Publications

identification of a pantoea biosynthetic cluster that directs the synthesis of an antimicrobial natural product.	fire blight is a destructive disease of apple and pear caused by the enteric bacterial pathogen, erwinia amylovora. e. amylovora initiates infection by colonizing the stigmata of apple and pear trees, and entering the plants through natural openings. epiphytic populations of the related enteric bacterium, pantoea, reduce the incidence of disease through competition and antibiotic production. in this study, we identify an antibiotic from pantoea ananatis brt175, which is effective against e. amyl ...	2014	24796857
order of arrival shifts endophyte-pathogen interactions in bean from resistance induction to disease facilitation.	endophytic fungi colonize plants without causing symptoms of disease and can enhance the resistance of their host to pathogens. we cultivated 53 fungal strains from wild lima bean (phaseolus lunatus) and investigated their effects on pathogens using in vitro assays and experiments in planta. most strains were annotated as rhizopus, fusarium, penicillium, cochliobolus, and artomyces spp. by the sequence of their 18s rrna gene. in vitro confrontation assays between endophytes and three pathogens ( ...	2014	24801140
antiproliferative, antifungal, and antibacterial activities of endophytic alternaria species from cupressaceae.	recent research has shown the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from cupressaceae. here, we further uncover that the healthy cypress plants such as cupressus arizonica, cupressus sempervirens var. cereiformis, and thuja orientalis host highly bioactive endophytic alternaria fungal species. indeed, endophytic alternaria alternata, alternaria pellucida, and alternaria tangelonis were recovered from healthy cupressaceous trees. biodiversity and bioactivity of recovered endophytic alternaria specie ...	2014	24801337
the arabidopsis zinc finger protein3 interferes with abscisic acid and light signaling in seed germination and plant development.	seed germination is controlled by environmental signals, including light and endogenous phytohormones. abscisic acid (aba) inhibits, whereas gibberellin promotes, germination and early seedling development, respectively. here, we report that zfp3, a nuclear c2h2 zinc finger protein, acts as a negative regulator of aba suppression of seed germination in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). accordingly, regulated overexpression of zfp3 and the closely related zfp1, zfp4, zfp6, and zfp7 zinc finger ...	2014	24808098
the plant membrane-associated remorin1.3 accumulates in discrete perihaustorial domains and enhances susceptibility to phytophthora infestans.	filamentous pathogens such as the oomycete phytophthora infestans infect plants by developing specialized structures termed haustoria inside the host cells. haustoria are thought to enable the secretion of effector proteins into the plant cells. haustorium biogenesis, therefore, is critical for pathogen accommodation in the host tissue. haustoria are enveloped by a specialized host-derived membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (ehm), which is distinct from the plant plasma membrane. the mechani ...	2014	24808104
isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker.	the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. in the last years, it has caused severe economic losses to actinidia spp. cultivations, mainly in italy and new zealand. conventional strategies adopted did not provide adequate control of infection. phage therapy may be a realistic and safe answer to the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents aiming to control this bacterial pathogen. in this study, we described the isolation an ...	2014	24810619
rav genes: regulation of floral induction and beyond.	transcription factors of the rav (related to abi3 and vp1) family are plant-specific and possess two dna-binding domains. in arabidopsis thaliana, the family comprises six members, including tempranillo 1 (tem1) and tem2. arabidopsis rav1 and tem1 have been shown to bind bipartite dna sequences, with the consensus motif c(a/c/g)aca(n)2-8(c/a/t)acctg. through direct binding to dna, rav proteins act as transcriptional repressors, probably in complexes with other co-repressors.	2014	24812253
cystoviral polymerase complex protein p7 uses its acidic c-terminal tail to regulate the rna-directed rna polymerase p2.	in bacteriophages of the cystovirus family, the polymerase complex (px) encodes a 75-kda rna-directed rna polymerase (p2) that transcribes the double-stranded rna genome. also a constituent of the px is the essential protein p7 that, in addition to accelerating px assembly and facilitating genome packaging, plays a regulatory role in transcription. deletion of p7 from the px leads to aberrant plus-strand synthesis suggesting its influence on the transcriptase activity of p2. here, using solution ...	2014	24813120
modulation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in bacteroids within medicago sativa nodules.	to evaluate the dose-response effects of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) on medicago plant growth and dry weight production, we increased the synthesis of iaa in both free-living and symbiosis-stage rhizobial bacteroids during rhizobium-legume symbiosis. for this purpose, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to modify an 85-bp promoter sequence, driving the expression of iaam and tms2 genes for iaa biosynthesis. a positive correlation was found between the higher expression of iaa biosynt ...	2014	24814784
pvdp is a tyrosinase that drives maturation of the pyoverdine chromophore in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the iron binding siderophore pyoverdine constitutes a major adaptive factor contributing to both virulence and survival in fluorescent pseudomonads. for decades, pyoverdine production has allowed the identification and classification of fluorescent and nonfluorescent pseudomonads. here, we demonstrate that pvdp, a periplasmic enzyme of previously unknown function, is a tyrosinase required for the maturation of the pyoverdine chromophore in pseudomonas aeruginosa. pvdp converts the nonfluorescent ...	2014	24816606
the self-assembly of a cyclic lipopeptides mixture secreted by a b. megaterium strain and its implications on activity against a sensitive bacillus species.	cyclic lipopeptides are produced by a soil bacillus megaterium strain and several other bacillus species. in this work, they are detected both in the bacillus intact cells and the cells culture medium by maldi-tof mass spectrometry. the cyclic lipopeptides self-assemble in water media producing negatively charged and large aggregates (300-800 nm of mean hydrodynamic radius) as evaluated by dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential analysis. the aggregate size depends on ph and ionic strength. ...	2014	24816927
purification, crystallization and phase determination of the dr1998 haem b catalase from deinococcus radiodurans.	the protective mechanisms of deinococcus radiodurans against primary reactive oxygen species involve nonenzymatic scavengers and a powerful enzymatic antioxidant system including catalases, peroxidases and superoxide dismutases that prevents oxidative damage. catalase is an enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of h2o2 to o2 and h2o, protecting the organism from the oxidative effect of h2o2. this study reports the purification and crystallization of the dr1998 catalase from d. radioduran ...	2014	24817732
