Publications

pseudomonas strains naturally associated with potato plants produce volatiles with high potential for inhibition of phytophthora infestans.	bacteria emit volatile organic compounds with a wide range of effects on bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. the antifungal potential of bacterial volatiles has been investigated with a broad span of phytopathogenic organisms, yet the reaction of oomycetes to these volatile signals is largely unknown. for instance, the response of the late blight-causing agent and most devastating oomycete pathogen worldwide, phytophthora infestans, to bacterial volatiles has not been assessed so far. in this ...	2015	25398872
grim reaper peptide binds to receptor kinase prk5 to trigger cell death in arabidopsis.	recognition of extracellular peptides by plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins is commonly used in signal transduction. in plants, very little is known about how extracellular peptides are processed and activated in order to allow recognition by receptors. here, we show that induction of cell death in planta by a secreted plant protein grim reaper (gri) is dependent on the activity of the type ii metacaspase metacaspase-9. gri is cleaved by metacaspase-9 in vitro resulting in the release o ...	2014	25398910
grim reaper peptide binds to receptor kinase prk5 to trigger cell death in arabidopsis.	recognition of extracellular peptides by plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins is commonly used in signal transduction. in plants, very little is known about how extracellular peptides are processed and activated in order to allow recognition by receptors. here, we show that induction of cell death in planta by a secreted plant protein grim reaper (gri) is dependent on the activity of the type ii metacaspase metacaspase-9. gri is cleaved by metacaspase-9 in vitro resulting in the release o ...	2014	25398910
danger signals - damaged-self recognition across the tree of life.	multicellular organisms suffer injury and serve as hosts for microorganisms. therefore, they require mechanisms to detect injury and to distinguish the self from the non-self and the harmless non-self (microbial mutualists and commensals) from the detrimental non-self (pathogens). danger signals are "damage-associated molecular patterns" (damps) that are released from the disrupted host tissue or exposed on stressed cells. seemingly ubiquitous damps are extracellular atp or extracellular dna, fr ...	2014	25400647
damaged-self recognition in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) shows taxonomic specificity and triggers signaling via reactive oxygen species (ros).	plants require reliable mechanisms to detect injury. danger signals or "damage-associated molecular patterns" (damps) are released from stressed host cells and allow injury detection independently of enemy-derived molecules. we studied the response of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) to the application of leaf homogenate as a source of damps and measured the production of reactive oxygen species (ros) as an early response and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (efn) as a jasmonic acid (ja)-depe ...	2014	25400650
stem-cell-triggered immunity safeguards cytokinin enriched plant shoot apexes from pathogen infection.	intricate mechanisms discriminate between friends and foes in plants. plant organs deploy overlapping and distinct protection strategies. despite vulnerability to a plethora of pathogens, the growing tips of plants grow bacteria free. the shoot apical meristem (sam) is among three stem cells niches, a self-renewable reservoir for the future organogenesis of leaf, stem, and flowers. how plants safeguard this high value growth target from infections was not known until now. recent reports find the ...	2014	25400652
defense suppression benefits herbivores that have a monopoly on their feeding site but can backfire within natural communities.	plants have inducible defenses to combat attacking organisms. hence, some herbivores have adapted to suppress these defenses. suppression of plant defenses has been shown to benefit herbivores by boosting their growth and reproductive performance.	2014	25403155
chemical biology applied to the study of bacterial pathogens.	in recent years, chemical biology and chemical genomics have been increasingly applied to the field of microbiology to uncover new potential therapeutics as well as to probe virulence mechanisms in pathogens. the approach offers some clear advantages, as identified compounds (i) can serve as a proof of principle for the applicability of drugs to specific targets; (ii) can serve as conditional effectors to explore the function of their targets in vitro and in vivo; (iii) can be used to modulate g ...	2014	25404026
chemical biology applied to the study of bacterial pathogens.	in recent years, chemical biology and chemical genomics have been increasingly applied to the field of microbiology to uncover new potential therapeutics as well as to probe virulence mechanisms in pathogens. the approach offers some clear advantages, as identified compounds (i) can serve as a proof of principle for the applicability of drugs to specific targets; (ii) can serve as conditional effectors to explore the function of their targets in vitro and in vivo; (iii) can be used to modulate g ...	2014	25404026
a salmonella type three secretion effector/chaperone complex adopts a hexameric ring-like structure.	many bacterial pathogens use type three secretion systems (t3ss) to inject virulence factors, named effectors, directly into the cytoplasm of target eukaryotic cells. most of the t3ss components are conserved among plant and animal pathogens, suggesting a common mechanism of recognition and secretion of effectors. however, no common motif has yet been identified for effectors allowing t3ss recognition. in this work, we performed a biochemical and structural characterization of the salmonella sop ...	2014	25404693
a salmonella type three secretion effector/chaperone complex adopts a hexameric ring-like structure.	many bacterial pathogens use type three secretion systems (t3ss) to inject virulence factors, named effectors, directly into the cytoplasm of target eukaryotic cells. most of the t3ss components are conserved among plant and animal pathogens, suggesting a common mechanism of recognition and secretion of effectors. however, no common motif has yet been identified for effectors allowing t3ss recognition. in this work, we performed a biochemical and structural characterization of the salmonella sop ...	2014	25404693
ubiquitin activates patatin-like phospholipases from multiple bacterial species.	phospholipase a2 enzymes are ubiquitously distributed throughout the prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms and are utilized in a wide array of cellular processes and physiological and immunological responses. several patatin-like phospholipase homologs of exou from pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected on the premise that ubiquitin activation of this class of bacterial enzymes was a conserved process. we found that ubiquitin activated all phospholipases tested in both in vitro and in vivo assays vi ...	2014	25404699
