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wild birds in romania are more exposed to west nile virus than to newcastle disease virus.the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of west nile virus (wnv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) in wild and domestic birds from romania. during 2011-2014, 159 plasma samples from wild birds assigned to 11 orders, 27 families, and 61 species and from 21 domestic birds (gallus gallus domesticus, anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were collected. the sera were assayed by two commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) kits for antibodies against wnv and ndv. we ...201626824796
light and electron microscopic study of mature spermatozoa from white pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos): an ultrastructural and molecular analysis.the morphology, ultrastructure, and functions of mature avian spermatozoa have been of immense commercial and scientific interest for several reasons. this is mainly important in case of birds in poultry production, conservation, and in the use of sperm morphometry as phylogenetic evidence. avian spermatozoa share complex or no correlation of sperm morphometry with respect to testis and/or body size as described before. in this work, we have isolated mature spermatozoa from white pekin duck (ana ...201626824840
a duck reovirus variant with a unique deletion in the sigma c gene exhibiting high pathogenicity in pekin ducklings.a novel strain of duck reovirus (drv) associated with a high mortality in pekin ducklings in china, 2013, was isolated and characterized. this strain (designated as hn5d) grew well in vero cells and produced marked cytopathic effects. hn5d contains 10 dsrna genome segments, a typical feature of avian orthoreovirus. following cloning, sequencing, and sequence analysis of the genome segments, a unique deletion of 18 amino acids was found in the sigma c protein of hn5d when compared with that of th ...201626829009
complete genome sequence of a genotype xvii newcastle disease virus, isolated from an apparently healthy domestic duck in nigeria.the first complete genome sequence of a strain of newcastle disease virus (ndv) of genotype xvii is described here. a velogenic strain (duck/nigeria/903/kudu-113/1992) was isolated from an apparently healthy free-roaming domestic duck sampled in kuru, nigeria, in 1992. phylogenetic analysis of the fusion protein gene and complete genome classified the isolate as a member of ndv class ii, genotype xvii.201626847901
global transcriptional expression in ovarian follicles from tsaiya ducks (anas platyrhynchos) with a high-fertilization rate.novel candidates for biomarkers of a high-fertilization rate were identified here through global transcriptional profiling of ovarian follicles. some other differentially expressed candidate genes were first noted to influence animal reproduction in our previous cdna microarray analysis and are now recognized as markers for marker-assisted selection. in the present study, we compared gene expression in ovarian follicles from animals with high- and low-fertilization rates using an oligonucleotide ...201626861074
developmental ossification sequences of the appendicular and axial skeleton in kuttanad duck embryos (anas platyrhynchos domesticus).the processes of ossification sequences are poorly investigated for birds in general, even for domestic and experimental species and when it comes to the waterfowl it is almost negligible. such sequences constitute a rich source of data on character evolution, and may even provide phylogenetic information. a pre-hatch developmental study on ossification sequences of axial and appendicular skeletal system in kuttanad duck embryos was undertaken using 78 viable embryos. from day 3 to day 7 of incu ...201626862514
timing and location of reproduction in african waterfowl: an overview of >100 years of nest records.the timing and location of reproduction are fundamental elements of reproductive success for all organisms. understanding why animals choose to reproduce at particular times and in particular places is also important for our understanding of other aspects of organismal ecology, such as their habitat requirements, movement strategies, and biogeography. although breeding patterns in waterfowl are relatively well documented, most studies are from northern temperate regions and the influences of loc ...201626865954
a panel of stably expressed reference genes for real-time qpcr gene expression studies of mallards (anas platyrhynchos).determining which reference genes have the highest stability, and are therefore appropriate for normalising data, is a crucial step in the design of real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) gene expression studies. this is particularly warranted in non-model and ecologically important species for which appropriate reference genes are lacking, such as the mallard--a key reservoir of many diseases with relevance for human and livestock health. previous studies assessing gene expression changes as a conse ...201626886224
biological characterization of metanephric mesenchymal stem cells from the beijing duck.mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) possess self-proliferation and multi-directional differentiation abilities. previous studies on mscs have mostly focused on the bone marrow, lungs, pancreas and umbilical cord blood, with few studies on metanephric tissues in ducks. for the present study, the beijing duck was selected as an experimental animal. duck embryo metanephric mesenchymal stem cells (mmscs) were studied. mmsc isolation culture, analysis of biological characteristics, induced differentiation ...201626893628
development of endothermy and concomitant increases in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in the precocial pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos domestica).attaining endothermic homeothermy occurs at different times post-hatching in birds and is associated with maturation of metabolic and aerobic capacity. simultaneous measurements at the organism, organ and cellular levels during the transition to endothermy reveal means by which this change in phenotype occurs. we examined development of endothermy in precocial pekin ducks ( italic! anas platyrhynchos domestica) by measuring whole-animal o2consumption ( italic! v̇o2 ) as animals cooled from 35 to ...201626896549
triple-yolked eggs in domestic ducks: a rare occurrence.multiple-yolked avian eggs, and especially triple-yolked (ty) eggs, are rare. over two years, 48,224 duck eggs (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were individually candled and seven (0.0145%) ty eggs were identified in a commercial breeding and incubation environment. when compared with double-yolked eggs (salamon and kent,2016) their mean weight, length, width and shape index did not differ, but their dimensions were greater than for single-yolked duck eggs. yolk fertility in the ty eggs was low ( ...201626908889
emergence and development of h7n9 influenza viruses in china.the occurrence of human infections with avian h7n9 viruses since 2013 demonstrates the continuing pandemic threat posed by the current influenza ecosystem in china. influenza surveillance and phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses were generated by multiple interspecies transmissions and reassortments among the viruses resident in domestic ducks and the h9n2 viruses enzootic in chickens. a large population of domestic ducks hosting diverse influenza viruses provided the precondition for ...201626922715
