Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the implications of hospital acquired adverse events on mortality, length of stay and costs for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. | the incidence of hospital acquired adverse events in radical cystectomy and their implications for hospital outcomes and costs remain poorly described. we describe the incidence of hospital acquired adverse events in radical cystectomy, and characterize its relationship with in-hospital mortality, length of stay and hospitalization costs. | 2012 | 22498229 |
| clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile infection in europe: a systematic review of healthcare-facility-acquired infection. | pubmed, embase and conference abstracts were reviewed systematically to determine the clinical and economic burden associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) acquired and treated in european healthcare facilities. inclusion criteria were: published in the english language between 2000 and 2010, and study population of at least 20 patients with documented cdi acquired/treated in european healthcare facilities. data collection was completed by three unblinded reviewers using the cochran ... | 2012 | 22498638 |
| probiotics in the gastrointestinal diseases of the elderly. | changes of the gut microflora in elderly appear to involve a reduction in numbers of healthy bacteria (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) and an increase in numbers of potentially pathogenic species. these changes are generally described as gastrointestinal disorders and infections. this review analyses benefits of probiotics in old people, with particular interesting for the latest researches relevant to elderly people, e.g. trials examining enteric infections, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and ... | 2012 | 22499466 |
| detecting and treating clostridium difficile infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | the prevalence of cdi in patients with ibd has increased over the last decade. the excess morbidity and mortality associated with cdi appears to be greater in patients with ibd than in those without preexisting bowel disease. the risk factors for cdi in ibd and non-ibd populations appear similar; unique ibd-related risk factors are use of maintenance immunosuppression and extent and severity of prior colitis. nevertheless, a significant proportion of cdi-ibd patients may have the disease without ... | 2012 | 22500522 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | 2012 | 22503848 | |
| a gastroenterologist's guide to probiotics. | the enteric microbiota contribute to gastrointestinal health, and their disruption has been associated with many disease states. some patients consume probiotic products in attempts to manipulate the intestinal microbiota for health benefit. it is important for gastroenterologists to improve their understanding of the mechanisms of probiotics and the evidence that support their use in practice. clinical trials have assessed the therapeutic effects of probiotic agents for several disorders, inclu ... | 2012 | 22504002 |
| lactobacillus equigenerosi strain le1 invades equine epithelial cells. | lactobacillus equigenerosi strain le1, a natural inhabitant of the equine gastrointestinal tract, survived ph 3.0 and incubation in the presence of 1.5% (wt/vol) bile salts for at least 2 h. strain le1 showed 8% cell surface hydrophobicity, 60% auto-aggregation, and 47% coaggregation with clostridium difficile c6. only 1% of the cells adhered to viable buccal epithelial cells and invaded the cells within 20 min after contact. preincubation of strain le1 in a buffer containing pronase prevented a ... | 2012 | 22504808 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in uncooked ground meat products from pittsburgh, pennsylvania. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile in retail meat samples has varied widely. the food supply may be a source for c. difficile infections. a total of 102 ground meat and sausage samples from 3 grocers in pittsburgh, pa, were cultured for c. difficile. brand a pork sausages were resampled between may 2011 and january 2012. two out of 102 (2.0%) meat products initially sampled were positive for c. difficile; both were pork sausage from brand a from the same processing facility (facility a). on ... | 2012 | 22504814 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized liver transplant patients: a nationwide analysis. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing among hospitalized patients. liver transplantation (lt) patients are at higher risk for acquiring cdi. small, single-center studies (but no nationwide analyses) have assessed this association. we used the nationwide inpatient sample of the healthcare cost and utilization project (2004-2008) for this retrospective, cross-sectional study. patients with any discharge diagnosis of lt composed the study population, and they were ide ... | 2012 | 22505356 |
| acute and chronic pouchitis--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. | restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has become the procedure of choice for the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis who require surgical treatment. pouchitis, the most common long-term complication of the procedure, involves a spectrum of disease processes with heterogeneous risk factors, clinical features, disease courses and prognoses. in addition, clinical symptoms of pouchitis are not specific and often overlap with those of other inflammatory and functional ... | 2012 | 22508158 |
| characterizations of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile by toxin genotypes and by susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents, including fidaxomicin (opt-80) and rifaximin: a multicenter study in taiwan. | a total of 403 nonduplicate isolates of clostridium difficile were collected at three major teaching hospitals representing northern, central, and southern taiwan from january 2005 to december 2010. of these 403 isolates, 170 (42.2%) were presumed to be nontoxigenic due to the absence of genes for toxins a or b or binary toxin. the remaining 233 (57.8%) isolates carried toxin a and b genes, and 39 (16.7%) of these also had binary toxin genes. the mic(90) of all isolates for fidaxomicin and rifax ... | 2012 | 22508299 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing in frequency and severity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). population based and single center studies have shown worse clinical outcomes in concomitant cdi and ibd, with several reporting longer length of hospital stay, higher colectomy rates and increased mortality. clinically, cdi may be difficult to distinguish from an ibd flare and may range from an asymptomatic carrier state to severe life threatening colitis. the t ... | 2013 | 22508484 |
