fecal bacterial community in allergic infants profiled by 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing.	we investigated the correlation between fecal bacteria composition in early infancy and the prevalence of allergic diseases in late infancy. the fecal microbiota in the first 2 months was profiled using the 16s rrna v6 short-tag sequences in the community and statistically compared between two groups of subjects who did and did not show allergic symptoms in the first 2 years (n = 11 vs. 11). in the allergic group, genus bacteroides at 1 month and genera propionibacterium and klebsiella at 2 mont ...	2011	22029688
effects of non-fermented and fermented soybean milk intake on faecal microbiota and faecal metabolites in humans.	the effects of non-fermented soybean milk (nfsm) and fermented soybean milk (fsm) intake on the faecal microbiota and metabolic activities in 10 healthy volunteers were investigated. soybean oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose were utilized by bifidobacteria except for bifidobacterium bifidum, but most strains of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens could not use them. during the dietary administration of fsm, the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the faeces increased (p ...	2011	22040525
recognition of greater diversity of bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.	in a study looking at culturable aerobic actinobacteria associated with the human gastrointestinal tract, the vast majority of isolates obtained from dried human faeces belonged to the genus bacillus and related bacteria. a total of 124 isolates were recovered from the faeces of 10 healthy adult donors. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses showed the majority belonged to the families bacillaceae (n=81) and paenibacillaceae (n=3), with bacillus species isolated from all donors. isolates tentatively id ...	2011	22041546
[A non-invasive drug delivery system using claudin binder].	The intercellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (TJs). Modulation of TJ-seal is a potent strategy for drug absorption. Claudin is a key structural and functional component of TJ-seal. Claudin comprises a tetra-transmembrane protein family consisting of more than 20 members, whose expression profiles and barrier-function differ among tissues. For instance, claudin-1 plays roles in the epidermal and mucosal barriers, and claudin-4 regulates the mucosal barr ...	2011	22041696
microbiological characteristics of precooked, vacuum-packaged uncured beef and pork.	microbiological examination of 29 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged beef and pork products purchased at local and regional supermarkets along with 110 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged, sliced roast beef obtained from a major meat processor did not disclose the presence of escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens or salmonella. the effects of storage temperature and length of storage on the microflora of 110 packages of sliced roast beef were ...	1989	22056107
production of bacteriocin-like metabolites by lactic acid cultures isolated from sucuk samples.	a total of 51 sucuk samples, obtained from different regions of turkey, were examined for lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains producing putative bacteriocin-like metabolites. for detection of antagonistic activity, agar spot and well diffusion assay tests were used. lactobacillus sake lb790, listeria monocytogenes li6, staphylococcus aureus st44 and escherichia coli nrrl b-3704 were used as indicator organisms. strains having antimicrobial activity were also tested against clostridium perfringens ...	2000	22060908
effect of a bacteriocin produced by pediococcus acidilactici against listeria monocytogenes and clostridium perfringens on spanish raw meat.	the inhibitory effect of a bacteriocin, produced by pediococcus acidilactici, against listeria monocytogenes and clostridium perfringens on spanish raw meat surface, was evaluated by in situ assays. samples were incubated with the bacteriocin and then with a culture of the pathogenic bacteria. the treatment with 500, 1000 or 5000 bacteriocin units/ml (bu/ml) reduced the counts of l. monocytogenes after storage at 15°c during 72h by 1, 2 or 3 log cycles and with 1000 or 5000 bu/ml after storage a ...	2006	22061374
cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria to meat surfaces.	cell surface hydrophobicity of several pathogenic and spoilage bacteria was determined by hydrocarbon adherence, adhesion to nitrocellulose filter, salt aggregation and adherence to phenyl-sepharose beads. hydrophobicity of each bacterium was dependent on the method of measurement. hydrophobicity was compared with the strength of attachment (sr) of the bacteria to beef muscle surfaces. bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity, as determined by the bacterial adherence to xylene correlated well with ...	1997	22061665
use of ?-irradiation to reduce clostridium perfringens on ready-to-eat bovine tripe.	the aim of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a target dose of 9kgy and storage at 5 and 15°c on the safety of ready-to-eat (rte) tripe with respect to clostridium perfringens count (cc) and aerobic plate count (apc), and to determine the effect of boiling (1h) and irradiation (9kgy) on cl. perfringens atcc 13124 spore structure. irradiation significantly reduced apc stored at 5 and 15°c for 7 days. however, 0kgy control samples increased in their apc to >7log(10) cfu ...	2008	22062270
immersion vacuum cooling of cooked beef - safety and process considerations regarding beef joint size.	cooked beef samples (1, 2, and 3kg; 4.7, 5.6, and 6.2cm average radius, respectively) were cooled from ~72 to 4°c core temperature using either air blast (ab), immersion vacuum (ivc) or vacuum (vc) cooling. ivc cooled larger samples within 4h and took less than 2.5h between 72 and 10°c. ivc cooling times were on average shorter than ab and longer than vc for all sizes. differences increased with size. ivc and ab cooling losses were comparable (p>0.05) while lower on average (p<0.05) than vc loss ...	2008	22063591