high prevalence and putative lineage maintenance of avian coronaviruses in scandinavian waterfowl.coronaviruses (covs) are found in a wide variety of wild and domestic animals, and constitute a risk for zoonotic and emerging infectious disease. in poultry, the genetic diversity, evolution, distribution and taxonomy of some coronaviruses have been well described, but little is known about the features of covs in wild birds. in this study we screened 764 samples from 22 avian species of the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes in sweden collected in 2006/2007 for cov, with an overall cov pr ...201626938459
dietary threonine response of pekin ducks from hatch to 14 d of age based on performance, serology, and intestinal mucin secretion.two experiments were conducted to determine the dietary threonine (thr) requirement of pekin ducks from hatch to 14 d of age. in experiment 1, practical corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to contain 0.78, 0.84, 0.90, 0.96, and 1.02% thr (0.74, 0.83, 0.88, 0.92, and 1.00% thr on an analyzed basis). in experiment 2, corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 11 crystalline amino acids were formulated to contain 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, and 1.10% thr (0.60, 0.75, 0.89, 0.95, 1.01, and 1.09 ...201626944967
effect of feed consumption levels on growth performance and carcass composition during the force-feeding period in foie gras production of male mule ducks.in order to avoid excess feed consumption during the force-feeding period in foie gras production, a dose-response experiment with seven feed consumption levels (450, 540, 630, 720, 810, 900, 990 g/day per bird) was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed consumption levels on growth performance and carcass composition of male mule ducks from 91 to 102 days of age. one-day-old mule ducklings (sterile and artificial hybrid of male albatre muscovy duck and female pekin duck were fed a two-phase ...201626948181
efficacy of a recombinant turkey herpesvirus h5 vaccine against challenge with h5n1 clades 1.1.2 and 2.3.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus).domestic ducks are the second most abundant poultry species in many asian countries and have played a critical role in the epizootiology of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai).in this study, the protective efficacy of a live recombinant vector vaccine based on a turkey herpesvirus (hvt) expressing the h5 gene from a clade 2.2 h5n1 hpai strain (a/swan/hungary/4999/ 2006) (rhvt-h5/2.2), given at 3 days of age, was examined in pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus). the vaccine was g ...201626953940
antioxidant enzyme activity, iron content and lipid oxidation of raw and cooked meat of korean native chickens and other poultry.this study was conducted to observe antioxidant enzyme activity, iron content and lipid oxidation of korean native chickens and other poultry. the breast and thigh meat of three korean native chicken breeds including woorimatdak, hyunin black and yeonsan ogye, and three commercial poultry breeds including the broiler, white leghorn and pekin duck (anasplatyrhyncos domesticus) were studied. the analyses of the antioxidant enzymes activity, iron content and lipid oxidation were performed in raw an ...201626954148
identification and comparative proteomic study of quail and duck egg white protein using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis.a proteomic study of egg white proteins from 2 major poultry species, namely quail (coturnix coturnix) and duck (anas platyrhynchos), was performed with comparison to those of chicken (gallus gallus) through 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-de) analysis. by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms/ms), 29 protein spots representing 10 different kinds of proteins as well as 17 protein spots designating 9 proteins we ...201626957635
survey for west nile virus antibodies in wild ducks, 2004-06, usa.detection of west nile virus (wnv) in ducks has been reported in north america in isolated cases of mortality in wild waterbirds and following outbreaks in farmed ducks. although the virus has been noted as an apparent incidental finding in several species of ducks, little is known about the prevalence of exposure or the outcome of infection with wnv in wild ducks in north america. from 2004-06, we collected sera from 1,406 wild-caught american wigeon ( anas americana ), mallard ( anas platyrhyn ...201626981693
does influenza a virus infection affect movement behaviour during stopover in its wild reservoir host?the last decade has seen a surge in research on avian influenza a viruses (iavs), in part fuelled by the emergence, spread and potential zoonotic importance of highly pathogenic virus subtypes. the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) is the most numerous and widespread dabbling duck in the world, and one of the most important natural hosts for studying iav transmission dynamics. in order to predict the likelihood of iav transmission between individual ducks and to other hosts, as well as between geogra ...201626998334
characterization of a novel h3n2 influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in china.cases of human infection with a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in march 2013, which caused 115 deaths within a single year. beyond that, other subtypes of h7 aiv were isolated from poultry in eastern china during the same period, including h7n7 and h7n2 aiv. in the present study, a subtype h3n2 aiv was isolated from ducks from anhui province, china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that seven gene segments of this virus showed the highest sequence homology ...201627000112
genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of south-east asian duck populations based on the mtdna d-loop sequences.the maternally inherited mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop region is widely used for exploring genetic relationships and for investigating the origin of various animal species. currently, domestic ducks play an important role in animal protein supply. in this study, partial mtdna d-loop sequences were obtained from 145 samples belonging to six south-east asian duck populations and commercial duck population. all these populations were closely related to the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos), as i ...201627004808
characterization of the duck (anas platyrhynchos) rbm24 and rbm38 genes and their expression profiles in myoblast and skeletal muscle tissues.rna-binding motif proteins 24 (rbm24) and 38 (rbm38) are known to regulate genes expression in a post-transcriptional way. however, it remains unclear about the similarities and differences between rbm24 and rbm38 in terms of their sequence characteristics and expression profiles during myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle development. in this study, we found that the coding domain sequences (cdss) of duck rbm24 and rbm38 consisted of 678 and 648 nucleotides, respectively. both of them c ...201627040525
distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), neuropeptide y (npy) and galanin (gal) in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica).cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), neuropeptide y (npy) and galanin (gal) act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. their presence has been found in different taxonomic groups, in particular in mammals. however, only few investigators have studied these neuropeptides in the class aves (birds). the aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of cart, npy and gal in the pterygopalatine ganglion (ppg) of the dom ...201627044589