bzips and wrkys: two large transcription factor families executing two different functional strategies.	bzips and wrkys are two important plant transcription factor (tf) families regulating diverse developmental and stress-related processes. since a partial overlap in these biological processes is obvious, it can be speculated that they fulfill non-redundant functions in a complex regulatory network. here, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms that are so far described for bzips and wrkys. bzip factors need to heterodimerize for dna-binding and regulation of transcription, and based on a bioinform ...	2014	24817872
detection of food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria based on ligation detection reaction coupled to flow-through hybridization on membranes.	traditional culturing methods are still commonly applied for bacterial identification in the food control sector, despite being time and labor intensive. microarray technologies represent an interesting alternative. however, they require higher costs and technical expertise, making them still inappropriate for microbial routine analysis. the present study describes the development of an efficient method for bacterial identification based on flow-through reverse dot-blot (ft-rdb) hybridization on ...	2014	24818128
temporal dynamics of growth and photosynthesis suppression in response to jasmonate signaling.	biotic stress constrains plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. repression of photosynthetic genes is a conserved plant response to biotic attack, but how this transcriptional reprogramming is linked to changes in photosynthesis and the transition from growth- to defense-oriented metabolism is poorly understood. here, we used a combination of noninvasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technology and rna sequencing to determine the effect of the defense hormone jasmonate (ja ...	2014	24820026
scopoletin is a phytoalexin against alternaria alternata in wild tobacco dependent on jasmonate signalling.	alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype) is a necrotrophic fungus causing severe losses in nicotiana species by infection of mature leaves. similar to what has been observed in cultivated tobacco, n. tabacum, young leaves of wild tobacco, n. attenuata, were more resistant to a. alternata than mature leaves, and this was correlated with stronger blue fluorescence induced after infection. however, the nature of the fluorescence-emitting compound, its role in defence, and its regulation were not cl ...	2014	24821958
a brief review: the z-curve theory and its application in genome analysis.	in theoretical physics, there exist two basic mathematical approaches, algebraic and geometrical methods, which, in most cases, are complementary. in the area of genome sequence analysis, however, algebraic approaches have been widely used, while geometrical approaches have been less explored for a long time. the z-curve theory is a geometrical approach to genome analysis. the z-curve is a three-dimensional curve that represents a given dna sequence in the sense that each can be uniquely reconst ...	2014	24822026
repression of jasmonate-dependent defenses by shade involves differential regulation of protein stability of myc transcription factors and their jaz repressors in arabidopsis.	reduction of the red/far-red (r/fr) light ratio that occurs in dense canopies promotes plant growth to outcompete neighbors but has a repressive effect on jasmonate (ja)-dependent defenses. the molecular mechanism underlying this trade-off is not well understood. we found that the ja-related transcription factors myc2, myc3, and myc4 are short-lived proteins degraded by the proteasome, and stabilized by ja and light, in arabidopsis thaliana. dark and constitutive photomorphogenic1 destabilize my ...	2014	24824488
light-induced stomatal opening is affected by the guard cell protein kinase apk1b.	guard cells allow land plants to survive under restricted or fluctuating water availability. they control the exchange of gases between the external environment and the interior of the plant by regulating the aperture of stomatal pores in response to environmental stimuli such as light intensity, and are important regulators of plant productivity. their turgor driven movements are under the control of a signalling network that is not yet fully characterised. a reporter gene fusion confirmed that ...	2014	24828466
expression of the bacterial type iii effector dspa/e in saccharomyces cerevisiae down-regulates the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway leading to growth arrest.	erwinia amylovora, the bacterium responsible for fire blight, relies on a type iii secretion system and a single injected effector, dspa/e, to induce disease in host plants. dspa/e belongs to the widespread avre family of type iii effectors that suppress plant defense responses and promote bacterial growth following infection. ectopic expression of dspa/e in plant or in saccharomyces cerevisiae is toxic, indicating that dspa/e likely targets a cellular process conserved between yeast and plant. ...	2014	24828506
edr1 physically interacts with mkk4/mkk5 and negatively regulates a map kinase cascade to modulate plant innate immunity.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase signaling cascades play important roles in the regulation of plant defense. the raf-like map kinase kinase kinase (mapkkk) edr1 negatively regulates plant defense responses and cell death. however, how edr1 functions, and whether it affects the regulation of mapk cascades, are not well understood. here, we showed that edr1 negatively regulates the mkk4/mkk5-mpk3/mpk6 kinase cascade in arabidopsis. we found that edr1 mutants have highly activated mpk3/mpk6 k ...	2014	24830651
the role of the cell wall in plant immunity.	the battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often co-dependent. a primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell walls whilst avoiding detection by the plant's immune receptors. while some receptors sense conserved microbial features, others monitor physical changes caused by an infection attempt. detection of microbes leads to activation of appropriate defense responses that then challenge the attack. plant cell walls are ...	2014	24834069
the cysteine2/histidine2-type transcription factor zinc finger of arabidopsis thaliana6 modulates biotic and abiotic stress responses by activating salicylic acid-related genes and c-repeat-binding factor genes in arabidopsis.	the cysteine2/histidine2-type zinc finger proteins are a large family of transcription regulators, and some of them play essential roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. in this study, we found that expression of c2h2-type zinc finger of arabidopsis thaliana6 (atzat6) was transcriptionally induced by salt, dehydration, cold stress treatments, and pathogen infection, and atzat6 was predominantly located in the nucleus. atzat6-overexpressing plants exhibited improved resistance to ...	2014	24834923
dithiolopyrrolones: biosynthesis, synthesis, and activity of a unique class of disulfide-containing antibiotics.	covering: up to 2014. dithiolopyrrolone (dtp) group antibiotics were first isolated in the early half of the 20th century, but only recently has research been reawakened by insights gained from the synthesis and biosynthesis of this structurally intriguing class of molecules. dtps are characterized by an electronically unique bicyclic structure, which contains a compact disulfide bridge between two ene-thiols. points of diversity within the compound class occur outside of the bicyclic core, at t ...	2014	24835149