| acp journal club. review: fidaxomicin is better than vancomycin for clostridium difficile recurrence. | 2012 | 22508749 | |
| high incidence of campylobacter concisus in gastroenteritis in north jutland, denmark: a population-based study. | the incidence of non-thermophilic campylobacter species was assessed in an unselected population-based study in a mixed urban and rural community in north jutland, denmark. in a 2-year study period, 11,314 faecal samples from 8302 patients with gastroenteritis were cultured with supplement of the filter method. we recovered a high incidence of campylobacter concisus (annual incidence 35/100,000 inhabitants), almost as high as the common campylobacter jejuni/coli. in contrast, there was a very lo ... | 2013 | 22512739 |
| evaluation of routine enteric pathogens in hospitalized patients: a canadian perspective. | diarrhea is a frequently encountered problem in hospitalized patients. since nosocomial spread of routine enteric pathogens such as salmonella species, shigella species, campylobacter species and escherichia coli o:157 h:7 seldom occurs, testing for these organisms in patients hospitalized for longer than three days has been questioned. the goal of this study was to determine the length of hospitalization preceding detection of routine enteric pathogens and clostridium difficile cytotoxin, and t ... | 1996 | 22514438 |
| antimicrobial resistance, toxinotype, and genotypic profiling of clostridium difficile isolates of swine origin. | the occurrence of clostridium difficile infections in patients that do not fulfill the classical risk factors prompted us to investigate new risk factors of disease. the goal of this study was to characterize strains and associated antimicrobial resistance determinants of c. difficile isolated from swine raised in ohio and north carolina. genotypic approaches used include pcr detection, toxinotyping, dna sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) dna fingerprinting. thirty-one perce ... | 2012 | 22518873 |
| precise manipulation of the clostridium difficile chromosome reveals a lack of association between the tcdc genotype and toxin production. | clostridium difficile causes a potentially fatal diarrheal disease through the production of its principal virulence factors, toxin a and toxin b. the tcdc gene is thought to encode a negative regulator of toxin production. therefore, increased toxin production, and hence increased virulence, is often inferred in strains with an aberrant tcdc genotype. this report describes the first allele exchange system for precise genetic manipulation of c. difficile, using the coda gene of escherichia coli ... | 2012 | 22522680 |
| cyclic diguanylate inversely regulates motility and aggregation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated disease is increasing in incidence and is costly to treat. our understanding of how this organism senses its entry into the host and adapts for growth in the large bowel is limited. the small-molecule second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) has been extensively studied in gram-negative bacteria and has been shown to modulate motility, biofilm formation, and other processes in response to environmental signals, yet little is known about the functions of thi ... | 2012 | 22522894 |
| decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic c. difficile bi strain. | an epidemic strain of clostridium difficile designated by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) as group bi has caused multiple outbreaks of severe c. difficile infection (cdi). the treatment response of patients infected with this strain is uncertain. | 2012 | 22523271 |
| risk of clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: meta-analysis. | several studies have raised concern regarding the possible association between proton-pump inhibitors (ppis) and clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we aimed to perform a systematic review of incident and recurrent cdi in ppi users, and to evaluate the relative impact of concurrent antibiotic use, or switching acid suppression to histamine-2-receptor antagonists (h2ras). | 2012 | 22525304 |
| generation of an actagardine a variant library through saturation mutagenesis. | the lantibiotic actagardine a is nineteen amino acids in length and comprises three intertwined c-terminal methyllanthionine-bridged rings and an n-terminal lanthionine-bridged ring. produced by the actinomycete actinoplanes garbadinensis atcc 31049, actagardine a demonstrates antibacterial activity against important gram-positive pathogens. this activity combined with its ribosomal synthesis makes it an attractive target for the generation of lantibiotic variants with improved biological activi ... | 2012 | 22526797 |
| outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy with ceftriaxone, a review. | more than 30 years since it was developed for clinical use, the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone remains the most commonly used agent for outpatient parental antimicrobial therapy (opat). recent antimicrobial stewardship programmes have tended to restrict ceftriaxone use in hospitals to control antibiotic resistance and outbreaks of clostridium difficle infection (cdi). considering the expansion of opat programmes both in the uk and worldwide, revisiting the role of ceftriaxone in opat ... | 2012 | 22527482 |
| a prospective cohort study on hospital mortality due to clostridium difficile infection. | although an increase in burden of disease has frequently been reported for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), specific data on the effect of cdi on a patient's risk of death or overall hospital mortality are scarce. therefore, we performed a prospective cohort study to analyse the effect of cdi on the risk of pre-discharge all-cause death in all inpatients with cdi compared to all inpatients without cdi during 2009 in a single hospital. | 2012 | 22527876 |
