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sudden death in lactating inbred mice. clostridium perfringens enteropathy. 201020567227
acute necrotizing cholangiohepatitis with clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of post-transplantation mortality. 201020567577
acute necrotizing cholangiohepatitis with clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of post-transplantation mortality. 201020567578
cell-based biosensor for rapid screening of pathogens and toxins.development and validation of a mammalian cell-based biosensor for application in food defense and food safety was investigated. three prototypes of the biosensor capable of handling different sample types were developed and tested with food and beverages. the sensing element is a b lymphocyte ped-2e9 cell-line, encapsulated in collagen matrix in 3d scaffold. the uniqueness of this biosensor is that it detects analyte interaction with mammalian cells and is able to distinguish pathogenic from no ...201020570502
stabilization of clostridium perfringens collagenase mrna by vr-rna-dependent cleavage in 5' leader sequence.the small rna (srna), vr-rna that is directly regulated by the virr/virs two-component system, regulates many genes including toxin genes such as collagenase (cola) and phospholipase c (plc) in clostridium perfringens. although the vr-rna 3' region is sufficient to regulate the cola and plc genes, the molecular mechanism of toxin gene regulation by vr-rna remains unclear. here, we found that cola mrna is cleaved at position -79 and -78 from the a of the first codon (atg) in the presence of vr-rn ...201020572941
accessibility of cholesterol in endoplasmic reticulum membranes and activation of srebp-2 switch abruptly at a common cholesterol threshold.recent studies have shown that cooperative interactions in endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes between scap, cholesterol, and insig result in switch-like control over activation of srebp-2 transcription factors. this allows cells to rapidly adjust rates of cholesterol synthesis and uptake in response to even slight deviations from physiological set-point levels, thereby ensuring cholesterol homeostasis. in the present study we directly probe for the accessibility of cholesterol in purified er m ...201020573965
freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens.the release of fecal pollution into surface waters may create environmental reservoirs of feces-derived microorganisms, including pathogens. clostridium perfringens is a commonly used fecal indicator that represents a human pathogen. the pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its expression of multiple toxins; however, the prevalence of c. perfringens with various toxin genes in aquatic environments is not well characterized. in this study, c. perfringens spores were used to measure ...201020581181
life-threatening clostridial sepsis in a postmenopausal patient with degenerating uterine leiomyoma.clostridium perfringens is a fulminant infection that affects patients with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. fortunately, c. perfringens-associated sepsis and death in the gynecologic patient is rarely encountered. we report a case of intrauterine c. perfringens presenting as life-threatening sepsis in a postmenopausal patient.201020585368
infection status of hospitalized diarrheal patients with gastrointestinal protozoa, bacteria, and viruses in the republic of korea.to understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the republic of korea. a total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. the positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. especially, cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed ...201020585526
clostridium perfringens in london, july 2009: two weddings and an outbreak.food poisoning outbreaks caused by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin occur occasionally in europe but have become less common in recent years. this paper presents the microbiological and epidemiological results of a large c. perfringens outbreak occurring simultaneously at two weddings that used the same caterer. the outbreak involved several london locations and required coordination across multiple agencies. a case-control study (n=134) was carried out to analyse possible associations betwee ...201020587363
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin carboxy-terminal fragment is a novel tumor-homing peptide for human ovarian cancer.development of innovative, effective therapies against recurrent/chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer remains a high priority. using high-throughput technologies to analyze genetic fingerprints of ovarian cancer, we have discovered extremely high expression of the genes encoding the proteins claudin-3 and claudin-4.201020598131
turn a diarrhoea toxin into a receptor-mediated therapy for a plethora of cldn-4-overexpressing cancers.molecular targeted therapy (mtt) represents the new generation of anti-cancer arsenals. in this study, we report an alternative approach using a hybrid toxin that utilises the high-affinity of receptor-binding fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe naturally binds to cldn-4 through the c-terminal 30 amino acid. however, recent studies have shown that cldn-4 is also overexpressed on a range of cancer cells. we thus constructed a cdna comprising c-cpe and a well characterised t ...201020599713
tetracycline and penicillin resistant clostridium perfringens isolated from the fangs and venom glands of loxosceles laeta: its implications in loxoscelism treatment.the venom of loxosceles spiders produces severe dermonecrotic damage, intravascular hemolysis, systemic alterations and risk of death. clostridium perfringens is present in the microbial flora of the fangs and venom glands of loxosceles intermedia. its inoculation with the venom may infect the wound site and exacerbate the dermonecrotic damage. this anaerobic bacterium is widely distributed in nature and capable of damage with similar characteristics and severity to the spider venom. in this stu ...201020600224
variable protection after vaccination of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis using supernatants of different clostridium perfringens strains.necrotic enteritis is an economically important disease of chickens caused by clostridium perfringens. immunity to necrotic enteritis is not fully characterized yet, but previous reports indicate that immunoprotective potential is present in the secreted component of c. perfringens. this study aimed to compare the vaccine potential of the supernatants of eight chicken strains of c. perfringens differing in origin, level of alpha toxin production and presence of netb gene. the supernatant of only ...201020600504
