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mitotic catastrophe triggered in human cancer cells by the viral protein apoptin.mitotic catastrophe is an oncosuppressive mechanism that senses mitotic failure leading to cell death or senescence. as such, it protects against aneuploidy and genetic instability, and its induction in cancer cells by exogenous agents is currently seen as a promising therapeutic end point. apoptin, a small protein from chicken anemia virus (cav), is known for its ability to selectively induce cell death in human tumor cells. here, we show that apoptin triggers p53-independent abnormal spindle f ...201323392175
apoptin induces apoptosis in nude mice allograft model of human bladder cancer by altering multiple bladder tumor-associated gene expression profiles.bladder cancer (bc) is one of the most common human malignancies that account for major death in the world. apoptin that is derived from chicken anemia virus (cav) has displayed tumor-specific cytotoxic activity in a variety of human carcinomas. however, the magical function of apoptin in bladder carcinoma cell lines has not been identified yet. in our study, we delivered apoptin into bladder-originating t24, ej, and hcv29 cell lines by adenovirus system. the selective cytotoxic effect of apopti ...201323430583
impact of e1 and cre on adenovirus vector amplification: developing mdck cav-2-e1 and e1-cre transcomplementing cell lines.adenovirus vectors have been extensively studied through the manipulation of viral genome. however, little attention is being paid to their producer cell-lines; cells are selected according to virus yields, neglecting the expression profile of transcomplementing gene products underlying cell performance. this work evaluates the impact of e1 (e1a and e1b) and cre recombinase levels in the production of e1-deleted and helper-dependent canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) vectors using mdck cells. e1a ...201323565229
dual infections with low virulent chicken infectious anaemia virus (lvciav) and intermediate infectious bursal disease virus (iibdv) in young chicks increase lvciav in thymus and bursa while decreasing lymphocyte disorders induced by iibdv.the use of attenuated vaccines or the occurrence of low virulent t-lymphotropic or b-lymphotropic viruses in flocks may alter the immune responses of young chicks in spite of the absence of clinical signs. infections with a low virulent t-lymphotropic chicken infectious anaemia virus (lvciav) followed by infection with an intermediate b-lymphotropic infectious bursal disease virus (iibdv) were conducted in specific pathogen free chicks. thirty-six 1-day-old chicks were infected with the lvciav s ...201323581435
molecular characterization of the chicken anaemia viruses isolated from broiler farms of west azerbaijan, iran.chicken anaemia virus (cav) is an economically important pathogen of chickens with worldwide distribution. cav is the causative agent of chicken anaemia disease, causing severe anaemia, lymphoid atrophy and immunosuppression in young birds. in the present study, the genetic variation of circulating cavs in west azerbaijan broiler farms was investigated and compared with cavs from other countries. extracted viral dna from livers of chickens positive for cav (46 out of 100) was used and a fragment ...201323581437
hspa9 overexpression inhibits apoptin-induced apoptosis in the hepg2 cell line.apoptin, a small protein derived from chicken anemia virus, possesses the capacity to specifically kill tumor cells while leaving normal cells intact. previous studies have indicated that the subcellular localization of apoptin appears to be crucial for this tumor-selective activity. apoptin resides in the cytoplasm of normal cells; however, in cancer cells it translocates into the nucleus. in the present study, purified prokaryotic native his-apoptin served as a bait for capturing apoptin-assoc ...201323589050
combination of targeting gene-viro therapy with recombinant fowl-pox viruses with hn and vp3 genes on mouse osteosarcoma.osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancerous neoplasm arising from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin that exhibit osteoblastic differentiation and produce malignant osteoid. with the rapid development of tumor molecular biology, gene and viral therapy, a highly promising strategy for the treatment, has shown some therapeutic effects.201323609360
the role of cdk1 in apoptin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.apoptin, a small protein derived from the chicken anemia virus, specifically induces apoptosis in transformed cells or tumor cells but not in normal cells. thus, apoptin is involved in a general, tumor-specific pathway. apoptin-induced apoptosis presumably requires additional interaction partners that activate specific signaling pathways in cancer cells. a number of molecules interact with apoptin and play an important role in the nuclear localization of apoptin or its tumor-selective cytotoxici ...201323619525
