Publications

pattern triggered immunity (pti) in tobacco: isolation of activated genes suggests role of the phenylpropanoid pathway in inhibition of bacterial pathogens.	pattern triggered immunity (pti) or basal resistance (br) is a potent, symptomless form of plant resistance. upon inoculation of a plant with non-pathogens or pathogenicity-mutant bacteria, the induced pti will prevent bacterial proliferation. developed pti is also able to protect the plant from disease or hr (hypersensitive response) after a challenging infection with pathogenic bacteria. our aim was to reveal those pti-related genes of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) that could possibly play a rol ...	2014	25101956
regulation of pri-mirna processing by the hnrnp-like protein atgrp7 in arabidopsis.	the hnrnp-like glycine-rich rna-binding protein atgrp7 regulates pre-mrna splicing in arabidopsis. here we used small rna-seq to show that atgrp7 also affects the mirna inventory. atgrp7 overexpression caused a significant reduction in the level of 30 mirnas and an increase for 14 mirnas with a minimum log2 fold change of ± 0.5. overaccumulation of several pri-mirnas including pri-mir398b, pri-mir398c, pri-mir172b, pri-mir159a and pri-mir390 at the expense of the mature mirnas suggested that atg ...	2014	25104024
absence of endo-1,4-β-glucanase kor1 alters the jasmonate-dependent defence response to pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis.	during plant-pathogen interactions, the plant cell wall forms part of active defence against invaders. in recent years, cell wall-editing enzymes, associated with growth and development, have been related to plant susceptibility or resistance. our previous work identified a role for several tomato and arabidopsis endo-1,4-β-glucanases (egs) in plant-pathogen interactions. here we studied the response of the arabidopsis thaliana t-dna insertion mutant lacking eg korrigan1 (kor1) infected with pse ...	2014	25108263
the role of cell wall-based defences in the early restriction of non-pathogenic hrp mutant bacteria in arabidopsis.	we have investigated the cause of the restricted multiplication of hrp mutant bacteria in leaves of arabidopsis. our focus was on early interactions leading to differentiation between virulent wild-type and non-pathogenic hrpa mutant strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. an initial drop in recoverable bacteria detected 0-4 h after inoculation with either strain was dependent on a functional fls2 receptor and h2o2 accumulation in challenged leaves. wild-type bacteria subsequently multiplied ...	2015	25108744
involvement of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) mkk6 in response to potato virus y.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades have crucial roles in the regulation of plant development and in plant responses to stress. plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-derived effector proteins has been shown to trigger activation of several mapks. this then controls defence responses, including synthesis and/or signalling of defence hormones and activation of defence related genes. the mapk cascade genes are highly complex and interconnected, and thu ...	2014	25111695
comparison of identification systems for psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from raw bovine milk.	psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk produce heat-resistant extracellular proteases, resulting in spoilage and shelf-life reduction of ultrahigh temperature treated milk and milk products. controlling of these spoilage microbes requires rapid and reliable identification systems for screening of raw milk. this study aimed to compare commercial bacterial identification systems with a genetic method (considered as the 'gold standard' method) for the identification of heat-resistant protease producin ...	2014	25113043
molecular characterization of rice sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase gene osspl1 and functional analysis of its role in disease resistance response.	our results indicate that overexpression of osspl1 in transgenic tobacco plants attenuated disease resistance and facilitated programmed cell death. long-chain base phosphates including sphingosine-1-phosphate have been shown to act as signaling mediators in regulating programmed cell death (pcd) and stress responses in mammals. in the present study, we characterized a rice gene osspl1, encoding a putative sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase that is involved in metabolism of sphingosine-1-phosphate. e ...	2014	25113543
arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility1 promotes systemic acquired resistance via azelaic acid and its precursor 9-oxo nonanoic acid.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a form of inducible disease resistance that depends on salicylic acid and its upstream regulator enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1). although local arabidopsis thaliana defence responses activated by the pseudomonas syringae effector protein avrrpm1 are intact in eds1 mutant plants, sar signal generation is abolished. here, the sar-specific phenotype of the eds1 mutant is utilized to identify metabolites that contribute to sar. to this end, sar bioassay ...	2014	25114016
biotic interactions in the rhizosphere: a diverse cooperative enterprise for plant productivity.	microbes and plants have evolved biochemical mechanisms to communicate with each other. the molecules responsible for such communication are secreted during beneficial or harmful interactions. hundreds of these molecules secreted into the rhizosphere have been identified, and their functions are being studied in order to understand the mechanisms of interaction and communication among the different members of the rhizosphere community. the importance of root and microbe secretion to the undergro ...	2014	25118253
the potential of transcription factor-based genetic engineering in improving crop tolerance to drought.	drought is one of the major constraints in crop production and has an effect on a global scale. in order to improve crop production, it is necessary to understand how plants respond to stress. a good understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in plant responses during drought will enable researchers to explore and manipulate key regulatory points in order to enhance stress tolerance in crops. transcription factors (tfs) have played an important role in crop improvement from the dawn of agri ...	2014	25118806
structural divergence of plant tctps.	the translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) is a highly conserved protein at the level of sequence, considered to play an essential role in the regulation of growth and development in eukaryotes. however, this function has been inferred from studies in a few model systems, such as mice and mammalian cell lines, drosophila and arabidopsis. thus, the knowledge regarding this protein is far from complete. in the present study bioinformatic analysis showed the presence of one or more tctp ge ...	2014	25120549
mobility and generation of mosaic non-autonomous transposons by tn3-derived inverted-repeat miniature elements (times).	functional transposable elements (tes) of several pseudomonas spp. strains isolated from black shale ore of lubin mine and from post-flotation tailings of zelazny most in poland, were identified using a positive selection trap plasmid strategy. this approach led to the capture and characterization of (i) 13 insertion sequences from 5 is families (is3, is5, isl3, is30 and is1380), (ii) isoforms of two tn3-family transposons--tn5563a and tn4662a (the latter contains a toxin-antitoxin system), as w ...	2014	25121765