clostridium perfringens iota-toxin: structure and function.	clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of the enzyme component (ia) and the binding component (ib). ib binds to receptor on targeted cells and translocates ia into the cytosol of the cells. ia adp-ribosylates actin, resulting in cell rounding and death. comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence from the gene and three-dimensional structure of ia with those of adp-ribosylating toxins (arts) suggests that there is striking structural similarity among these toxins. our objectives are t ...	2009	22069542
on the interaction of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with claudins.	clostridium perfringens causes one of the most common foodborne illnesses, which is largely mediated by the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the toxin consists of two functional domains. the n-terminal region mediates the cytotoxic effect through pore formation in the plasma membrane of the mammalian host cell. the c-terminal region (ccpe) binds to the second extracellular loop of a subset of claudins. claudin-3 and claudin-4 have been shown to be receptors for cpe with very high affin ...	2010	22069641
specificity of interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and claudin-family tight junction proteins.	clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a major cause of food poisoning, forms physical pores in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. the ability of cpe to recognize the epithelium is due to the c-terminal binding domain, which binds to a specific motif on the second extracellular loop of tight junction proteins known as claudins. the interaction between claudins and cpe plays a key role in mediating cpe toxicity by facilitating pore formation and by promoting tight junction di ...	2010	22069652
netb, a pore-forming toxin from necrotic enteritis strains of clostridium perfringens.	the clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis b-like toxin (netb) is a recently discovered member of the ß-barrel pore-forming toxin family and is produced by a subset of avian c. perfringens type a strains. netb is cytotoxic for avian cells and is associated with avian necrotic enteritis. this review examines the current state of knowledge of netb: its role in pathogenesis, its distribution and expression in c. perfringens and its vaccine potential.	2010	22069665
Gas discharge plasmas are effective in inactivating Bacillus and Clostridium spores.	Bacterial spores are the most resistant form of life and have been a major threat to public health and food safety. Nonthermal atmospheric gas discharge plasma is a novel sterilization method that leaves no chemical residue. In our study, a helium radio-frequency cold plasma jet was used to examine its sporicidal effect on selected strains of Bacillus and Clostridium. The species tested included Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clos ...	2011	22075631
sugar inhibits the production of the toxins that trigger clostridial gas gangrene.	histotoxic strains of clostridium perfringens cause human gas gangrene, a devastating infection during which potent tissue-degrading toxins are produced and secreted. although this pathogen only grows in anaerobic-nutrient-rich habitats such as deep wounds, very little is known regarding how nutritional signals influence gas gangrene-related toxin production. we hypothesize that sugars, which have been used throughout history to prevent wound infection, may represent a nutritional signal against ...	2012	22079896
effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs.	polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. a total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem 0·5) years; 20 (sem 0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. a ...	2011	22085650
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 35-2011: a 33-year-old woman with postpartum leukocytosis and gram-positive bacteremia.		2011	22087683
structural analysis of a bacterial exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase in complex with an unusual disaccharide found in class iii mucin.	cpgh89 is a family 89 glycoside hydrolase with exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. this enzyme is active on the α-d-glcpnac-(1→4)-d-galp motif that is expressed on the class iii mucins within the gastric mucosa. other members of this enzyme family, such as human naglu, are active on heparan. a truncated version of cpgh89 was rendered inactive through mutation of two key catalytic residues, the protein crystallized an ...	2011	22090394
characterization and distribution of the gene cluster encoding rumc, an anti-clostridium perfringens bacteriocin produced in the gut.	ruminococcin c (rumc) is a trypsin-dependent bacteriocin produced by ruminococcus gnavus e1, a gram-positive strict anaerobic strain isolated from human feces. it consists of at least three similar peptides active against clostridium perfringens. in this article, a 15-kb region from r. gnavus e1 chromosome, containing the biosynthetic gene cluster of rumc was characterized. it harbored 17 open reading frames (called rum(c) genes) with predicted functions in bacteriocin biosynthesis and post-tran ...	2011	22092178
Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control.	This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide obje ...	2011	22092607
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed water.	Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) is a technique that has been reported to be effective for recovering a diverse array of microbes from water, and may also be potentially useful for microbial monitoring of effluent from water reclamation facilities. However, few data are available to indicate the potential limitations and efficacy of the UF technique for treated wastewater. In this study, recovery efficiencies were determined for various options available for performing the tangential-flow UF te ...	2012	22108496
mechanism of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin interaction with claudin-3/-4 protein suggests structural modifications of the toxin to target specific claudins.	claudins (cld) are essential constituents of tight junctions. domain i of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) binds to the second extracellular loop (ecl2) of a subset of claudins, e.g. cld3/4 and influences tight junction formation. we aimed to identify interacting interfaces and to alter claudin specificity of ccpe. mutagenesis, binding assays, and molecular modeling were performed. mutation-guided ecl2 docking of cld3/4 onto the crystal structure of ccpe revealed a common orientation o ...	2011	22128179