production of an antibacterial substance in the digestive tract involved in colonization-resistance against clostridium perfringens.ruminococcus gnavus e1, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron lemf4, clostridium hathewayi lemc7, and clostridium orbiscindens lemh9 were isolated from ex germ-free mice inoculated with a human faecal microbiota. when initially germ-free mice who were previously inoculated with the strain e1 alone, or a four-strain consortium [e1, lemf4, lemc7, and lemh9], were then challenged with 10⁸ counts of clostridium perfringens; the target strain was rapidly eliminated from the digestive tract of the animals (<10 ...201020603221
cattle enterotoxaemia and clostridium perfringens: description, diagnosis and prophylaxis.cattle enterotoxaemia is one of numerous pathologies caused by clostridium perfringens. these anaerobic gram-positive bacteria are naturally present in the intestinal flora of mammals, but their uncontrolled multiplication under certain conditions results in the overproduction of toxins in the intestinal tract. major clinical signs are induced by the systemic spread of these toxins in the blood and tissues. enterotoxaemia may be acute or peracute, and sudden death is often reported in rapidly gr ...201020605954
comparative proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of clostridium perfringens type a and type c strains.clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen and an etiological agent causing several diseases in humans and animals. c. perfringens and its toxins have been listed as potential biological and toxin warfare (btw) agents; thus, efforts to develop strategies for detection and protection are warranted. forty-eight extracellular proteins of c. perfringens type a and type c strains have been identified here using a 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (2-de-ms) ...201020605988
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic species of bacterium that is notable for its ability to produce a plethora of toxins, including membrane-active toxins (alpha-toxins), pore-forming toxins (-toxins) and binary toxins (iota-toxins). here, the crystallization of the full-length wild-type c. perfringens enterotoxin is reported, which is the causative agent of the second most prevalent food-borne illness in the united states and has been implicated in many other gastrointestinal p ...201020606275
clostridial dermatitis and cellulitis: an emerging disease of turkeys.clostridial dermatitis of turkeys (cdt) has emerged as a major issue across most geographic regions of the united states. the prevalence and severity of dermatitis has increased over the last several years, since the time it was first reported in 1993. cellulitis in poultry can be associated with staphylococcus aureus or escherichia coli, but the more recent field situation in turkeys is specifically associated with clostridium spp. the prevalence of cellulitis is relatively low; however, the di ...201020608520
role of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum in causing turkey cellulitis.the role of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum in the development of cellulitis and mortality in turkey poults was examined. studies were done in turkeys of two age groups: 3-wk-old and 7-wk-old turkey poults. the effect of varying doses of c. perfringens and c. septicum in reproducing cellulitis lesions and mortality in turkeys was investigated. both in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to study their toxic and biologic activities. clostridium septicum spore culture was foun ...201020608521
bacillus licheniformis prevents necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.three studies were conducted using clostridium perfringens as an intestinal challenge to produce necrotic enteritis (ne). the studies consisted of two battery screening studies and one production study in floor pens, which were used to test the effect of the addition of bacillus licheniformis (dsm 17236) spores at different doses and feeding periods in comparison to birds fed diets with subtherapeutic levels of virginiamycin (15 g/ton feed). in all three studies the use of b. licheniformis (1.6 ...201020608542
spontaneous uterine perforation due to clostridial gas gangrene associated with endometrial carcinoma.few cases of clostridial gas gangrene associated with uterine malignancy have been reported. we report on a 46-year-old woman with clostridial sepsis. on the day of admission due to severe abdominal pain, peritonitis was diagnosed, and computed tomography showed free air in the abdomen. at emergency laparotomy, perforation of the necrotic uterine wall was observed. during hysterectomy, septic shock developed, and life-saving therapy was performed in the intensive care unit after surgery. patholo ...201020610901
safety and risk assessment of the genetically modified lactococci on rats intestinal bacterial flora.the interaction between lactococcus lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and intestinal microflora was evaluated as a method to assess safety of genetically modified microorganisms (gmms). l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk is one kind of gmm and able to produce the intracellular subtilisin nat (nattokinase) under induction with nisin. the host strain l. lactis nz9000 was a generally recognized as safe (gras) microorganism. six groups of wistar rats were orally administered with l. lactis nz9000/pnzpnk and l. lactis nz900 ...201020619909
enterotoxaemia-like syndrome and clostridium perfringens in veal calves. 201020622207
escherichia coli and enterococci are sensitive and reliable indicators for human, livestock and wildlife faecal pollution in alpine mountainous water resources.this study evaluated the applicability of standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib) for alpine mountainous water resources monitoring.201020629798
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)claudins are transmembrane proteins that belong to the multigene adhesion molecule family and are found in cellular tight junctions. these proteins are considered to be responsible for the establishment of a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules across the intracellular spaces of the epithelium (1). claudins are believed to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation because they also bind cell-signaling ligands (2, 3). there are ~24 known claudins that have a tissue-speci ...200420641748
evaluating the involvement of alternative sigma factors sigf and sigg in clostridium perfringens sporulation and enterotoxin synthesis.clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning is the second most commonly identified bacterial food-borne illness. sporulation contributes to this disease in two ways: (i) most food-poisoning strains form exceptionally resistant spores to facilitate their survival of food-associated stresses, and (ii) the enterotoxin (cpe) responsible for the symptoms of this food poisoning is synthesized only during sporulation. in bacillus subtilis, four alternative sigma factors mediate sporulation. the same ...201020643850