hemato-biochemical and pathological changes on avian influenza in naturally infected domestic ducks in egypt.few studies have been made in regard to avian influenza (ai) in ducks, thus the aim of this work was planned to investigate the hematological, biochemical, and pathological changes in domestic egyptian ducks naturally infected with ai.201527047014
discovery, characterization, and functional study of a novel mef2d cag repeat in duck (anas platyrhynchos).myocyte enhancer transcription factor 2d (mef2d) is an important transcription factor for promoting the growth and development of muscle. cag repeats have been found in the coding sequence (cds) of avian mef2d; however, their functions remain unknown and require further investigation. here, we examined the characteristics and functional role of mef2d cag repeat in duck. the full-length cds of duck mef2d was cloned for the first time, and a novel cag repeat was identified and located in exon 9. s ...201627064738
meiotic recombination analysis in female ducks (anas platyrhynchos).meiotic recombination in female ducks was directly studied by immunolocalization of mlh1 protein, a mismatch repair protein of mature recombination nodules. in total, 6820 crossovers were scored along the autosomal synaptonemal complexes in 122 meiotic nuclei. from this analysis we predict that the female map length of the duck is 2845 cm, with a genome wide recombination rate of 2 cm/mb. mlh1-focus mapping along the six largest bivalents shows regional variations of recombination frequencies th ...201627115519
isolation and molecular characterization of reassortant h11n3 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in zhejiang province in china.in july 2013, six h11n3 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated from domestic ducks in zhejiang province in eastern china. these strains were characterized by whole genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. phylogenetic analysis of all eight viral genes showed that these strains clustered in the aiv eurasian lineage, and these strains received their genes from h11, h7, and h1 aivs in eastern china. these strains were found to be minimally pathog ...201627142079
genetic parameters for residual feed intake in a random population of pekin duck.the feed intake (fi) and feed efficiency are economically important traits in ducks. to obtain insight into this economically important trait, we designed an experiment based on the residual feed intake (rfi) and feed conversion ratio (fcr) of a random population pekin duck.201727165030
molecular phylogeny of some avian species using cytochrome b gene sequence analysis.veritable identification and differentiation of avian species is a vital step in conservative, taxonomic, forensic, legal and other ornithological interventions. therefore, this study involved the application of molecular approach to identify some avian species i.e. chicken (gallus gallus), muskovy duck (cairina moschata), japanese quail (coturnix japonica), laughing dove (streptopelia senegalensis), and rock pigeon (columba livia). genomic dna was extracted from blood samples and partial sequen ...201527175180
survey on intestinal helminth fauna of woodcocks (scolopax rusticola) in italy.every year populations of the european woodcock (scolopax rusticola) migrate from central and northern europe to the mediterranean basin. south of italy is one of the most common wintering site for this species. given that information on parasites of woodcocks is scarce, the present study aimed at identifying the parasitic species affecting woodcocks migrating in italy. the gastrointestinal tract of 206 woodcocks hunted in southern italy was removed and examined for parasites. from each animal a ...201627188826
myostatin in black muscovy duck (cairina moschata): full-length cdna cloning and age-dependent mrna expression compared with igf-i.insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) and myostatin (mstn) are a pair of critical positive and negative growth regulators. the aim of the current study was to examine the age-dependent and muscle-specific expression of igf-i and mstn mrnas in black muscovy ducks in order to understand their roles in regulating the postnatal muscle growth of domestic ducks. the full-length cdna of the black muscovy duck mstn gene was cloned and the age-dependent mrna expression profile was compared with that of th ...201627213714
neuroinvasive influenza virus a(h5n8) in fattening ducks, hungary, 2015.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a virus h5n8 was detected in far east asian countries during 2014 and emerged in late 2014 in european countries. hungary reported a hpai a(h5n8) outbreak during late winter of 2015 at a pekin duck fattening facility. epidemiologic monitoring was extended to holdings in neighboring areas and nearby habitats used by wild birds but failed to identify the source of infection. in addition to respiratory symptoms, the affected birds showed lethargy and neurona ...201627215706
new reassortant h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in southern china, 2014.new reassortant h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in southern china in 2014. our results show that the viruses grew efficiently in eggs and replicated systemically in chickens. they were completely lethal in chicken (100% mortality), and the mean death time was 6 to 7 days post-inoculation. the viruses could transmit in chickens by naïve contact. blast analysis revealed that their ha gene was most closely related to a/wild ...201627242767
express sequence tag analysis - identification of anseriformes trypsin genes from full-length cdna library of the duck (anas platyrhynchos) and characterization of their structure and function.trypsins are key proteins important in animal protein digestion by breaking down the peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine and arginine residues, hence it has been used widely in various biotechnological processes. in the current study, a full-length cdna library with capacity of 5·10(5) cfu/ml from the duck (anas platyrhynchos) was constructed. using express sequence tag (est) sequencing, genes coding two trypsins were identified and two full-length trypsin cdnas were then obtained by ra ...201627260395
compensatory load redistribution in labrador retrievers when carrying different weights--a non-randomized prospective trial.retrievers are dogs particularly bred to retrieve birds or other small game, for the retrieval, the dogs are typically sent to the place where the shot game has fallen or to search the field for the wounded but still live game in order to return them to the hunter as quickly as possible. examples of game animals are pheasants, mallard ducks and rabbits. for training, dummies with a variety of weights are used to simulate the retrieval of various types of game. the aim of this non-randomized pros ...201627268096
duck gut viral metagenome analysis captures snapshot of viral diversity.ducks (anas platyrhynchos) an economically important waterfowl for meat, eggs and feathers; is also a natural reservoir for influenza a viruses. the emergence of novel viruses is attributed to the status of co-existence of multiple types and subtypes of viruses in the reservoir hosts. for effective prediction of future viral epidemic or pandemic an in-depth understanding of the virome status in the key reservoir species is highly essential.201627284287