inhibitory effects of nisin against clostridium perfringens food poisoning and nonfood-borne isolates.	the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a is the causative agent of c. perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) and nonfood-borne (nfb) human gastrointestinal diseases. due to its ability to form highly resistant endospores, it has become a great concern to the meat industry to produce meat free of c. perfringens. in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of nisin against c. perfringens fp and nfb isolates. no inhibitory effect of nisin was observed against germination of spore ...	2011	22132724
evidence that the agr-like quorum sensing system regulates the toxin production, cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.	clostridium perfringens possesses at least two functional quorum sensing (qs) systems, i.e. an agr-like system and a luxs-dependent ai-2 system. both of those qs systems can reportedly control in vitro toxin production by c. perfringens but their importance for virulence has not been evaluated. therefore, the current study assessed whether these qs systems might regulate the pathogenicity of cn3685, a c. perfringens type c strain. since type c isolates cause both haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis ...	2012	22150719
the conjugation protein tcpc from clostridium perfringens is structurally related to the type iv secretion system protein virb8 from gram-negative bacteria.	bacterial conjugation is important for the acquisition of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. we investigated the mechanism of conjugation in gram-positive pathogens using a model plasmid pcw3 from clostridium perfringens. pcw3 encodes tetracycline resistance and contains the tcp locus, which is essential for conjugation. we showed that the unique tcpc protein (359 amino acids, 41 kda) was required for efficient conjugative transfer, localized to the cell membrane independently of other c ...	2011	22150951
potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations.	background: antibiotics are used in animal confinement buildings, such as cage-housed (ch) and floor-housed (fh) poultry operations, to lower the likeliness of disease transmission. in fh facilities, antibiotics may also be used at sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion. low levels of antibiotic create a selective pressure toward antimicrobial resistance (amr) in chicken fecal bacteria. objective: the objective of this study was to compare bacteria and amr genes in bioaerosols from ch and ...	2011	22156572
protein kinase cα inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer hpac cells to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin via claudin-4.	protein kinase c (pkc) is overexpressed in cancer, including pancreatic cancer, compared with normal tissue. moreover, pkcα is considered one of the biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancers. in several human cancers, the claudin tight junction molecules are abnormally regulated and are thus promising molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). in order to investigate the changes of tight junction functions of claudins via pkcα activation in pancreat ...	2011	22160590
epsilon-toxin production by clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 is dependent upon the agr operon but not the virs/virr two-component regulatory system.	clostridium perfringens type b and d strains cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in livestock after proliferating in the intestines and producing epsilon-toxin (etx), alpha-toxin (cpa), and, usually, perfringolysin o (pfo). although etx is one of the most potent bacterial toxins, the regulation of etx production by type b or d strains remains poorly understood. the present work determined that the type d strain cn3718 upregulates production of etx upon close contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 ce ...	2011	22167225
sialidases affect the host cell adherence and epsilon toxin-induced cytotoxicity of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.	clostridium perfringens type b or d isolates, which cause enterotoxemias or enteritis in livestock, produce epsilon toxin (etx). etx is exceptionally potent, earning it a listing as a cdc class b select toxin. most c. perfringens strains also express up to three different sialidases, although the possible contributions of those enzymes to type b or d pathogenesis remain unclear. type d isolate cn3718 was found to carry two genes (nani and nanj) encoding secreted sialidases and one gene (nanh) en ...	2011	22174687
evaluation in broilers of the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene.	the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and of a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. one-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. the control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either p. pastoris (2), the recombinant p. pastoris (3) or bacillus cereus var. toyoi (4). at day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and serocon ...	2011	22176763
clostridium perfringens type c and clostridium difficile co-infection in foals.	clostridium perfringens type c is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. while infections by c. perfringens type c or c. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. we present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with c. difficile and c. perfringens type c infection. f ...	2011	22177970
effects of clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine gut.	clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins produce enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats. however, the information regarding the pathophysiology of alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine intestine is still scanty. in this study, intestinal loops were performed in the ileum and colon of three one-week-old holstein and two four-week-old crossbreed calves. laparotomy was performed in all calves under anaesthesia and four loops -three cm long- were performed in the small and large intestines. for ...	2011	22178571