| a meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases. | meta-analyses on the effects of probiotics on specific gastrointestinal diseases have generally shown positive effects on disease prevention and treatment; however, the relative efficacy of probiotic use for treatment and prevention across different gastrointestinal diseases, with differing etiology and mechanisms of action, has not been addressed. | 2012 | 22529959 |
| patient and environmental service employee satisfaction of using germicidal bleach wipes for patient room cleaning. | more healthcare institutions are using bleach products which are sporicidal to reduce clostridium difficile infection (cdi). there may be patient and employee concerns about the appearance of bleach residue left on surfaces, odors, and respiratory tract irritation. the intervention used bleach wipes for daily and terminal patient room cleaning to reduce transmission of cdi and was implemented on patient care units with a relatively high incidence of cdi. both patients and environmental services ... | 2015 | 22530592 |
| meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common occurrence in association with antibiotic administration. earlier studies and meta-analyses have suggested that probiotic administration reduces the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). | 2012 | 22531096 |
| improved recovery of clostridium difficile spores with the incorporation of synthetic taurocholate in cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa). | culture remains important for the detection and typing of clostridium difficile. culture of c. difficile spores can be enhanced on media supplemented with a germinant. despite this, unsupplemented media continues to be used in some laboratories. the aim of this study was to quantify the effect of the known germinant sodium taurocholate on recovery of c. difficile spores and to determine if the supplement impacts on the recovery of vegetative c. difficile. | 2012 | 22531346 |
| an evaluation of the vidas cdab assay for the detection of clostridium difficile infection in a clinical laboratory. | 2012 | 22531349 | |
| clostridium difficile on the transplantation radar. | 2012 | 22531493 | |
| clostridium difficile carbohydrates: glucan in spores, psii common antigen in cells, immunogenicity of psii in swine and synthesis of a dual c. difficile-etec conjugate vaccine. | clostridium difficile is responsible for severe diarrhea in humans that may cause death. spores are the infectious form of c. difficile, which germinate into toxin-producing vegetative cells in response to bile acids. recently, we discovered that c. difficile cells possess three complex polysaccharides (pss), named psi, psii, and psiii, in which psi was only associated with a hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain, psii was hypothesized to be a common antigen, and psiii was a water-insoluble polymer. ... | 2012 | 22533919 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are traditionally seen in elderly and hospitalized patients who have used antibiotic therapy. in the community, cdis requiring a visit to a general practitioner are increasingly occurring among young and relatively healthy individuals without known predisposing factors. c. difficile is also found as a commensal or pathogen in the intestinal tracts of most mammals, and various birds and reptiles. in the environment, including soil and water, c. difficile ma ... | 2012 | 22536816 |
| a novel fusion protein containing the receptor binding domains of c. difficile toxin a and toxin b elicits protective immunity against lethal toxin and spore challenge in preclinical efficacy models. | antibodies targeting the clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b confer protective immunity to c. difficile associated disease in animal models and provided protection against recurrent c. difficile disease in human subjects. these antibodies are directed against the receptor binding domains (rbd) located in the carboxy-terminal portion of both toxins and inhibit binding of the toxins to their receptors. we have constructed a recombinant fusion protein containing portions of the rbd from both ... | 2012 | 22537987 |
| comparison of analytical and clinical performance of three methods for detection of clostridium difficile. | diagnostic laboratory testing for clostridium difficile infection has undergone considerable and rapid evolution during the last decade. the ideal detection method(s), which should exhibit high analytical and clinical sensitivity and specificity, remains undefined. | 2012 | 22540301 |
| necrotising fasciitis of the thigh secondary to colonic perforation: the femoral canal as a route for infective spread. | a 57 year-old man with a history of corticosteroid use presented with abdominal pain and diarrhoea. he was initially treated for presumed clostridium difficile colitis, but later developed a left inguinal mass with spreading erythema. a ct scan showed gas within the retroperitoneal tissues, with surgical emphysema of the left groin. necrotising fasciitis was diagnosed, and the patient underwent extensive debridement of the left thigh and inguinal region. the femoral vein was covered in infected ... | 2012 | 22541736 |
| [clostridium difficile reactive arthritis in a 7-year-old child]. | clostridium difficile reactive arthritis is a rare disease; only 5 pediatric cases have been reported in the literature. its diagnosis is challenging. it manifests as asymmetric aseptic poly- or oligoarthritis, contemporary to infectious colitis, usually after a period of antibiotic therapy. we report a new case in a 7-year-old boy who presented with unusual polyarthritis affecting 12 joints 1 month after antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanate. punctures of both hip joints proved steril ... | 2012 | 22542720 |
