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tangential-flow ultrafiltration with integrated inhibition detection for recovery of surrogates and human pathogens from large-volume source water and finished drinking water.tangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery of escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, clostridium perfringens spores, bacteriophages ms2 and prd1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (sw) and drinking water (dw) samples. sw and dw collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.201021075885
companion animals symposium: microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats.recent molecular studies have revealed complex bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral communities in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. more than 10 bacterial phyla have been identified, with firmicutes, bacteroidetes, proteobacteria, fusobacteria, and actinobacteria constituting more than 99% of all gut microbiota. microbes act as a defending barrier against invading pathogens, aid in digestion, provide nutritional support for enterocytes, and play a crucial role in the development of ...201021075970
effect of the cortex-lytic enzyme slec from non-food-borne clostridium perfringens on the germination properties of slec-lacking spores of a food poisoning isolate.the hallmark of bacterial spore germination is peptidoglycan cortex hydrolysis by cortex-lytic enzymes. in spores of clostridium perfringens wild-type strain sm101, which causes food poisoning, the sole essential cortex-lytic enzyme slec is activated by a unique serine protease cspb. interestingly, the non-food-borne wild-type strain f4969 encodes a significantly divergent slec variant (slecf4969) and 3 serine proteases (cspa, cspb, and cspc). consequently, in this study we evaluated the functio ...201021076486
microbiological quality of blue mussels (mytilus edulis) in nunavik, quebec: a pilot study.this pilot study was aimed at documenting the presence of fecal indicators and enteric pathogens in blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from 6 communities in nunavik, quebec. one to four 2 kg samples of mussels were collected at low tide in each community. samples were investigated by enumeration methods for the fecal indicators enterococci, escherichia coli, f-specific coliphages, clostridium perfringens, and by molecular identification for the pathogens norovirus, salmonella spp., campylobacter jeju ...201021076488
perfringolysin o association with ordered lipid domains: implications for transmembrane protein raft affinity.upon interaction with cholesterol, perfringolysin o (pfo) inserts into membranes and forms a rigid transmembrane (tm) β-barrel. pfo is believed to interact with liquid ordered lipid domains (lipid rafts). because the origin of tm protein affinity for rafts is poorly understood, we investigated pfo raft affinity in vesicles having coexisting ordered and disordered lipid domains. fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) from pfo trp to domain-localized acceptors indicated that pfo generally h ...201021081073
lytic enzyme discovery through multigenomic sequence analysis in clostridium perfringens.with their ability to lyse gram-positive bacteria, phage lytic enzymes (or lysins) have received a great deal of attention as novel anti-infective agents. the number of known genes encoding these peptidoglycan hydrolases has increased markedly in recent years, due in large part to advances in dna sequencing technology. as the genomes of more and more bacterial species/strains are sequenced, lysin-encoding open reading frames (orfs) can be readily identified in lysogenized prophage regions. in th ...201021085950
in vivo studies of clostridium perfringens in mouse gas gangrene model.understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases requires comprehensive knowledge of the proteins expressed by the pathogen during in vivo growth in the host. proteomics provides the tools for such analyses but the protocols required to purify sufficient quantities of the pathogen from the host organism are currently lacking. in this study, we have separated clostridium perfringens, a highly virulent bacterium and potential btw agent, from the peritoneal fluid of infected mice using percoll ...201021086128
estimation of the environmental risk posed by landfills using chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological testing of leachates.the leachates from 22 municipal solid waste (msw) landfill sites in southern poland were characterized by evaluation of chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological parameters. chemical analyses were mainly focused on the identification of the priority hazardous substances according to directive on priority substances, 2008/105/ec (a daughter directive of the wfd) in leachates. as showed, only five substances (cd, hg, hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene and pahs) were detected in the leach ...201021087786
clinical and epidemiological features of clostridium perfringens bacteremia: a review of 18 cases over 8 year-period in a tertiary care center in metropolitan tokyo area in japan.clostridial sepsis has a very poor prognosis, owing to the life-threatening combination of shock and acute massive hemolysis. no papers have described the clinical features of clostridial sepsis cases in japan. therefore, we retrospectively examined the clinical features of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) from whose blood cultures clostridium perfringens was isolated.201021088344
construction and characterization of a lactose-inducible promoter system for controlled gene expression in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen which causes many diseases in humans and animals. while some genetic tools exist for working with c. perfringens, a tightly regulated, inducible promoter system is currently lacking. therefore, we constructed a plasmid-based promoter system that provided regulated expression when lactose was added. this plasmid (pkrah1) is an escherichia coli-c. perfringens shuttle vector containing the gene encoding a transcriptional regulator, bgar, ...201021097603
clostridium perfringens tpel glycosylates the rac and ras subfamily proteins.clostridium perfringens tpel belongs to a family of large clostridial cytotoxins that encompasses clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl). we report here the identification of the tpel-catalyzed modification of small gtpases. a recombinant protein (tpel1-525) derived from the tpel n-terminal catalytic domain in the presence of streptolysin o (slo) induced the rounding of vero cells and the glycosylation of cellular rac1. among several hexos ...201021098103
the safety of a mucosal vaccine using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) is a claudin-4 binder. very recently, we found that nasal immunization of mice with c-cpe-fused antigen activated antigen-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses and that the deletion of the claudin-4-binding domain attenuated the immune responses. c-cpe-fusion strategy may be useful for mucosal vaccination. c-cpe is a fragment of enterotoxin, and the safety of c-cpe-fused protein is very important for its future applic ...201021105580