prevalence of selected bacterial and parasitic agents in feces from diarrheic and healthy control cats from northern california.	background: bacterial and parasitic agents are commonly implicated as causes of diarrhea in cats, but there is a paucity of information evaluating epidemiological and prevalence factors associated with most of these organisms in cats. objectives: determine the prevalence of selected enteropathogens in diarrheic and nondiarrheic cats. animals: a total of 219 diarrheic and 54 nondiarrheic cats. methods: prospective study. fresh fecal specimens were submitted for centrifugation flotation, culture, ...	2011	22182203
identification, isolation and characterization of a novel azoreductase from clostridium perfringens.	azo dyes are used widely in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries as colorants and are often sources of environmental pollution. there are many microorganisms that are able to reduce azo dyes by use of an azoreductase enzyme. it is through the reduction of the azo bonds of the dyes that carcinogenic metabolites are produced thereby a concern for human health. the field of research on azoreductases is growing, but there is very little information available on azoreductases fro ...	2011	22182443
Necrotic enteritis in collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries.	An outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C was diagnosed in captive collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries housed in the Laboratory of Applied Ethology of Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz located in Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil. Four collared peccaries and three white-lipped peccaries, all juveniles (25-105 days old), were affected. For all affected animals, lethargy and inappetance were followed by sudden death within 24 hours. ...	2011	22204072
[Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium perfringens isolates of different origins from Costa Rica].	Clostridium perfringens, a Gram positive, spore-forming anaerobe, is widely distributed in nature. Based upon their production of four major toxins alpha, beta, epsilon and iota, C. perfringens is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E). Some strains produce an enterotoxin (CPE), encoded by the cpe gene, which causes diarrhea in humans and some animals. C. perfringens strains that had been previously isolated and been kept at -80 degrees C were analyzed for the presence of toxin genes and for ant ...	2011	22208067
Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages.	Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a variety of histotoxic infections in humans and animals. Studies on the early events of C. perfringens infections have been largely focused on the interactions between their vegetative cells and macrophages. Consequently, in the current study we have examined the interactions between C. perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Raw 264.7 cells were able to interact and phagocytose Clostridium perfringens spores of a food poisoning isolate, s ...	2011	22209938
induction of strong anti-hiv cellular immunity by a combination of clostridium perfringens expressing hiv gag and virus like particles.	the lower gastrointestinal tract is a major mucosal site of hiv entry and initial infection. thus, the induction of strong cellular immune responses at this mucosal site will be an important feature of an effective hiv vaccine. we have used a novel prime-boost vaccination approach to induce immune responses at mucosal sites. orally delivered recombinant clostridium perfringens expressing hiv-1 gag (cp-gag) was evaluated for induction of hiv-1 gag specific t cell responses in a prime-boost model ...	2011	22211658
complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage φcp24r, which is virulent for clostridium perfringens.	bacteriophage φcp24r was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a type a clostridium perfringens isolate. electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail, indicative of a member of the family podoviridae. the phage had a linear, double-stranded dna genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a type b dna polymerase, which are characteristics of ...	2012	22218967
expression and characterization of an endo-1,4-β-galactanase from emericella nidulans in pichia pastoris for enzymatic design of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides from potato galactans.	potato pulp is a high-volume side-stream from industrial potato starch manufacturing. enzymatically solubilized β-1,4-galactan-rich potato pulp polysaccharides of molecular weights >100 kda (sppp) are highly bifidogenic in human fecal sample fermentations in vitro. the objective of the present study was to use potato β-1,4-galactan and the sppp as substrates for enzymatic production of potentially prebiotic compounds of lower and narrower molecular weight. a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase from eme ...	2011	22226198
distinct gut microbiota in southeastern african and northern european infants.	the intestinal microbiota composition in infants reflects the early environment. our objective was to compare the gut microbiota in 6-month-old infants living in rural malawi with children of the same age living in urban finland, both being breast-fed and having an age-appropriate diet typical for each area.	2012	22228076
comparison of methods for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens spores in water.	four methods for enumerating clostridium perfringens spores in water were evaluated: (1) the imm (iron milk medium) method (mpn); (2) the ls (lactose sulfite broth) method (mpn); (3) the m-cp (membrane filtration clostridium perfringens agar) method (membrane filtration); and (4) the tsc (tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar) method (membrane filtration). the performance of these methods was compared with that of the drcm (differential reinforced clostridium medium) method (mpn) as adopted by cetes ...	2012	22233899
modeling of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation in beef-in-sauce products: a meta-analysis using mixed linear models.	the aim of the present study was to predict clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation during the final reheating step of two beef-in-sauce products prepared and distributed in a french hospital for exposure in risk assessment. in order to account for variability according to experts and international organization recommendations, published data were used to estimate the thermal inactivation parameters of a probabilistic model. mixed effects models were proposed to describe variability ...	2011	22236760