lessons from the largest epidemic of avian influenza viruses in taiwan, 2015.the largest epidemic of avian influenza (ai) in history attacked poultry and wild birds throughout taiwan starting january 6, 2015. this study analyzed surveillance results, epidemiologic characteristics, and viral sequences by using government-released information, with the intention to provide recommendations to minimize future pandemic influenza. the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs) had not been detected in taiwan before 2015. during this epidemic, four types of etiologi ...201627309051
recombinant turkey herpesvirus-ai vaccine virus replication in different species of waterfowl.waterfowl play a key role in the epidemiology of the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus; therefore, efficient immunization of domesticated ducks and geese to maximize the impact of other control measures is of great importance. a recombinant (r)hvt-ai, expressing the ha gene of a clade 2.2 h5n1 hpai strain had been developed and proved to be efficient against different clades of h5n1 hpai virus in chickens after a single vaccination at 1 day old and could provide long ...201627309057
tracking mallards (anas platyrhynchos) with gps satellite transmitters along their migration route through northeast asia.in this study, global positioning system satellite transmitters were attached to three mallards (anas platyrhynchos) wintering in south korea to track their migration routes, stopover sites, breeding sites, and migration patterns. we successfully tracked only one mallard (no. 108917) from november 15, 2011, to november 29, 2013, and determined separate migration routes in two cases of spring migration and one case of fall migration. the mallard repeatedly migrated to the same final destination, ...201627309072
assessment of the potential distance of dispersal of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus by wild mallards.this work presents the results of studies aimed at assessing the median and maximum distances covered by wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos; n = 38), hypothetically infected with the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) during spring migrations, using gps-gsm tracking and published data on the susceptibility to hpaiv infection and duration of shedding. the model was based on the assumptions that the birds shed virus in the absence of clinical signs during infectious periods (ip) that ...201627309073
one decade of active avian influenza wild bird surveillance in belgium showed a higher viroprevalence in hunter-harvested than in live-ringed birds.active monitoring of avian influenza (ai) viruses in wild birds was initiated in belgium in 2005 in response to the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 outbreaks occurring in europe. in belgium, active wild bird surveillance that targeted live-ringed and hunter-harvested wild birds was developed and maintained from 2005 onward. after one decade, this program assimilated, analyzed, and reported on over 35,000 swabs. the 2009-2014 datasets were used for the current analysis because ...201627309083
differential viral fitness between h1n1 and h3n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallards (anas platyrhynchos).homosubtypic and heterosubtypic immunity in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) play an important role in the avian influenza virus (aiv) diversity. the mechanisms of aiv replication among wild birds and the role of immunity in aiv diversity have thus not been completely clarified. during the monitoring of ai circulation among wild waterfowl in 2007-2008, two viruses (h3n8 and h1n1) were isolated from ducks caught in a funnel trap located in la hulpe wetland in belgium. h3n8 viruses were revealed to b ...201627309085
state-dependent resource harvesting with lagged information about system states.markov decision processes (mdps), which involve a temporal sequence of actions conditioned on the state of the managed system, are increasingly being applied in natural resource management. this study focuses on the modification of a traditional mdp to account for those cases in which an action must be chosen after a significant time lag in observing system state, but just prior to a new observation. in order to calculate an optimal decision policy under these conditions, possible actions must b ...201627314852
polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in adult and juvenile mallards (anas platyrhynchos) from the hudson river, new york, usa.the hudson river, ny, usa is contaminated for over 300 km with polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) released from two general electric (ge) capacitor plants. we collected adult and juvenile mallards (anas platyrhynchos) from four different areas of the river; an area upstream of the ge plants (n = 38), two areas directly downstream of the ge plants (n = 41, n = 38), and an area more than 100 km downstream in the freshwater tidal river (n = 20). collections occurred during july and august (2008) when ...201627317495
chicken cathelicidins as potent intrinsically disordered biocides with antimicrobial activity against infectious pathogens.this study was performed to identify the expression patterns of the cathelicidin genes in a local chicken breed and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the cathelicidin peptides against pathogenic bacteria. this analysis revealed that the coding regions of cath-1, -2, and -3 genes contain 447 bp, 465 bp, and 456 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 148, 154, 151 amino acids, respectively. the complete amino acid sequences of the cathelicidin peptides are similar to those found in mel ...201627328070
morphofunctional study of the tongue in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica, anatidae): lm and sem study.the domestic duck, as a representative of birds living in the water, is considered as a specialist filter-feeder. behavioral observations of foraging revealed that these birds also use a terrestrial feeding mechanism such as grazing and pecking. this study examined the entirety of the lingual mucosa in relation to the structural adaptations required for this range of feeding activities. the structures on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, the conical and filiform papillae, constitute the food f ...201727340332
extensive allelic diversity of mhc class i in wild mallard ducks.mhc class i is critically involved in defense against viruses, and diversity from polygeny and polymorphism contributes to the breadth of the immune response and health of the population. in this article, we examine mhc class i diversity in wild mallard ducks, the natural host and reservoir of influenza a viruses. we previously showed domestic ducks predominantly use uaa, one of five mhc class i genes, but whether biased expression is also true for wild mallards is unknown. using rt-pcr from blo ...201627342841
virulence genes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli, isolated from wild waterbirds, in the netherlands and poland.affiliation to four phylogroups (a, b1, b2, and d) was examined, among 190 escherichia coli strains, collected from five, wild waterbird species, including the following: the greylag goose-anser anser (61) and the canada goose-branta canadensis (33) obtained in the netherlands, and the mallard-anas platyrhynchos (38), the mute swan-cygnus olor (37), and the great cormorant-phalacrocorax carbo (21) obtained in poland. moreover, the prevalence of 10 virulence factors: asta, iss, iucd, irp2, papc, ...201627348207