| bidirectional attack on the actin cytoskeleton. bacterial protein toxins causing polymerization or depolymerization of actin. | the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major targets of bacterial protein toxins. the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins, including clostridium difficile transferase cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, modifies arginine-177 of actin. thereby actin polymerization is blocked. by contrast, actin polymerization is facilitated by the tripartite photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex including tccc3, which modifies actin at threonine-148. the review di ... | 2012 | 22543189 |
| is partial colectomy the operation of choice in pediatric clostridium difficile colitis? | this study examined the national trends in incidence and surgical management of pediatric clostridium difficle colitis (cdc) hospitalizations. | 2012 | 22543511 |
| clostridium difficile mazf toxin exhibits selective, not global, mrna cleavage. | clostridium difficile is an important, emerging nosocomial pathogen. the transition from harmless colonization to disease is typically preceded by antimicrobial therapy, which alters the balance of the intestinal flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate in the colon. one of the most perplexing aspects of the c. difficile infectious cycle is its ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have been implicated ... | 2012 | 22544268 |
| ibd: poor outcomes after clostridium difficile infection in ibd. | 2012 | 22547310 | |
| retracted: apoptosis of ct26 colorectal cancer cells induced by clostridium difficile toxin a stimulates potent anti-tumor immunity. | clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) is one of the main pathogenic factors released by c. difficile. due to its potent cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of tcda. ct26 colorectal cancer cells were challenged with recombinant tcda, and it was found that tcda could induce apoptosis of ct26 cells. calreticulin (crt) exposure to the cell surface during tcda-induced apoptosis suggested that this apoptosis may correlate with immunogenicity. moreover, tcda ... | 2012 | 22548800 |
| immunization strategies for clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of nosocomial disease in western countries. the recent emergence of hypervirulent strains resistant to most antibiotics correlates with increasing disease incidence, severity and lethal outcomes. current treatments rely on metronidazol and vancomycin, but the limited ability of these antibiotics to cure infection and prevent relapse highlights the need for new strategies. a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the disease, the host immu ... | 2012 | 22551032 |
| the role of compassion in the practice of evidence-based medicine. | patients with diseases having a high failure rate with standard treatments typically enroll in randomized clinical trials of new investigational treatments. not all potential therapies are amenable to these types of designs and thus may be offered compassionately; however, claims of efficacy are thus viewed with caution. in a paper in this issue, 43 patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infections were treated with fecal microbiota transplants using a compassionate use protocol. by using ... | 2012 | 22552243 |
| longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting. | point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. commensal e. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. the objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic ... | 2012 | 22554764 |
| evaluation of novel assays to assess the influence of different iron sources on the growth of clostridium difficile. | the ability of four clostridium difficile strains to utilize various exogenous organic and inorganic iron sources for growth under iron-depleted (250 μm dpp) and iron-limited (75 μm dpp) conditions was analyzed in liquid broth cultures grown in tubes and in microtiter plates, and data compared with results from a bioassay developed on solid media. the growth profile of c. difficile varied depending on the iron source and availability. addition of feso(4), fecl(3), fe citrate and ferritin allowed ... | 2012 | 22554901 |
| clostridium difficile infection: toxins and non-toxin virulence factors, and their contributions to disease establishment and host response. | clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of antibiotic- and healthcare-associated diarrhea, and its containment and treatment imposes a significant financial burden, estimated to be over $3 billion in the usa alone. since the year 2000, cdi epidemics/outbreaks have occurred in north america, europe and asia. these outbreaks have been variously associated with, or attributed to, the emergence of clostridium difficile strains with increased virulence, an increase in resistance to commo ... | 2017 | 22555464 |
| models for the study of clostridium difficile infection. | models of clostridium difficile infection (c. difficile) have been used extensively for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) research. the hamster model of c. difficile infection has been most extensively employed for the study of c. difficile and this has been used in many different areas of research, including the induction of c. difficile, the testing of new treatments, population dynamics and characterization of virulence. investigations using in vitro models for c. difficile introduced the ... | 2017 | 22555466 |
| evaluation of the national cleanyourhands campaign to reduce staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and clostridium difficile infection in hospitals in england and wales by improved hand hygiene: four year, prospective, ecological, interrupted time series study. | to evaluate the impact of the cleanyourhands campaign on rates of hospital procurement of alcohol hand rub and soap, report trends in selected healthcare associated infections, and investigate the association between infections and procurement. | 2012 | 22556101 |
| [clostridium difficile. increasing spread outside the hospital]. | 2012 | 22558871 | |
| structural characterization of surface glycans from clostridium difficile. | whole-cell high-resolution magic angle spinning (hr-mas) nmr was employed to survey the surface polysaccharides of a group of clinical and environmental isolates of clostridium difficile. results indicated that a highly conserved surface polysaccharide profile among all strains studied. multiple additional peaks in the anomeric region were also observed which prompted further investigation. structural characterization of the isolated surface polysaccharides from two strains confirmed the presenc ... | 2012 | 22560631 |