examination of toxicity of clostridium perfringens -toxin in the mdck cell line.the epithelial madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell line was examined as a model to study the toxicity of clostridium perfringens -toxin. the mdck cell line was used because it is a monolayer cell line sensitive to -toxin. using the neutral red (nr) retention assay (an indicator of lysosomal integrity), the concentration of toxin causing death in 50% of the cell population (lc(50)) was 900 pm, although this was found to vary between production batches. -toxin was found to act rapidly but with a ...199520650081
effect of daylight on regrowth of bacteria in anaerobically digested sludge.this study investigated the regrowth of total coliform, salmonella, and clostridium perfringens in anaerobically digested sludge after centrifuge dewatering in the presence and absence of daylight. sludge cake and centrate samples were collected from a treatment plant, and half of the samples was stored in daylight and the other half was stored in dark for three weeks. the bacteria levels in the cake and centrate samples were measured periodically throughout the storage period, and all three bac ...201020651441
the ability of disease and non-disease producing strains of clostridium perfringens from chickens to adhere to extracellular matrix molecules and caco-2 cells.clostridium perfringens is a major enteric pathogen that is responsible for causing necrotic enteritis of poultry. the ability to adhere to the host's intestinal epithelium and to extracellular matrix molecules (ecmm) in the gut, are strategies used by numerous bacterial enteropathogens, however, c. perfringens has received comparatively little attention in this respect. the present study investigated sixteen type a c. perfringens isolates from chickens, with varying disease producing ability wi ...201020654724
on-farm multi-contamination of pigs by food-borne bacterial zoonotic hazards: an exploratory study.application of risk analysis to control pork-borne zoonoses on farms is a major aim of the current european food safety legislation. the prevalence, levels of contamination and variations in pig contaminations according to herds and batches must therefore be studied to define relevant methods for control of zoonoses. the aims of this exploratory study were to provide information on the prevalence and levels of infection of finisher/fattening pigs by campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, l ...201120655671
implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast queensland, australia.the study aimed to evaluate the suitability of escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens for assessing the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and assessing whether the concentrations of these faecal indicators can be used to predict the presence or absence of specific zoonotic bacterial or protozoan pathogens. from a total of 100 samples tested, 58%, 83%, and 46% of samples were found to be positive for, respectively, e. coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfri ...201020657617
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of tetracycline and minocycline resistance in clostridium perfringens.the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of tetracycline resistance and the prevalence of tetracycline-resistance genes in strains of clostridium perfringens isolated from different sources between 1994 and 2005. susceptibility to tetracycline and minocycline in strains from humans (35 isolates), chickens (15 isolates), food (21 isolates), soil (16 isolates) and veterinary sources (6 isolates) was determined, and tetracycline-resistance genes were detected. resistance was most common ...201020661548
potency against enterotoxemia of a recombinant clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxoid in ruminants.enterotoxemia, a disease that affects domestic ruminants, is caused mainly by the epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens type d. its eradication is virtually impossible, control and prophylaxis are based on systematic vaccination of herds with epsilon toxoids that are efficient in inducing protective antibody production. the use of recombinant toxins is one of the most promising of these strategies. this work evaluates the potency of a cl. perfringens type d epsilon toxoid expressed by esche ...201020670910
functional and structural characterization of soluble recombinant epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens d, causative agent of enterotoxaemia.clostridium perfringens types b and d are responsible for enterotoxaemia, one of the major causes of cattle mortality and is therefore of great economic concern. the epsilon toxin produced by the organism is the major antigenic determinant and has been directly implicated for the disease causation. in the present paper, we evaluated the biological activity of the recombinant epsilon toxin (retx) produced as soluble protein in escherichia coli. the retx was purified to near homogeneity by a one-s ...201020676627
ruptured tuboovarian abscess and septic shock with clostridium perfringens in a postmenopausal woman: a case report.clostridium perfringens is the most common causative organism of gas gangrene, a necrotizing infection of soft tissue classically associated with traumatic injuries. recently, awareness of its occurrence in spontaneous nontraumatic contexts has been increasing. the authors report an unusual case of nontraumatic/spontaneous c perfringens gas gangrene localized to the adnexae.200920677488
polymer partitioning and ion selectivity suggest asymmetrical shape for the membrane pore formed by epsilon toxin.using poly-(ethylene glycol)s of different molecular weights, we probe the channels formed in planar lipid bilayers by epsilon toxin secreted by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens. we find that the pore is highly asymmetric. the cutoff size of polymers entering the pore through its opening from the cis side, the side of toxin addition, is approximately 500 da, whereas the cutoff size for the polymers entering from the trans side is approximately 2300 da. comparing these characterist ...201020682255
a 31-year-old man with liver transplant and progressive jaundice. 201020682535
clostridium perfringens liver abscess with massive haemolysis.liver abscesses are commonly caused by enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes. this report is of a patient with liver abscess with massive haemolysis and multiorgan failure caused by clostridium perfringens. despite the reportedly high mortality rate and poor prognostic factors, the patient eventually recovered with prompt treatment.201020683077