germination of spores of bacillales and clostridiales species: mechanisms and proteins involved.under conditions that are not conducive to growth, such as nutrient depletion, many members of the orders bacillales and clostridiales can sporulate, generating dormant and resistant spores that can survive in the absence of nutrients for years under harsh conditions. however, when nutrients are again present, these spores can return to active growth through the process of germination. many of the components of the spore germination machinery are conserved between spore forming members of the ba ...201021112786
[intestinal microflora of autistic children].autistic behavior is often accompanied by numerous disturbing symptoms on the part of gastrointestinal system, such as abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea. these problems are often connected with deregulation of physiological microflora in intestine. the aim of this study was to determine differences in intestinal microflora of autistic and healthy children. strains of clostridium spp. and enterococci were isolated more frequently from stool samples of autistic children and rarely lactobaci ...201021114016
fatal clostridial necrotising myofasciitis (gas gangrene) following femoral nerve block. 201021114743
c terminus of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin downregulates cldn4 and sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to taxol and carboplatin.we have previously shown that cldn4 (encoding claudin-4), a cell tight junction (tj) protein, is highly expressed in human epithelial ovarian carcinomas (eoc) but undetectable in normal ovaries. cldn4 has been identified as a specific receptor for c terminus of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), a nontoxic molecule that may disrupt tj barrier function and enhance cellular absorption. the purpose of this study was to determine the potential clinical applications of c-cpe and its effects ...201021123456
antimicrobial activity of satureja montana l. essential oil against clostridium perfringens type a inoculated in mortadella-type sausages formulated with different levels of sodium nitrite.this research evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the winter savory (satureja montana l.) essential oil (eo) against clostridium perfringens type a (atcc 3624) inoculated in mortadella-type sausages formulated with different levels of sodium nitrite (nano₂: 0 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm) in addition to eo at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.78%, 1.56% and 3.125% stored at 25°c for 30 days. the eo extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (cg-ms) was tested in vi ...201021131083
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods: results from a long-term surveillance program (1995 through 2003).the coordination of food sampling activities across wales, a part of the united kingdom with a population of approximately 3 million, led to the establishment in 1995 of a coordinated food-sampling program designed to monitor on a long-term basis the microbiological quality and safety of specific ready-to-eat products. this surveillance system has been ongoing for 9 years and has generated a database of microbiological and associated demographic results for 15,228 ready-to-eat food samples. the ...200521132974
the genome sequence and proteome of bacteriophage φcpv1 virulent for clostridium perfringens.application of bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes to control clostridium perfringens is one potential approach to reduce the pathogen on poultry farms and in poultry-processing facilities. bacteriophages lytic for c. perfringens were isolated from sewage, feces and broiler intestinal contents and φcpv1, a virulent bacteriophage, was classified in the family podoviridae. the purified virus had an icosahedral head and collar of approximately 42nm and 23nm in diameter, respectively, with a stru ...201021144870
real-time pcr assay for clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis.we compared ileal clostridium perfringens quantification results produced by real-time pcr and culture-based methods in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis. assessment of the relative standard deviations (rsds) revealed that the real-time pcr assay generated a smaller standard deviation and thus was more precise than the culture-based method. linear regression analysis indicated that the bacterial counts of these two methods were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.845). we sugge ...201021148703
toxinotyping of necrotic enteritis-producing and commensal isolates of clostridium perfringens from chickens fed organic diets.the present study determined the effect of clostridium perfringens isolates taken from necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreaks on organic farms in a ne virulence testing model. thirteen strains were isolated in the course of the study. six c. perfringens field isolates were taken from a naturally occurring ne outbreak on an organic farm. polymerase chain reaction toxinotyping was used to establish c. perfringens strains, as well as to create a toxin profile. all field isolates were found to be type a ...201021154057
safety and efficacy of a maternal vaccine for the passive protection of broiler chicks against necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a potentially fatal multifactorial disease of chickens, which under commercial conditions is often associated with increased levels of mortality and reduced bird performance. the safety and efficacy of a clostridium perfringens type a alpha-toxoid (netvax™) formulated as an oil emulsion was investigated, following maternal immunization of broiler breeder hens, housed under commercial conditions, by the intramuscular route. a total of 11,234 hens were vaccinated across two i ...201021154059
fecal lactoferrin and clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children.stools from autistic and healthy children were studied for fecal lactoferrin, clostridium difficile toxins, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and cultured for clostridium spp. elevated level of fla was demonstrated in 24.4% stools, all from boys (31.25%). no toxins were detected. clostridium spp. was isolated with similar frequency from all samples. c. perfringens were isolated significantly often from the autistic stools, intermediate sensitive strains to penicillin 19%, to clindamycin 11.3%, ...201021167951
glycoside hydrolase family 89 alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens specifically acts on glcnac alpha1,4gal beta1r at the non-reducing terminus of o-glycans in gastric mucin.in mammals, α-linked glcnac is primarily found in heparan sulfate/heparin and gastric gland mucous cell type mucin. α-n-acetylglucosaminidases (αgnases) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 89 are widely distributed from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. human lysosomal αgnase is well known to degrade heparin and heparan sulfate. here, we reveal the substrate specificity of αgnase (agnc) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, a bacterial homolog of human αgnase, by chemically synthesizing a ser ...201021177247
effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers.this study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the prebiotics fructo-oligosaccharide (fos) and mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) on the performance, small intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. two hundred forty 1-d-old ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, avilamycin (6 mg/kg), 0.25% fos, 0.5% fos, 0.025% mos, and 0.05% mos. each treatment was fed to 4 replicates of 10 birds per diet for 4 wk. except for the 0.5% fo ...201121177446
clostridium perfringens type c isolates rapidly upregulate their toxin production upon contact with host cells: new insights into virulence?since tetanus was first described by hippocrates, the devastating diseases caused by pathogenic members of the gram-positive, anaerobic sporeforming genus clostridium have ranked among the most dreaded afflictions of humans and domestic animals. the quintessential hallmark of all clostridial diseases is the involvement of potent protein toxins. however, except for some foodborne botulism cases, clostridial diseases are not intoxications involving preformed toxins; rather, these illnesses are tru ...201021178424
development and application of a method for counterselectable in-frame deletion in clostridium perfringens.many pathogenic clostridial species produce toxins and enzymes. to facilitate genome-wide identification of virulence factors and biotechnological application of their useful products, we have developed a markerless in-frame deletion method for clostridium perfringens which allows efficient counterselection and multiple-gene disruption. the system comprises a galkt gene disruptant and a suicide galk plasmid into which two fragments of a target gene for in-frame deletion are cloned. the system wa ...201021183644
[current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia].to estimate tje current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia in a group of czech hospitals.201021191873
foodborne illness acquired in the united states--major pathogens.estimates of foodborne illness can be used to direct food safety policy and interventions. we used data from active and passive surveillance and other sources to estimate that each year 31 major pathogens acquired in the united states caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness (90% credible interval [cri] 6.6-12.7 million), 55,961 hospitalizations (90% cri 39,534-75,741), and 1,351 deaths (90% cri 712-2,268). most (58%) illnesses were caused by norovirus, followed by nontyphoidal salmonell ...201121192848
assessment of 2 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-based vaccines against necrotic enteritis in reducing colonization of chickens by salmonella serovars of different serogroups.this study assessed the protective efficacy of oral vaccination with 2 experimental attenuated salmonella typhimurium-vectored vaccines for necrotic enteritis in protecting chickens against intestinal colonization by common serovars of salmonella belonging to the 4 major serogroups affecting chickens. birds were vaccinated orally with 1 × 10⁸ colony-forming units (cfu) of 1 of the vaccine strains χ9241 and χ9352, which express a plasmid-encoded partial recombinant hypothetical protein gene (thp) ...201021197226
crystal structure of cytotoxin protein suilysin from streptococcus suis.cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdc) are pore forming toxins. a prototype of the cdc family members is perfringolysin o (pfo), which directly binds to the cell membrane enriched in cholesterol, causing cell lysis. however, an exception of this general observation is intermedilysin (ily) of streptococcus intermedius, which requires human cd59 as a receptor in addition to cholesterol for its hemolytic activity. a possible explanation of this functional difference is the conformational variation ...201021204001
in vitro measurement of the impact of human milk oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota of weaned formula-fed infants compared to a mixture of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides.to investigate the impact of human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) from a single donor (so), hmos from multiple donors (po), a fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides mixture (fg) on the composition of a batch culture inoculated with faecal microbiota from formula-fed infants.201121214609
postoperative complications in a lamb after major surgery.intoduction: anaesthesia in lambs undergoing experimental surgery may develop problems associated with age-related immune incompetency: a postoperative complication in a 3 week old scottish blackface lamb after spinal surgery is presented. case history and management: both lamb and ewe were in good condition. the ewe was vaccinated against clostridium perfringens and clostridium tetani 5 weeks pre-partum. there were no apparent problems with the lamb's intake of colostrum. pre-anaesthetic medica ...201121214711
synergistic antimicrobial activity of galangal (alpinia galanga), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (eucalyptus staigerana) extracts.in this study the synergistic antimicrobial activities of combinations of extracts from galangal (alpinia galanga), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (eucalyptus staigerana) were evaluated against staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens. chemical compositions of these extracts were also determined to provide further insight into antimicrobial constituents and their potential mechanisms of action.201021218479
alternative cooling procedures for large, intact meat products to achieve stabilization microbiological performance standards.achieving the u. s. department of agriculture, food safety and inspection service (usda-fsis) stabilization microbiological performance standards for cooling procedures proves to be challenging for processors of large, whole-muscle meat products. this study was conducted to determine if slower cooling times than those provided by usda-fsis guidance will comply with the performance standard for clostridium perfringens. large (9 to 12 kg) cured bone-in hams (n = 110) and large (8 to 13 kg) uncured ...201121219768
fecal pollution in coastal marine sediments from a semi-enclosed deep embayment subjected to anthropogenic activities: an issue to be considered in environmental quality management frameworks development.sewage discharge is a major source of pollution in marine environments. urban wastewaters can directly enter marine environments carrying pathogen organisms, organic loads, and nutrients. because marine sediments can act as the ultimate fate of a wide range of pollutants, environmental quality assessment in this compartment can help to identify pollution problems in coastal areas. in the present study, characterization of surficial marine sediments allowed assessment of fecal pollution in a semi ...201121225312
enterococcus faecalis virulence regulator fsra binding to target promoters.the fsrabdc signal transduction system is a major virulence regulator in enterococcus faecalis. the fsrc sensor histidine kinase, upon activation by the gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone (gbap) peptide encoded by the fsrbd genes, phosphorylates the fsra response regulator required for the transcription of the fsrbdc and the gele-spre genes from the fsrb promoter and the gele promoter, respectively. fsra belongs to the lyttr family of proteins, which includes other virulence regulators ...201121257771