ubiquitin activates patatin-like phospholipases from multiple bacterial species.	phospholipase a2 enzymes are ubiquitously distributed throughout the prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms and are utilized in a wide array of cellular processes and physiological and immunological responses. several patatin-like phospholipase homologs of exou from pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected on the premise that ubiquitin activation of this class of bacterial enzymes was a conserved process. we found that ubiquitin activated all phospholipases tested in both in vitro and in vivo assays vi ...	2014	25404699
the impact of systemic and copper pesticide applications on the phyllosphere microflora of tomatoes.	contamination of tomatoes by salmonella can occur in agricultural settings. little is currently understood about how agricultural inputs such as pesticide applications may impact epiphytic crop microflora and potentially play a role in contamination events. we examined the impact of two materials commonly used in virginia tomato agriculture: acibenzolar-s-methyl (crop protectant) and copper oxychloride (pesticide) to identify the effects these materials may exert on baseline tomato microflora an ...	2014	25410588
the impact of systemic and copper pesticide applications on the phyllosphere microflora of tomatoes.	contamination of tomatoes by salmonella can occur in agricultural settings. little is currently understood about how agricultural inputs such as pesticide applications may impact epiphytic crop microflora and potentially play a role in contamination events. we examined the impact of two materials commonly used in virginia tomato agriculture: acibenzolar-s-methyl (crop protectant) and copper oxychloride (pesticide) to identify the effects these materials may exert on baseline tomato microflora an ...	2014	25410588
discrimination of escherichia coli o157, o26 and o111 from other serovars by maldi-tof ms based on the s10-germs method.	enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), causes a potentially life-threatening infection in humans worldwide. serovar o157:h7, and to a lesser extent serovars o26 and o111, are the most commonly reported ehec serovars responsible for a large number of outbreaks. we have established a rapid discrimination method for e. coli serovars o157, o26 and o111 from other e. coli serovars, based on the pattern matching of mass spectrometry (ms) differences and the presence/absence of biomarker proteins d ...	2014	25411793
the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments.	rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ...	2014	25414340
the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments.	rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ...	2014	25414340
plant cell wall in pathogenesis, parasitism and symbiosis.		2014	25414718
enhancing crop innate immunity: new promising trends.	plants are constantly exposed to potentially pathogenic microbes present in their surrounding environment. due to the activation of the pattern-triggered immunity (pti) response that largely relies on accurate detection of pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (prrs), plants are resistant to the majority of potential pathogens. however, adapted pathogens may avoid recognition or repress plant pti and resulting diseases significantly affect crop yield ...	2014	25414721
the agr communication system provides a benefit to the populations of listeria monocytogenes in soil.	in this study, we investigated whether the agr communication system of the pathogenic bacterium listeria monocytogenes was involved in adaptation and competitiveness in soil. alteration of the ability to communicate, either by deletion of the gene coding the response regulator agra (response-negative mutant) or the signal pro-peptide agrd (signal-negative mutant), did not affect population dynamics in soil that had been sterilized but survival was altered in biotic soil suggesting that the agr s ...	2014	25414837
in planta processing and glycosylation of a nematode clavata3/endosperm surrounding region-like effector and its interaction with a host clavata2-like receptor to promote parasitism.	like other biotrophic plant pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes secrete effector proteins into host cells to facilitate infection. effector proteins that mimic plant clavata3/endosperm surrounding region-related (cle) proteins have been identified in several cyst nematodes, including the potato cyst nematode (pcn); however, the mechanistic details of this cross-kingdom mimicry are poorly understood. plant cles are posttranslationally modified and proteolytically processed to function as bioacti ...	2014	25416475
in planta processing and glycosylation of a nematode clavata3/endosperm surrounding region-like effector and its interaction with a host clavata2-like receptor to promote parasitism.	like other biotrophic plant pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes secrete effector proteins into host cells to facilitate infection. effector proteins that mimic plant clavata3/endosperm surrounding region-related (cle) proteins have been identified in several cyst nematodes, including the potato cyst nematode (pcn); however, the mechanistic details of this cross-kingdom mimicry are poorly understood. plant cles are posttranslationally modified and proteolytically processed to function as bioacti ...	2014	25416475
a load driver device for engineering modularity in biological networks.	the behavior of gene modules in complex synthetic circuits is often unpredictable. after joining modules to create a circuit, downstream elements (such as binding sites for a regulatory protein) apply a load to upstream modules that can negatively affect circuit function. here we devised a genetic device named a load driver that mitigates the impact of load on circuit function, and we demonstrate its behavior in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the load driver implements the design principle of timesca ...	2014	25419739
constrictor: constraint modification provides insight into design of biochemical networks.	advances in computational methods that allow for exploration of the combinatorial mutation space are needed to realize the potential of synthetic biology based strain engineering efforts. here, we present constrictor, a computational framework that uses flux balance analysis (fba) to analyze inhibitory effects of genetic mutations on the performance of biochemical networks. constrictor identifies engineering interventions by classifying the reactions in the metabolic model depending on the exten ...	2014	25422896
transcriptome analysis reveals genes commonly induced by botrytis cinerea infection, cold, drought and oxidative stresses in arabidopsis.	signaling pathways controlling biotic and abiotic stress responses may interact synergistically or antagonistically. to identify the similarities and differences among responses to diverse stresses, we analyzed previously published microarray data on the transcriptomic responses of arabidopsis to infection with botrytis cinerea (a biotic stress), and to cold, drought, and oxidative stresses (abiotic stresses). our analyses showed that at early stages after b. cinerea inoculation, 1498 genes were ...	2014	25422934