laetiporus sulphureus lectin and aerolysin protein family.the parasitic mushroom laetiporus sulphureus produces a family of lectins (lsl's) sharing 80-90% sequence identity that possesses a low but significant sequence similarity to the bacterial pore-forming toxins mosquitocidal toxin mtx-2 from bacillus sphaericus and a toxin from clostridium septicum. the crystal structure of one member of the l. sulphureus lectins family (lsla) reveals unexpected structural similarities to the 1-pore-forming toxins from the aerolysin family, namely, aerolysin from ...201020687481
a 17-year review of foodborne outbreaks: describing the continuing decline in england and wales (1992-2008).systematic national surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks effectively serves the development of public health policy on food safety. the health protection agency has maintained a collaborative surveillance system for foodborne outbreaks in england and wales since 1992. up to 2008, 2429 foodborne outbreaks were identified, described and analysed for changes over time. salmonella spp. accounted for half of the outbreaks, although the proportion of these decreased over the surveillance period ...201120696086
effects of depletion of rna-binding protein tex on the expression of toxin genes in clostridium perfringens.tex was originally identified in bordetella pertussis, where it serves as a transcriptional regulator of toxin genes. however, the tex of streptococcus pneumoniae has no regulatory function in the expression of the pneumococcal major toxin pneumolysin. here, we identified the cpe2168 gene as tex in clostridium perfringens, and examined the roles of tex in toxin gene expression. we found that the deletion mutant for tex does not affect growth, but the mrna levels of three hyaluronidase genes (nag ...201020699586
inflammatory mediators applied to in vitro toxicology: studies on mediator release and two-cell systems.release of mediators is a manifestation of tissue stimulation or damage applicable to in vitro toxicological investigations. intercell mediators, or cytokines, are released on tissue stimulation or as a result of mild damage. intracell mediators, or enzymes of respiration and metabolism, released from damaged cells, participate in inflammatory change and are the usual mediator determinants in in vitro tests. cells examined for in vitro mediator release are mast cells, which are applicable to ana ...199020702170
catchment process affecting drinking water quality, including the significance of rainfall events, using factor analysis and event mean concentrations.to ensure the protection of drinking water an understanding of the catchment processes which can affect water quality is important as it enables targeted catchment management actions to be implemented. in this study factor analysis (fa) and comparing event mean concentrations (emcs) with baseline values were techniques used to asses the relationships between water quality parameters and linking those parameters to processes within an agricultural drinking water catchment. fa found that 55% of th ...201020705986
an outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens.the present report describes an outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis (gd) infection in a commercial poultry farm in delaware involving 34-day-old broiler chickens. in addition to obvious clinical signs, some gd-affected broilers also showed severe fibrino-necrotic enteritis and large numbers of gram-positive rods in the necrotic tissue. histopathological findings included haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of parenchymatous cells, especially of skin, muscle, and intestine. immunofluorescence st ...201020706880
immunopathology and cytokine responses in commercial broiler chickens with gangrenous dermatitis.gangrenous dermatitis (gd) is an emerging disease of increasing economic importance in poultry resulting from infection by clostridium septicum and clostridium perfringens type a. lack of a reproducible disease model has been a major obstacle in understanding the immunopathology of gd. to gain better understanding of host-pathogen interactions in gd infection, we evaluated various immune parameters in two groups of birds from a recent commercial outbreak of gd, the first showing typical disease ...201020706881
modified toxin-binding inhibition (tobi) test for epsilon antitoxin determination in serum of immunized rabbits.the aim of the present study was to evaluate and standardize the tobi test in vitro as a substitute for the serum neutralization test in mice for quality control of clostridial vaccines. the tobi test in vitro was used to evaluate 40 serum samples of known antibody content, obtained from rabbits immunized against clostridiosis with experimental vaccine. the correlation between epsilon antitoxin titers in rabbit sera, determined by the tobi test and serum neutralization in mice, ranged from 0.222 ...201020709411
oral administration of clostridium butyricum for modulating gastrointestinal microflora in mice.this study aimed to evaluate the safety of clostridium butyricum and to investigate the effect of c. butyricum on mice ecosystem in the intestinal tract by way of examining the population of different microorganisms isolated from caecal contents. we firstly evaluated the safety of c. butyricum using acute toxicity test and ames test. then forty male balb/c mice were divided into the following four treatment groups, each consisting of ten mice: normal group, low-dose group, medium-dose group and ...201120711781
prevalence of clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: comparisons with 3 control populations.while previous studies have demonstrated an association between equine grass sickness (egs) and the presence of clostridium botulinum within ileal contents and faeces, no such associations with other intestinal-derived anaerobic bacteria have been extensively investigated.201020716188
hyperbaric oxygenation. 196520718140
identification of small molecule inhibitors of clostridium perfringens ε-toxin cytotoxicity using a cell-based high-throughput screen.the clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, a select agent, is responsible for a severe, often fatal enterotoxemia characterized by edema in the heart, lungs, kidney, and brain. the toxin is believed to be an oligomeric pore-forming toxin. currently, there is no effective therapy for countering the cytotoxic activity of the toxin in exposed individuals. using a robust cell-based high-throughput screening (hts) assay, we screened a 151,616-compound library for the ability to inhibit ε-toxin-induce ...201020721308
effects of bilayer composition and physical properties on the phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities of clostridium perfringens α-toxin.α-toxin, a major determinant of clostridium perfringens toxicity, exhibits both phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. our studies with large unilamellar vesicles containing a variety of lipid mixtures reveal that both lipase activities are enhanced by cholesterol and by lipids with an intrinsic negative curvature, e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine. conversely lysophospholipids, that possess a positive intrinsic curvature, inhibit the α-toxin lipase activities. phospholipids with a net neg ...201120727345