riemerella anatipestifer infection in domestic ducks in japan, 2014.the outbreak of riemerella anatipestifer (ra) infection has been confirmed in meat-type domestic ducks (anas platyrhynchos) for the first time in 27 years in japan. in january 2014, increased mortality in a 14- to 21-day-old duck flock was reported to veterinary officials by the owner. the affected ducks exhibited reduced movement, ataxia and dorsal recumbency with leg paddling. pathological findings were typical for an ra infection. fibrinous and heterophilic pericarditis, airsacculitis, perihe ...201627373315
genetic and molecular characterization of a novel reassortant h2n8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from a domestic duck in zhejiang province in china.the circulation of the h2 subtype influenza viruses in domestic animals increases the risk of human exposure to these viruses. an h2n8 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from a domestic duck during aiv surveillance of poultry in live poultry markets (lpms) in zhejiang province, eastern china, in 2013. the phylogenetic trees suggested that this strain is a novel reassortant virus derived from multiple aiv subtypes from aquatic birds and poultry in eastern asia. although this reassortant str ...201627379842
gait in ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and chickens (gallus gallus) - similarities in adaptation to high growth rate.genetic selection for increased growth rate and muscle mass in broiler chickens has been accompanied by mobility issues and poor gait. there are concerns that the pekin duck, which is on a similar selection trajectory (for production traits) to the broiler chicken, may encounter gait problems in the future. in order to understand how gait has been altered by selection, the walking ability of divergent lines of high- and low-growth chickens and ducks was objectively measured using a pressure plat ...201627387535
prevalence of opisthorchis viverrini-like fluke infection in ducks in binh dinh province, central vietnam.following the first report of opisthorchis viverrini infection in a domestic duck in phu my district of binh dinh province, central vietnam, many other cases were observed in the province. we determined the infection rate and intensity of o. viverrini infection in ducks in 4 districts of the province. a total of 178 ducks were randomly selected from 34 farms for examination of flukes in the liver and gall bladder. an infection rate of 34.3% (range 20.7-40.4% among districts) was found; the inten ...201627417094
draft genome sequence of the bacteriocinogenic strain enterococcus faecalis dbh18, isolated from mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos).here, we report the draft genome sequence of enterococcus faecalis dbh18, a bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacterium (lab) isolated from mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). the assembly contains 2,836,724 bp, with a g+c content of 37.6%. the genome is predicted to contain 2,654 coding dna sequences (cdss) and 50 rnas.201627417838
evaluating pekin duck walking ability using a treadmill performance test.gait scoring is the most popular method for assessing the walking ability of poultry species. although inexpensive and easy to implement, gait scoring systems are often criticized for being subjective. using a treadmill performance test we assessed whether observable differences in pekin duck walking ability identified using a gait scoring system translated to differences in walking performance. one hundred and eighty ducks were selected using a three-category gait scoring system (gs0 = smooth g ...201627418657
the minor mhc class i gene uda of ducks is regulated by let-7 microrna.in many nonmammalian vertebrates, the genomic organization of the mhc class i region leads to biased expression of a single classical mhc class i gene coevolving with tap transporters, whereas class i genes are poorly expressed. this contrasts to the three codominantly expressed classical mhc class i genes in humans and mice. in a sequenced haplotype from white pekin duck, anas platyrhynchos, there is one predominantly expressed mhc class i, uaa, although they have five mhc class i genes in the ...201627430716
novel duck parvovirus identified in cherry valley ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus), china.an unknown infectious disease in cherry valley ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) characterized by short beak and strong growth retardation occurred in china during 2015. the causative agent of this disease, tentatively named duck short beak and dwarfism syndrome (dsbds), as well as the evolutionary relationships between this causative agent and all currently known avian-origin parvoviruses were clarified by virus isolation, transmission electron microscope (tem) observation, analysis of nucl ...201627449955
the riemerella anatipestifer as87_01735 gene encodes nicotinamidase pnca, an important virulence factor.riemerella anatipestifer is a major bacterial pathogen that causes septicemic and exudative diseases in domestic ducks. in our previous study, we found that deletion of the as87_01735 gene significantly decreased the bacterial virulence of r. anatipestifer strain yb2 (mutant ra625). the as87_01735 gene was predicted to encode a nicotinamidase (pnca), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the nad(+) salvage pathway. in this ...201627451449
clade-level spatial modelling of hpai h5n1 dynamics in the mekong region reveals new patterns and associations with agro-ecological factors.the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus has been circulating in asia since 2003 and diversified into several genetic lineages, or clades. although the spatial distribution of its outbreaks was extensively studied, differences in clades were never previously taken into account. we developed models to quantify associations over time and space between different hpai h5n1 viruses from clade 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2 and agro-ecological factors. we found that the distribution of clades in th ...201627453195
complete genome sequence of a virulent newcastle disease virus strain isolated from a clinically healthy duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in pakistan.here, we report the complete genome sequence of a virulent newcastle disease virus (vndv) strain, duck/pakistan/lahore/aw-123/2015, isolated from apparently healthy laying ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) from the province of punjab, pakistan. the virus has a genome length of 15,192 nucleotides and is classified as member of subgenotype viii, class ii.201627469959
a generalizable energetics-based model of avian migration to facilitate continental-scale waterbird conservation.conserving migratory birds is made especially difficult because of movement among spatially disparate locations across the annual cycle. in light of challenges presented by the scale and ecology of migratory birds, successful conservation requires integrating objectives, management, and monitoring across scales, from local management units to ecoregional and flyway administrative boundaries. we present an integrated approach using a spatially explicit energetic-based mechanistic bird migration m ...201627509754
genetic parameters of body weight, egg production, and shell quality traits in the shan ma laying duck (anas platyrhynchos).three hundred and four female ducks of the chinese indigenous shan ma breed, progeny of 11 sires and 104 dams, were used to study laying traits. among them, 264 ducks were used to study the egg shell quality traits of eggs laid at 300 days of age. the mean age at first egg was 109 days with an average egg weight of 49.6 ± 3.7 g. between 210 and 300 days of age, egg weight increased from 65.0 ± 3.9 g to 67.0 ± 4.2 g and the mean of the number of eggs laid up to 300 days was 161 ± 15.0. egg length ...201627520070