pseudomonas syringae cc1557: a highly virulent strain with an unusually small type iii effector repertoire that includes a novel effector.	both type iii effector proteins and nonribosomal peptide toxins play important roles for pseudomonas syringae pathogenicity in host plants, but whether and how these pathways interact to promote infection remains unclear. genomic evidence from one clade of p. syringae suggests a tradeoff between the total number of type iii effector proteins and presence of syringomycin, syringopeptin, and syringolin a toxins. here, we report the complete genome sequence from p. syringae cc1557, which contains t ...	2014	24835253
response to long-term nahco3-derived alkalinity in model lotus japonicus ecotypes gifu b-129 and miyakojima mg-20: transcriptomic profiling and physiological characterization.	the current knowledge regarding transcriptomic changes induced by alkalinity on plants is scarce and limited to studies where plants were subjected to the alkaline salt for periods not longer than 48 h, so there is no information available regarding the regulation of genes involved in the generation of a new homeostatic cellular condition after long-term alkaline stress. lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study many important physiological processes including biotic interactions a ...	2014	24835559
sensitive detection of xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a pcr-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target dna sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. we developed primers highly specific for two globally ...	2014	24837384
modest: a web-based design tool for oligonucleotide-mediated genome engineering and recombineering.	recombineering and multiplex automated genome engineering (mage) offer the possibility to rapidly modify multiple genomic or plasmid sites at high efficiencies. this enables efficient creation of genetic variants including both single mutants with specifically targeted modifications as well as combinatorial cell libraries. manual design of oligonucleotides for these approaches can be tedious, time-consuming, and may not be practical for larger projects targeting many genomic sites. at present, t ...	2014	24838561
identification of the flagellin glycosylation system in burkholderia cenocepacia and the contribution of glycosylated flagellin to evasion of human innate immune responses.	burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen threatening patients with cystic fibrosis. flagella are required for biofilm formation, as well as adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells. recognition of flagellin via the toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) contributes to exacerbate b. cenocepacia-induced lung epithelial inflammatory responses. in this study, we report that b. cenocepacia flagellin is glycosylated on at least 10 different sites with a single sugar, 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-hydroxybuta ...	2014	24841205
robust and accurate prediction of residue-residue interactions across protein interfaces using evolutionary information.	do the amino acid sequence identities of residues that make contact across protein interfaces covary during evolution? if so, such covariance could be used to predict contacts across interfaces and assemble models of biological complexes. we find that residue pairs identified using a pseudo-likelihood-based method to covary across protein-protein interfaces in the 50s ribosomal unit and 28 additional bacterial protein complexes with known structure are almost always in contact in the complex, pr ...	2014	24842992
alternative functions of arabidopsis yellow stripe-like3: from metal translocation to pathogen defense.	yellow stripe-like1 (ysl1) and ysl3 are involved in iron (fe) and copper (cu) translocation. previously, we reported that upregulation of ysl1 and ysl3 under excess cu caused high accumulation of cu in the siz1 mutant, impaired in small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) e3 ligase. interestingly, the siz1 mutant contains high levels of salicylic acid (sa), involved in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens. in this study, we found that ysl1 and ysl3 were upregulated by sa. sa-regulated ysl3 but ...	2014	24845074
the phytotoxin coronatine induces abscission-related gene expression and boll ripening during defoliation of cotton.	defoliants can increase machine harvest efficiency of cotton (gossypium hirusutum l.), prevent lodging and reduce the time from defoliation to harvest. coronatine (cor) is a chlorosis-inducing non-host-specific phytotoxin that induces leaf and/or fruit abscission in some crops. the present study investigates how cor might induce cotton leaf abscission by modulating genes involved in cell wall hydrolases and acc (ethylene precursor) in various cotton tissues. the effects of cor on cotton boll rip ...	2014	24845465
sec14 phospholipid transfer protein is involved in lipid signaling-mediated plant immune responses in nicotiana benthamiana.	we previously identified a gene related to the sec14-gene phospholipid transfer protein superfamily that is induced in nicotiana benthamiana (nbsec14) in response to infection with ralstonia solanacearum. we here report that nbsec14 plays a role in plant immune responses via phospholipid-turnover. nbsec14-silencing compromised expression of defense-related pr-4 and accumulation of jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivative ja-ile. transient expression of nbsec14 induced pr-4 gene expression. activiti ...	2014	24845602
chp8, a diguanylate cyclase from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, suppresses the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin, increases extracellular polysaccharides, and promotes plant immune evasion.	the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae causes disease in a wide range of plants. the associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways. p. syringae uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver virulence factors into the plant that promote survival of the bacterium. the p. syringae t3ss is a ...	2014	24846383
effector missp7 of the mutualistic fungus laccaria bicolor stabilizes the populus jaz6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (ja) responsive genes.	ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as laccaria bicolor, support forest growth and sustainability by providing growth-limiting nutrients to their plant host through a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with host roots. we have previously shown that the effector protein missp7 (mycorrhiza-induced small secreted protein 7) encoded by l. bicolor is necessary for the establishment of symbiosis with host trees, although the mechanistic reasoning behind this role was unknown. we demonstrate here that missp7 i ...	2014	24847068
pyoverdine synthesis by the mn(ii)-oxidizing bacterium pseudomonas putida gb-1.	when iron-starved, the mn(ii)-oxidizing bacteria pseudomonas putida strains gb-1 and mnb1 produce pyoverdines (pvdgb-1 and pvdmnb1), siderophores that both influence iron uptake and inhibit manganese(ii) oxidation by these strains. to explore the properties and genetics of a pvd that can affect manganese oxidation, lc-ms/ms, and various siderotyping techniques were used to identify the peptides of pvdgb-1 and pvdmnb1 as being (for both pvds): chromophore-asp-lys-ohasp-ser-gly-athr-lys-cohorn, re ...	2014	24847318
role of npr1 and kyp in long-lasting induced resistance by β-aminobutyric acid.	priming of defense increases the responsiveness of the plant immune system and can provide broad-spectrum protection against disease. recent evidence suggests that priming of defense can be inherited epigenetically to following generations. however, the mechanisms of long-lasting defense priming within one generation remains poorly understood. here, we have investigated the mechanistic basis of long-lasting induced resistance after treatment with β -aminobutyric acid (baba), an agent that mimics ...	2014	24847342