base pair specificity and energetics of binding of the phenazinium molecules phenosafranine and safranine-o to deoxyribonucleic acids: a comparative study.the base specificity and energetics of dna binding of the phenazinium dyes phenosafranine and safranine-o have been studied using various biophysical tools. the guanine-cytosine base specificity of both compounds was established from binding affinity values and competition dialysis results and also from circular dichroism, thermal melting, and calorimetric studies. both dyes bind to dna with affinity of the order of 10(5) m(-1), but the values are significantly higher for the guanine-cytosine ri ...201020730145
pathogen removal in farm-scale psychrophilic anaerobic digesters processing swine manure.this study assessed the efficiency of commercial-scale psychrophilic anaerobic digestion in sequencing batch reactors (padsbrs) for pathogen removal from pig manure. the impact of treatment cycle length and of hydraulic flow regimes on pathogen removal efficiency was investigated. two conventionally operated sbrs (br1 and br2) and two sbrs simultaneously fed during the draw step (br3 and br4) were monitored over a two-year period. padsbrs significantly decreased the concentration of coliforms, s ...201120801022
focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in a goat.focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (fse) is the most prominent lesion seen in the chronic form of enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens type d in sheep. however, this lesion has not been reported in goats. the current paper reports a case of fse in a goat from the state of paraíba in the brazilian semiarid region. as reported by the farmer, 30, 4-48-month-old animals from a flock of 150 goats died after showing nervous signs, including blindness and recumbence, for periods varying betw ...201020807946
production of genetically modified porcine blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer: preliminary results toward production of xenograft-competent miniature pigs.galα1-3gal (α-gal epitope) is the major xenoantigenic epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc) from clostridium perfringens can digest the α-gal epitope. in this study, gene-engineered primary cultured porcine embryonic fibroblasts (pef) expressing endogalc were obtained and subjected to somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) to test whether xenograft-competent pigs can be created. the endogalc-expressing pef clones exhib ...201020814171
peptoniphilus methioninivorax sp. nov., a novel gram-positive anaerobic coccus isolated from retail ground beef.strain nrrl b-23883 was isolated from retail ground beef as part of a study on the genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens. the strain was found to be a strictly anaerobic, gram- positive coccus that was able to utilize peptone as a sole carbon source. subsequent to sequencing the 16s ribosomal rna gene, it was found that the strain was closely related to species within the genera peptoniphilus and anaerosphaera, but it was substantially different from the closest recognized species by near ...201020817843
global regulation of gene expression in response to cysteine availability in clostridium perfringens.cysteine has a crucial role in cellular physiology and its synthesis is tightly controlled due to its reactivity. however, little is known about the sulfur metabolism and its regulation in clostridia compared with other firmicutes. in clostridium perfringens, the two-component system, virr/virs, controls the expression of the ubig operon involved in methionine to cysteine conversion in addition to the expression of several toxin genes. the existence of links between the c. perfringens virulence ...201020822510
oga inhibition by glcnac-selenazoline.the title compound, which differs from the powerful o-glcnacase (oga) inhibitor glcnac-thiazoline only at the chalcogen atom (se for s), is a much weaker inhibitor in a direct oga assay. in human cells, however, the selenazoline shows comparable ability to induce hyper-o-glcnac-ylation, and the two show similar reduction of insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 in differentiated 3t3 adipocytes.201020822912
characterization of toxin plasmids in clostridium perfringens type c isolates.clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause enteritis necroticans in humans or necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. type c isolates always produce alpha toxin and beta toxin but often produce additional toxins, e.g., beta2 toxin or enterotoxin. since plasmid carriage of toxin-encoding genes has not been systematically investigated for type c isolates, the current study used southern blot hybridization of pulsed-field gels to test whether several toxin genes are plasmid ...201020823204
recombinant expression of two bacteriophage proteins that lyse clostridium perfringens and share identical sequences in the c-terminal cell wall binding domain of the molecules but are dissimilar in their n-terminal active domains.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium capable of producing four major toxins that are responsible for disease symptoms and pathogenesis in a variety of animals, humans, and poultry. the organism is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease, and c. perfringens is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens, which in the acute form can cause increased mortality among broiler flocks. countries that have complied with ...201020825156
quantitative in vitro assay to evaluate the capability of yeast cell wall fractions from trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to selectively bind gram negative pathogens.yeast cell wall fractions have been proposed to bind enteropathogenic bacteria. the aim of this study was to develop a quantitative assay by measuring the optical density as growth parameter of adhering bacteria. the exponential growth phase of adhering bacteria was determined by optical density reading and compared with the colony count (cfu/ml). a linear regression was compiled and the bacterial number bound to the yeast cell wall product could be determined. further focus was the investigatio ...201020826190
novel use of tryptose sulfite cycloserine egg yolk agar for isolation of clostridium perfringens during an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal unit.clostridium perfringens has been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (nec), which is a serious disease of neonates. our study describes the novel use of selective tryptose sulfite cycloserine with egg yolk agar (tsc-eya) during a nursery outbreak. this medium provides a rapid, sensitive, and accurate presumptive identification of c. perfringens.201020826643