hell's bels: bacterial e3 ligases that exploit the eukaryotic ubiquitin machinery.		2014	25121772
evaluating the impacts of stressors of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato on the effectiveness of multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis and multi-locus sequence typing in microbial forensic investigations.	crops in the usa are vulnerable to natural and criminal threats because of their widespread cultivation and lack of surveillance, and because of implementation of growing practices such as monoculture. to prepare for investigation and attribution of such events, forensic assays, including determination of molecular profiles, are being adapted for use with plant pathogens. the use of multi-locus variable number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) and multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) in investi ...	2014	25132953
characterisation of salrab a salicylic acid inducible positively regulated efflux system of rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841.	salicylic acid is an important signalling molecule in plant-microbe defence and symbiosis. we analysed the transcriptional responses of the nitrogen fixing plant symbiont, rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841 to salicylic acid. two mfs-type multicomponent efflux systems were induced in response to salicylic acid, rmrab and the hitherto undescribed system salrab. based on sequence similarity sala and salb encode a membrane fusion and inner membrane protein respectively. salab are positively reg ...	2014	25133394
plant disease resistance is augmented in uzu barley lines modified in the brassinosteroid receptor bri1.	brassinosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. the membrane receptor bri1 is a central player in the brassinosteroid signaling cascade. semi-dwarf 'uzu' barley carries a mutation in a conserved domain of the kinase tail of bri1 and this mutant allele is recognised for its positive contribution to both yield and lodging resistance.	2014	25135116
fold modulating function: bacterial toxins to functional amyloids.	many bacteria produce cytolytic toxins that target host cells or other competing microbes. it is well known that environmental factors control toxin expression, however, recent work suggests that some bacteria manipulate the fold of these protein toxins to control their function. the β-sheet rich amyloid fold is a highly stable ordered aggregate that many toxins form in response to specific environmental conditions. when in the amyloid state, toxins become inert, losing the cytolytic activity th ...	2014	25136340
high atomic weight, high-energy radiation (hze) induces transcriptional responses shared with conventional stresses in addition to a core "dsb" response specific to clastogenic treatments.	plants exhibit a robust transcriptional response to gamma radiation which includes the induction of transcripts required for homologous recombination and the suppression of transcripts that promote cell cycle progression. various dna damaging agents induce different spectra of dna damage as well as "collateral" damage to other cellular components and therefore are not expected to provoke identical responses by the cell. here we study the effects of two different types of ionizing radiation (ir) ...	2014	25136344
a secreted protein with plant-specific cysteine-rich motif functions as a mannose-binding lectin that exhibits antifungal activity.	plants have a variety of mechanisms for defending against plant pathogens and tolerating environmental stresses such as drought and high salinity. ginkbilobin2 (gnk2) is a seed storage protein in gymnosperm that possesses antifungal activity and a plant-specific cysteine-rich motif (domain of unknown function26 [duf26]). the gnk2-homologous sequence is also observed in an extracellular region of cysteine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases that function in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. ...	2014	25139159
effects of caste on the expression of genes associated with septic injury and xenobiotic exposure in the formosan subterranean termite.	as social insects, termites live in densely populated colonies with specialized castes under conditions conducive to microbial growth and transmission. furthermore, termites are exposed to xenobiotics in soil and their lignocellulose diet. therefore, termites are valuable models for studying gene expression involved in response to septic injury, immunity and detoxification in relation to caste membership. in this study, workers and soldiers of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formo ...	2014	25141339
nlr-associating transcription factor bhlh84 and its paralogs function redundantly in plant immunity.	in plants and animals, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain containing (nlr) immune receptors are utilized to detect the presence or activities of pathogen-derived molecules. however, the mechanisms by which nlr proteins induce defense responses remain unclear. here, we report the characterization of one basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) type transcription factor (tf), bhlh84, identified from a reverse genetic screen. it functions as a transcriptional activator that enhances the autoimm ...	2014	25144198
atp-dependent binding cassette transporter g family member 16 increases plant tolerance to abscisic acid and assists in basal resistance against pseudomonas syringae dc3000.	plants have been shown previously to perceive bacteria on the leaf surface and respond by closing their stomata. the virulent bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pstdc3000) responds by secreting a virulence factor, coronatine, which blocks the functioning of guard cells and forces stomata to reopen. after it is inside the leaf, pstdc3000 has been shown to up-regulate abscisic acid (aba) signaling and thereby suppress salicylic acid-dependent resistance. some wild plants exh ...	2014	25146567
identification of candidate genes involved in early iron deficiency chlorosis signaling in soybean (glycine max) roots and leaves.	iron is an essential micronutrient for all living things, required in plants for photosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. a lack of bioavailable iron in soil leads to iron deficiency chlorosis (idc), causing a reduction in photosynthesis and interveinal yellowing of leaves. soybeans (glycine max (l.) merr.) grown in high ph soils often suffer from idc, resulting in substantial yield losses. iron efficient soybean cultivars maintain photosynthesis and have higher yields under idc-promoting con ...	2014	25149281
loss of ceramide kinase in arabidopsis impairs defenses and promotes ceramide accumulation and mitochondrial h2o2 bursts.	arabidopsis thaliana plants that lack ceramide kinase, encoded by accelerated cell death5 (acd5), display spontaneous programmed cell death late in development and accumulate substrates of acd5. here, we compared ceramide accumulation kinetics, defense responses, ultrastructural features, and sites of reactive oxygen species (ros) production in wild-type and acd5 plants during development and/or botrytis cinerea infection. quantitative sphingolipid profiling indicated that ceramide accumulation ...	2014	25149397