composition and function of p bodies in arabidopsis thaliana.	mrna accumulation is tightly regulated by diverse molecular pathways. the identification and characterization of enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in controlling the fate of mrna offers the possibility to broaden our understanding of posttranscriptional gene regulation. processing bodies (p bodies, pb) are cytoplasmic protein complexes involved in degradation and translational arrest of mrna. composition and dynamics of these subcellular structures have been studied in animal systems, yea ...	2014	24860588
interplay among pseudomonas syringae hrpr, hrps and hrpv proteins for regulation of the type iii secretion system.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, a plant pathogenic gram-negative bacterium, employs the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to cause disease in tomato and arabidopsis and to induce the hypersensitive response in nonhost plants. the expression of t3ss is regulated by the hrpl extracytoplasmic sigma factor. expression of hrpl is controlled by transcriptional activators hrpr and hrps and negative regulator hrpv. in this study, we analysed the organization of hrprs and hrpv regulatory proteins ...	2014	24863420
metabolic potential of endophytic bacteria.	the bacterial endophytic microbiome promotes plant growth and health and beneficial effects are in many cases mediated and characterized by metabolic interactions. recent advances have been made in regard to metabolite production by plant microsymbionts showing that they may produce a range of different types of metabolites. these substances play a role in defense and competition, but may also be needed for specific interaction and communication with the plant host. furthermore, few examples of ...	2014	24863894
spatial and temporal dynamics of primary and secondary metabolism in phaseolus vulgaris challenged by pseudomonas syringae.	many defense mechanisms contribute to the plant immune system against pathogens, involving the regulation of different processes of the primary and secondary metabolism. at the same time, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to hijack the plant defense in order to establish the infection and proliferate. localization and timing of the host response are essential to understand defense mechanisms and resistance to pathogens (rico et al. 2011). imaging techniques, such as fluorescence imaging and ther ...	2015	24871330
enhanced disease susceptibility1 mediates pathogen resistance and virulence function of a bacterial effector in soybean.	enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1) and phytoalexin deficient4 (pad4) are well-known regulators of both basal and resistance (r) protein-mediated plant defense. we identified two eds1-like (gmeds1a/gmeds1b) proteins and one pad4-like (gmpad4) protein that are required for resistance signaling in soybean (glycine max). consistent with their significant structural conservation to arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) counterparts, constitutive expression of gmeds1 or gmpad4 complemented the patho ...	2014	24872380
intercellular salicylic acid accumulation during compatible and incompatible arabidopsis-pseudomonas syringae interactions.	the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) plays an important role in several disease resistance responses. during the age-related resistance (arr) response that occurs in mature arabidopsis responding to pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst), sa accumulates in the intercellular space where it may act as an antimicrobial agent. recently we measured intracellular and intercellular sa levels in young, arr-incompetent plants responding to virulent and avirulent strains of pst to determine if intercellular ...	2014	24874267
polyphosphate, cyclic amp, guanosine tetraphosphate, and c-di-gmp reduce in vitro lon activity.	lon protease is conserved from bacteria to humans and regulates cellular processes by degrading different classes of proteins including antitoxins, transcriptional activators, unfolded proteins, and free ribosomal proteins. since we found that lon has several putative cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) binding sites and since lon binds polyphosphate (polyp) and lipid polysaccharide, we hypothesized that lon has an affinity for phosphate-based molecules that might regulate its activity. hence we teste ...	2014	24874800
definition of plant-pathogenic pseudomonas genomospecies of the pseudomonas syringae complex through multiple comparative approaches.	a total of 34 phytopathogenic strain genomes belonging to the pseudomonas syringae species complex and related species, including many pathotype strains, were assessed using average nucleotide identity (ani) analysis. their taxonomic relationships were consistently confirmed by the tetranucleotide frequency correlation coefficient (tetra) values, multilocus sequence typing analysis (mlsa) performed with seven housekeeping genes, using both maximum likelihood and bayesian methods, and split conse ...	2014	24875383
synchronization of developmental processes and defense signaling by growth regulating transcription factors.	growth regulating factors (grfs) are a conserved class of transcription factor in seed plants. grfs are involved in various aspects of tissue differentiation and organ development. the implication of grfs in biotic stress response has also been recently reported, suggesting a role of these transcription factors in coordinating the interaction between developmental processes and defense dynamics. however, the molecular mechanisms by which grfs mediate the overlaps between defense signaling and de ...	2014	24875638
cucumber pti1-l is a cytoplasmic protein kinase involved in defense responses and salt tolerance.	homologs of the cytoplasmic protein kinase pti1 are found in diverse plant species. a clear role of pti1 in plant defense response has not been established. we identified a pti1 homolog in cucumber (cspti1-l). cspti1-l expression was induced when cucumber plants were challenged with the fungal pathogen sphaerotheca fuliginea or with salt treatment. cspti1-l expression in cucumber leaves also was induced by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. cspti1-l exhibited autophosphorylatio ...	2014	24877673
analysis of phaseolus vulgaris response to its association with trichoderma harzianum (all-42) in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani.	the present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of trichoderma harzianum (all 42-isolated from brazilian cerrado soil) to promote common bean growth and to modulate its metabolism and defense response in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani using a proteomic approach. t. harzianum was able to promote common bean plants growth as shown by the increase in root/foliar areas and by size in comparison to plants grown in its absence. the ...	2014	24878929
analysis of the pantoea ananatis pan-genome reveals factors underlying its ability to colonize and interact with plant, insect and vertebrate hosts.	pantoea ananatis is found in a wide range of natural environments, including water, soil, as part of the epi- and endophytic flora of various plant hosts, and in the insect gut. some strains have proven effective as biological control agents and plant-growth promoters, while other strains have been implicated in diseases of a broad range of plant hosts and humans. by analysing the pan-genome of eight sequenced p. ananatis strains isolated from different sources we identified factors potentially ...	2014	24884520