nitrite pickling salt as an alternative to formaldehyde for embalming in veterinary anatomy--a study based on histo- and microbiological analyses.formaldehyde, the traditional embalming agent has negative health effects. nitrite pickling salt has been reported to be a good and inexpensive alternative when supplemented with antioxidants, but the antioxidants caused yellowish colouration of cadavers, and damaged corrosion-resistant steel tables and stone floors. here, nitrite pickling salt was supplemented with ethanol and pluriol(®) and tested for effectiveness as an embalming agent of twenty dog cadavers: 10 with open, and 10 with closed ...201120829010
endocytosis and toxicity of clostridial binary toxins depend on a clathrin-independent pathway regulated by rho-gdi.clostridial binary toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota and clostridium botulinum c2, are composed of a binding protein (ib and c2ii respectively) that recognizes distinct membrane receptors and mediates internalization of a catalytic protein (ia and c2-i respectively) with adp-ribosyltransferase activity that disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. we show here that the endocytic pathway followed by these toxins is independent of clathrin but requires the activity of dynamin and is regulated b ...201120846184
neuroprotective effect of cpdt on tha-induced cortical motor neuron death in an organotypic culture model.brain stroke, trauma, and motor neuron disease each can result in cortical motoneuron (cmn) death or impairment. glutamate excitotoxicity induces motor neuron damage in both acute motor neuron loss and chronic motor neuron degeneration. it is necessary to find effective strategies to protect cmns from excitotoxicity in a variety of pathological conditions. 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (cpdt) is one of the phase ii enzyme inducers. in our previous report, cpdt was shown to have neu ...201020851746
galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide supplementation affects nutrient digestibility, fermentation end-product production, and large bowel microbiota of the dog.a galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide (ggmo) obtained from fiberboard production was evaluated as a dietary supplement for dogs. the ggmo substrate contained increased concentrations of oligosaccharides containing mannose, xylose, and glucose, with the mannose component accounting for 35% of dm. adult dogs assigned to a 6 × 6 latin square design were fed 6 diets, each containing a different concentration of supplemental ggmo (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) that replaced dietary cellulose. total tract d ...201120852078
effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 28 days posthatch on broiler performance, feed manufacturing efficiency, and selected intestinal characteristics.this study evaluated the effect of 2 levels (0 vs. 8%) of distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) in a starter broiler diet (0 to 14 d; 45 replicates/treatment) after these same birds were subsequently fed a grower diet (14 to 28 d) with either 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, or 30% ddgs (9 replicates/treatment). ross×ross 308 male broilers were used in this experiment, and evaluation criteria consisted of feed mill parameters, broiler growth, relative liver weight, ileal viscosity, and cecal content cou ...201020852115
degradation of the extracellular matrix components by bacterial-derived metalloproteases: implications for inflammatory bowel diseases.proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix, a feature of mucosal homeostasis and tissue renewal, also contributes to the complications of intestinal inflammation. whether this proteolytic activity is entirely host-derived, or, in part, produced by the gut microbiota, is unknown.201120853433
intravascular haemolysis and septicaemia due to clostridium perfringens liver abscess.intravascular haemolysis is a rare but serious complication of clostridium perfringens sepsis. the outcome is usually fatal unless treatment is started early. we describe a case of survival after haemolysis and multiple organ failure in the setting of a ruptured liver abscess and sepsis caused by c. perfringens in an immunocompetent 58-year-old male.201020865884
clostridium perfringens septicaemia with massive intravascular haemolysis: a case report and review of the literature.we describe the case of a 74-year-old man with cholangitis, complicated by clostridium perfringens septicaemia and massive intravascular haemolysis. clostridium perfringens septicaemia is a rare but well-known cause of massive intravascular haemolysis. here we review 40 similar cases published since 1990. most cases involve immunocompromised patients with underlying haematological disorder (22.5%), pancreatic or gastric cancer (12.5%) and÷or diabetes (30.0%). focus of infection is mostly hepatob ...201020876913
phospholipid hydrolysis caused by clostridium perfringens α-toxin facilitates the targeting of perfringolysin o to membrane bilayers.clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal disease in humans. these pathologies are mediated by potent extracellular protein toxins, particularly α-toxin and perfringolysin o (pfo). while α-toxin hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, pfo forms large transmembrane pores on cholesterol-containing membranes. it has been suggested that the ability of pfo to perforate the membrane of target cells is dictated by how much free cholesterol molecules are present. given t ...201020886855
isolation of culturable microorganisms from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern united states.reports of diseases in marine mammals are increasing worldwide, however our understanding of the microorganisms associated with marine mammals is still limited. in this study, we cultured bacteria and fungi isolated from the upper respiratory tract (blowhole), gastric fluid and anus of 180 wild bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from two estuarine locations along the southeastern atlantic coast of the united states. a total of 339 and 491 isolates from charleston, sc (chs) and indian river ...201020888150
preterm birth and necrotizing enterocolitis alter gut colonization in pigs.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) in preterm neonates is dependent on bacterial colonization, but it remains unclear whether a particular microbiota or specific pathogens are involved. we hypothesized that gut colonization differs between preterm and term neonates and that overgrowth of clostridium perfringens predisposes to nec. by using terminal-rflp and fish, we characterized the gut microbiota of preterm, caesarean-delivered, formula-fed pigs (n = 44) with or without nec and of formula- or col ...201120924317