the peptidoglycan hydrolase tcpg is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.	peptidoglycan hydrolases that are specifically associated with bacterial conjugation systems are postulated to facilitate the assembly of the transfer apparatus by creating a temporally and spatially controlled local opening in the peptidoglycan layer. to date little is known about the role of such enzymes in conjugation systems from gram-positive bacteria. conjugative plasmids from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens all encode two putative peptidoglycan hydrolases, tcpg and tcpi ...	2012	22244927
identification of the cellular receptor of clostridium spiroforme toxin.	clostridium spiroforme produces the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxin cst (c. spiroforme toxin), which has been proposed to be responsible for diarrhea, enterocolitis and, eventually, death especially in rabbits. here, we report on the recombinant production of the enzyme component (csta) and the binding component (cstb) of c. spiroforme toxin in bacillus megaterium. by using the recombinant toxin components we show that cst enters target cells via the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor ...	2012	22252869
characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens to the renal system.	epsilon toxin (ɛ-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the renal system, the toxin binds to target cells before oligomerization, pore formation and cell death. still, there is little information about the cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the initial steps of the cytotoxic action of ɛ-toxin, including the specific binding to the target sensitive cells. in the present report, the binding step of ɛ-toxin to the mdck cell ...	2012	22264388
assessment of microbial quality of commercial and home-made tiger-nut beverages.	we aimed to assess the microbiological quality of spanish commercial tiger-nut beverages as well as home-made samples collected from supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars and ice-cream parlours located in valencia.	2012	22283438
effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river.	in germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. this study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. the median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. the median concentration of g. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. a statistically significant ...	2012	22285254
claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer.	intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets.	2012	22286027
comparative in vitro activities of lff571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.	the in vitro activities of lff571, a novel analog of ge2270a that inhibits bacterial growth by binding with high affinity for protein synthesis elongation factor tu, fidaxomicin, and 10 other antimicrobial agents were determined against 50 strains of clostridium difficile and 630 other anaerobic and aerobic organisms of intestinal origin. lff571 possesses potent activity against c. difficile and most other gram-positive anaerobes (mic(90), ≤ 0.25 μg/ml), with the exception of bifidobacteria and ...	2012	22290948
identification and in vitro analysis of the gatd/murt enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid ii amidation in staphylococcus aureus.	the peptidoglycan of staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the d-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methi ...	2012	22291598
the effect of clostridium perfringens type c strain cn3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats.	clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and/or enterocolitis in several animal species, including pigs, sheep, goats, horses and humans. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia and the enteric lesions and associated systemic effects are thought to be caused primarily by beta toxin (cpb), one of two typing toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. this has been demonstrated recently by fulfilling molecular koch's postulates in rabbits and mice. we present here an experime ...	2012	22296994
study of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine of the rat under varied environmental hyperbaric pressures.	we conducted an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of hyperbarometric air pressure on the quantity and composition of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine.	2012	22305555
production and characterization of clostridium perfringens recombinant β toxoid.	in this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c produced in escherichia coli (rbt). the non-toxic rbt was innocuous for mice and induced 14 iu ml(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the european pharmacopeia and cfr9 - usda guidelines.	2012	22306065
impact of fresh or used litter on the posthatch immune system of commercial broilers.	this study was carried out to investigate the effects of exposure of growing broiler chickens of commercial origin to used poultry litter on intestinal and systemic immune responses. the litter types evaluated were fresh wood shavings or used litter obtained from commercial poultry farms with or without a history of gangrenous dermatitis (gd). immune parameters measured were serum nitric oxide (no) levels, serum antibody titers against eimeria or clostridium perfringens, mitogen-induced spleen c ...	2011	22312971
treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.	clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection.	2012	22316146
creation and biochemical analysis of a broad-specific claudin binder.	claudins (cl) are a family of tetra-transmembrane proteins that are the structural and functional components of tight junctions (tj). cls are promising targets for drug development because of their role in mucosal drug absorption and cancer. however, cl-targeted drug development has been delayed because cls have low antigenicity and preparing cl proteins is difficult. we developed a cl binder by using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) and a baculoviral displa ...	2012	22317861
clostridium perfringens detected by peripheral blood smear.		2012	22333387