natural rice rhizospheric microbes suppress rice blast infections.	the natural interactions between plant roots and their rhizospheric microbiome are vital to plant fitness, modulating both growth promotion and disease suppression. in rice (oryza sativa), a globally important food crop, as much as 30% of yields are lost due to blast disease caused by fungal pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. capitalizing on the abilities of naturally occurring rice soil bacteria to reduce m. oryzae infections could provide a sustainable solution to reduce the amount of crops lost to ...	2014	24884531
functional characterization of a penicillium chrysogenum mutanase gene induced upon co-cultivation with bacillus subtilis.	microbial gene expression is strongly influenced by environmental growth conditions. comparison of gene expression under different conditions is frequently used for functional analysis and to unravel regulatory networks, however, gene expression responses to co-cultivation with other microorganisms, a common occurrence in nature, is rarely studied under laboratory conditions. to explore cellular responses of the antibiotic-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum to prokaryotes, the present stud ...	2014	24884713
go2msig, an automated go based multi-species gene set generator for gene set enrichment analysis.	despite the widespread use of high throughput expression platforms and the availability of a desktop implementation of gene set enrichment analysis (gsea) that enables non-experts to perform gene set based analyses, the availability of the necessary precompiled gene sets is rare for species other than human.	2014	24884810
comparative analysis of klebsiella pneumoniae genomes identifies a phospholipase d family protein as a novel virulence factor.	klebsiella pneumoniae strains are pathogenic to animals and humans, in which they are both a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a re-emerging cause of severe community-acquired infections. k. pneumoniae isolates of the capsular serotype k2 are among the most virulent. in order to identify novel putative virulence factors that may account for the severity of k2 infections, the genome sequence of the k2 reference strain kp52.145 was determined and compared to two k1 and k2 strains of low ...	2014	24885329
comparative genome analysis of pathogenic and non-pathogenic clavibacter strains reveals adaptations to their lifestyle.	the genus clavibacter harbors economically important plant pathogens infecting agricultural crops such as potato and tomato. although the vast majority of clavibacter strains are pathogenic, there is an increasing number of non-pathogenic isolates reported. non-pathogenic clavibacter strains isolated from tomato seeds are particularly problematic because they affect the current detection and identification tests for clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cmm), which is regulated with a ...	2014	24885539
genome-wide identification of hfq-regulated small rnas in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora discovered small rnas with virulence regulatory function.	erwinia amylovora is a phytopathogenic bacterium and causal agent of fire blight disease in apples and pears. although many virulence factors have been characterized, the coordination of expression of these virulence factors in e. amylovora is still not clear. regulatory small rnas (srnas) are important post-transcriptional regulatory components in bacteria. a large number of srnas require the rna chaperone hfq for both stability and functional activation. in e. amylovora, hfq was identified as ...	2014	24885615
agrobacterium-derived cytokinin influences plastid morphology and starch accumulation in nicotiana benthamiana during transient assays.	agrobacterium tumefaciens-based transient assays have become a common tool for answering questions related to protein localization and gene expression in a cellular context. the use of these assays assumes that the transiently transformed cells are observed under relatively authentic physiological conditions and maintain 'normal' sub-cellular behaviour. although this premise is widely accepted, the question of whether cellular organization and organelle morphology is altered in agrobacterium-inf ...	2014	24886417
expression-based network biology identifies immune-related functional modules involved in plant defense.	plants respond to diverse environmental cues including microbial perturbations by coordinated regulation of thousands of genes. these intricate transcriptional regulatory interactions depend on the recognition of specific promoter sequences by regulatory transcription factors. the combinatorial and cooperative action of multiple transcription factors defines a regulatory network that enables plant cells to respond to distinct biological signals. the identification of immune-related modules in la ...	2014	24888606
ethylene signalling affects susceptibility of tomatoes to salmonella.	fresh fruits and vegetables are increasingly recognized as important reservoirs of human pathogens, and therefore, significant attention has been directed recently to understanding mechanisms of the interactions between plants and enterics, like salmonella. a screen of tomato cultivars for their susceptibility to salmonella revealed significant differences in the ability of this human pathogen to multiply within fruits; expression of the salmonella genes (cysb, agfb, fadh) involved in the intera ...	2014	24888884
role of the penetration-resistance genes pen1, pen2 and pen3 in the hypersensitive response and race-specific resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	plants are highly capable of recognizing and defending themselves against invading microbes. adapted plant pathogens secrete effector molecules to suppress the host's immune system. these molecules may be recognized by host-encoded resistance proteins, which then trigger defense in the form of the hypersensitive response (hr) leading to programmed cell death of the host tissue at the infection site. the three proteins pen1, pen2 and pen3 have been found to act as central components in cell wall- ...	2014	24889055
multiple recognition of rxlr effectors is associated with nonhost resistance of pepper against phytophthora infestans.	nonhost resistance (nhr) is a plant immune response to resist most pathogens. the molecular basis of nhr is poorly understood, but recognition of pathogen effectors by immune receptors, a response known as effector-triggered immunity, has been proposed as a component of nhr. we performed transient expression of 54 phytophthora infestansrxlr effectors in pepper (capsicum annuum) accessions. we used optimized heterologous expression methods and analyzed the inheritance of effector-induced cell dea ...	2014	24889686
antibacterial activities of ligaria cuneifolia and jodina rhombifolia leaf extracts against phytopathogenic and clinical bacteria.	six plant extracts prepared from ligaria cuneifolia and jodina rhombifolia were screened for their potential antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens and clinically standard reference bacterial strains. bioautography and broth microdilution methods were used to study samples antibacterial activities against 7 bacterial strains. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) of samples were attained. an antibacterial activity guided isolation an ...	2014	24894684