characterization of the coronatine-like phytotoxins produced by the common scab pathogen streptomyces scabies.	streptomyces scabies is an important causative agent of common scab disease of potato tubers and other root crops. the primary virulence factor produced by this pathogen is a phytotoxic secondary metabolite called thaxtomin a, which is essential for disease development. in addition, the genome of s. scabies harbors a virulence-associated biosynthetic gene cluster called the coronafacic acid (cfa)-like gene cluster, which was previously predicted to produce metabolites that resemble the pseudomon ...	2015	25423263
hydroxycinnamic acid degradation, a broadly conserved trait, protects ralstonia solanacearum from chemical plant defenses and contributes to root colonization and virulence.	plants produce hydroxycinnamic acid (hca) defense compounds to combat pathogens, such as the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum. we showed that an hca degradation pathway is genetically and functionally conserved across diverse r. solanacearum strains. further, a feruloyl-coa synthetase (δfcs) mutant that cannot degrade hca was less virulent on tomato plants. to understand the role of hca degradation in bacterial wilt disease, we tested the following hypotheses: hca degradation helps the pathogen ...	2015	25423265
bacteria in ostreococcus tauri cultures - friends, foes or hitchhikers?	marine phytoplankton produce half of the oxygen we breathe and their astounding diversity is just starting to be unraveled. many microbial phytoplankton are thought to be phototrophic, depending solely on inorganic sources of carbon and minerals for growth rather than preying on other planktonic cells. however, there is increasing evidence that symbiotic associations, to a large extent with bacteria, are required for vitamin or nutrient uptake for many eukaryotic microalgae. here, we use in sili ...	2014	25426102
salicylic acid modulates levels of phosphoinositide dependent-phospholipase c substrates and products to remodel the arabidopsis suspension cell transcriptome.	basal phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase c (pi-plc) activity controls gene expression in arabidopsis suspension cells and seedlings. pi-plc catalyzes the production of phosphorylated inositol and diacylglycerol (dag) from phosphoinositides. it is not known how pi-plc regulates the transcriptome although the action of dag-kinase (dgk) on dag immediately downstream from pi-plc is responsible for some of the regulation. we previously established a list of genes whose expression is affected in ...	2014	25426125
making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: from rice to arabidopsis.	phytohormones are not only essential for plant growth and development but also play central roles in triggering the plant immune signaling network. historically, research aimed at elucidating the defense-associated role of hormones has tended to focus on the use of experimentally tractable dicot plants such as arabidopsis thaliana. emerging from these studies is a picture whereby complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes mold plant health and disease, with outcomes largely dependent on the ...	2014	25426127
peptidoglycan from fermentation by-product triggers defense responses in grapevine.	plants are constantly under attack from a variety of microorganisms, and rely on a series of complex detection and response systems to protect themselves from infection. here, we found that a by-product of glutamate fermentation triggered defense responses in grapevine, increasing the expression of defense response genes in cultured cells, foliar chitinase activity, and resistance to infection by downy mildew in leaf explants. to identify the molecule that triggered this innate immunity, we frac ...	2014	25427192
differential inhibition of arabidopsis superoxide dismutases by peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration.	despite the importance of superoxide dismutases (sods) in the plant antioxidant defence system little is known about their regulation by post-translational modifications. here, we investigated the in vitro effects of nitric oxide derivatives on the seven sod isoforms of arabidopsis thaliana. s-nitrosoglutathione, which causes s-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, did not influence sod activities. by contrast, peroxynitrite inhibited the mitochondrial manganese sod1 (msd1), peroxisomal copper/zin ...	2014	25428993
differential inhibition of arabidopsis superoxide dismutases by peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration.	despite the importance of superoxide dismutases (sods) in the plant antioxidant defence system little is known about their regulation by post-translational modifications. here, we investigated the in vitro effects of nitric oxide derivatives on the seven sod isoforms of arabidopsis thaliana. s-nitrosoglutathione, which causes s-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, did not influence sod activities. by contrast, peroxynitrite inhibited the mitochondrial manganese sod1 (msd1), peroxisomal copper/zin ...	2014	25428993
priming crops against biotic and abiotic stresses: msb as a tool for studying mechanisms.		2014	25429297
understanding and engineering beneficial plant-microbe interactions: plant growth promotion in energy crops.	plant production systems globally must be optimized to produce stable high yields from limited land under changing and variable climates. demands for food, animal feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biorefining applications, are increasing with population growth, urbanization and affluence. low-input, sustainable, alternatives to petrochemical-derived fertilizers and pesticides are required to reduce input costs and maintain or increase yields, with potential biological solutions having an im ...	2014	25431199
development of disease-resistant rice using regulatory components of induced disease resistance.	infectious diseases cause huge crop losses annually. in response to pathogen attacks, plants activate defense systems that are mediated through various signaling pathways. the salicylic acid (sa) signaling pathway is the most powerful of these pathways. several regulatory components of the sa signaling pathway have been identified, and are potential targets for genetic manipulation of plants' disease resistance. however, the resistance associated with these regulatory components is often accompa ...	2014	25431577
redundancy among phospholipase d isoforms in resistance triggered by recognition of the pseudomonas syringae effector avrrpm1 in arabidopsis thaliana.	plants possess a highly sophisticated system for defense against microorganisms. so called mamp (microbe-associated molecular patterns) triggered immunity (mti) prevents the majority of non-adapted pathogens from causing disease. adapted plant pathogens use secreted effector proteins to interfere with such signaling. recognition of microbial effectors or their activity by plant resistance (r)-proteins triggers a second line of defense resulting in effector triggered immunity (eti). the latter us ...	2014	25431578
mutations in the arabidopsis homoserine kinase gene dmr1 confer enhanced resistance to fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum.	mutation of arabidopsis dmr1, encoding homoserine kinase, leads to elevation in homoserine and foliar resistance to the biotrophic pathogens hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and oidium neolycopersici through activation of an unidentified defence mechanism. this study investigates the effect of mutation of dmr1 on resistance to the ascomycete pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, which cause fusarium ear blight (feb) disease on small grain cereals.	2014	25432266