immunological responses to clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in two genetically divergent lines of chickens as influenced by major histocompatibility complex genotype.	chickens genetically selected for low (la) or high (ha) antibody response to srbc displayed a correlated change in mhc, so that la chickens were 96% b13 and ha chickens were 96% b21. the la line appears to be less susceptible to invasion by extracellular pathogens, whereas ha chickens are more resistant to infection by intracellular organisms. resistance to clostridium perfringens is one instance in which the lines do not follow their established trend of pathogen susceptibility, where during a ...	2012	22334734
threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal clostridium infection.	the aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical clostridium infection. three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. in each experiment, 1-d-old ross 308 male broilers were used. an infection model was used with inoculation of eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens at d 9 and 14 of age ...	2012	22334739
determining potential indicators of cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process.	most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. in this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps a, b, c and d) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-born ...	2012	22339022
bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy.	bacterial toxins share the ability to enter host cells to target various intracellular proteins and to modulate host immune responses. over the last 20 years, toxins and their mutated variants, as well as live attenuated bacteria, have been exploited for vaccination and immunotherapy of various infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases. the ability of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to translocate its adenylate cyclase domain across the host cell membrane, as well as the pathway ...	2012	22339216
clostridium perfringens infection complicating periprosthetic fracture fixation about the hip: successful treatment with early aggressive debridement.	periprosthetic fracture and infection are both challenges following hip arthroplasty. we report the case of an 87 year old female who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a periprosthetic femoral fracture. her post-operative course was complicated by infection with clostridium perfringens. early aggressive antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement were successful, and allowed retention of the original components.	2013	22344485
fast kinetics of nucleotide binding to clostridium perfringens family ii pyrophosphatase containing cbs and drtgg domains.	we earlier described cbs-pyrophosphatase of moorella thermoacetica (mtcbs-ppase) as a novel phosphohydrolase that acquired a pair of nucleotide-binding cbs domains during evolution, thus endowing the protein with the capacity to be allosterically regulated by adenine nucleotides (jämsen, j., tuominen, h., salminen, a., belogurov, g. a., magretova, n. n., baykov, a. a., and lahti, r. (2007) biochem. j., 408, 327-333). we herein describe a more evolved type of cbs-pyrophosphatase from clostridium ...	2012	22348476
development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model.	the goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements.	2012	22353049
novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica.	lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ...	2012	22383874
terminal sialic acids are an important determinant of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity.	the surface of vascular endothelium bears a glycocalyx comprised, in part, of a complex mixture of oligosaccharide chains attached to cell-surface proteins and membrane lipids. importantly, understanding of the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx is poorly understood. preliminary studies have demonstrated structural differences in the glycocalyx of pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. herein we begin to probe in more detail ...	2012	22387293
efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers.	necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens leads to serious economical losses to the poultry industry. there is a growing need to find effective, nontoxic, antibiotic alternatives to prevent and cure the disease. in our study, the efficacy of protected sodium butyrate at 1.5 g/kg (bp70), a bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension with 10(9) cfu/g (bal; ecobiol), a protected blend of essential oils (1%) at 1.5 g/kg (eo), and a combination of sodium butyrate with essential oils (1%) p ...	2012	22399722
genome sequencing and analysis of a type a clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis.	clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. some enteric diseases caused by type a c. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. to investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type a c. perfringens isolate (strain f262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. the ∼3.34 mbp chromosome of c. per ...	2012	22412860
effect of temperature on microbial growth rate-mathematical analysis: the arrhenius and eyring-polanyi connections.	the objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of microbial growth. the new mathematical model is derived by combination and modification of the arrhenius equation and the eyring-polanyi transition theory. the new model, suitable for both suboptimal and the entire growth temperature ranges, was validated using a collection of 23 selected temperature-growth rate curves belonging to 5 groups of microorganisms, including pseudomona ...	2011	22417589
fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells.	the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ...	2012	22420783
responses of feeding prebiotics on nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in dogs: a meta-analysis.	the effects of prebiotics on digestibility, short-chain fatty acid (scfa) concentrations and bacterial populations in the faeces and immunity in dogs were evaluated by meta-analyses. overall, data from 15 published studies containing 65 different treatment means of 418 observations from different breeds of dogs were included in the data set. feeding of prebiotics to dogs did not affect the nutrient intake (p > 0.10), nor did prebiotics change (p > 0.10) the digestibility of dry matter (dm) and f ...	2011	22440414