development and characterization of protective haemophilus parasuis subunit vaccines based on native proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin and comparison with other subunit and commercial vaccines.haemophilus parasuis is the agent responsible for causing glässer's disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in pigs. in this study, we have characterized native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (npapt) from h. parasuis serovar 5, nagasaki strain. this pool of proteins was used as antigen to developed two vaccine formulations: one was adjuvanted with a mineral oil (montanide ims 2215 vg pr), while the other was potentia ...201020926701
a comparative in vitro investigation into the effects of cooked meats on the human faecal microbiota.protein fermentation is one of the important microbial activities in the human colon. meat foods rich in protein provide substantial resource for this metabolic activity. however, little information exists on the relative impact of different meats on the composition and activities of the human gut microbiota. similarly, little information is available on the confounding effects of cooking on these activities. in this study, beef, chicken and fish (salmon) were examined in vitro for their impact ...201020934523
clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is produced in the intestines of broiler chicks inoculated with an alpha toxin mutant.poultry necrotic enteritis (ne) is caused by specific strains of clostridium perfringens, most of which are type a. the role of alpha toxin (cpa) in ne has been called into question by the finding that an engineered cpa mutant retains full virulence in vivo[9]. this is in contrast to the finding that immunization with cpa toxoids protects against ne. we confirmed the earlier findings, in that 14-day-old cornish × rock broiler chicks challenged with a cpa mutant developed lesions compatible with ...201020934524
high-level production and purification of clostripain expressed in a virulence-attenuated strain of clostridium perfringens.clostripain (clo) produced by clostridium histolyticum is an arginine-specific endopeptidase with the potential for applicability to diverse medical and industrial uses. in this study, we developed an expression system allowing high-level production and efficient purification of recombinant clo (rclo). our expression system comprises pclo, an rclo expressing vector, and clostridium perfringens 13δ6, an in-frame deletion strain as to six genes encoding major virulence factors and secretory protei ...201020940055
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin targets granule cells in the mouse cerebellum and stimulates glutamate release.epsilon toxin (et) produced by c. perfringens types b and d is a highly potent pore-forming toxin. et-intoxicated animals express severe neurological disorders that are thought to result from the formation of vasogenic brain edemas and indirect neuronal excitotoxicity. the cerebellum is a predilection site for et damage. et has been proposed to bind to glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. however, the possibility that et binds and attacks the neurons remains an open question. usi ...201020941361
comparison of a nontoxic variant of clostridium perfringens α-toxin with the toxic wild-type strain.the α-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is one of the best-studied examples of a toxic phospholipase c. in this study, a nontoxic mutant protein from c. perfringens strain nctc8237 in which thr74 is substituted by isoleucine (t74i) has been characterized and is compared with the toxic wild-type protein. thr74 is part of an exposed loop at the proposed membrane-interfacing surface of the toxin. the mutant protein had markedly reduced cytotoxic and myotoxic activities. however, this substi ...201020944240
optimized necrotic enteritis model producing clinical and subclinical infection of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.in this study we assessed the roles of eimeria infection and dietary manipulation (feeding a diet with a high level of fishmeal) in an australian necrotic enteritis (ne) challenge model in broiler chickens. an experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that eimeria infection and dietary manipulation, i.e., inclusion of fishmeal in the diet, are necessary to induce ne experimentally. the results showed that the combination of eimeria administration and fishmeal feeding had a significant effec ...201020945788
probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and taiwanese pickled cabbage.this study assessed potential probiotic lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and from taiwanese pickled cabbage for their possible use in probiotic fermented foods by evaluating their (i) in vitro adhesive ability, resistance to biotic stress, resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and production of β-galactosidase; (ii) milk technological properties; and (iii) in vivo adhesive ability, intestinal survival and microbial changes during and after treatment. five lactobac ...201020951815
evaluation of the efficacy of yeast extract in reducing intestinal clostridium perfringens levels in broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis is clostridium perfringens. traditionally, necrotic enteritis is controlled with in-feed antibiotics. however, increasing consumer demand for drug-free poultry has fostered the search for nonantibiotic alternatives. yeast extract contain nucleotides that are immunomodulatory and also essential for cellular functions. an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of nupro yeast extract (alltech inc., nicholasville, ky) in reducing intestinal c. p ...201020952700
efficacy of a lactylate on production performance and intestinal health of broilers during a subclinical clostridium perfringens infection.clostridium perfringens, an α-toxin producing gram-positive bacterium, is an enteric pathogen for poultry. because subclinical c. perfringens infections often result in damage of the intestinal mucosa, decreased nutrient digestion, and poor performance, efforts should be taken to find an effective strategy that controls overgrowth of c. perfringens. for this purpose, the efficacy of a sodium lauroyl lactylate (laul) as a feed additive to prevent c. perfringens colonization in broilers was determ ...201020952703
clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φcp39o and φcp26f: genomic organization and proteomic analysis of the virions.poultry intestinal material, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent clostridium perfringens bacteriophages. viruses isolated from broiler chicken offal washes (o) and poultry feces (f), designated φcp39o and φcp26f, respectively, produced clear plaques on host strains. both bacteriophages had isometric heads of 57 nm in diameter with 100-nm non-contractile tails characteristic of members of the family siphoviridae in the order caudovirales. the double-strand dna ...201020963614