rnase e in the γ-proteobacteria: conservation of intrinsically disordered noncatalytic region and molecular evolution of microdomains.	rnase e of escherichia coli is a membrane-associated endoribonuclease that has a major role in mrna degradation. the enzyme has a large c-terminal noncatalytic region that is mostly intrinsically disordered (id). under standard growth conditions, rhlb, enolase and pnpase associate with the noncatalytic region to form the multienzyme rna degradosome. to elucidate the origin and evolution of the rna degradosome, we have identified and characterized orthologs of rnase e in the γ-proteobacteria, a p ...	2014	25432321
rnase e in the γ-proteobacteria: conservation of intrinsically disordered noncatalytic region and molecular evolution of microdomains.	rnase e of escherichia coli is a membrane-associated endoribonuclease that has a major role in mrna degradation. the enzyme has a large c-terminal noncatalytic region that is mostly intrinsically disordered (id). under standard growth conditions, rhlb, enolase and pnpase associate with the noncatalytic region to form the multienzyme rna degradosome. to elucidate the origin and evolution of the rna degradosome, we have identified and characterized orthologs of rnase e in the γ-proteobacteria, a p ...	2014	25432321
gene expression profiling by cdna-aflp reveals potential candidate genes for partial resistance of 'président roulin' against venturia inaequalis.	scab, caused by the fungus venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of cultivated apple. while a few scab resistance genes (r genes) governing qualitative resistance have been isolated and characterized, the biological roles of genes governing quantitative resistance, supposed to be more durable, are still unknown. this study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the partial resistance of the old belgian apple cultivar 'président roulin' against v. inaequalis ...	2014	25433532
algorithm for the construction of a global enzymatic network to be used for gene network reconstruction.	relationships between genes are best represented using networks constructed from information of different types, with metabolic information being the most valuable and widely used for genetic network reconstruction. other types of information are usually also available, and it would be desirable to systematically include them in algorithms for network reconstruction. here, we present an algorithm to construct a global metabolic network that uses all available enzymatic and metabolic information ...	2014	25435802
functional characterization of a nudix hydrolase atnudx8 upon pathogen attack indicates a positive role in plant immune responses.	nudix hydrolases comprise a large gene family of twenty nine members in arabidopsis, each containing a conserved motif capable of hydrolyzing specific substrates like adp-glucose and nadh. until now only two members of this family, atnudx6 and atnudx7, have been shown to be involved in plant immunity. rpp4 is a resistance gene from a multigene family that confers resistance to downy mildew. a time course expression profiling after hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis inoculation in both wild-type (wt) ...	2014	25436909
an intimate link: two-component signal transduction systems and metal transport systems in bacteria.	bacteria have evolved various strategies to contend with high concentrations of environmental heavy metal ions for rapid, adaptive responses to maintain cell viability. evidence gathered in the past two decades suggests that bacterial two-component signal transduction systems (tcstss) are intimately involved in monitoring cation accumulation, and can regulate the expression of related metabolic and virulence genes to elicit adaptive responses to changes in the concentration of these ions. using ...	2014	25437189
genomics-based exploration of virulence determinants and host-specific adaptations of pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from grasses.	the pseudomonas syringae species complex has recently been named the number one plant pathogen, due to its economic and environmental impacts, as well as for its role in scientific research. the bacterium has been repeatedly reported to cause outbreaks on bean, cucumber, stone fruit, kiwi and olive tree, as well as on other crop and non-crop plants. it also serves as a model organism for research on the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and plant-pathogen interactions. while most of the current w ...	2014	25437611
microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early signaling mechanisms.	it has long been observed that microbial elicitors can trigger various cellular responses in plants. microbial elicitors have recently been referred to as pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps or mamps) and remarkable progress has been made on research of their corresponding receptors, signaling mechanisms and critical involvement in disease resistance. plants also generate endogenous signals due to the damage or wounds caused by microbes. these signals were originally called ...	2014	25438792
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the jasmonate signalling pathway in response to abiotic and harvesting stress in hevea brasiliensis.	latex harvesting in hevea brasiliensis amounts to strong abiotic stress that can cause a halt in production in the most susceptible clones. although the role of jasmonic acid has been suggested in laticifer differentiation, its role in latex production and in the response to harvesting stress has received very little attention. only a few key genes acting in the coi-jaz-myc module have been isolated and studied at transcriptional level.	2014	25443311
a noncanonical role for the cki-rb-e2f cell-cycle signaling pathway in plant effector-triggered immunity.	effector-triggered immunity (eti), the major host defense mechanism in plants, is often associated with programmed cell death (pcd). plants lack close homologs of caspases, the key mediators of pcd in animals. so although the nb-lrr receptors involved in eti are well studied, how they activate pcd and confer disease resistance remains elusive. we show that the arabidopsis nuclear envelope protein, cpr5, negatively regulates eti and the associated pcd through a physical interaction with cyclin-de ...	2014	25455564
vitamin b6 contributes to disease resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis thaliana.	vitamin b6 (vb6) is an important cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions and plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance. however, direct molecular evidence supporting a role for vb6 in plant disease resistance remains lacking. in this study, we explored the possible function of vb6 in disease resistance by analyzing disease phenotypes of arabidopsis mutants with defects in de novo biosynthetic pathway and salvage pathway of vb6 biosynthesis against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst ...	2015	25460872