effect on digestion and performance of dietary protein content and of increased substitution of lucerne hay with soya-bean protein concentrate in starter diets for young rabbits.	the aim of this work was to study the effect of protein source / availability on the intestinal microbiota, digestive traits and nutritional performance of early-weaned rabbits. the effects of supplemental antibiotics in the drinking water were also evaluated. four isoenergetic and isofibrous diets were formulated: a control diet with a high protein (207 g/kg dry matter (dm)) and lucerne hay content (hphl), a diet with low crude protein (cp) (179 g/kg dm) and high lucerne hay content (lphl) and ...	2007	22444465
oxygen measurements in platelet fluids - a new non-invasive method to detect bacterial contaminations in platelets.	the residual risk for bacterial contamination in blood components especially in platelets is one to two orders of magnitude higher than for transfusion relevant viral infections. the majority of all bacterial transmitted fatalities occurred at the end of platelet shelf life. therefore, the maximum shelf life of platelet concentrates (pc) was reduced to 4 days after blood donation in germany in 2008.	2012	22462725
carbohydrate recognition by an architecturally complex α-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens.	cpgh89 is a large multimodular enzyme produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the catalytic activity of this exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase is directed towards a rare carbohydrate motif, n-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-α-1,4-d-galactose, which is displayed on the class iii mucins deep within the gastric mucosa. in addition to the family 89 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module this enzyme has six modules that share sequence similarity to the family 32 carbohydrate-binding mod ...	2012	22479408
clostridium perfringens hip arthritis in a haemodialysis patient.	haemodialysis patients have acquired immunity disturbances, co-morbidities and a vascular access, factors predisposing them to infection and bacteraemia. clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium potentially causing severe infections, including rarely septic arthritis. we report the first case of clostridium perfringens septic arthritis in a haemodialysis patient and suggest a haematogenous spread. after rapid joint lavage combined with appropriate anti-microbial therapy, the patient rec ...	2016	22480041
modifications in perfringolysin o domain 4 alter the cholesterol concentration threshold required for binding.	changes in the cholesterol content of cell membranes affect many physiological and pathological events, including the formation of arterial plaques, the entry of virus into cells, and receptor organization. measuring the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is essential to understanding how cells regulate sterol levels in membranes. perfringolysin o (pfo) is a cytolysin secreted by clostridium perfringens that requires cholesterol in the target membrane for binding. the specificity of pfo ...	2012	22482748
co-infection with toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: a case report.	toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. we report a case of toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens co-infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. the histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed t. gondii and c. perfringens, respectively. treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post-operative re ...	2012	22487420
changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis.	necrotic enteritis is a disease of considerable economic importance to the global poultry industry. clostridium perfringens has long been recognised as the etiological agent of the disease. however, disease initiation and progression is complex and appears to be precipitated by a range of predisposing factors. the present study investigated microbial interactions in the caecum of birds challenged with c. perfringens that developed necrotic enteritis. bacterial populations of healthy and diseased ...	2012	22487456
survival and germination of clostridium perfringens spores during heating and cooling of ground pork.	the effect of heating rate on the heat resistance, germination, and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during cooking of cured ground pork was investigated. inoculated cured ground pork portions were heated from 20 to 75°c at a rate of 4, 8, or 12°c/h and then held at 75°c for 48 h. no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the heat resistance of c. perfringens spores were observed in cured ground pork heated at 4, 8, or 12°c/h. at heating rates of 8 and 12°c/h, no significant difference ...	2012	22488055
alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol are translocated by the same mprf flippases and have similar capacities to protect against the antibiotic daptomycin in staphylococcus aureus.	the lysinylation of negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol by mprf proteins reduces the affinity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) for bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and reduces the susceptibility of several gram-positive bacterial pathogens to camps. mprf of staphylococcus aureus encompasses a lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lys-pg) synthase and a lys-pg flippase domain. in contrast, clostridium perfringens encodes two mprf homologs which specifically synthesize alanyl-phosphatidylglycer ...	2012	22491694
differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines.	changes in the expression levels of avian β-defensin (avbd) mrna were evaluated in necrotic enteritis (ne) disease model in 2 genetically disparate commercial broiler chicken lines: ross and cobb. the ne was initiated in the gut by a previously established co-infection model using oral eimeria maxima infection followed by a clostridium perfringens challenge. among the 14 avbd types examined, there was a tissue-specific expression of avbd transcripts: avbd1, avbd7, and avbd9 in the crop; avbd8, a ...	2012	22499864
innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens.	necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with c. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. three hundred ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. on d 14, birds were orally chal ...	2012	22499867