effect of lactobacillus plantarum lp-onlly on gut flora and colitis in interleukin-10 knockout mice.probiotics are used in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. this study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic lactobacillus plantarum lp-onlly (lp) on gut flora and colitis in interleukin-10 knockout (il-10(-/-) ) mice, a model of spontaneous colitis.201121261733
erythrophore cell response to food-associated pathogenic bacteria: implications for detection.cell-based biosensors have been proposed for use as function-based detectors of toxic agents. we report the use of betta splendens chromatophore cells, specifically erythrophore cells, for detection of food-associated pathogenic bacteria. evaluation of erythrophore cell response, using bacillus spp., has revealed that this response can distinguish pathogenic bacillus cereus from a non-pathogenic b. cereus δplcr deletion mutant and a non-pathogenic bacillus subtilis. erythrophore cells were expos ...200821261862
the virs/virr two-component system regulates the anaerobic cytotoxicity, intestinal pathogenicity, and enterotoxemic lethality of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.clostridium perfringens vegetative cells cause both histotoxic infections (e.g., gas gangrene) and diseases originating in the intestines (e.g., hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis or lethal enterotoxemia). despite their medical and veterinary importance, the molecular pathogenicity of c. perfringens vegetative cells causing diseases of intestinal origin remains poorly understood. however, c. perfringens beta toxin (cpb) was recently shown to be important when vegetative cells of c. perfringens ty ...201121264065
multilocus sequence typing subtypes of poultry clostridium perfringens isolates demonstrate disease niche partitioning.clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous and versatile pathogenic bacterium and is implicated in the etiology of the poultry diseases necrotic enteritis (ne) and poultry gangrene (pg). in this study, multilocus sequence typing was used to investigate genotypic relationships among 139 c. perfringens isolates from 74 flocks. these isolates had multiple disease, host, and environmental origins. the results indicated a polymorphic yet highly clonal population, with 79.6% of all isolates partitioning ...201121270221
analysis of bacterial communities of traditional fermented west african cereal foods using culture independent methods.in this study, the microbial composition of kunu-zaki and ogi, two popular foods in nigeria produced after natural, uncontrolled fermentation of cereals, was assessed by culture-independent molecular profiling methods. in particular, pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and construction of 16s rrna gene clone libraries revealed the presence of diverse bacterial communities. dna sequencing of the highly variable v3 region of the 16s rrna genes obtained from pcr-dgge fingerprints identified ...201121272950
intestinal microbiota was assessed in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis b virus infection. intestinal microbiota of hbv cirrhotic patients.to unravel the profile of intestinal microecological parameters in chinese patients with asymptomatic carriage of hepatitis b virus (hbv), chronic hepatitis b, decompensated hbv cirrhosis, and health controls and to establish their correlation with liver disease progression, we performed quantitative pcr and immunological techniques to investigate fecal parameters, including population of fecal predominant bacteria and the abundance of some virulence genes derived from escherichia coli, bacteroi ...201121286703
expression and purification of functional clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in escherichia coli.the alpha and epsilon toxins are 2 of the 4 major lethal toxins of the pathogen clostridium perfringens. in this study, the expression of the epsilon toxin (etx) gene of c. perfringens was optimized by replacing rare codons with high-frequency codons, and the optimized gene was synthesized using overlapping pcr. then, the etx gene or the alpha-toxin gene (cpa) was individually inserted into the ptig-trx expression vector with a hexahistidine tag and a thioredoxin (trx) to facilitate their purifi ...201121300155
cost-effective screening of pooled faecal specimens from patients with nosocomial diarrhoea for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens is a significant cause of nosocomial aad. the prevalence of c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe)-positive stool specimens in hospitalised patients is very low in the indian setting making the diagnostics very expensive. therefore, a cost-effective diagnostic approach to screen faecal specimens for cpe was devised.201121304197
investigation of haemorrhagic enteritis in pygmy hogs (sus salvanius) from india.the pygmy hog is a representative of the smallest and rarest wild species of known living suidae. this paper reports the investigation of haemorrhagic enteritis encountered amongst the pygmy hogs at the research and breeding centre of the pygmy hog conservation programme, guwahati, assam, india. three out of 68 pygmy hogs died of enteric infection. post-mortem examination and bacteriological investigation of two out of the three animals that died revealed clostridial infection. the isolates harb ...201021309467
effect of a radiant energy-treated lysozyme antimicrobial blend on the control of clostridial necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.a cage study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of entegard rev, a lysozyme-based antimicrobial blend, on the performance of broiler chickens and necrotic enteritis (ne) disease reduction of birds that were challenged with eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens. in the experiment, challenge by the infectious agents without medication resulted in impaired feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversions and caused high incidence of gross ne lesions and ne mortality rate. entegard rev ...201021313853
role of clostridium perfringens in causing abomasal ulcers in buffalo.in this study, the correlation between abomasal ulcers and presence of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) was evaluated in 80 (50 affected and 30 non affected) randomly slaughtered buffaloes in ahvaz slaughterhouse. immediately after the slaughter, the abomasums was isolated and an incision was made on the wall of it. then the abomasums were emptied and its interior was washed with water. the inner surface was examined for presence of abnormal lesion. ulcers from affected and piece of abom ...201021313887
germination response of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile to cultured human epithelial cells.spores of pathogenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile must germinate in the food vehicle and/or host's intestinal tract to cause disease. in this work, we examined the germination response of spores of c. perfringens and c. difficile upon incubation with cultured human epithelial cell lines (caco-2, hela and ht-29). c. perfringens spores of various sources were able to germinate to different extents; while spores of a non-food-borne isolate germinated very well, spores of food-b ...201121315167