| healthcare-associated infection and hospital readmission. | hospital readmissions are a current target of initiatives to reduce healthcare costs. this study quantified the association between having a clinical culture positive for 1 of 3 prevalent hospital-associated organisms and time to hospital readmission. | 2012 | 22561707 |
| potential for transmission of clostridium difficile by asymptomatic acute care patients and long-term care facility residents with prior c. difficile infection. | 2012 | 22561724 | |
| does doxycycline protect against development of clostridium difficile infection? | receipt of antibiotics is a major risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). doxycycline has been associated with a lower risk for cdi than other antibiotics. we investigated whether doxycycline protected against development of cdi in hospitalized patients receiving ceftriaxone, a high-risk antibiotic for cdi. | 2012 | 22563022 |
| the undiagnosed cases of clostridium difficile infection in a whole nation: where is the problem? | underdiagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) because of lack of clinical suspicion or the use of non-sensitive diagnostic techniques is a known problem whose real magnitude has not yet been quantified. in order to estimate the extent of this underdiagnosis, we performed c. difficile cultures on all unformed stool specimens sent-irrespective of the type of request-to a series of laboratories in spain on a single day. the specimens were cultured, and isolates were characterized at a cen ... | 2012 | 22563775 |
| comparison of commercial molecular assays for toxigenic clostridium difficile detection in stools: bd geneohm cdiff, xpert c. difficile and illumigene c. difficile. | three commercial molecular assays were evaluated for toxigenic clostridium difficile detection in stools. as compared to toxigenic culture, bd geneohm cdiff (bd diagnostics), xpert c. difficile (cepheid) and illumigene c. difficile (meridian bioscience) demonstrated respectively a sensitivity of 95.5%, 97.8% and 86.7% and a specificity of 97.9%, 97.9% and 100%. | 2012 | 22565213 |
| metronidazole therapy to prevent clostridium difficile infection. | 2012 | 22566020 | |
| clinical and microbiologic characteristics of tcda-negative variant clostridium difficile infections. | the tcda-negative variant (a-b+) of clostridium difficile is prevalent in east asian countries. however, the risk factors and clinical characteristics of a-b+c. difficile infections (cdi) are not clearly documented. the objective of this study was to investigate these characteristics. | 2012 | 22571633 |
| absence of clostridium difficile in asymptomatic hospital staff. | 2012 | 22572458 | |
| case fatality associated with a hypervirulent strain in patients with culture-positive clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective population-based study. | clostridium difficile is a major infectious cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. the epidemiology of c. difficile infection (cdi) is changing, with evidence of increased incidence and severity. the first patient with a hypervirulent strain type in pirkanmaa hospital district, finland was reported in september 2008. | 2012 | 22572612 |
| oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. | a prerequisite for successful identification of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria from samples of clinical material is the method of cultivation. currently, several methods of cultivation in anaerobic environment are used: cultivation in anaerobic box, anaerobic jar, and in nonrecurring cultivation system. here, we determined the suitability of the above methods of cultivation using the estimation of the growth (diameters of colony size) of commonly isolated anaerobic pathogens (bacteroides fragilis ... | 2012 | 22573259 |
| bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance. | the structure and chemical composition of bacterial spores differ considerably from those of vegetative cells. these differences largely account for the unique resistance properties of the spore to environmental stresses, including disinfectants and sterilants, resulting in the emergence of spore-forming bacteria such as clostridium difficile as major hospital pathogens. although there has been considerable work investigating the mechanisms of action of many sporicidal biocides against bacillus ... | 2012 | 22574673 |
| superiority of the dna amplification assay for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection: a clinical comparison of fecal tests. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major infectious concern, accounting for substantial morbidity and resource utilization. advances in microbiological and molecular techniques have resulted in an increasing number of testing options for cdi. a glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) enzyme immunoassay (eia) and a dna amplification (dna-a) test for the diagnosis of cdi have recently become commercially available. | 2012 | 22576711 |
| clostridium difficile: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention of a recalcitrant healthcare-associated pathogen. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea. although c difficile is part of normal flora in some healthy individuals, patients with selective risk factors are often vulnerable to the toxigenic potential of this virulent healthcare pathogen. the spectrum of c difficile infection (cdi) is highly variable, ranging from mild to severe illness, presenting with single to multiple disease recurrences. current approaches to treatment are based on severity of ... | 2012 | 22577120 |
| association between pcr ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility among clostridium difficile isolates from healthcare-associated infections in south korea. | in this study, the association between antimicrobial susceptibility, pcr ribotype and presence of the ermb gene in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was investigated. pcr ribotyping and ermb gene pcr were performed on 131 c. difficile isolates. the susceptibility of these isolates to metronidazole, vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam (tzp), clindamycin, moxifloxacin and rifaximin was also determined. use of antibiotics within the previous 2 months was documented. resistance rates to cli ... | 2012 | 22578765 |