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens: detection and identification.	recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. sequence-based pcr genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping pcr assays) has provided new information about cpe-pos ...	2012	22504431
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).	this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).	2012	22508645
non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens.	the prevalence and severity of gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) in broilers is affected by a number of predisposing and preventive factors. two broiler experiments with almost identical basal diets were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oat hulls, access to litter and the antimicrobial compound narasin on geu. the effects on particle size of duodenal digesta, ileal starch concentration, caecal clostridium perfringens counts, necrotic enteritis and production performance ...	2012	22515541
genetic relatedness and netb prevalence among environmental clostridium perfringens strains associated with a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis.	in a previous study we investigated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotype diversity and prevalence of the netb toxin gene in clostridium perfringens (cp) isolates recovered from a broiler flock (flock 1) affected by necrotic enteritis (ne). in this follow-up work, we examined samples collected before placement of flock 1, to see if ne during rearing could be traced back to the cleaned and empty building or the day-old chicks. litter from the next flock in the same building (flock 2) w ...	2012	22516191
survival trends of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clostridium perfringens in a sandy south florida beach.	the search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. to explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, clostridium perfringens. results indicated greater s. aureus and p. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in steril ...	2012	22516512
freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes.	clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis mostly in neonatal animals of several species, including horses. the virulence of c. perfringens type c is mostly mediated by beta toxin (cpb). this toxin is highly sensitive to the action of trypsin and other proteases, which explains the increased susceptibility of neonatal animals to type c infections. final confirmation of type c disease diagnosis should be based on detection of cpb in the intestinal content of affected animals. how ...	2012	22516562
nitrergic response to clostridium perfringens infection in the rat brain regions: effect of red light irradiation.	a single intraperitoneal injection of a gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (cp) causes a remarkable down-regulation the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) with a simultaneous increase in the activity of inducible nos (inos) and the level of reactive nitrogen species in the rat brain major regions (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at 48 h post-administration of cp. treatment by both a semiconductor laser (scl) and/or a light-emitting diode (led) with same wavelen ...	2012	22533509
development of real-time pcr for the detection of clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables.	a real-time pcr assay was developed and validated inhouse specifically for the detection of clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens) in meats and vegetables by comparing with the culture method. the detection limit of the real-time pcr assay in phosphate-buffered saline was 10² cfu/ml. when the two methods were compared in food samples inoculated with cl. perfringens, the culture method detected 52 positives, whereas real-time pcr detected 51 positives out of 160 samples. the difference was wit ...	2012	22534301
rapid, simultaneous detection of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in archived tissues by a novel pcr-based microsphere assay: diagnostic implications for pregnancy-associated toxic shock syndrome cases.	clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens are infrequent human pathogens; however, the case-fatality rates for the infections are very high, particularly in obstetric c. sordellii infections (>90%). deaths from clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens toxic shock (cts) are sudden, and diagnosis is often challenging. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues usually are the only specimens available for sudden fatal cases, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) for clostridia is ge ...	2012	22536012
immunohistochemical search for viral and bacterial antigens in crohn's disease.	recent studies show that diseased intestinal tissues of patients with crohn's disease (cd) contain obstructed lymphatics, granulomas, and tertiary lymphoid organs, representing responses to persistent antigen.	2013	22537638
reduction of bilirubin ditaurate by the intestinal bacterium clostridium perfringens.	bilirubin is degraded in the human gut by microflora into urobilinoids. in our study we investigated whether the bilirubin-reducing strain of clostridium perfringens can reduce bilirubin ditaurate (bdt), a bile pigment of some lower vertebrates, without hydrolysis of the taurine moiety. c. perfringes was incubated under anaerobic conditions with bdt; reduction products were quantified by spectrophotometry and separated by tlc. based on rf values of bdt reduction products and synthetic urobilinog ...	2012	22540115
bacterial contamination of tile drainage water and shallow groundwater under different application methods of liquid swine manure.	a 2 year field experiment evaluated liquid manure application methods on the movement of manure-borne pathogens (salmonella sp.) and indicator bacteria (escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens) to subsurface water. a combination of application methods including surface application, pre-application tillage, and post-application incorporation were applied in a randomized complete block design on an instrumented field site in spring 2007 and 2008. tile and shallow groundwater were sampled imme ...	2012	22540289