novel insights into the epidemiology of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning.clostridium perfringens food poisoning ranks among the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe and produced by less than 5% of c. perfringens type a strains. molecular epidemiological research in the past 15 years has focused on the reservoirs and routes of cpe-positive c. perfringens aiming to clarify the role and epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying strains. this literature revi ...201021315973
clostridial spore germination versus bacilli: genome mining and current insights.bacilli and clostridia share the characteristic of forming metabolically inactive endospores. spores are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions including heat, and their ubiquitous presence in nature makes them inevitable contaminants of foods and food ingredients. spores can germinate under favourable conditions, and the following outgrowth can lead to food spoilage and foodborne illness. germination of spores has been best studied in bacillus species, but the process of spore ger ...201021315983
bayesian modeling of clostridium perfringens growth in beef-in-sauce products.models on clostridium perfringens growth which have been published to date have all been deterministic. a probabilistic model describing growth under non-isothermal conditions was thus proposed for predicting c. perfringens growth in beef-in-sauce products cooked and distributed in a french hospital. model parameters were estimated from different types of data from various studies. a bayesian approach was proposed to model the overall uncertainty regarding parameters and potential variability on ...201021315989
determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota after the introduction of first complementary foods in infant samples from five european centres.although it is well established that early infant feeding has a major influence on the establishment of the gut microbiota, very little is understood about how the introduction of first solid food influences the colonization process. this study aimed to determine the impact of weaning on the faecal microbiota composition of infants from five european countries (sweden, scotland, germany, italy and spain) which have different lifestyle characteristics and infant feeding practices. faecal samples ...201121330436
[evaluation of two techniques for detecting clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in faecal samples]. 201121333401
management of gas gangrene in wenchuan earthquake victims.gas gangrene is an emergency condition, which usually develops after injuries or surgery. this study was designed to investigate clinical characteristics, appropriate therapy, and effective control of nosocomial cross-infection of gas gangrene in wenchuan earthquake victims. data on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of confirmed, suspected, or highly suspected gas gangrene were collected. sixty-seven (2.41%) cases of suspected gas gangrene were found, in which 32 cases were highly suspected o ...201121336729
a novel screening system for claudin binder using baculoviral display.recent progress in cell biology has provided new insight into the claudin (cl) family of integral membrane proteins, which contains more than 20 members, as a target for pharmaceutical therapy. few ligands for cl have been identified because it is difficult to prepare cl in an intact form. in the present study, we developed a method to screen for cl binders by using the budded baculovirus (bv) display system. cl4-displaying bv interacted with a cl4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium ...201121339813
assessment of clostridium perfringens spore response to high hydrostatic pressure and heat with nisin.the elimination of spores from low-acid foods presents food-processing and food-safety challenges to high-pressure processing (hpp) developers as bacterial spores are extremely resistant to pressure. therefore, the effects of pressure (400-800 mpa), temperature (35-95 °c), and nisin (0-496 iu/ml) on the inactivation of clostridium perfringens as 64701 spores at various pressure-holding times (7.5-17.5 min) were explored. a second-order polynomal equation for hpp- and nisin-induced inactivation o ...201121340537
identification and cloning of two immunogenic clostridium perfringens proteins, elongation factor tu (ef-tu) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo) of c. perfringens.clostridium-related poultry diseases such as necrotic enteritis (ne) and gangrenous dermatitis (gd) cause substantial economic losses on a global scale. two antigenic clostridium perfringens proteins, elongation factor tu (ef-tu) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), were identified by reaction with immune sera from commercial meat-type chickens with clinical outbreak of clostridium infections. in addition to the genes encoding ef-tu and pfo, c. perfringens alpha-toxin and necrotic enter ...201121345474
hot water surface pasteurisation of lamb carcasses: microbial effects and cost-benefit considerations.although hot water pasteurisation of carcasses is accepted as a general intervention in usa, this is not the case in europe. the aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the microbiological effects of hot water pasteurisation of lamb carcasses, both after slaughtering and dressing and following subsequent chilling and storage; (ii) to discuss hot water pasteurisation from a public health and cost-benefit perspective; (iii) to discuss the benefits of hot water pasteurisation compared with use of s ...201121356564
comparative analysis of fecal microbiota and intestinal microbial metabolic activity in captive polar bears.the composition of the intestinal microbiota depends on gut physiology and diet. ursidae possess a simple gastrointestinal system composed of a stomach, small intestine, and indistinct hindgut. this study determined the composition and stability of fecal microbiota of 3 captive polar bears by group-specific quantitative pcr and pcr-dgge (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) using the 16s rrna gene as target. intestinal metabolic activity was determined by analysis of short-chain fatty acids ...201121358758
survival and growth of clostridium perfringens in commercial no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added (natural and organic) frankfurters, hams, and bacon.the popularity of "preservative-free" foods among consumers has stimulated rapid growth of processed meats manufactured without sodium nitrite. the objective of this study was to quantify the potential for clostridium perfringens growth in commercially available processed meats manufactured without the direct addition of nitrite or nitrate. commercial brands of naturally cured, no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added frankfurters (10 samples), hams (7 samples), and bacon (9 samples) were obtained from retai ...201121375877