| clinical and economic outcomes from a community hospital's antimicrobial stewardship program. | data from community antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) are limited. we describe clinical and economic outcomes from the first year of our hospital's asp. | 2013 | 22579261 |
| carriage of clostridium difficile in outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. | irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a common, typically chronic and sometimes disabling gastrointestinal condition of uncertain aetiology. recently, a variety of links to gastrointestinal infections have been described including the onset of ibs following exposure to enteric pathogens and an apparent predisposition to gastrointestinal infection. the prevalence of clostridium difficile in a population of ibs outpatients (n = 87) in the absence of established risk factors for the acquisition of c. d ... | 2012 | 22580916 |
| sensitive quantification of clostridium difficile cells by reverse transcription-quantitative pcr targeting rrna molecules. | we established a sensitive and accurate quantification system for clostridium difficile in human intestines, based on rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr). we newly developed a species-specific primer set for c. difficile targeting 23s rrna gene sequences. both the vegetative cells and the spores of c. difficile in human feces were quantified by rt-qpcr, with a lower detection limit of 10(2.4) cells/g of feces. in an analysis of the feces of residents (n = 83; age, 85 ± ... | 2012 | 22582062 |
| acute fulminant pseudomembranous colitis which developed after ileostomy closure and required emergent total colectomy: a case report. | pseudomembranous colitis is known to be caused by clostridium difficile; and, in 3% to 8% of patients, it lapses into an aggressive clinical course that is described as fulminant. we present here a case of extremely rapid and fatal fulminant pseudomembranous colitis that developed after ileostomy closure, a minor surgical procedure. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of fatal fulminant pseudomembranous colitis after closure of a diversion ileostomy in an adult. | 2012 | 22583397 |
| stool transplants: ready for prime time? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of antibiotic- and healthcare-related diarrhea. predisposing factors for infection include antimicrobial use, exposure to healthcare settings, inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy and advanced age, although cdi is now seen in patients without traditional risk factors. the gut microbiome may hold clues to the pathophysiology of cdi and promoting a 'healthy' microbiome has become a focus for cdi therapy. stool transplant or fecal microbi ... | 2012 | 22585070 |
| amixicile, a novel inhibitor of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, shows efficacy against clostridium difficile in a mouse infection model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious diarrheal disease that often develops following prior antibiotic usage. one of the major problems with current therapies (oral vancomycin and metronidazole) is the high rate of recurrence. nitazoxanide (ntz), an inhibitor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) in anaerobic bacteria, parasites, helicobacter pylori, and campylobacter jejuni, also shows clinical efficacy against cdi. from a library of ∼250 analogues of ntz, we identified lead ... | 2012 | 22585229 |
| identifying patients at risk of severe clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile infection is responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from mild diarrhoea to fatal toxic colitis. this article reviews factors which may identify individuals who are at high risk of severe c. difficile-associated disease, and aims to help clinicians predict patients at risk of severe disease. | 2012 | 22585325 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis and clostridium difficille interactomes: demonstration of rapid development of computational system for bacterial interactome prediction. | protein-protein interaction (ppi) networks (interactomes) of most organisms, except for some model organisms, are largely unknown. experimental methods including high-throughput techniques are highly resource intensive. therefore, computational discovery of ppis can accelerate biological discovery by presenting "most-promising" pairs of proteins that are likely to interact. for many bacteria, genome sequence, and thereby genomic context of proteomes, is readily available; additionally, for some ... | 2012 | 22587966 |
| [fever of unknown origin in the intensive care unit]. | fever is common in patients in intensive care units. sources of fever can be infectious or non-infectious. the most common sources of infectious fever include ventilator-associated pneumonia, intravascular catheter-related infections, infection with clostridium difficile or sinusitis. typical examples of non-infectious fever include thromboembolic events, myocardial infarction, autoimmune disease, withdrawal symptoms or a drug-fever. every new onset of fever prompts diagnostic decisions, treatme ... | 2012 | 22588658 |
| evaluation of a hand-held far-ultraviolet radiation device for decontamination of clostridium difficile and other healthcare-associated pathogens. | environmental surfaces play an important role in transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens. there is a need for new disinfection methods that are effective against clostridium difficile spores, but also safe and rapid. the sterilray™ disinfection wand device is a hand-held room decontamination technology that utilizes far-ultraviolet radiation (185-230 nm) to kill pathogens. | 2012 | 22591268 |