channel-forming bacterial toxins in biosensing and macromolecule delivery.	to intoxicate cells, pore-forming bacterial toxins are evolved to allow for the transmembrane traffic of different substrates, ranging from small inorganic ions to cell-specific polypeptides. recent developments in single-channel electrical recordings, x-ray crystallography, protein engineering, and computational methods have generated a large body of knowledge about the basic principles of channel-mediated molecular transport. these discoveries provide a robust framework for expansion of the de ...	2014	25153255
characterization of quorum sensing-controlled transcriptional regulator marr and rieske (2fe-2s) cluster-containing protein (orf5), which are involved in resistance to environmental stresses in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (pta6605) produces acyl homoserine lactones (ahls), quorum sensing (qs) molecules that are indispensable for virulence in host tobacco infection. genome-wide transcriptional profiling of several qs-defective mutants revealed that the expression of the genes encoding the marr family transcriptional regulator (marr) and a rieske 2fe-2s cluster-containing protein (orf5) located adjacent to psyi, a gene encoding ahl synthetase, are significantly repressed. exogen ...	2015	25155081
extreme specificity of ncr gene expression in medicago truncatula.	legumes form root nodules to house nitrogen fixing bacteria of the rhizobium family. the rhizobia are located intracellularly in the symbiotic nodule cells. in the legume medicago truncatula these cells produce high amounts of nodule-specific cysteine-rich (ncr) peptides which induce differentiation of the rhizobia into enlarged, polyploid and non-cultivable bacterial cells. ncrs are similar to innate immunity antimicrobial peptides. the ncr gene family is extremely large in medicago with about ...	2014	25156206
unconventionally secreted effectors of two filamentous pathogens target plant salicylate biosynthesis.	plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes pose an increasing threat to food security and ecosystem health worldwide. these filamentous pathogens, while taxonomically distinct, modulate host defense responses by secreting effectors, which are typically identified based on the presence of signal peptides. here we show that phytophthora sojae and verticillium dahliae secrete isochorismatases (psisc1 and vdisc1, respectively) that are required for full pathogenesis. psisc1 and vdisc1 can suppress ...	2014	25156390
the phytotoxin coronatine is a multifunctional component of the virulence armament of pseudomonas syringae.	plant pathogens deploy an array of virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. numerous strains of pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (cor). a major aspect of cor function is its ability to mimic a bioactive jasmonic acid (ja) conjugate and thus target the ja-receptor cor-insensitive 1 (coi1). biological activities of cor include stimulation of ja-signaling and consequent suppression of sa-dependent defense through antagonistic crosstalk, antagonism ...	2014	25156488
the role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens.	plant resistance to pathogens relies on a complex network of constitutive and inducible defensive barriers. the plant cell wall is one of the barriers that pathogens need to overcome to successfully colonize plant tissues. the traditional view of the plant cell wall as a passive barrier has evolved to a concept that considers the wall as a dynamic structure that regulates both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms, and as a source of signaling molecules that trigger immune responses. the ...	2014	25161657
foeniculum vulgare mill: a review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology.	foeniculum vulgare mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. the review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of foeniculum vulgare. it also compiles available scientific ...	2014	25162032
whole genome sequencing and analysis of plant growth promoting bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of plantation crops coconut, cocoa and arecanut.	coconut, cocoa and arecanut are commercial plantation crops that play a vital role in the indian economy while sustaining the livelihood of more than 10 million indians. according to 2012 food and agricultural organization's report, india is the third largest producer of coconut and it dominates the production of arecanut worldwide. in this study, three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) from coconut (cpcri-1), cocoa (cpcri-2) and arecanut (cpcri-3) characterized for the pgp activities ...	2014	25162593
lectin domains at the frontiers of plant defense.	plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. to protect and defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate immune system. plants sense their encounters upon perception of conserved microbial structures and damage-associated patterns using cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. plant lectins and proteins with one or more lectin domains represent a major part of these receptors. the whole group of plant lectins compr ...	2014	25165467
a novel signal transduction pathway that modulates rhl quorum sensing and bacterial virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the rhl quorum-sensing (qs) system plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of p. aeruginosa. however, the regulatory effects that occur directly upstream of the rhl qs system are poorly understood. here, we show that deletion of gene encoding for the two-component sensor bfms leads to the activation of its cognate response regulator bfmr, which in turn directly binds to the promoter and decreases the expression of the rhlr gene that encodes the qs regulator rhlr, causing the inhibition of the r ...	2014	25166864
na⁺/h⁺ exchanger 1 participates in tobacco disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae by affecting vacuolar ph and priming the antioxidative system.	despite the importance of nhx1 (na(+)/h(+) exchanger 1) in plant salt tolerance, little is known about its other functions. in this study, intriguingly, it was found that nhx1 participated in plant disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (ppn) in nicotiana benthamiana. nbnhx1 was originally isolated from n. benthamiana, and characterized. the subcellular localization of nbnhx1 with its c-terminus fused with green fluorescent protein indicated that nbnhx1 localized primari ...	2014	25170102
global analysis of the hrpl regulon in the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 reveals new regulon members with diverse functions.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is required for virulence in the gram-negative plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. the alternative sigma factor hrpl directly regulates expression of t3ss genes via a promoter sequence, often designated as the "hrp promoter." although the hrpl regulon has been extensively investigated in dc3000, it is not known whether additional regulon members remain to be found. to systematically search for hrpl-regulated genes, we used chromatin immunop ...	2014	25170934