use of natural ingredients to control growth of clostridium perfringens in naturally cured frankfurters and hams.a major concern for processed meats marketed as natural/organic is that they do not contain nitrite in concentrations known to be most effective for inhibiting foodborne pathogens. supplemental treatments to increase the level and consistency of antimicrobial protection in these products may be important to provide consumers with the degree of safety that they have come to expect from conventionally cured meats. therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and test ingredients that mig ...201121375878
diversity of expressed vlha adhesin sequences and intermediate hemagglutination phenotypes in mycoplasma synoviae.a reservoir of pseudogene alleles encoding the primary adhesin vlha occurs in the avian pathogen mycoplasma synoviae. recombination between this reservoir and its single expression site was predicted to result in lineages of m. synoviae that each express a different vlha allele as a consequence of host immune responses to those antigens. such interstrain diversity at the vlha expression site, including major differences in the predicted secondary structures of their expressed adhesins, was confi ...201121378196
[risks occurring during the use of raw medicinal plant material and its based phytopreparations].to enhance the informative value of evaluation of the microbiological purity of raw medicinal plant material and its based preparations, the authors estimated the total number of bacteria by the modified method and determined whether clostridium perfringens might be present in the samples. a higher level of pollution of plant preparations was noted than that detectable according to the pharmacopoeia. clostridia were present not only in the raw plant material, but also in its infusions and decoct ...201021381368
a mild outbreak of gastroenteritis in long-term care facility residents due to clostridium perfringens, australia 2009.clostridium perfringens food poisoning is a commonly cited cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among elderly long-term care facility (ltcf) residents, yet little is known about the natural history of disease in this vulnerable group. in july 2009, an investigation into diarrheal illness among ltcf residents was commenced.201121381919
analysis of a new family of widely distributed metal-independent alpha-mannosidases provides unique insight into the processing of n-linked glycans.the modification of n-glycans by +¦-mannosidases is a process that is relevant to a large number of biologically important processes, including infection by microbial pathogens and colonization by microbial symbionts. at present, the described mannosidases specific for +¦1,6-mannose linkages are very limited in number. through structural and functional analysis of two sequence-related enzymes, one from streptococcus pneumoniae (spgh125) and one from clostridium perfringens (cpgh125), a new glyco ...201121388958
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of delta-toxin from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that is responsible for a wide range of diseases in humans and both wild and domesticated animals, including birds. c. perfringens is notable for its ability to produce a plethora of toxins, e.g. phospholipases c (alpha-toxin), pore-forming toxins (epsilon-toxin, beta-toxin and enterotoxin) and binary toxins (iota-toxin). based on alpha-, beta-, epsilon- and iota-toxin production, the bacterium is classified into five different toxin ...201121393845
necrotic enteritis in young calves.non-enterotoxin (cpe)-producing clostridium perfringens type a has been associated with enteritis in calves. recent evidence has suggested that a novel toxin, named beta2 (cpb2), is implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, although there is little evidence supporting this. in the current study, the role of c. perfringens type a in an outbreak of enteritis in calves was studied. two 20-day-old dairy calves exhibiting apathy and reluctance to eat, with paresis of the anterior limbs, were eu ...201121398444
beta 2 toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a colitis in a three-day-old foal.beta 2 (+¦2)-toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a was recovered in large numbers from the intestine of a neonatal foal with colitis. the foal had been treated with gentamicin. necropsy revealed marked distension of cecum and colon with watery, rust-colored homogeneous fluid and gastric infarction. microscopic colonic lesions were superficial necrosis of 50% of the colonic mucosal surface and scattered 1-3-mm ulcers with subjacent neutrophilic infiltration and large gram-positive bacilli in t ...201121398467
regulation of virulence by the revr response regulator in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene and produces several extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and toxins, many of which are regulated by the virsr signal transduction system. the revr gene encodes a putative orphan response regulator that has similarity to the yycf (walr), vicr, phob, and phop proteins from other gram-positive bacteria. revr appears to be a classical response regulator, with an n-terminal receiver domain and a c-terminal domain with a putative wing ...201121402758
susceptibility of primary human endothelial cells to c. perfringens beta-toxin suggesting similar pathogenesis in human and porcine necrotizing enteritis.clostridium perfringens type c causes fatal necrotizing enteritis in different mammalian hosts, most commonly in newborn piglets. human cases are rare, but the disease, also called pigbel, was endemic in the highlands of papua new guinea. lesions in piglets and humans are very similar and characterized by segmental necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in acute cases and fibrino-necrotizing enteritis in subacute cases. histologically, deep mucosal necrosis accompanied by vascular thrombosis and necrosis w ...201121411248
gene-trap mutagenesis identifies mammalian genes contributing to intoxication by clostridium perfringens e-toxin.the clostridium perfringens e-toxin is an extremely potent toxin associated with lethal toxemias in domesticated ruminants and may be toxic to humans. intoxication results in fluid accumulation in various tissues, most notably in the brain and kidneys. previous studies suggest that the toxin is a pore-forming toxin, leading to dysregulated ion homeostasis and ultimately cell death. however, mammalian host factors that likely contribute to e-toxin-induced cytotoxicity are poorly understood. a lib ...201121412435
antibacterial activity of the enniatin b, produced by fusarium tricinctum in liquid culture, and cytotoxic effects on caco-2 cells.the enniatins (ens) are bioactive compounds of hexadepsipeptidic structure produced by several strains of fusarium sp. the en b was purified from extracts of fusarium tricinctum growth on liquid culture of potato dextrose broth (pdb), using a semipreparative liquid chromatography (lc) followed by an analytical lc. the purity and the structure of the isolated compound were confirmed by the determination of the extinction coefficient and with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (esi-ms) stud ...201121417626
recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c infections.clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis in humans and several other animal species. type c isolates must produce at least beta toxin (cpb) and alpha toxin (cpa) and most strains produce several other toxins including perfringolysin o (pfo) and tpel. however, current evidence indicates that cpb is the main virulence factor for type c infections. most of this evidence is based upon the loss of virulence shown by isogenic type c cpb knock out mutants on cells, and also in rabbit ...201121420802