modulation of rna polymerase ii phosphorylation downstream of pathogen perception orchestrates plant immunity.	perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) elicits host transcriptional reprogramming as part of the immune response. although pathogen perception is well studied, the signaling networks orchestrating immune gene expression remain less clear. in a genetic screen for components involved in the early immune gene transcription reprogramming, we identified arabidopsis rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain (ctd) phosphatase-like 3 (cpl3) as a negative regulator of immune gene expressio ...	2014	25464831
structure-guided functional characterization of duf1460 reveals a highly specific nlpc/p60 amidase family.	glcnac-1,6-anhydro-murnac-tetrapeptide is a major peptidoglycan degradation intermediate and a cytotoxin. it is generated by lytic transglycosylases and further degraded and recycled by various enzymes. we have identified and characterized a highly specific n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase (amia) from bacteroides uniformis, a member of the duf1460 protein family, that hydrolyzes glcnac-1,6-anhydro-murnac-peptide into disaccharide and stem peptide. the high-resolution apo structure at 1.15 å re ...	2014	25465128
transcriptional response of soybean to thiamethoxam seed treatment in the presence and absence of drought stress.	neonicotinoid insecticides are widely known for their broad-spectrum control of arthropod pests. recently, their effects on plant physiological mechanisms have been characterized as producing a stress shield, which is predicted to enhance tolerance to adverse conditions. here we investigate the molecular underpinnings of the stress shield concept using the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam in two separate experiments that compare gene expression. we hypothesized that the application of a thiamethoxam s ...	2014	25467808
virulence determinants of pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from grasses in the context of a small type iii effector repertoire.	pseudomonas syringae is pathogenic to a large number of plant species. for host colonization and disease progression, strains of this bacterium utilize an array of type iii-secreted effectors and other virulence factors, including small secreted molecules such as syringolin a, a peptide derivative that inhibits the eukaryotic proteasome. in strains colonizing dicotyledonous plants, the compound was demonstrated to suppress the salicylic-acid-dependent defense pathway. here, we analyze virulence ...	2014	25472590
structure-to-function relationships of bacterial translocator protein (tspo): a focus on pseudomonas.	the translocator protein (tspo), which was previously designated as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a 3.5 billion year-old evolutionarily conserved protein expressed by most eukarya, archae and bacteria, but its organization and functions differ remarkably. by taking advantage of the genomic data available on tspo, we focused on bacterial tspo and attempted to define functions of tspo in pseudomonas via in silico approaches. a tspo ortholog has been identified in several fluoresc ...	2014	25477872
stress-induced endogenous sirnas targeting regulatory intron sequences in brachypodium.	exposure to abiotic stresses triggers global changes in the expression of thousands of eukaryotic genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. small rna (smrna) pathways and splicing both function as crucial mechanisms regulating stress-responsive gene expression. however, examples of smrnas regulating gene expression remain largely limited to effects on mrna stability, translation, and epigenetic regulation. also, our understanding of the networks controlling plant gene express ...	2015	25480817
dynamics in the resistant and susceptible peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) root transcriptome on infection with the ralstonia solanacearum.	bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum is a serious soil-borne disease of peanut (arachis hypogaea l). the molecular basis of peanut response to r. solanacearum remains unknown. to understand the resistance mechanism behind peanut resistance to r. solanacearum, we used rna-seq to perform global transcriptome profiling on the roots of peanut resistant (r) and susceptible (s) genotypes under r. solanacearum infection.	2014	25481772
the tomato ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant suv, but not sluev1c and sluev1d regulates fen-mediated programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana.	the unconventional, lysine-63-linked ubiquitination has been shown to play a central role in regulating human and animal innate and adaptive immunity. by contrast, the role and mechanism of k63-linked ubiquitination in plant biology remain largely unexplored. the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) fni3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and its co-factor, suv ubiquitin e2 variant (uev) were shown recently to catalyze k63-linked ubiquitination and are essential for protein fen and other resistance protein-m ...	2014	25482775
calcium signaling and biotic defense responses in plants.	calcium (ca(2+)) acts as an important second messenger in plant cells. cytosolic free ca(2+) concentration in plant cells changes rapidly and dynamically in response to various endogenous or environmental cues. elevation in calcium concentration in plant cells is an essential early event during plant defense responses. alterations in the ca(2+) concentration are sensed by ca(2+)-binding proteins, including calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinases and calcineurin b-like proteins, which relay ...	2014	25482778
plant exomics: concepts, applications and methodologies in crop improvement.	molecular breeding has a crucial role in improvement of crops. conventional breeding techniques have failed to ameliorate food production. next generation sequencing has established new concepts of molecular breeding. exome sequencing has proven to be a significant tool for assessing natural evolution in plants, studying host pathogen interactions and betterment of crop production as exons assist in interpretation of allelic variation with respect to their phenotype. this review covers the platf ...	2014	25482786
plant exomics: concepts, applications and methodologies in crop improvement.	molecular breeding has a crucial role in improvement of crops. conventional breeding techniques have failed to ameliorate food production. next generation sequencing has established new concepts of molecular breeding. exome sequencing has proven to be a significant tool for assessing natural evolution in plants, studying host pathogen interactions and betterment of crop production as exons assist in interpretation of allelic variation with respect to their phenotype. this review covers the platf ...	2014	25482786
identification of additional map kinases activated upon pamp treatment.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascades play important roles in plant immunity. upon pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp) treatment, mpk3, mpk6 and mpk4 are quickly activated by upstream mkks through phosphorylation. western blot analysis using α-phospho-p44/42-erk antibody suggests that additional mpks with similar size as mpk4 are also activated upon pamp perception. to identify these map kinases, 7 candidate mpks with similar sizes as mpk4 were selected for further analysis. t ...	2014	25482788