the evolution of innate immune genes: purifying and balancing selection on β-defensins in waterfowl.in disease dynamics, high immune gene diversity can confer a selective advantage to hosts in the face of a rapidly evolving and diverse pathogen fauna. this is supported empirically for genes involved in pathogen recognition and signalling. in contrast, effector genes involved in pathogen clearance may be more constrained. β-defensins are innate immune effector genes; their main mode of action is via disruption of microbial membranes. here, five β-defensin genes were characterized in mallards (a ...201627524825
genetic and antigenic characterization of h5, h6 and h9 avian influenza viruses circulating in live bird markets with intervention in the center part of vietnam.a total of 3,045 environmental samples and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy poultry have been collected at three live bird markets (lbms) at which practices were applied to reduce avian influenza (ai) virus transmission (intervention lbms) and six conventional lbms (non-intervention lbms) in thua thien hue province in 2014 to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention lbms. the 178 ai viruses, including h3 (19 viruses), h4 (2), h5 (8), h6 (30), h9 (114), and h11 (5), were i ...201627527783
peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase activity and molecular evolution of vertebrate cyclophilin a.peptidylprolyl isomerases (ppiase) cyclophilin a (cypa, encoded by ppia) is a typical member of the cyclophilin family and is involved in protein folding/translocation, signal transduction, inflammation, immune system regulation, apoptosis and virus replication. in the present study, we investigated the ppiase activity and genetic variation of vertebrate cypa. according to the genbank reference sequences, vertebrate ppia genes were cloned, among which the bat (myotis davidi) and duck (anas platy ...201627531612
pathogenicity and transmission of h5 and h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mallards.wild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the a/goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other hpai viruses. to better understand why gs/gd h5 hpai viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other hpai viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different h5 and h7 ...201627558429
body mass and immune function, but not bill coloration, predict dominance in female mallards.competition over indivisible resources is common and often costly. therefore, selection should favor strategies, including efficient communication, that minimize unnecessary costs associated with such competition. for example, signaling enables competitors to avoid engaging in costly asymmetrical contests. recently, bill coloration has been identified as an information-rich signal used by some birds to mediate aggressive interactions and we evaluated this possibility in female mallards anas plat ...201627561967
effect of embedded shot on trace element concentrations in livers of anseriformes species.trace elements were analyzed in the liver of white-fronted geese (anser albifrons, n=15), mallards (anas platyrhynchos, n=4) and spot-billed ducks (anas poecilorhyncha, n=13) found dead in gimpo, korea. all mallards and eight spot-billed ducks had embedded lead shot. embedded shot could be affected elevated trace element concentrations on geese and ducks. element concentrations of cadmium (cd), lead (pb), chromium (cr), aluminum (al), copper (cr), manganese (mn) and zinc (zn) differed among spec ...201627584822
complete genome sequence of mycobacterium avium, isolated from commercial domestic pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos domestica), determined using pacbio single-molecule real-time technology.mycobacterium avium is an important pathogenic bacterium in birds and has never, to our knowledge, reported to be isolated from domestic ducks. we present here the complete genome sequence of a virulent strain of mycobacterium avium, isolated from domestic pekin ducks for the first time, which was determined by pacbio single-molecule real-time technology.201627587804
photocatalytic decomposition behavior and reaction pathways of organic compounds using cu nanoparticles synthesized via a green route.the present article depicts a green, facile and environmentally friendly biosynthetic methodology for the fabrication of cu nanoparticles (cu nps) using an aqueous extract of anas platyrhynchos egg shells. this method is free from the use of any external reducing agents, stabilizing agents, solvents and templates. the cu nps were characterized by uv-vis, tem, saed, ftir, xrd and sem-edx. the synthesized cu nps were predominantly spherical in nature with an average size of 5-18 nm. the edx patter ...201627602562
comparison of the meat metabolite composition of linwu and pekin ducks using 600 mhz 1h nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.in an effort to further understand of the differences of meat flavor and texture between linwu ducks and pekin ducks at market age, we investigated the meat metabolite composition of the two breeds of ducks using 600 mhz (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy. comprehensive multivariate data analysis including principal component analysis (pca), partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da), and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (opls-da) were app ...201727608660
outbreak of avian tuberculosis in commercial domestic pekin ducks ( anas platyrhynchos domestica).avian tuberculosis is a contagious disease affecting various domestic and wild bird species, and is caused by mycobacterium avium . it is reported extremely rarely in commercial poultry flocks and has not been reported in commercial domestic ducks to date, with domestic ducks reported to be moderately resistant to m. avium infection. here, we report the outbreak of avian tuberculosis in commercial pekin duck ( anas platyrhynchos domestica) flocks. postmortem and histopathologic findings included ...201627610730
erratum to: meiotic recombination analysis in female ducks (anas platyrhynchos). 201627630104
serological evidence of widespread west nile virus and japanese encephalitis virus infection in native domestic ducks (anas platyrhynchos var domesticus) in kuttanad region, kerala, india.birds can act as reservoirs of west nile virus (wnv) with a key role in its epidemiology. wnv lineage 1 associated fatal cases of human encephalitis in 2011 and acute flaccid paralysis in 2013 were reported in alappuzha district, kerala, india. but no information is available on wnv circulation in domestic ducks, which are abundant, cohabit with humans and occupy wetlands and water bodies in the region. to determine the extent of wnv infection, we investigated 209 sera, 250 oral and 350 cloacal ...201627638121
the presence of mercury in the tissues of mallards (anas platyrhynchos l.) from włocławek reservoir in poland.the study aimed at determining the degree of mercury contamination of mallards, game waterbirds migrating from the regions of the unknown degree of contamination and establishing whether the consumption of their meat comprises a hazard to human health in view of the binding norms concerning the mercury content in food products. the investigations were carried out on 30 mallards shot during the duck shooting season in which mercury concentrations in the muscles, liver, and kidneys were determined ...201727651095
constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of duck hybrids and goose hybrids.constitutive heterochromatin is a highly condensed fraction of chromatin in chromosomes. it is characterized by a high degree of polymorphism. heterochromatin is located in the centromeric, telomeric, and interstitial parts of chromosomes. we used the cbg ( c: banding using b: arium hydroxide by g: iemsa) staining technique to identify heterochromatin in chromosomes. analysis of karyotypes of f1 hybrids resulting from intergeneric hybridization of ducks (a. platyrhynchos × c. moschata) and inter ...201727664202
presence of plastic particles in waterbirds faeces collected in spanish lakes.plastic intake by marine vertebrates has been widely reported, but information about its presence in continental waterfowl is scarce. here we analyzed faeces of waterbirds species (european coot, fulica atra, mallard, anas platyrhynchos and shelduck, tadorna tadorna) for plastic debris in five wetlands in central spain. we collected 89 faeces of shelduck distributed in four lakes, 43.8% of them presented plastic remnants. sixty percent of 10 faeces of european coot and 45% of 40 faeces of mallar ...201727667676
characterization of the pathogenesis of h10n3, h10n7, and h10n8 subtype avian influenza viruses circulating in ducks.three h10 subtype avian influenza viruses were isolated from domestic ducks in china, designated as sh602/h10n8, fj1761/h10n3 and sx3180/h10n7, with an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of 0.39, 1.60, and 1.27, respectively. these h10 viruses showed a complex pathology pattern in different species, although full genome characterizations of the viruses could not identify any molecular determinant underlying the observed phenotypes. our findings describe the pathobiology of the three h10 subt ...201627678170
movement analysis of free-grazing domestic ducks in poyang lake, china: a disease connection.previous work suggests domestic poultry are important contributors to the emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza throughout asia. in poyang lake, china, domestic duck production cycles are synchronized with arrival and departure of thousands of migratory wild birds in the area. during these periods, high densities of juvenile domestic ducks are in close proximity to migratory wild ducks, increasing the potential for the virus to be transmitted and subsequently disseminat ...201627695384
modulation of digestive enzyme activities in the avian digestive tract in relation to diet composition and quality.in nature, birds are faced with variable food sources that may differ in composition (protein vs. carbohydrates) and quality (highly digestible material vs. indigestible fiber). studies in passerine birds and some commercial poultry demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract can respond to varying diet composition and quality by changing morphology and/or activities of digestive enzymes. however, studies in additional avian species are warranted to understand generalities of these trends. we fi ...201727695931
effects of betaine on biological functions in meat-type ducks exposed to heat stress.heat stress in hot seasons is a major problem in poultry production, particularly in humid areas. the aim of this study was to determine the pharmacodynamics of betaine on the blood and cecal short chain fatty acid profile in meat-type ducks exposed to heat stress. three-hundred-sixty meat-type ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments: c (heat stress control without betaine), t1 (700 ppm betaine), t2 (1,000 ppm betaine), and t3 (1,300 ppm betaine). each tre ...201627702920
nonylphenol reduces sperm viability and fertility of mature male breeders in brown tsaiya ducks (anas platyrhynchos).the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nonylphenol (np), a widely used surfactant, on the reproductive performance of male brown tsaiya ducks (anas platyrhynchos) (mbbtds). mature mbbtds (n=100) were treated with np by daily gavaging of 0, 1 (np1), 10 (np10) and 250 (np250) mg/kg-bw/d for 14 wk. semen quality, fertilization rate and specific factors in blood plasma were measured. weights of organs were also measured at 14 wk after np administration. ducks from each treatment (n=4 ...201627726904
risk of resistant avian influenza a virus in wild waterfowl as a result of environmental release of oseltamivir.oseltamivir is the best available anti-influenza drug and has therefore been stockpiled worldwide in large quantities as part of influenza pandemic preparedness planning. the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) is stable and is not removed by conventional sewage treatment. active oc has been detected in river water at concentrations up to 0.86 µg/l. although the natural reservoir hosts of influenza a virus (iav) are wild waterfowl that reside in aquatic environments, the ecologic risk ...201627733236
characterization of batai virus isolated from a domestic muscovy duck (cairina moschate).batai virus (batv) belongs to the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae. it has been isolated from mosquitos, pigs, cattle, and humans throughout africa, asia, and europe, and causes clinical signs in domestic animals and humans. here, we report the isolation of batv from a domestic duck flock. genome sequence analysis revealed clustering of this isolate in the africa-asia lineage. the virus replicated in mosquitos and vertebrate host cells, showing different phenotypic characteristic ...201727734222
removal of a presumed peripheral cerebral cyst via craniectomy in a crested pekin duck ( anas platyrhynchos f dom).a juvenile, male crested pekin duck ( anas platyrhynchos f dom) was presented for neurologic signs suggestive of cerebellar disease. physical examination revealed microphthalmia, erratic head movements, and ataxia. computed tomography scan of the head and neck regions revealed 2 full-thickness skull-bone defects within the caudal portion of the cranium. the cerebellum appeared to be ventrally compressed by a homogeneous, triangular, fluid-attenuating region (0-10 hounsfield units). a craniectomy ...201627736234
neospora caninum in wild waterfowl: occurrence of parasite dna and low antibody titers.thirty-five adult waterfowl (14 males and 21 females) representing various orders and species were sampled during the hunting season from 2015 to 2016. antibodies to neospora caninum were detected by ifat on blood samples, while heart and brain were subjected to molecular analysis for the detection of neospora caninum dna. twelve birds (34.3%) (6 anas crecca , 3 anas platyrhynchos , 2 anas penelope , 1 anas acuta ) showed antibodies versus n. caninum , while 10 animals out of 35 (4 a. crecca , 2 ...201727805842
identification of a new broadly cross-reactive epitope within domain iii of the duck tembusu virus e protein.in 2010, a pathogenic flavivirus termed duck tembusu virus (dtmuv) caused widespread outbreak of egg-drop syndrome in domesticated ducks in china. although the glycoprotein e of dtmuv is an important structural component of the virus, the b-cell epitopes of this protein remains uncharacterized. using phage display and mutagenesis, we identified a minimal b-cell epitope, (374)exe/dppfg(380), that mediates binding to a nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody. dtmuv-positive duck serum reacted with the ...201627824100
mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and wastewater ponds, part i: mallard ducks overwintering at a northern wastewater treatment pond.in northern urban areas, wastewater treatment ponds (wwtps) may provide a thermal refuge during winter (~10°c) that is used by normally migratory mallards (anas platyrhynchos). on the ponds, mallards may experience stress due to crowding, or through the ingestion of wwtp water, be exposed to a diverse array of synthetic chemicals, which may have adverse health effects. photographic sampling was used to assess mallard sex ratios and behavioural patterns throughout the late winter on wastewater po ...201627836493
specific expression and promoter analysis of the albumin gene promoter of the duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus).1. albumin (alb) is a serum protein most highly expressed in liver and regarded as an effective indicator for liver pathologies. the objectives of this study were to determine the expression of duck alb gene (dualb) in various non-hepatic tissues and identify the potential cis-regulatory elements in the promoter. 2. a model was established to assess dualb promoter activity in different cell lines by construction of a dualb promoter-driven gfp (green fluorescent protein)-expressing vector, which ...201727844479
global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 and h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation.global disease suitability models are essential tools to inform surveillance systems and enable early detection. we present the first global suitability model of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and demonstrate that reliable predictions can be obtained at global scale. best predictions are obtained using spatial predictor variables describing host distributions, rather than land use or eco-climatic spatial predictor variables, with a strong association with domestic duck and extensi ...201627885988
pathogeny of fatigued walking condition in pekin ducks.fatigued walking condition (fwc) in ducks is an important welfare and processing issue during the loading/unloading to the processing plant that can be related to heart and bone development. an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubation conditions on duck embryo bone and heart development and their subsequent effects on ducks showing fwc at market age. four groups of 2500 pekin duck eggs were subjected to combinations of two incubation temperature profiles (elevated [e] and n ...201627902895
scanning electron microscopic study on the tongues of seven avian species.the dorsal lingual surface of the grey crowned crane (balearica regulorum), american flamingo (phoenicopterus rubber), great egret (ardea alba), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), himalayan monal (lophophorus impejanus), black-necked stilt (himantopus mexicanus) and green macaw (ara militaris) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. in the grey crowned crane, the surface of the lingual apex was relatively rough. many openings of the lingual glands in both lateral regions of the lingual body we ...201627904021
cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos): new insights on avian cranial kinesis.the evolution of avian cranial kinesis is a phenomenon in part responsible for the remarkable diversity of avian feeding adaptations observable today. although osteological, developmental and behavioral features of the feeding system are frequently studied, comparatively little is known about cranial joint skeletal tissue composition and morphology from a microscopic perspective. these data are key to understanding the developmental, biomechanical and evolutionary underpinnings of kinesis. there ...201727921292
heavy metals in the mallard anas platyrhynchos from eastern austria.a total of 77 specimens of the mallard anas platyrhynchos were sampled from the eastern part of austria before the ban on lead gun shot for hunting water fowl. samples of muscle and liver were analyzed for their content of cr, cu, zn, ag, cd, hg and pb using atomic absorption spectrometry. in addition the hg content of feather samples from this aquatic bird species was evaluated. results generally show higher concentrations of the metals in the liver compared to muscle; for mercury the concentra ...201727964989
an epidemiological study of avian influenza a (h5) virus in nomadic ducks and their raising practices in northeastern bangladesh, 2011-2012.in bangladesh, nomadic duck flocks are groups of domestic ducks reared for egg production that are moved to access feeding sites beyond their owners' village boundaries and are housed overnight in portable enclosures in scavenging areas. the objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of influenza a virus rna and h5-specific antibodies in nomadic ducks and to characterize nomadic duck raising practices in northeastern bangladesh.201627966289
trim25 identification in the chinese goose: gene structure, tissue expression profiles, and antiviral immune responses in vivo and in vitro.the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and the rig-i-like receptor (rlr) protein play a critical role in the interferon (ifn) response during rna virus infection. the tripartite motif containing 25 proteins (trim25) was reported to modify caspase activation and rig-i recruitment domains (cards) via ubiquitin. these modifications allow trim25 to interact with mitochondrial antiviral signaling molecules (mavs) and form card-card tetramers. goose trim25 was cloned from gosling lungs, which poss ...201627995135
no evidence for homosubtypic immunity of influenza h3 in mallards following vaccination in a natural experimental system.the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) is an important reservoir species for influenza a viruses (iav), and in this host, prevalence and virus diversity are high. studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related ha subtypes. we utilized a ...201727997047
avian influenza prevalence among hunter-harvested birds in a remote canadian first nation community.avian influenza virus (aiv) prevalence has been associated with wild game and other bird species. the contamination of these birds may pose a greater risk to those who regularly hunt and consumed infected species. due to resident concerns communicated by local band council, hunter-harvested birds from a remote first nation community in subarctic ontario, canada were assessed for aiv. hunters, and especially those who live a subsistence lifestyle, are at higher risk of aiv exposure due to their i ...201728092966
surveillance for avian influenza virus in wild birds in poland, 2008-15.we tested wild birds in poland during 2008-15 for avian influenza virus (aiv). we took 10,312 swabs and feces samples from 6,314 live birds representing 12 orders and 84 bird species, mostly from orders anseriformes and charadriiformes, for testing and characterization by various pcr methods. from pcr-positive samples, we attempted to isolate and subtype the virus. the rna of aiv was detected in 1.8% (95% confidence interval [ci], 1.5-2.1%) of birds represented by 48 mallards ( anas platyrhyncho ...201728094608
characterization of gut microbiome dynamics in developing pekin ducks and impact of management system.little to no research has been conducted on the gut microbiome of the pekin duck, yet over 24.5 million ducks are raised for human consumption each year in the united states alone. knowledge of the microbiome could lead to an understanding of the effects of growing conditions such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes in feeding practices, the use of antibiotics, and the sources of pathogenic bacteria in diseased ducks. in order to characterize changes in the caecal microbiome that o ...201728101086
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