altered growth and improved resistance of arabidopsis against pseudomonas syringae by overexpression of the basic amino acid transporter atcat1.	amino acid transporters in plants are crucial for distributing amino acids between plant organs and cellular compartments. the h(+)-coupled plasma membrane transporter cat1 (cationic amino acid transporter 1) facilitates the high-affinity uptake of basic amino acids. the uptake of lysine (lys) via the roots was not altered in loss-of-function mutants, in accordance with the minor expression of cat1 in roots, but plants ectopically overexpressing cat1 incorporated lys at higher rates. exogenous l ...	2014	24895758
salicylic acid signaling inhibits apoplastic reactive oxygen species signaling.	reactive oxygen species (ros) are used by plants as signaling molecules during stress and development. given the amount of possible challenges a plant face from their environment, plants need to activate and prioritize between potentially conflicting defense signaling pathways. until recently, most studies on signal interactions have focused on phytohormone interaction, such as the antagonistic relationship between salicylic acid (sa)-jasmonic acid and cytokinin-auxin.	2014	24898702
attenuated virulence and genomic reductive evolution in the entomopathogenic bacterial symbiont species, xenorhabdus poinarii.	bacteria of the genus xenorhabdus are symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema. this symbiotic association constitutes an insecticidal complex active against a wide range of insect pests. unlike other xenorhabdus species, xenorhabdus poinarii is avirulent when injected into insects in the absence of its nematode host. we sequenced the genome of the x. poinarii strain g6 and the closely related but virulent x. doucetiae strain frm16. g6 had a smaller genome (500-700 k ...	2014	24904010
enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk.	plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. taking into account that ...	2014	24904607
plant cell wall dynamics and wall-related susceptibility in plant-pathogen interactions.	the cell wall is a dynamic structure that often determines the outcome of the interactions between plants and pathogens. it is a barrier that pathogens need to breach to colonize the plant tissue. while fungal necrotrophs extensively destroy the integrity of the cell wall through the combined action of degrading enzymes, biotrophic fungi require a more localized and controlled degradation of the cell wall in order to keep the host cells alive and utilize their feeding structures. also bacteria a ...	2014	24904623
control of foliar pathogens of spring barley using a combination of resistance elicitors.	the ability of the resistance elicitors acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm), β-aminobutyric acid (baba), cis-jasmone (cj), and a combination of the three products, to control infection of spring barley by rhynchosporium commune was examined under glasshouse conditions. significant control of r. commune was provided by asm and cj, but the largest reduction in infection was obtained with the combination of the three elicitors. this elicitor combination was found to up-regulate the expression of pr-1b, whic ...	2014	24904629
new insights into 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase phylogeny, evolution and ecological significance.	the main objective of this work is the study of the phylogeny, evolution and ecological importance of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, the activity of which represents one of the most important and studied mechanisms used by plant growth-promoting microorganisms. the acc deaminase gene and its regulatory elements presence in completely sequenced organisms was verified by multiple searches in diverse databases, and based on the data obtained a comprehensive analysis w ...	2014	24905353
the conformational and subcellular compartmental dance of plant nlrs during viral recognition and defense signaling.	plant innate immune response against viruses utilizes intracellular nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeat (nlr) class of receptors. nlrs recognize different viral proteins termed elicitors and initiate diverse signaling processes that induce programmed cell death (pcd) in infected cells and restrict virus spread. in this review we describe the recent advances made in the study of plant nlrs that detect viruses. we describe some of the physical and functional interactions these nlrs under ...	2014	24906192
biosynthesis of the β-methylarginine residue of peptidyl nucleoside arginomycin in streptomyces arginensis nrrl 15941.	the peptidyl nucleoside arginomycin is active against gram-positive bacteria and fungi but displays much lower toxicity to mice than its analog blasticidin s. it features a rare amino acid, β-methylarginine, which is attached to the deoxyhexose moiety via a 4'-aminoacyl bond. we here report cloning of the complete biosynthetic gene cluster for arginomycin from streptomyces arginensis nrrl 15941. among the 14 putative essential open reading frames, argm, encoding an aspartate aminotransferase (aa ...	2014	24907335
effect of the surfactant tween 80 on the detachment and dispersal of salmonella enterica serovar thompson single cells and aggregates from cilantro leaves as revealed by image analysis.	salmonella enterica has the ability to form biofilms and large aggregates on produce surfaces, including on cilantro leaves. aggregates of s. enterica serovar thompson that remained attached to cilantro leaves after rigorous washing and that were present free or bound to dislodged leaf tissue in the wash suspension were observed by confocal microscopy. measurement of s. thompson population sizes in the leaf washes by plate counts failed to show an effect of 0.05% tween 80 on the removal of the p ...	2014	24907336
disruption of the ammonium transporter amt1.1 alters basal defenses generating resistance against pseudomonas syringae and plectosphaerella cucumerina.	disruption of the high-affinity nitrate transporter nrt2.1 activates the priming defense against pseudomonas syringae, resulting in enhanced resistance. in this study, it is demonstrated that the high-affinity ammonium transporter amt1.1 is a negative regulator of arabidopsis defense responses. the t-dna knockout mutant amt1.1 displays enhanced resistance against plectosphaerella cucumerina and reduced susceptibility to p. syringae. the impairment of amt1.1 induces significant metabolic changes ...	2014	24910636
diverse and bioactive endophytic aspergilli inhabit cupressaceae plant family.	aspergilli are filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous fungi which have significant impact on human, animal and plant welfare worldwide. due to their extraordinary metabolic diversity, aspergillus species are used in biotechnology for the production of a vast array of biomolecules. however, little is known about aspergillus species that are able to adapt an endophytic lifestyle in cupressaceae plant family and are capable of producing cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial metabolites. in this ...	2014	24912659
treatment of amaranthus cruentus with chemical and biological inducers of resistance has contrasting effects on fitness and protection against compatible gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens.	amaranthus cruentus (ac) plants were treated with the synthetic systemic acquired resistance (sar) inducer benzothiadiazole (bth), methyl jasmonate (meja) and the incompatible pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (pss), under greenhouse conditions. the treatments induced a set of marker genes in the absence of pathogen infection: bth and pss similarly induced genes coding for pathogenesis-related and antioxidant proteins, whereas meja induced the arginase, lox2 and amarandin 1 genes. bth ...	2014	24913050