microbial ecology of fish species ongrowing in greek sea farms and their watery environment.the present study focuses on the bacteriological profile of both watery ecosystem and fishes from different north and central west greek fish-farms ongrowing euryhaline fish species. the natural microflora of the fish and the water of their ongrowing units in selected farms were studied for a period of 20 months. the analyzed samples were mainly sea bream (sparus aurata) 61.3% and sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) 24%. in most of the watery ecosystems coming from the different sampling areas, tota ...201121421068
bug breakfast in the bulletin: gastroenteritis outbreaks in institutions. 201021426853
[emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201121427832
[microbiological evaluation of ready-to-eat foods manufactured by small costa rican industries].ready-to-eat (rte) foods are processed foodstuffs which have gained popularity in recent times because they can be ingested without further thermic treatments. in this work, the microbiological quality and safety of 90 samples of rte foods manufactured by small costa rican industries was determined to evaluate whether they represent a public health risk. twenty-six samples of pickled vegetables, 18 dips, 18 salads, and 12 sweet treats were studied. each sample was analyzed with regard to its ph, ...201021427886
development and validation of stable reference materials for food microbiology using bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens spores.to develop a new type of microbiological reference materials (rms), displaying long-term stability at room temperature. the purpose was to produce and validate two batches of rms for the enumeration of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens.201121435123
review of enteric outbreaks in prisons: effective infection control interventions.to identify documented outbreaks, worldwide, of enteric illness in correctional facilities over the last 10 years to understand the epidemiology of the outbreaks and explicitly identify effective infection control measures.201121440921
possibility of preventing colorectal carcinogenesis with probiotics.there have been no reports on the relationship between the analyses of the intestinal flora of colorectal cancer patients and colorectal carcinogenesis. in this study we investigated the differences between the intestinal flora of colorectal cancer patients and healthy subjects and assessed the possibility of using probiotics to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis.201021443095
inactivation of indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlot manures and compost as determined by molecular and culture assays.accurate and conservative information about pathogen inactivation rates is needed as the basis for safe manure management on beef cattle feedlots. the survival of indicators and pathogens in faecal pen manure, stockpiled manure and manure compost was measured with autochthonous indicator bacteria (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total coliforms) and pathogens (listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter jejuni) using culture and/or real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) methods. add ...201121446944
gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationship with gene polymorphism.to investigate the differences in cultivable gut bacteria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?2 (ppar-?2) gene pro12ala variation in obese and normal-weight chinese people.201121448362
the agr-like quorum-sensing system regulates sporulation and production of enterotoxin and beta2 toxin by clostridium perfringens type a non-food-borne human gastrointestinal disease strain f5603.clostridium perfringens type a strains producing enterotoxin (cpe) cause one of the most common bacterial food-borne illnesses, as well as many cases of non-food-borne human gastrointestinal disease. recent studies have shown that an agr-like quorum-sensing system controls production of chromosomally encoded alpha-toxin and perfringolysin o by c. perfringens, as well as sporulation by clostridium botulinum and clostridium sporogenes. the current study explored whether the agr-like quorum-sensing ...201121464088
effect of type of grinding of barley and dehydrated alfalfa on performance, digestion, and crude mucin ileal concentration in growing rabbits.the effect of type of grinding of barley and dehydrated alfalfa (da) was tested in rabbits weaned at 35 d of age with average bm of 846 ± 93 g. four non-medicated diets were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial structure with type of grinding (coarse grinding with a 4.5-mm screen or fine grinding with a 1.5-mm screen) of barley (tgb) and da (tgda) as main factors. a total of 1,056 mixed-sex rabbits (264 per diet) were fattened until d 63. most of these rabbits (216 per diet) were housed in pairs and on ...201121478455
identification and characterization of a putative endolysin encoded by episomal phage phism101 of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens produces potent toxins and histolytic enzymes, causing various diseases including life-threatening fulminant diseases in humans and other animals. aiming at utilizing a phage endolysin as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics, we surveyed the genome and bacteriophage sequences of c. perfringens. a phism101 muramidase gene (psm) revealed by this study can be assumed to encode an n-acetylmuramidase, since the n-terminal catalytic domain deduced from the gene shows high h ...201121484204
bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential.a variety of bacteria are known or suspected of being able to cause enteritis in dogs and cats. campylobacter spp, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and salmonella spp are most commonly implicated, but many other organisms are likely involved. poor understanding of the intestinal microflora and the fact that many, if not all, of these microorganisms can also be found in healthy individuals complicates testing, thereby affecting the use of specific treatments and assessment of poten ...201121486637
crystal structure of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin displays features of {beta}-pore-forming toxins.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is a cause of food poisoning and is considered a pore-forming toxin, which damages target cells by disrupting the selective permeability of the plasma membrane. however, the pore-forming mechanism and the structural characteristics of the pores are not well documented. here, we present the structure of cpe determined by x-ray crystallography at 2.0 å. the overall structure of cpe displays an elongated shape, composed of three distinct domains, i, ii, and ...201121489981