crystal structure of the ectoine hydroxylase, a snapshot of the active site.	ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes that are widely synthesized by bacteria to cope physiologically with osmotic stress. they also serve as chemical chaperones and maintain the functionality of macromolecules. 5-hydroxyectoine is produced from ectoine through a stereo-specific hydroxylation, an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the ectoine hydroxylase (ectd). the ectd protein is a member of the non-heme-containing iron(ii) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase sup ...	2014	25172507
soil-borne microbial functional structure across different land uses.	land use change alters the structure and composition of microbial communities. however, the links between environmental factors and microbial functions are not well understood. here we interrogated the functional structure of soil microbial communities across different land uses. in a multivariate regression tree analysis of soil physicochemical properties and genes detected by functional microarrays, the main factor that explained the different microbial community functional structures was c : ...	2014	25177716
analysis of genes contributing to plant-beneficial functions in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and related proteobacteria.	the positive effects of root-colonizing bacteria cooperating with plants lead to improved growth and/or health of their eukaryotic hosts. some of these plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) display several plant-beneficial properties, suggesting that the accumulation of the corresponding genes could have been selected in these bacteria. here, this issue was targeted using 23 genes contributing directly or indirectly to established pgpr effects, based on genome sequence analysis of 304 cont ...	2014	25179219
natural variation for responsiveness to flg22, flgii-28, and csp22 and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in heirloom tomatoes.	tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) is susceptible to many diseases including bacterial speck caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. bacterial speck disease is a serious problem worldwide in tomato production areas where moist conditions and cool temperatures occur. to enhance breeding of speck resistant fresh-market tomato cultivars we identified a race 0 field isolate, nc-c3, of p. s. pv. tomato in north carolina and used it to screen a collection of heirloom tomato lines for speck resistance ...	2014	25180693
transcriptional analysis of the global regulatory networks active in pseudomonas syringae during leaf colonization.	the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a grows and survives on leaf surfaces and in the leaf apoplast of its host, bean (phaseolus vulgaris). to understand the contribution of distinct regulators to b728a fitness and pathogenicity, we performed a transcriptome analysis of strain b728a and nine regulatory mutants recovered from the surfaces and interior of leaves and exposed to environmental stresses in culture. the quorum-sensing regulators ahlr and aefr influenced few genes in ...	2014	25182327
a homolog of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from riemerella anatipestifer is an extracellular protein and exhibits biological activity.	riemerella anatipestifer is the causative agent of septicemia anserum exsudativa in ducks. its pathogenesis and virulence factors are still unclear. the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), an anchorless and multifunctional protein on the surface of several pathogenic microorganisms, is involved in virulence and adhesion. whether homologs of gapdh exist, and display similar characteristics in r. anatipestifer (ragapdh) has not been determined. in our research, the ...	2014	25183032
transcriptomic dissection of the rice-burkholderia glumae interaction.	bacterial panicle blight caused by the bacterium burkholderia glumae is an emerging disease of rice in the united states. not much is known about this disease, the disease cycle or any source of disease resistance. to understand the interaction between rice and burkholderia glumae, we used transcriptomics via next-generation sequencing (rna-seq) and bioinformatics to identify differentially expressed transcripts between resistant and susceptible interactions and formulate a model for rice resist ...	2014	25183458
a user's guide to a data base of the diversity of pseudomonas syringae and its application to classifying strains in this phylogenetic complex.	the pseudomonas syringae complex is composed of numerous genetic lineages of strains from both agricultural and environmental habitats including habitats closely linked to the water cycle. the new insights from the discovery of this bacterial species in habitats outside of agricultural contexts per se have led to the revelation of a wide diversity of strains in this complex beyond what was known from agricultural contexts. here, through multi locus sequence typing (mlst) of 216 strains, we ident ...	2014	25184292
microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (ppiases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets.	initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (ppiases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. intense searches revealed that ppiases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. despite the clear-cut ...	2014	25184565
arabidopsis triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme2 is a negative regulator of the salicylic acid-mediated feedback amplification loop for defense responses.	the triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (ttm) superfamily represents a group of enzymes that is characterized by their ability to hydrolyze a range of tripolyphosphate substrates. arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) encodes three ttm genes, atttm1, atttm2, and atttm3. although atttm3 has previously been reported to have tripolyphosphatase activity, recombinantly expressed atttm2 unexpectedly exhibited pyrophosphatase activity. atttm2 knockout mutant plants exhibit an enhanced hypersensitive respons ...	2014	25185123
the role of a periplasmic gluconolactonase (ppgl)-like protein in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a.	in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a, the psyr_1712 locus id encodes a putative protein with a signal peptide and a cog2706 domain of the type present in 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzymes. an amino acid sequence alignment of the p. aeruginosa ppgl with other genome sequenced fluorescent pseudomonads such as p. syringae psyr_1712 showed that they have the same enzymatic active site residue comprising one histidine, one glutamic acid and two arginines. based on the similarity of ...	2011	25187129
differentially-expressed genes in rice infected by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae relative to a flagellin-deficient mutant reveal potential functions of flagellin in host-pathogen interactions.	plants have evolved a sensitive defense response system that detects and recognizes various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) (e.g. flagellin) and induces immune responses to protect against invasion. transcriptional responses in rice to pamps produced by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen, have not yet been defined.	2014	25187853
the secreted peptide pip1 amplifies immunity through receptor-like kinase 7.	in plants, innate immune responses are initiated by plasma membrane-located pattern recognition receptors (prrs) upon recognition of elicitors, including exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (damps). arabidopsis thaliana produces more than 1000 secreted peptide candidates, but it has yet to be established whether any of these act as elicitors. here we identified an a. thaliana gene family encoding precursors of pamp-induced ...	2014	25188390