the hnrnp-q protein lif2 participates in the plant immune response.	eukaryotes have evolved complex defense pathways to combat invading pathogens. here, we investigated the role of the arabidopsis thaliana heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp-q) lif2 in the plant innate immune response. we show that lif2 loss-of-function in a. thaliana leads to changes in the basal expression of the salicylic acid (sa)- and jasmonic acid (ja)- dependent defense marker genes pr1 and pdf1.2, respectively. whereas the expression of genes involved in sa and ja biosynthesis ...	2014	24914891
role of intron-mediated enhancement on accumulation of an arabidopsis nb-lrr class r-protein that confers resistance to cucumber mosaic virus.	the accumulation of rcy1 protein, which is encoded by resistance to cmv(y) (rcy1), a cc-nb-lrr class r-gene, is tightly correlated with the strength of the resistance to a yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus [cmv(y)] in arabidopsis thaliana. in order to enhance resistance to cmv by overexpression of rcy1, a. thaliana was transformed with intron-less rcy1 cdna construct under the control of strong camv35s promoter. remarkably, a relative amount of rcy1 protein accumulation in the transformants ...	2014	24915153
identification of nad(p)h quinone oxidoreductase activity in azoreductases from p. aeruginosa: azoreductases and nad(p)h quinone oxidoreductases belong to the same fmn-dependent superfamily of enzymes.	water soluble quinones are a group of cytotoxic anti-bacterial compounds that are secreted by many species of plants, invertebrates, fungi and bacteria. studies in a number of species have shown the importance of quinones in response to pathogenic bacteria of the genus pseudomonas. two electron reduction is an important mechanism of quinone detoxification as it generates the less toxic quinol. in most organisms this reaction is carried out by a group of flavoenzymes known as nad(p)h quinone oxid ...	2014	24915188
phytochrome b-mediated activation of lipoxygenase modulates an excess red light-induced defence response in arabidopsis.	lipoxygenase (lox), a non-haem-iron-containing dioxygenase, is activated under various biotic or abiotic stresses to trigger a series resistance response, but the molecular mechanism of lox activation remains unclear. this work investigated the activation of lox during the plant defence response induced by excess red light (rl). in conditions of rl-induced defence, arabidopsis lox activity and transcription levels of lox2, lox3, and lox4 were both upregulated. under rl, phytochrome b promoted th ...	2014	24916071
uncovering plant-pathogen crosstalk through apoplastic proteomic studies.	plant pathogens have evolved by developing different strategies to infect their host, which in turn have elaborated immune responses to counter the pathogen invasion. the apoplast, including the cell wall and extracellular space outside the plasma membrane, is one of the first compartments where pathogen-host interaction occurs. the plant cell wall is composed of a complex network of polysaccharides polymers and glycoproteins and serves as a natural physical barrier against pathogen invasion. th ...	2014	24917874
the importance of proteins of the rnase ii/rnb-family in pathogenic bacteria.		2014	24918089
alternative splicing in plant immunity.	alternative splicing (as) occurs widely in plants and can provide the main source of transcriptome and proteome diversity in an organism. as functions in a range of physiological processes, including plant disease resistance, but its biological roles and functional mechanisms remain poorly understood. many plant disease resistance (r) genes undergo as, and several r genes require alternatively spliced transcripts to produce r proteins that can specifically recognize pathogen invasion. in the fin ...	2014	24918296
structural diversity in the dandelion (taraxacum officinale) polyphenol oxidase family results in different responses to model substrates.	polyphenol oxidases (ppos) are ubiquitous type-3 copper enzymes that catalyze the oxygen-dependent conversion of o-diphenols to the corresponding quinones. in most plants, ppos are present as multiple isoenzymes that probably serve distinct functions, although the precise relationship between sequence, structure and function has not been addressed in detail. we therefore compared the characteristics and activities of recombinant dandelion ppos to gain insight into the structure-function relation ...	2014	24918587
interaction specificity and coexpression of rice npr1 homologs 1 and 3 (nh1 and nh3), tga transcription factors and negative regulator of resistance (nrr) proteins.	the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1, npr1 (also known as nim1 and sai1), is a key regulator of sa-mediated systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis. in rice, the npr1 homolog 1 (nh1) interacts with tga transcriptional regulators and the negative regulator of resistance (nrr) protein to modulate the sar response. though five npr1 homologs (nhs) have been identified in rice, only nh1 and nh3 enhance immunity when overexpressed. to understand why nh1 and nh3, but not nh2, nh4, ...	2014	24919709
intervention of phytohormone pathways by pathogen effectors.	the constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. to defend themselves from pathogen attack, plants often rely on elaborate signaling networks regulated by phytohormones. in turn, pathogens have adopted innovative strategies to manipulate phytohormone-regulated defenses. tactics frequently employed by plant pathogens involve hijacking, evading, or disrupting hormone signaling pathwa ...	2014	24920334
an arabidopsis mutant impaired in intracellular calcium elevation is sensitive to biotic and abiotic stress.	ca2+, a versatile intracellular second messenger in various signaling pathways, initiates many responses involved in growth, defense and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. endogenous and exogenous signals induce cytoplasmic ca2+ ([ca2+]cyt) elevation, which are responsible for the appropriate downstream responses.	2014	24920452
the role of abiotic environmental conditions and herbivory in shaping bacterial community composition in floral nectar.	identifying the processes that drive community assembly has long been a central theme in ecology. for microorganisms, a traditional prevailing hypothesis states that "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects". although the bacterial community in floral nectar may be affected by both atmosphere (air-borne bacteria) and animals as dispersal vectors, the environmental and geographic factors that shape microbial communities in floral nectar are unknown. we studied culturable bacterial c ...	2014	24922317
the extent of genome flux and its role in the differentiation of bacterial lineages.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) and gene loss are key processes in bacterial evolution. however, the role of gene gain and loss in the emergence and maintenance of ecologically differentiated bacterial populations remains an open question. here, we use whole-genome sequence data to quantify gene gain and loss for 27 lineages of the plant-associated bacterium pseudomonas syringae. we apply an extensive error-control procedure that accounts for errors in draft genome data and greatly improves the a ...	2014	24923323