| fecal bacteriotherapy: a case report in an immunosuppressed patient with ulcerative colitis and recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | we report a case of ulcerative colitis (uc) and recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) where the patient was on immunomodulatory therapy and had successful cdi eradication after fecal transplantation. this is the first case report in the literature documenting successful c. difficile eradication in an immunosuppressed patient. we feel that fecal transplantation should be studied as a treatment option in these patients. | 2012 | 22593832 |
| treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units. | the use of anti-ulcer medication in the neonatal intensive care unit (icu) is common due to the concern for development of catastrophic gastric ulcerdisease. in man, however, the use of acid-suppressive medication has been shown in some studies to be a substantial riskfactorfor the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis. | 2012 | 22594032 |
| a 5-year retrospective review of experience with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the incidence and virulence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has increased dramatically from the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s. this research assessed recent cdad patterns at a major military medical center from 2005 to 2009, by retrospectively reviewing clinical data of each cdad case identified using the center's electronic medical record system. two hundred and thirty-two cases were identified. there was a stable incidence rate for both inpatient (2.6-4.3/1000) and outpatient ... | 2012 | 22594138 |
| interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host in clostridium difficile colonization resistance. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become one of the most prevalent and costly nosocomial infections. in spite of the importance of cdi, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this infection is still rudimentary. although previous use of antibiotics is generally considered to be the sine qua non of cdi, the mechanisms by which antibiotics render the host susceptible to c. difficile are not well defined. in this review, we will explore what is known about how the indigenous microbiota acts i ... | 2012 | 22595318 |
| adherence of clostridium difficile spores to caco-2 cells in culture. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea cases. c. difficile spores are recognized as the persistent and infectious morphotype as well as the vehicle of transmission of cdi. however, there is a lack of knowledge on how c. difficile spores interact with the host's epithelial surfaces. in this context, we have characterized the ability of c. difficile spores to adhere to human caco-2 cells. despite the similarities in spore-surface hydrophobic ... | 2012 | 22595914 |
| saccharomyces boulardii fungemia caused by treatment with a probioticum. | saccharomyces cerevisiae, known as baker's yeast, is normally considered a non-pathogenic yeast. a genetically very similar subtype, s boulardii, is used in a probioticum (sacchaflor) to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and in the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. the authors present a case report of a 79-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, who after a bowel resection developed s boulardii fungemia. her postoperative course was complicated by nutriti ... | 2012 | 22605806 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile infection is the most common infectious cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhoea. severe infections cause therapeutic challenges for healthcare providers. various novel treatment modalities are currently being explored for treatment of severe disease. the authors report a 70-year-old female who presented to the emergency room with 1 week history of fever, watery diarrhoea, diffuse abdominal pain and weakness. c difficile toxin was detected in the stool and abdominal cat scan ... | 2012 | 22605853 |
| accuracy of icd-10 codes for surveillance of clostridium difficile infections, france. | the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance for clostridium difficile infections according to international classification of diseases, 10th revision, codes were compared with laboratory results as standard. sensitivity was 35.6%; specificity was 99.9%. concordance between the 2 methods was moderate. surveillance based on icd-10 codes underestimated the rate based on laboratory results. | 2012 | 22607707 |
| clostridium difficile infection, colorado and the northwestern united states, 2007. | to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infection during 2007, we examined infection in adult inpatient and outpatient members of a managed-care organization. incidence was 14.9 c. difficile infections per 10,000 patient-years. extrapolating this rate to us adults, we estimate that 284,875 c. difficile infections occurred during 2007. | 2012 | 22608207 |
| occurrence of toxigenic clostridium difficile in edible bivalve molluscs. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic bacterium commonly considered to be responsible for antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from diarrhea of varying severity to pseudomembranous colitis. the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of c. difficile in marine edible bivalve molluscs, which, as filter feeding organisms, are able to accumulate particles suspended in water, including microorganisms. samples of mytilus galloprovincialis, tapes philippinarum, and venus verr ... | 2012 | 22608238 |
| [improving the diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile infection]. | 2012 | 22608489 | |
| fidaxomicin: a novel macrocyclic antibiotic for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, and place in therapy of fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are reviewed. | 2012 | 22610025 |
| fidaxomicin failures in recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a problem of timing. | 2012 | 22610922 | |
| clostridium difficile: novel insights on an incessantly challenging disease. | this review comprises recent insights on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, pathophysiologic mechanisms, novel treatment options and prevention strategies of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2012 | 22614522 |