effects of light and the regulatory b-subunit composition of protein phosphatase 2a on the susceptibility of arabidopsis thaliana to aphid (myzus persicae) infestation.	the interactions between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways are complex and poorly understood but protein kinase/phosphatase cascades are potentially important components. aphid fecundity and susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae infection were determined in the low light-grown arabidopsis thaliana wild type and in mutant lines defective in either the protein phosphatase (pp)2a regulatory subunit b'γ (gamma; pp2a-b'γ) or b'ζ (zeta; pp2a-b'ζ1-1 and pp2a-b'ζ 1-2) and in gamma zeta doubl ...	2014	25191331
glutathione reductase-mediated synthesis of tellurium-containing nanostructures exhibiting antibacterial properties.	tellurium, a metalloid belonging to group 16 of the periodic table, displays very interesting physical and chemical properties and lately has attracted significant attention for its use in nanotechnology. in this context, the use of microorganisms for synthesizing nanostructures emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach compared to their chemical synthesis. to generate te-containing nanostructures, bacteria enzymatically reduce tellurite to elemental tellurium. in this work, using a class ...	2014	25193000
perturbation of bacterial ice nucleation activity by a grass antifreeze protein.	certain plant-associating bacteria produce ice nucleation proteins (inps) which allow the crystallization of water at high subzero temperatures. many of these microbes are considered plant pathogens since the formed ice can damage tissues, allowing access to nutrients. intriguingly, certain plants that host these bacteria synthesize antifreeze proteins (afps). once freezing has occurred, plant afps likely function to inhibit the growth of large damaging ice crystals. however, we postulated that ...	2014	25193694
genome-wide identification of microrna and sirna responsive to endophytic beneficial diazotrophic bacteria in maize.	small rna (srna) has been described as a regulator of gene expression. in order to understand the role of maize srna (zea mays-hybrid uenf 506-8) during association with endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, we analyzed the srna regulated by its association with two diazotrophic bacteria, herbaspirillum seropedicae and azospirillum brasilense.	2014	25194793
ethylene production in relation to nitrogen metabolism in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	we have previously shown that ethylene production in saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae is strongly influenced by variations in the mode of cultivation as well as the choice of nitrogen source. here, we have studied the influence of nitrogen metabolism on the production of ethylene further. using ammonium, glutamate, glutamate/arginine, and arginine as nitrogen sources, it was found that glutamate (with or without arginine) correlates ...	2014	25195797
[erwinia amylovora--the fire blight pathogen of trees in ukraine].	niduses of fire blight of fruit and ornamental trees have been found in the kyiv and vinnitsa regions of ukraine. pathogen erwinia amylovora was isolated between april and october. the pathogen was often accompanied by bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. artificial infection with a mixture of bacteria e. amylovora and p. syringae pv. syringae accelerates and enhances the disease process in the laboratory.	2014	25199342
synonymous codon bias and functional constraint on gc3-related dna backbone dynamics in the prokaryotic nucleoid.	while mrna stability has been demonstrated to control rates of translation, generating both global and local synonymous codon biases in many unicellular organisms, this explanation cannot adequately explain why codon bias strongly tracks neighboring intergene gc content; suggesting that structural dynamics of dna might also influence codon choice. because minor groove width is highly governed by 3-base periodicity in gc, the existence of triplet-based codons might imply a functional role for the ...	2014	25200075
genome-wide annotation of the soybean wrky family and functional characterization of genes involved in response to phakopsora pachyrhizi infection.	many previous studies have shown that soybean wrky transcription factors are involved in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of asian soybean rust, one of the most important soybean diseases. there are evidences that wrkys are involved in the resistance of some soybean genotypes against that fungus. the number of wrky genes already annotated in soybean genome was underrepresented. in the present study, a genome-wide annotation of the soybe ...	2014	25201117
toward a systems understanding of plant-microbe interactions.	plants are closely associated with microorganisms including pathogens and mutualists that influence plant fitness. molecular genetic approaches have uncovered a number of signaling components from both plants and microbes and their mode of actions. however, signaling pathways are highly interconnected and influenced by diverse sets of environmental factors. therefore, it is important to have systems views in order to understand the true nature of plant-microbe interactions. indeed, systems biolo ...	2014	25202320
the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris exploits n-acetylglucosamine during infection.	n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac), the main component of chitin and a major constituent of bacterial peptidoglycan, is present only in trace amounts in plants, in contrast to the huge amount of various sugars that compose the polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. thus, glcnac has not previously been considered a substrate exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of brassica plants, expresses a carbohyd ...	2014	25205095
endophytes as producers of peptides: an overview about the recently discovered peptides from endophytic microbes.	an endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that lives within a plant in a symbiotic relationship. extensive colonization of the plant tissue by endophytes creates a barrier effect, where they outcompete and prevent pathogenic organisms from taking hold. this happens by producing secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of the competitors or pathogens. in this way they play a very important role in the plant defence mechanisms. the metabolites produced by these endophytes fall within a wide range ...	2014	25205333
expression patterns of flagellin sensing 2 map to bacterial entry sites in plant shoots and roots.	pathogens can colonize all plant organs and tissues. to prevent this, each cell must be capable of autonomously triggering defence. therefore, it is generally assumed that primary sensors of the immune system are constitutively present. one major primary sensor against bacterial infection is the flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) pattern recognition receptor (prr). to gain insights into its expression pattern, the fls2 promoter activity in β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter lines was monitored. the data sho ...	2014	25205577