interconnection between actin cytoskeleton and plant defense signaling.	actin cytoskeleton is the fundamental structural component of eukaryotic cells. it has a role in numerous elementary cellular processes such as reproduction, development and also in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli. remarkably, the role of actin cytoskeleton in plant response to pathogens is getting to be under magnifying glass. based on microscopic studies, most of the data showed, that actin plays an important role in formation of physiological barrier in the site of infection. actin dyn ...	2014	25482795
mapk transgenic circuit to improve plant stress-tolerance?	thanks to their distinctive mode of action in a coordinated switch-like way, their multi-tiered signaling cascades and their involvement in cell responses to multiple internal and external stimuli, map kinases offer a remarkable possibility to be assembled into what we can call "mapk transgenic circuits" to improve cell functions. such circuit could be used to enhance cell signaling efficiency and boost cell functions for several purposes in plant biotechnology, medicine, and pharmaceutical indu ...	2014	25482799
glycan moiety of flagellin in acidovorax avenae k1 prevents the recognition by rice that causes the induction of immune responses.	abstract recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as flagellin, a main component of the bacterial flagellum, constitutes the first layer of plant immunity and is referred to as pamp-triggered immunity (pti). the rice avirulent n1141 strain of gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, acidovorax avenae, induces pti including h2o2 generation, while flagellin from the rice virulent k1 strain of a. avenae does not induce these immune responses. mass spectrometry analyses rev ...	2014	25482815
molecular effects of resistance elicitors from biological origin and their potential for crop protection.	plants contain a sophisticated innate immune network to prevent pathogenic microbes from gaining access to nutrients and from colonizing internal structures. the first layer of inducible response is governed by the plant following the perception of microbe- or modified plant-derived molecules. as the perception of these molecules results in a plant response that can provide efficient resistance toward non-adapted pathogens they can also be described as "defense elicitors." in compatible plant/mi ...	2014	25484886
kinase domain-targeted isolation of defense-related receptor-like kinases (rlk/pelle) in platanus×acerifolia: phylogenetic and structural analysis.	plant receptor-like kinase (rlk/pelle) family regulates growth and developmental processes and interaction with pathogens and symbionts.platanaceae is one of the earliest branches of eudicots temporally located before the split which gave rise to rosids and asterids. thus investigations into the rlk family in platanus can provide information on the evolution of this gene family in the land plants.moreover rlks are good candidates for finding genes that are able to confer resistance to platanus p ...	2014	25486898
characterization of the ability to form biofilms by plant-associated pseudomonas species.	successful colonization is the initial step for plant-bacteria interactions; therefore, the development of strategies to improve adherence to plant surfaces is critically important for environmental bacteria. biofilm formation is thought to be one such strategy for bacteria to establish stable colonization on inert and living surfaces. although biofilms play potential roles in enabling persistent bacterial colonization, little attention has been paid to biofilms formed by plant-associated bacter ...	2015	25487118
an annotated database of arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism.	we have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. the first mutant in arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has be ...	2014	25487439
an annotated database of arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism.	we have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. the first mutant in arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has be ...	2014	25487439
the salmonella type iii secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes.	bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type iii secretion system (t3ss). effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric t3ss atpase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. in this issue of the journal of bacteriology, roblin et al. (p. roblin, f. dewitte, v. villeret, e. g. biondi, and c. bompard, j bacteriol 197:688-698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02294-14) show that the t3ss chaperone sige of salmonella can form ...	2014	25488302
the salmonella type iii secretion system virulence effector forms a new hexameric chaperone assembly for export of effector/chaperone complexes.	bacteria hijack eukaryotic cells by injecting virulence effectors into host cytosol with a type iii secretion system (t3ss). effectors are targeted with their cognate chaperones to hexameric t3ss atpase at the bacterial membrane's cytosolic face. in this issue of the journal of bacteriology, roblin et al. (p. roblin, f. dewitte, v. villeret, e. g. biondi, and c. bompard, j bacteriol 197:688-698, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02294-14) show that the t3ss chaperone sige of salmonella can form ...	2014	25488302
protein phosphatase 2a holoenzyme is targeted to peroxisomes by piggybacking and positively affects peroxisomal β-oxidation.	the eukaryotic, highly conserved serine (ser)/threonine-specific protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic (c), scaffolding (a), and regulatory (b) subunit. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), five, three, and 17 genes encode different c, a, and b subunits, respectively. we previously found that a b subunit, b'θ, localized to peroxisomes due to its c-terminal targeting signal ser-ser-leucine. this work shows that pp2a c2, c5, anda2 subunits in ...	2014	25489022
protein phosphatase 2a holoenzyme is targeted to peroxisomes by piggybacking and positively affects peroxisomal β-oxidation.	the eukaryotic, highly conserved serine (ser)/threonine-specific protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) functions as a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic (c), scaffolding (a), and regulatory (b) subunit. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), five, three, and 17 genes encode different c, a, and b subunits, respectively. we previously found that a b subunit, b'θ, localized to peroxisomes due to its c-terminal targeting signal ser-ser-leucine. this work shows that pp2a c2, c5, anda2 subunits in ...	2014	25489022
microbial biosynthesis of medium-chain 1-alkenes by a nonheme iron oxidase.	aliphatic medium-chain 1-alkenes (mcaes, ∼10 carbons) are "drop-in" compatible next-generation fuels and precursors to commodity chemicals. mass production of mcaes from renewable resources holds promise for mitigating dependence on fossil hydrocarbons. an mcae, such as 1-undecene, is naturally produced by pseudomonas as a semivolatile metabolite through an unknown biosynthetic pathway. we describe here the discovery of a single gene conserved in pseudomonas responsible for 1-undecene biosynthes ...	2014	25489112