| a chimeric toxin vaccine protects against primary and recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | the global emergence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has contributed to the recent surge in severe antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colonic inflammation. c. difficile produces two homologous glucosylating exotoxins, tcda and tcdb, both of which are pathogenic and require neutralization to prevent disease occurrence. however, because of their large size and complex multifunctional domain structures, it has been a challenge to produce native recombinant toxins that may serve as vaccine ... | 2012 | 22615245 |
| the clostridium difficile spo0a gene is a persistence and transmission factor. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of chronic antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a significant health care-associated pathogen that forms highly resistant and infectious spores. spo0a is a highly conserved transcriptional regulator that plays a key role in initiating sporulation in bacillus and clostridium species. here, we use a murine model to study the role of the c. difficile spo0a gene during infection and transmission. we demonstrate that c. difficile spo0a mutant derivatives can cause ... | 2012 | 22615253 |
| sustained clinical response as an endpoint in treatment trials of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2012 | 22615287 | |
| proton pump inhibitors and diarrhoea related to clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients: a case-control study. | the incidence and disease severity of clostridium difficile infection are rising. there is increasing evidence of a potential association between proton-pump inhibitors (ppi) and c. difficile infection. we performed a case-control study to examine the relationship between ppi and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-proven c. difficile infection in 137 hospitalised patients in a tertiary hospital in western australia. only antibiotic exposure within 3 months prior to onset of diarrhoea was associated ... | 2012 | 22616966 |
| phosphorylation of the synthetic hexasaccharide repeating unit is essential for the induction of antibodies to clostridium difficile psii cell wall polysaccharide. | clostridium difficile is emerging worldwide as a major cause of nosocomial infections. the negatively charged psii polysaccharide has been found in different strains of c. difficile and, thereby, represents an important target molecule for a possible carbohydrate-based vaccine. in order to identify a synthetic fragment that after conjugation to a protein carrier could be able to induce anti-psii antibodies, we exploited a combination of chemical synthesis with immunochemistry, confocal immunoflu ... | 2012 | 22620974 |
| diverse temperate bacteriophage carriage in clostridium difficile 027 strains. | the hypervirulent clostridium difficile ribotype 027 can be classified into subtypes, but it unknown if these differ in terms of severity of c. difficile infection (cdi). genomic studies of c. difficile 027 strains have established that they are rich in mobile genetic elements including prophages. this study combined physiological studies, electron microscopy analysis and molecular biology to determine the potential role of temperate bacteriophages in disease and diversity of c. difficile 027. | 2012 | 22624004 |
| quantitative real time pcr detection of clostridium difficile growth inhibition by probiotic organisms. | probiotic microorganisms are potential treatments for clostridium difficile diarrheal disease (cdd) but better methods are needed to determine the relative potency of probiotic microorganisms against pathogenic organisms in mixed cultures. | 2010 | 22624106 |
| protection from clostridium difficile toxin b-catalysed rac1/cdc42 glucosylation by tauroursodeoxycholic acid-induced rac1/cdc42 phosphorylation. | toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). tcda and tcdb mono-glucosylate small gtpases of the rho family, thereby causing actin re-organisation in colonocytes, resulting in the loss of colonic barrier function. the hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (tudca) is an approved drug for the treatment of cholestasis and biliary cirrhosis. in this study, tudca-induced activation of akt1 is presented to increase ce ... | 2012 | 22628301 |
| epidemiological survey of clostridium difficile ribotypes in the north east of england during an 18-month period. | during an 18-month period, 1606 stool specimens from laboratory-confirmed cases of clostridium difficile infection in the north east of england were ribotyped using unrestricted polymerase chain reaction. of these, 87.6% grew c. difficile on culture; 70% had one of 10 recognizable ribotypes of which 001, 106 and 027 were the most prevalent. the proportions of ribotypes 002 and 015 declined during the study period, whereas ribotypes 016 and 023 increased. ribotype 005 was significantly more numer ... | 2012 | 22633277 |
| uk laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection: in a state of transition, confusion, or both? | 2012 | 22633279 | |
| fecal transplant for clostridium difficile. | 2012 | 22636832 | |
| mechanisms of constitutive and atp-evoked atp release in neonatal mouse olfactory epithelium. | atp is an extracellular signaling molecule with many ascribed functions in sensory systems, including the olfactory epithelium. the mechanism(s) by which atp is released in the olfactory epithelium has not been investigated. quantitative luciferin-luciferase assays were used to monitor atp release, and confocal imaging of the fluorescent atp marker quinacrine was used to monitor atp release via exocytosis in swiss webster mouse neonatal olfactory epithelial slices. | 2012 | 22640172 |
| multidrug-resistant organisms, wounds and topical antimicrobial protection. | multidrug-resistant organisms (mdros) are increasingly implicated in both acute and chronic wound infections. the limited therapeutic options are further compromised by the fact that wound bacteria often co-exist within a biofilm community which enhances bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. as a consequence, topical antiseptics may be an important consideration for minimising the opportunity for wound infections involving mdros. the objective of this research was to investigate the antimicrobial ... | 2012 | 22640181 |