salicylic acid signaling controls the maturation and localization of the arabidopsis defense protein accelerated cell death6.	accelerated cell death6 (acd6) is a multipass membrane protein with an ankyrin domain that acts in a positive feedback loop with the defense signal salicylic acid (sa). this study implemented biochemical approaches to infer changes in acd6 complexes and localization. in addition to forming endoplasmic reticulum (er)- and plasma membrane (pm)-localized complexes, acd6 forms soluble complexes, where it is bound to cytosolic hsp70, ubiquitinated, and degraded via the proteasome. thus, acd6 constitu ...	2014	24923602
raphanusanin-mediated resistance to pathogens is light dependent in radish and arabidopsis thaliana.	raphanusanin (ra) is a light-induced inhibitor of hypocotyl growth that responds to unilateral blue light illumination in radish seedlings. we have previously shown that ra regulates genes that are involved in common defense mechanisms. many genes that are induced by ra are also positively regulated by early blue light. to extend the understanding of the role of ra in pathogen defense, we evaluated the effects of ra on radish and arabidopsis thaliana (a. thaliana) infected with the necrotrophic ...	2014	24923677
combining de ley-doudoroff and methylerythritol phosphate pathways for enhanced isoprene biosynthesis from d-galactose.	an engineered escherichia coli strain was developed for enhanced isoprene production using d-galactose as substrate. isoprene is a valuable compound that can be biosynthetically produced from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p) through the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (mep). the leloir and de ley-doudoroff (dd) pathways are known existing routes in e. coli that can supply the mep precursors from d-galactose. the dd pathway was selected as it is capable of supplying equimolar amou ...	2014	24928200
tomato slmkk2 and slmkk4 contribute to disease resistance against botrytis cinerea.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli via receptors/sensors into intracellular responses and play key roles in plant immunity against pathogen attack. however, the function of tomato mapk kinases, slmkks, in resistance against botrytis cinerea remains unclear yet.	2014	24930014
expression and localization of an ice nucleating protein from a soil bacterium, pseudomonas borealis.	an ice nucleating protein (inp) coding region with 66% sequence identity to the inp of pseudomonas syringae was previously cloned from p. borealis, a plant beneficial soil bacterium. ice nucleating activity (ina) in the p. borealis dl7 strain was highest after transfer of cultures to temperatures just above freezing. the corresponding inp coding sequence (inapb or ina) was used to construct recombinant plasmids, with recombinant expression visualized using a green fluorescent protein marker (gfp ...	2014	24930584
spectroscopic characterization of a green copper site in a single-domain cupredoxin.	cupredoxins are widespread copper-binding proteins, mainly involved in electron transfer pathways. they display a typical rigid greek key motif consisting of an eight stranded β-sandwich. a fascinating feature of cupredoxins is the natural diversity of their copper center geometry. these geometry variations give rise to drastic changes in their color, such as blue, green, red or purple. based on several spectroscopic and structural analyses, a connection between the geometry of their copper-bind ...	2014	24932914
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of some lactic acid bacteria isolated from bee pollen: a preliminary study.	in the present work, five hundred and sixty-seven isolates of lactic acid bacteria were recovered from raw bee pollen grains. all isolates were screened for their antagonistic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. neutralized supernatants of 54 lactic acid bacteria (lab) cultures from 216 active isolates inhibited the growth of indicator bacteria. they were phenotypically characterized, based on the fermentation of 39 carbohydrates. using the simple matching ...	2014	24936378
interactions of seedborne bacterial pathogens with host and non-host plants in relation to seed infestation and seedling transmission.	the ability of seed-borne bacterial pathogens (acidovorax citrulli, clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, xanthomonas euvesicatoria, and pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea) to infest seeds of host and non-host plants (watermelon, tomato, pepper, and soybean) and subsequent pathogen transmission to seedlings was investigated. a non-pathogenic, pigmented strain of serratia marcescens was also included to assess a null-interacting situation with the same pl ...	2014	24936863
comparison of the transcriptomes of ginger (zingiber officinale rosc.) and mango ginger (curcuma amada roxb.) in response to the bacterial wilt infection.	bacterial wilt in ginger (zingiber officinale rosc.) caused by ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important production constraints in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperature regions of the world. lack of resistant genotype adds constraints to the crop management. however, mango ginger (curcuma amada roxb.), which is resistant to r. solanacearum, is a potential donor, if the exact mechanism of resistance is understood. to identify genes involved in resistance to r. solanacearum, we hav ...	2014	24940878
abscisic acid-cytokinin antagonism modulates resistance against pseudomonas syringae in tobacco.	phytohormones are known as essential regulators of plant defenses, with ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid as the central immunity backbone, while other phytohormones have been demonstrated to interact with this. only recently, a function of the classic phytohormone cytokinin in plant immunity has been described in arabidopsis, rice, and tobacco. although interactions of cytokinins with salicylic acid and auxin have been indicated, the complete network of cytokinin interactions with oth ...	2014	24941328
roles of small rnas in soybean defense against phytophthora sojae infection.	the genus phytophthora consists of many notorious pathogens of crops and forestry trees. at present, battling phytophthora diseases is challenging due to a lack of understanding of their pathogenesis. we investigated the role of small rnas in regulating soybean defense in response to infection by phytophthora sojae, the second most destructive pathogen of soybean. small rnas, including micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas), are universal regulators that repress target gene expre ...	2014	24944042
interaction of cpr5 with cell cycle regulators uvi4 and osd1 in arabidopsis.	the impact of cell cycle on plant immunity was indicated by the enhancement of disease resistance with overexpressing osd1 and uvi4 genes that are negative regulators of cell cycle controller apc (anaphase promoting complex). cpr5 is another gene that is implicated in cell cycle regulation and plant immunity, but its mode of action is not known. here we report the analysis of genetic requirement for the function of uvi4 and osd1 in cell cycle progression control and in particular the involvement ...	2014	24945150
dominance effects of deleterious and beneficial mutations in a single gene of the rna virus ϕ6.	most of our knowledge of dominance stems from studies of deleterious mutations. from these studies we know that most deleterious mutations are recessive, and that this recessivity arises from a hyperbolic relationship between protein function (i.e., protein concentration or activity) and fitness. here we investigate whether this knowledge can be used to make predictions about the dominance of beneficial and deleterious mutations in a single gene. we employed a model system--the bacteriophage φ6- ...	2014	24945910