phage display creates innovative applications to combat hepatitis b virus.	hepatitis b virus (hbv) has killed countless lives in human history. the invention of hbv vaccines in the 20(th) century has reduced significantly the rate of the viral infection. however, currently there is no effective treatment for chronic hbv carriers. newly emerging vaccine escape mutants and drug resistant strains have complicated the viral eradication program. the entire world is now facing a new threat of hbv and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. could phage display provide solu ...	2014	25206271
convergent targeting of a common host protein-network by pathogen effectors from three kingdoms of life.	while conceptual principles governing plant immunity are becoming clear, its systems-level organization and the evolutionary dynamic of the host-pathogen interface are still obscure. we generated a systematic protein-protein interaction network of virulence effectors from the ascomycete pathogen golovinomyces orontii and arabidopsis thaliana host proteins. we combined this data set with corresponding data for the eubacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae and the oomycete pathogen hyaloperonospor ...	2014	25211078
[agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ljamp2 gene into 'red sun' kiwifruit and its molecular identification].	bacterial canker caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is one of the most important diseases of kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) and leads to considerable yield losses. in order to obtain transgenic plants with resistance for 'red sun' kiwifruit to canker disease, a non-specific lipid transfer protein-like antimicrobial protein gene (ljamp2) from motherwort (leonurus japonicus) was introduced into 'red sun' kiwifruit through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. after two days of co-cult ...	2014	25212010
shigella flexneri targets the hp1γ subcode through the phosphothreonine lyase ospf.	hp1 proteins are transcriptional regulators that, like histones, are targets for post-translational modifications defining an hp1-mediated subcode. hp1γ has multiple phosphorylation sites, including serine 83 (s83) that marks it to sites of active transcription. in a guinea pig model for shigella enterocolitis, we observed that the defective type iii secretion mxid shigella flexneri strain caused more hp1γ phosphorylation in the colon than the wild-type strain. shigella interferes with hp1 phosp ...	2014	25216677
the facultative symbiont rickettsia protects an invasive whitefly against entomopathogenic pseudomonas syringae strains.	facultative endosymbionts can benefit insect hosts in a variety of ways, including context-dependent roles, such as providing defense against pathogens. the role of some symbionts in defense may be overlooked, however, when pathogen infection is transient, sporadic, or asymptomatic. the facultative endosymbiont rickettsia increases the fitness of the sweet potato whitefly (bemisia tabaci) in some populations through mechanisms that are not yet understood. in this study, we investigated the role ...	2014	25217020
tomato wrky transcriptional factor sldrw1 is required for disease resistance against botrytis cinerea and tolerance to oxidative stress.	wrky proteins comprise a large family of transcription factors that play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses; however, only a few of tomato wrkys have been studied for their biological functions. in the present study, we identified a botrytis cinerea-responsive wrky gene sldrw1 (solanum lycopersicumdefense-related wrky1) from tomato. sldrw1 is a nucleus localized protein with transactivation activity in yeast. expression of sldrw1 was significantly induced by b. cin ...	2014	25219316
common mechanisms activate plant guard receptors and tlr4.	in metazoans, the innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors to detect conserved microbial products, whereas in plants guard receptors detect virulence factors or activities encoded by pathogens. in a recent study, williams and colleagues report that plant guard receptors can be activated by a mechanism remarkably similar to that of mammalian toll-like receptor 4.	2014	25224694
o serotype-independent susceptibility of pseudomonas aeruginosa to lectin-like pyocins.	lectin-like bacteriocins of the llpa family, originally identified in plant-associated bacteria, are narrow-spectrum antibacterial proteins composed of two tandemly organized monocot mannose-binding lectin (mmbl) domains. the llpa-like bacteriocin of pseudomonas aeruginosa c1433, pyocin l1, lacks any similarity to known p. aeruginosa bacteriocins. the initial interaction of pyocin l1 with target cells is mediated by binding to d-rhamnose, present in the common polysaccharide antigen of lipopolys ...	2014	25224846
the mitochondrial outer membrane aaa atpase atom66 affects cell death and pathogen resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	one of the most stress-responsive genes encoding a mitochondrial protein in arabidopsis (at3g50930) has been annotated as atbcs1 (cytochrome bc1 synthase 1), but was previously functionally uncharacterised. here, we show that the protein encoded by at3g50930 is present as a homo-multimeric protein complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane and lacks the bcs1 domain present in yeast and mammalian bcs1 proteins, with the sequence similarity restricted to the aaa atpase domain. thus we propose to ...	2014	25227923
dna demethylases target promoter transposable elements to positively regulate stress responsive genes in arabidopsis.	dna demethylases regulate dna methylation levels in eukaryotes. arabidopsis encodes four dna demethylases, demeter (dme), repressor of silencing 1 (ros1), demeter-like 2 (dml2), and dml3. while dme is involved in maternal specific gene expression during seed development, the biological function of the remaining dna demethylases remains unclear.	2014	25228471
extracellular atp acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (damp) signal in plants.	as sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (damps). atp is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that atp can serve as a damp. although little studied in plants, extracellular atp is well known for its signaling roles in animals, includin ...	2014	25232361
lipopolysaccharides in diazotrophic bacteria.	biological nitrogen fixation (bnf) is a process in which the atmospheric nitrogen (n2) is transformed into ammonia (nh3) by a select group of nitrogen-fixing organisms, or diazotrophic bacteria. in order to furnish the biologically useful nitrogen to plants, these bacteria must be in constant molecular communication with their host plants. some of these molecular plant-microbe interactions are very specific, resulting in a symbiotic relationship between the diazotroph and the host. others are fo ...	2014	25232535
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of nbs-encoding genes in malus x domestica and expansion of nbs genes family in rosaceae.	nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeats (nbs-lrr) disease resistance proteins play an important role in plant defense against pathogen attack. a number of recent studies have been carried out to identify and characterize nbs-lrr gene families in many important plant species. in this study, we identified nbs-lrr gene family comprising of 1015 nbs-lrrs using highly stringent computational methods. these nbs-lrrs were characterized on the basis of conserved protein motifs, gene duplication eve ...	2014	25232838