structure of an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase sensitive to inhibition by aspartate.the crystal structure of an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from clostridium perfringens has been determined based on x-ray data extending to 3 å. the asymmetric unit of the structure includes two tetramers (each a dimer-of-dimers) of the enzyme. the precipitant, malonate, employed for the crystallization is itself a weak inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and a malonate molecule is seen in the active-site in the crystal structure. the allosteric binding sites for asparta ...201121491491
bacterial pathogens in hawaiian coastal streams-associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality.this work aimed to understand the distribution of five bacterial pathogens in o'ahu coastal streams and relate their presence to microbial indicator concentrations, land cover of the surrounding watersheds, and physical-chemical measures of stream water quality. twenty-two streams were sampled four times (in december and march, before sunrise and at high noon) to capture seasonal and time of day variation. salmonella, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio vulnificus, and v. parahaemolytic ...201121492899
pathology of clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemia in horses.clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and enterocolitis in foals and occasionally in adult horses. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia, and the enteric lesions and systemic effects are caused primarily by beta toxin, 1 of 2 major toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. until now, only sporadic cases of c. perfringens type c equine enterotoxemia have been reported. we present a comprehensive description of the lesions in 8 confirmed cases of type c enterotoxemia i ...201121502373
predictive model for growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked uncured meat and poultry.comparison of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in cooked uncured products during cooling for different meat species is presented. cooked, uncured product was inoculated with c. perfringens spores and vacuum packaged. for the isothermal experiments, all samples were incubated in a water bath stabilized at selected temperatures between 10 and 51°c and sampled periodically. for dynamic experiments, the samples were cooled from 54.4 to 27°c and subsequently from 27 to 4°c for ...201121511140
design and synthesis of o-glcnacase inhibitors via 'click chemistry' and biological evaluations.protein o-glcnacylation has been shown to play an important role in a number of biological processes, including regulation of the cell cycle, dna transcription and translation, signal transduction, and protein degradation. o-glcnacase (oga) is responsible for the removal of o-linked β-n-acetylglucosamine (o-glcnac) from serine or threonine residues, and thus plays a key role in o-glcnac metabolism. potent oga inhibitors are useful tools for studying the cellular processes of o-glcnac, and may be ...201121514574
impact of beta-glucan on the faecal microbiota of polypectomized patients: a pilot study.beta-glucans are polysaccharides present in the cell walls of higher plants, in the seeds of some cereals, and certain yeasts and fungi also produce them. it is suggested that they exhibit, among many other health benefits, protective effects against carcinogenesis in the colon, but there is not enough human data to support this. the aim of the study was to determine the effect of barley-derived beta-glucan in the gut microbiota of polypectomized patients. subjects were randomly assigned to cons ...201121515398
chicken intestine microbiota following the administration of lupulone, a hop-based antimicrobial.the use of antibiotic growth promotants in poultry rearing is a public health concern due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the harborage of resistance genes. lupulone, a hop β-acid from humulus lupulus, has been considered as a potential feed additive growth promotant. here, the effect of lupulone was evaluated for its effect on the microbiota of the chicken intestine. the intestinal microbiota of broilers was quantified after the addition of 125 mg l(-1) lupulone to water and challenge ...201121517917
bacterial monocultures, propionate, butyrate and h(2) o(2) modulate the expression, secretion and structure of the fasting-induced adipose factor in gut epithelial cell lines.previous research showed that an intestinal microbial community represses the fasting-induced adipose factor (fiaf) in the gut epithelium, thereby increasing fat storage in the host. this study was designed to investigate the overall effect of different bacterial species and metabolites on fiaf in intestinal (caco-2, ht-29 and hct-116) and hepatic (hepg2) cancer cell lines. first, we showed that fiaf was present in different isoforms, and secreted as n-glycosylated proteins, exclusively at the b ...201121518214
molecular basis of toxicity of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.clostridium perfringensε-toxin is produced by toxinotypes b and d strains. the toxin is the aetiological agent of dysentery in newborn lambs but is also associated with enteritis and enterotoxaemia in goats, calves and foals. it is considered to be a potential biowarfare or bioterrorism agent by the us government centers for disease control and prevention. the relatively inactive 32.9 kda prototoxin is converted to active mature toxin by proteolytic cleavage, either by digestive proteases of the ...201121518257
real-time pcr analysis of enteric pathogens from fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome subjects.abstract: background: growing amount of scientific evidence suggests that microbes are involved in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). the predominant fecal microbiota composition of ibs subjects has been widely studied with dna-based techniques but less research has been focused on the intestinal pathogens in this disorder. here, we optimized a highly sensitive panel of 12 quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assays to shed light on the putative presence of intestinal pathogens ...201121518462
effects of genetically modified t2a-1 rice on faecal microflora of rats during 90 day supplementation.background: many animal studies have been performed on products with the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin-encoding gene (bt products), but less have focused on its effects on intestinal microflora owing to difficulties in culturing. this 90 day study was designed to assess unintended effects of genetically modified t2a-1 rice (gmr) on selected intestinal bacteria (lactobacillus group, bifidobacterium genus, escherichia coli subgroup, enterococcus genus and clostridium perfringens) of ra ...201121520451
characterization of the plasmidic or chromosomal cpe gene and metabolic activities in clostridium perfringens isolates from food in san luis--argentina.food poisoning and non-food poisoning illnesses due to c. perfringens (by enterotoxin production) have been associated to chromosomal or plasmidic location of the cpe gene, respectively. clostridial pathogenicity has been correlated to protease and azoreductase production. the aim of this work was: i) to assess the sanitary-hygienic quality of dehydrated soups (100 samples) consumed in san luis - argentina; ii) to verify the presence of c. perfringens in these food products using the "most proba ...201121526657
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