small rna profiling reveals regulation of arabidopsis mir168 and heterochromatic sirna415 in response to fungal elicitors.	small rnas (srnas), including small interfering rnas (sirnas) and micrornas (mirnas), have emerged as important regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. in plants, mirnas play critical roles in development, nutrient homeostasis and abiotic stress responses. accumulating evidence also reveals that srnas are involved in plant immunity. most studies on pathogen-regulated srnas have been conducted in arabidopsis plants infected with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae, or treated with the f ...	2014	25491154
pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity.	heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ...	2014	25491184
pepper heat shock protein 70a interacts with the type iii effector avrbst and triggers plant cell death and immunity.	heat shock proteins (hsps) function as molecular chaperones and are essential for the maintenance and/or restoration of protein homeostasis. the genus xanthomonas type iii effector protein avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death in pepper (capsicum annuum). here, we report the identification of the pepper cahsp70a as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirm the specific interaction between cahsp70a and avrbst in planta. the ...	2014	25491184
genetic diversity analysis in a set of caricaceae accessions using resistance gene analogues.	in order to assess genetic diversity of a set of 41 caricaceae accessions, this study used 34 primer pairs designed from the conserved domains of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes from rice, in a pcr based approach, to identify and analyse resistance gene analogues from various accessions of carica papaya, vasconcellea goudotiana, v. microcarpa, v. parviflora, v. pubescens, v. stipulata and, v. quercifolia and jacaratia spinosa.	2014	25491793
the phytoplasmal virulence factor tengu causes plant sterility by downregulating of the jasmonic acid and auxin pathways.	despite plants infected by pathogens are often unable to produce offspring, it remains unclear how sterility is induced in host plants. in this study, we demonstrate that tengu, a phytoplasmal virulence peptide known as a dwarfism inducer, acts as an inducer of sterility. transgenic expression of tengu induced both male and female sterility in arabidopsis thaliana flowers similar to those observed in double knockout mutants of auxin response factor 6 (arf6) and arf8, which are known to regulate ...	2014	25492247
bacillus spp. from rainforest soil promote plant growth under limited nitrogen conditions.	the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of pgpr (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) isolated from rainforest soil on different plants under limited nitrogen conditions.	2015	25494882
apoplastic venom allergen-like proteins of cyst nematodes modulate the activation of basal plant innate immunity by cell surface receptors.	despite causing considerable damage to host tissue during the onset of parasitism, nematodes establish remarkably persistent infections in both animals and plants. it is thought that an elaborate repertoire of effector proteins in nematode secretions suppresses damage-triggered immune responses of the host. however, the nature and mode of action of most immunomodulatory compounds in nematode secretions are not well understood. here, we show that venom allergen-like proteins of plant-parasitic ne ...	2014	25500833
sensor kinase pa4398 modulates swarming motility and biofilm formation in pseudomonas aeruginosa pa14.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that is able to sense and adapt to numerous environmental stimuli by the use of transcriptional regulators, including two-component regulatory systems. in this study, we demonstrate that the sensor kinase pa4398 is involved in the regulation of swarming motility and biofilm formation in p. aeruginosa pa14. apa4398 mutant strain was considerably impaired in swarming motility, while biofilm formation was increased by approximately 2-fold. t ...	2015	25501476
oligomerization, conformational stability and thermal unfolding of harpin, hrpzpss and its hypersensitive response-inducing c-terminal fragment, c-214-hrpzpss.	hrpz-a harpin from pseudomonas syringae-is a highly thermostable protein that exhibits multifunctional abilities e.g., it elicits hypersensitive response (hr), enhances plant growth, acts as a virulence factor, and forms pores in plant plasma membranes as well as artificial membranes. however, the molecular mechanism of its biological activity and high thermal stability remained poorly understood. hr inducing abilities of non-overlapping short deletion mutants of harpins put further constraints ...	2014	25502017
the mir9863 family regulates distinct mla alleles in barley to attenuate nlr receptor-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling.	barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mla alleles encode coiled-coil (cc), nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors that trigger isolate-specific immune responses against the powdery mildew fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh). how mla or nb-lrr genes in grass species are regulated at post-transcriptional level is not clear. the microrna family, mir9863, comprises four members that differentially regulate distinct mla alleles in barley. we show that mir9863 members guide the cle ...	2014	25502438
the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopf2 suppresses arabidopsis stomatal immunity.	pseudomonas syringae subverts plant immune signalling through injection of type iii secreted effectors (t3se) into host cells. the t3se hopf2 can disable arabidopsis immunity through its adp-ribosyltransferase activity. proteomic analysis of hopf2 interacting proteins identified a protein complex containing atpases required for regulating stomatal aperture, suggesting hopf2 may manipulate stomatal immunity. here we report hopf2 can inhibit stomatal immunity independent of its adp-ribosyltransfer ...	2014	25503437
natural cmt2 variation is associated with genome-wide methylation changes and temperature seasonality.	as arabidopsis thaliana has colonized a wide range of habitats across the world it is an attractive model for studying the genetic mechanisms underlying environmental adaptation. here, we used public data from two collections of a. thaliana accessions to associate genetic variability at individual loci with differences in climates at the sampling sites. we use a novel method to screen the genome for plastic alleles that tolerate a broader climate range than the major allele. this approach reduce ...	2014	25503602
the ethylene response factor pti5 contributes to potato aphid resistance in tomato independent of ethylene signalling.	ethylene response factors (erfs) comprise a large family of transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes including growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. here, we report that pti5, an erf in tomato [solanum lycopersicum (linnaeus)] was transcriptionally upregulated in response to the potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae (thomas), and contributed to plant defences that limited the population growth of this phloem-feeding insect. virus-induced gene silenci ...	2014	25504643