n-acyl-homoserine lactones-producing bacteria protect plants against plant and human pathogens.	the implementation of beneficial microorganisms for plant protection has a long history. many rhizobia bacteria are able to influence the immune system of host plants by inducing resistance towards pathogenic microorganisms. in this report, we present a translational approach in which we demonstrate the resistance-inducing effect of ensifer meliloti (sinorhizobium meliloti) on crop plants that have a significant impact on the worldwide economy and on human nutrition. ensifer meliloti is usually ...	2014	25234390
pepper mitochondrial formate dehydrogenase1 regulates cell death and defense responses against bacterial pathogens.	formate dehydrogenase (fdh; ec 1.2.1.2) is an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. here, we report the identification and characterization of pepper (capsicum annuum) mitochondrial fdh1 as a positive regulator of cell death and defense responses. transient expression of fdh1 caused hypersensitive response (hr)-like cell death in pepper and nicotiana benthamiana leaves. the d-isomer -: specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase signatures of fdh1 were required ...	2014	25237129
the impact of pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors on transient protein expression in tobacco.	the production of recombinant proteins in plants is often achieved by transient expression, e.g. following the injection or vacuum infiltration of agrobacterium tumefaciens into tobacco leaves. we investigated the associated plant defence responses, revealing that callose deposition is triggered by t-dna transfer and that subsets of secondary metabolites accumulate in response to mechanical wounding or the presence of bacteria. we also tested the ability of five co-expressed type iii effector pr ...	2015	25243954
determining the gmrin4 requirements of the soybean disease resistance proteins rpg1b and rpg1r using a nicotiana glutinosa-based agroinfiltration system.	rpg1b and rpg1r are soybean disease resistance (r) genes responsible for conferring resistance to pseudomonas syringae strains expressing the effectors avrb and avrrpm1, respectively. the study of these cloned genes would be greatly facilitated by the availability of a suitable transient expression system. the commonly used niciotiana benthamiana-based system is not suitable for studying rpg1b and rpg1r function, however, because expression of avrb or avrrpm1 alone induces a hypersensitive respo ...	2014	25244054
resistance inducers modulate pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 response in tomato plants.	the efficacy of hexanoic acid (hx) as an inducer of resistance in tomato plants against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 was previously demonstrated, and the plant response was characterized. because little is known about the reaction of the pathogen to this effect, the goal of the present work was to determine whether the changes in the plant defence system affect the pathogen behaviour. this work provides the first demonstration of the response of the pathogen to the changes observed in ...	2014	25244125
calcium is the switch in the moonlighting dual function of the ligand-activated receptor kinase phytosulfokine receptor 1.	a number of receptor kinases contain guanylate cyclase (gc) catalytic centres encapsulated in the cytosolic kinase domain. a prototypical example is the phytosulfokine receptor 1 (pskr1) that is involved in regulating growth responses in plants. pskr1 contains both kinase and gc activities however the underlying mechanisms regulating the dual functions have remained elusive.	2014	25245092
mechanisms by which the infection of sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de bary affects the photosynthetic performance in tobacco leaves.	sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de bary is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen which causes disease in a wide range of plants. an observed decrease in photosynthetic performance is the primary reason for the reduction of crop yield induced by s. sclerotiorum. the h2c2o4 is the main pathogenic material secreted by s. sclerotiorum, but the effects of h2c2o4 acidity and the c2o4 2- ion on photosynthetic performance remain unknown.	2014	25246003
shigella ipah7.8 e3 ubiquitin ligase targets glomulin and activates inflammasomes to demolish macrophages.	when nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (nlrs) sense cytosolic-invading bacteria, they induce the formation of inflammasomes and initiate an innate immune response. in quiescent cells, inflammasome activity is tightly regulated to prevent excess inflammation and cell death. many bacterial pathogens provoke inflammasome activity and induce inflammatory responses, including cell death, by delivering type iii secreted effectors, the rod component flagellin, and toxins. recent ...	2014	25246571
molecular mechanisms of two-component system rhprs regulating type iii secretion system in pseudomonas syringae.	pseudomonas syringae uses the two-component system rhprs to regulate the expression of type iii secretion system (t3ss) genes and bacterial virulence. however, the molecular mechanisms and the regulons of rhprs have yet to be fully elucidated. here, we show that rhps functions as a kinase and a phosphatase on rhpr and as an autokinase upon itself. rhpr is phosphorylated by the small phosphodonor acetyl phosphate. a specific rhpr-binding site containing the inverted repeat (ir) motif gtatc-n6-gat ...	2014	25249629
large-scale analysis of nbs domain-encoding resistance gene analogs in triticeae.	proteins containing nucleotide binding sites (nbs) encoded by plant resistance genes play an important role in the response of plants to a wide array of pathogens. in this paper, an in silico search was conducted in order to identify and characterize members of nbs-encoding gene family in the tribe of triticeae. a final dataset of 199 sequences was obtained by four search methods. motif analysis confirmed the general structural organization of the nbs domain in cereals, characterized by the pres ...	2014	25249784
zmgns, a maize class i β-1,3-glucanase, is induced by biotic stresses and possesses strong antimicrobial activity.	plant β-1,3-glucanases are members of the pathogenesis-related protein 2 (pr-2) family, which is one of the 17 pr protein families and plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. one of the differentially expressed proteins (spot 842) identified in a recent proteomic comparison between five pairs of closely related maize (zea mays l.) lines differing in aflatoxin resistance was further investigated in the present study. here, the corresponding cdna was cloned from maize and des ...	2015	25251325
sequence co-evolution gives 3d contacts and structures of protein complexes.	protein-protein interactions are fundamental to many biological processes. experimental screens have identified tens of thousands of interactions, and structural biology has provided detailed functional insight for select 3d protein complexes. an alternative rich source of information about protein interactions is the evolutionary sequence record. building on earlier work, we show that analysis of correlated evolutionary sequence changes across proteins identifies residues that are close in spac ...	2014	25255213
teaching fido new modification tricks.		2014	25255332