diversity and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cultivable anaerobic bacteria from soil and sewage samples of india.soil and sewage act as a reservoir of animal pathogens and their dissemination to animals profoundly affects the safety of our food supply. moreover, acquisition and further spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic bacterial populations is the most relevant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. bacterial strains from soil and sewage are a potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes. accurate species determination for anaerobes from environmental sample ...201020965279
molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens.clostridium perfringens (cp) causes necrotic enteritis disease in commercial poultry. antimicrobials are used to control and treat this disease and sometimes clinical outbreaks do not respond well to certain treatments. this study was designed to isolate cp from clinical cases, type these isolates by multiplex pcr, and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility by micro-dilution method. a total of 67 cp isolates were obtained from 155 broiler chicken flocks. all isolates were classified as typ ...201020969969
identification and modeling of a drug target for clostridium perfringens sm101.in the present study, comparative genome analysis between clostridium perfringens and the human genome was carried out to identify genes that are essential for the pathogen's survival, and non-homologous to the genes of human host, that can be used as potential drug targets. the study resulted in the identification of 426 such genes. the number of these potential drug targets thus identified is significantly lower than the genome's protein coding capacity (2558 protein coding genes). the 426 gen ...201020978600
human food poisoning due to growth of clostridium perfringens (c. welchii) in freshly cooked chicken. 194520989340
a case of mastitis due to clostridium perfringens. 194521005505
production of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. 194521007099
food- and waterborne disease outbreaks in australian long-term care facilities, 2001-2008.abstract food- or waterborne diseases in long-term care facilities (ltcf) can result in serious outcomes, including deaths, and they are potentially preventable. we analyzed data collected by ozfoodnet on food- and waterborne disease outbreaks occurring in ltcf in australia from 2001 to 2008. we compared outbreaks by the number of persons affected, etiology, and implicated vehicle. during 8 years of surveillance, 5.9% (55/936) of all food- and waterborne outbreaks in australia occurred in ltcf. ...201021034268
ethanolamine utilization contributes to proliferation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in food and in nematodes.only three pathogenic bacterial species, salmonella enterica, clostridium perfringens, and listeria monocytogenes, are able to utilize both ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol as a sole carbon source. degradation of these substrates, abundant in food and the gut, depends on cobalamin, which is synthesized de novo only under anaerobic conditions. although the eut, pdu, and cob-cbi gene clusters comprise 40 kb, the conditions under which they confer a selection advantage on these food-borne pathogens ...201021037291
a case of clostridium perfringens infection in uterine sarcoma. 201021039388
rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study.in the united states and elsewhere, recreational water quality is monitored for fecal indicator bacteria to help prevent swimming-associated illnesses. standard methods to measure these bacteria take at least 24 hours to obtain results. molecular approaches such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) can estimate these bacteria faster, in under 3 hours. previously, we demonstrated that measurements of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococcus using qpcr were associated with gastrointes ...201021040526
comparison of selected nutrients and bacteria from common contiguous soils inside and outside swine lagoon effluent spray fields after long-term use.swine (sus scofa domestica) lagoon effluent is a valuable resource. in the u.s. mid-south it is applied from april to september to fertilize grass hay in spray-irrigated fields. lagoon levels of nutrients and bacteria, and soil levels of nutrients have been documented, but little was known of effluent bacterial levels in soil. the present study examined levels of selected effluent bacteria and nutrients in soils inside and outside spray fields after >15 yr of effluent irrigation. samples were co ...201021043289
clostridium perfringens: a flesh-eating bacterium living in your garden.gas gangrene is a painful, rapidly developing and potentially fatal infection despite antibiotic treatment. during the first world war thousands of soldiers died from this disease. dr alexis carrel pioneered a controversial method of irrigating wounds with dakin's solution to destroy clostridium perfringens, a bacterium found in heavily fertilised soils that causes gas gangrene. although this method is no longer used due to the discovery of antibiotics, many of his other ideas, such as scientifi ...201021049805
a novel glycosylation signal regulates transforming growth factor beta receptors as evidenced by endo-beta-galactosidase c expression in rodent cells.the αgal (galα1-3gal) epitope is a xenoantigen that is responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. this epitope is expressed on the cell surface in the cells of all mammals except humans and old world monkeys. it can be digested by the enzyme endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc), which is derived from clostridium perfringens. previously, we produced endogalc transgenic mice to identify the phenotypes that would be induced following endogalc overexpression. the mice lacked the αgal ...201021062784
effect of laser and led on enzymatic production of ceramide.an enzyme (phospholipase c type i from clostridium perfringens) was exposed to 0-810jcm(-2) of energy using laser light at wavelengths 808, 532, 1064 and 1342nm and two led light sources at wavelengths 810 and 640nm. enzyme responses were evaluated by measuring ceramide concentration using high performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 17, 24h after irradiation. the duration of effect was evaluated from the experimental data. the results show that enzyme activity can b ...201021073471
nanoparticle probes and mid-infrared chemical imaging for dna microarray detection.to date most mid-infrared spectroscopic studies have been limited, due to lack of sensitivity, to the structural characterization of a single oligonucleotide probe immobilized over the entire surface of a gold-coated slide or other infrared substrate. by contrast, widely used and commercially available glass slides and a microarray spotter that prints approximately 120-μm-diameter dna spots were employed in the present work. to our knowledge, mid-infrared chemical imaging (irci) in the external ...201021073786
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