the ethylene response factor pti5 contributes to potato aphid resistance in tomato independent of ethylene signalling.	ethylene response factors (erfs) comprise a large family of transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes including growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. here, we report that pti5, an erf in tomato [solanum lycopersicum (linnaeus)] was transcriptionally upregulated in response to the potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae (thomas), and contributed to plant defences that limited the population growth of this phloem-feeding insect. virus-induced gene silenci ...	2014	25504643
a novel phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding domain mediates plasma membrane localization of exou and other patatin-like phospholipases.	bacterial toxins require localization to specific intracellular compartments following injection into host cells. in this study, we examined the membrane targeting of a broad family of bacterial proteins, the patatin-like phospholipases. the best characterized member of this family is exou, an effector of the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii secretion system. upon injection into host cells, exou localizes to the plasma membrane, where it uses its phospholipase a2 activity to lyse infected cells. ...	2014	25505182
a novel phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding domain mediates plasma membrane localization of exou and other patatin-like phospholipases.	bacterial toxins require localization to specific intracellular compartments following injection into host cells. in this study, we examined the membrane targeting of a broad family of bacterial proteins, the patatin-like phospholipases. the best characterized member of this family is exou, an effector of the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii secretion system. upon injection into host cells, exou localizes to the plasma membrane, where it uses its phospholipase a2 activity to lyse infected cells. ...	2014	25505182
the past, present and future of breeding rust resistant wheat.	two classes of genes are used for breeding rust resistant wheat. the first class, called r (for resistance) genes, are pathogen race specific in their action, effective at all plant growth stages and probably mostly encode immune receptors of the nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (nb-lrr) class. the second class is called adult plant resistance genes (apr) because resistance is usually functional only in adult plants, and, in contrast to most r genes, the levels of resistance conferred by s ...	2014	25505474
plant natriuretic peptides induce proteins diagnostic for an adaptive response to stress.	in plants, structural and physiological evidence has suggested the presence of biologically active natriuretic peptides (pnps). pnps are secreted into the apoplast, are systemically mobile and elicit a range of responses signaling via cgmp. the pnp-dependent responses include tissue specific modifications of cation transport and changes in stomatal conductance and the photosynthetic rate. pnp also has a critical role in host defense responses. surprisingly, pnp-homologs are produced by several p ...	2014	25505478
simultaneous detection of major blackleg and soft rot bacterial pathogens in potato by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for simultaneous, fast and reliable detection of the main soft rot and blackleg potato pathogens in europe has been developed. it utilises three pairs of primers and enables detection of three groups of pectinolytic bacteria frequently found in potato, namely: pectobacterium atrosepticum, pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum together with pectobacterium wasabiae and dickeya spp. in a multiplex pcr assay. in studies with axenic cultures o ...	2014	25506085
comparative analysis of defense responses in chocolate spot-resistant and -susceptible faba bean (vicia faba) cultivars following infection by the necrotrophic fungus botrytis fabae.	in this study, resistance responses were investigated during the interaction of botrytis fabae with two faba bean cultivars expressing different levels of resistance against this pathogen, nubaria (resistant) and giza 40 (susceptible). disease severity was assessed on leaves using a rating scale from 1 to 9. accumulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ros), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) were measured in leaf tissues at di ...	2014	25506300
a novel conserved mechanism for plant nlr protein pairs: the "integrated decoy" hypothesis.	plant immunity is often triggered by the specific recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (nlr). plant nlrs contain an n-terminal signaling domain that is mostly represented by either a toll-interleukin1 receptor (tir) domain or a coiled coil (cc) domain. in many cases, single nlr proteins are sufficient for both effector recognition and signaling activation. however, many paired nlrs have now been identified where both proteins are re ...	2014	25506347
peptides and small molecules of the plant-pathogen apoplastic arena.	plants reside within an environment rich in potential pathogens. survival in the presence of such threats requires both effective perception of, and appropriate responses to, pathogenic attack. while plants lack an adaptive immune system, they have a highly developed and responsive innate immune system able to detect and inhibit the growth of the vast majority of potential pathogens. many of the critical interactions that characterize the relationship between plants and pathogens are played out ...	2014	25506352
effector biology during biotrophic invasion of plant cells.	several obligate biotrophic phytopathogens, namely oomycetes and fungi, invade and feed on living plant cells through specialized structures known as haustoria. deploying an arsenal of secreted proteins called effectors, these pathogens balance their parasitic propagation by subverting plant immunity without sacrificing host cells. such secreted proteins, which are thought to be delivered by haustoria, conceivably reprogram host cells and instigate structural modifications, in addition to the mo ...	2014	25513771
go in for the kill: how plants deploy effector-triggered immunity to combat pathogens. [corrected].	plant resistance (r) proteins perceive specific pathogen effectors from diverse plant pathogens to initiate defense responses, designated effector-triggered immunity (eti). plant r proteins are mostly nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins, which recognize pathogen effectors directly or indirectly through sophisticated mechanisms. upon activation by effector proteins, r proteins elicit robust defense responses, including a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ros), induced b ...	2014	25513772
the role of effectors and host immunity in plant-necrotrophic fungal interactions.	fungal diseases pose constant threats to the global economy and food safety. as the largest group of plant fungal pathogens, necrotrophic fungi cause heavy crop losses worldwide. the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between necrotrophic fungi and plants are complex and involve sophisticated recognition and signaling networks. here, we review recent findings on the roles of phytotoxin and proteinaceous effectors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), and small rnas from necrotrop ...	2014	25513773