bacterial effectors and their functions in the ubiquitin-proteasome system: insight from the modes of substrate recognition.	protein ubiquitination plays indispensable roles in the regulation of cell homeostasis and pathogenesis of neoplastic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. given the importance of this modification, it is to be expected that several pathogenic bacteria have developed the ability to utilize the host ubiquitin system for their own benefit. modulation of the host ubiquitin system by bacterial effector proteins inhibits innate immune responses and hijacks central signaling pathways. bacterial ...	2014	25257025
improving product yields on d-glucose in escherichia coli via knockout of pgi and zwf and feeding of supplemental carbon sources.	the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for microbial fermentation processes presents an opportunity for increasing the yield of bioproducts derived directly from glucose. lignocellulosic biomass consists of several fermentable sugars, including glucose, xylose, and arabinose. in this study, we investigate the ability of an e. coli δpgi δzwf mutant to consume alternative carbon sources (xylose, arabinose, and glycerol) for growth while reserving glucose for product formation. deletion ...	2014	25258165
improving product yields on d-glucose in escherichia coli via knockout of pgi and zwf and feeding of supplemental carbon sources.	the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for microbial fermentation processes presents an opportunity for increasing the yield of bioproducts derived directly from glucose. lignocellulosic biomass consists of several fermentable sugars, including glucose, xylose, and arabinose. in this study, we investigate the ability of an e. coli δpgi δzwf mutant to consume alternative carbon sources (xylose, arabinose, and glycerol) for growth while reserving glucose for product formation. deletion ...	2014	25258165
splicing of receptor-like kinase-encoding snc4 and cerk1 is regulated by two conserved splicing factors that are required for plant immunity.	plant immune receptors belonging to the receptor-like kinase (rlk) family play important roles in the recognition of microbial pathogens and activation of downstream defense responses. the arabidopsis mutant snc4-1d contains a gain-of-function mutation in the rlk snc4 (suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive4), which leads to constitutive activation of defense responses. analysis of suppressor mutants of snc4-1d identified two conserved splicing factors, sua (suppressor of abi3-5) and rsn2 (required ...	2014	25267732
global transcriptional profiles of the copper responses in the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803.	copper is an essential element involved in fundamental processes like respiration and photosynthesis. however, it becomes toxic at high concentration, which has forced organisms to control its cellular concentration. we have recently described a copper resistance system in the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803, which is mediated by the two-component system, coprs, a rnd metal transport system, copbac and a protein of unknown function, copm. here, we report the transcriptional responses t ...	2014	25268225
genome features of the endophytic actinobacterium micromonospora lupini strain lupac 08: on the process of adaptation to an endophytic life style?	endophytic microorganisms live inside plants for at least part of their life cycle. according to their life strategies, bacterial endophytes can be classified as "obligate" or "facultative". reports that members of the genus micromonospora, gram-positive actinobacteria, are normal occupants of nitrogen-fixing nodules has opened up a question as to what is the ecological role of these bacteria in interactions with nitrogen-fixing plants and whether it is in a process of adaptation from a terrestr ...	2014	25268993
the receptor kinase impaired oomycete susceptibility1 attenuates abscisic acid responses in arabidopsis.	in plants, membrane-bound receptor kinases are essential for developmental processes, immune responses to pathogens and the establishment of symbiosis. we previously identified the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) receptor kinase impaired oomycete susceptibility1 (ios1) as required for successful infection with the downy mildew pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. we report here that ios1 is also required for full susceptibility of arabidopsis to unrelated (hemi)biotrophic filamentous oomy ...	2014	25274985
ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity.	lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense pathogen invasion. the activation of prrs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. protein post-translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. in this review, we discuss the specific regulation of prr activation and signalling by protein ubiqu ...	2014	25275148
comparative sequence analysis and mutagenesis of ethylene forming enzyme (efe) 2-oxoglutarate/fe(ii)-dependent dioxygenase homologs.	ethylene is one of the most used chemical monomers derived from non-renewable sources and we are investigating the possibility of producing it in yeast via the ethylene forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae. to enable engineering strategies to improve the enzyme, it is necessary to identify the regions and amino acid residues involved in ethylene formation.	2014	25278273
transcriptional and metabolic signatures of arabidopsis responses to chewing damage by an insect herbivore and bacterial infection and the consequences of their interaction.	plants use multiple interacting signaling systems to identify and respond to biotic stresses. although it is often assumed that there is specificity in signaling responses to specific pests, this is rarely examined outside of the gene-for-gene relationships of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, we first compared early events in gene expression and later events in metabolite profiles of arabidopsis thaliana following attack by either the caterpillar spodoptera exigua or avirulent (dc3000 ...	2014	25278943
wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage.	plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. the constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle ...	2014	25278948
transcriptome analysis of gossypium hirsutum flower buds infested by cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis) larvae.	cotton is a major fibre crop grown worldwide that suffers extensive damage from chewing insects, including the cotton boll weevil larvae (anthonomus grandis). transcriptome analysis was performed to understand the molecular interactions between gossypium hirsutum l. and cotton boll weevil larvae. the illumina hiseq 2000 platform was used to sequence the transcriptome of cotton flower buds infested with boll weevil larvae.	2014	25280771
cyclin-dependent kinase8 differentially regulates plant immunity to fungal pathogens through kinase-dependent and -independent functions in arabidopsis.	cyclin-dependent kinase8 (cdk8) is a widely studied component of eukaryotic mediator complexes. however, the biological and molecular functions of plant cdk8 are not well understood. here, we provide evidence for regulatory functions of arabidopsis thaliana cdk8 in defense and demonstrate its functional and molecular interactions with other mediator and non-mediator subunits. the cdk8 mutant exhibits enhanced resistance to botrytis cinerea but susceptibility to alternaria brassicicola. the contr ...	2014	25281690