assessing demographic and epidemiologic parameters of rural dog populations in india during mass vaccination campaigns.mass vaccination of dogs is a mainstay for efforts to control rabies and other viral pathogens. the success of such programs is a function of the ability to vaccinate sufficient proportions of animals to develop herd immunity. however, fully assessing success in reaching target vaccination-levels and in understanding the outcome of mass vaccination efforts is hindered if insufficient information is available on the demographics of dog populations and the prevalence of the targeted pathogens. whi ...201323664490
molecular characterization of contaminating infectious anemia virus of chickens in live commercial vaccines produced in the 1990s.the presence of infectious chicken anemia virus (cav) was detected in a previous study by nested-pcr as a contaminant in seven commercial vaccines, produced in the 1990s by three different manufacturers, prepared against the most relevant virus etiologies. in order to phylogenetically characterize the genome and compare it to cav isolates from brazil and other parts of the world, sequences of approximately 675 bp of the gene encoding the hypervariable region of vp1 protein of three cav vaccine c ...201323678724
the chicken th1 response: potential therapeutic applications of chifn-γ.the outcomes of viral infections are costly in terms of human and animal health and welfare worldwide. the observed increase in the virulence of some viruses and failure of many vaccines to stop these infections has lead to the apparent need to develop new anti-viral strategies. one approach to dealing with viral infection may be to employ the therapeutic administration of recombinant cytokines to act as 'immune boosters' to assist in augmenting the host response to virus. with this in mind, a g ...201323707786
human gyrovirus in healthy blood donors, france. 201323735883
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
lowered expression levels of a tumor suppressor gene - caveolin-1 within dysregulated gene networks of fanconi anemia.fanconi anemia (fa) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure and a predisposition to cancers like acute myeloid leukemia, lung and squamous cell carcinomas. dna damage in a healthy cell activates the fa pathway where 15 individual fa proteins interact and function together to maintain genomic stability. the disruption of this pathway results in the characteristic cellular phenotype and clinical outcome of the disease. the diverse clinical symptoms of fa such as impa ...201323845778
high prevalence of antibodies against canine adenovirus (cav) type 2 in domestic dog populations in south africa precludes the use of cav-based recombinant rabies vaccines.rabies in dogs can be controlled through mass vaccination. oral vaccination of domestic dogs would be useful in the developing world, where greater vaccination coverage is needed especially in inaccessible areas or places with large numbers of free-roaming dogs. from this perspective, recent research has focused on development of new recombinant vaccines that can be administered orally in a bait to be used as adjunct for parenteral vaccination. one such candidate, a recombinant canine adenovirus ...201323867013
super resolution microscopy reveals that caveolin-1 is required for spatial organization of crfb1 and subsequent antiviral signaling in zebrafish.understanding spatial distribution and dynamics of receptors within unperturbed membranes is essential for elucidating their role in antiviral signaling, but conventional studies of detergent-resistant membrane fractions cannot provide this information. caveolae are integral to numerous signaling pathways and these membrane domains have been previously implicated in viral entry but not antiviral defense. this study shows, for the first time, the importance of spatio-temporal regulation of signal ...201323874753
interplay between immune responses to hla and non-hla self-antigens in allograft rejection.recent studies strongly suggest an increasing role for immune responses against self-antigens (ags) which are not encoded by the major histocompatibility complex in the immunopathogenesis of allograft rejection. although, improved surgical techniques coupled with improved methods to detect and avoid sensitization against donor human leukocyte antigen (hla) have improved the immediate and short term function of transplanted organs. however, acute and chronic rejection still remains a vexing probl ...201323876679
quantitation of marek's disease and chicken anemia viruses in organs of experimentally infected chickens and commercial chickens by multiplex real-time pcr.the worldwide distribution of chicken anemia virus (cav) and marek's disease virus (mdv) is well documented. in addition to their economic significance in single- or dual-virus infections, the two viruses can often accompany various other pathogens and affect poultry health either directly, by causing tumors, anemia, and delayed growth, or indirectly, by aggravating other diseases, as a result of their immunosuppressive effects. after a decade of employing the molecular diagnosis of those viruse ...201323901772
the efficacy of combination therapy using adeno-associated virus-mediated co-expression of apoptin and interleukin-24 on hepatocellular carcinoma.multigene-based combination therapy is an effective practice in cancer gene therapy. apoptin is a chicken anemia virus-derived, p53-independent, bcl-2-insensitive apoptotic protein with the ability to specifically induce apoptosis in various human tumor cells. interleukin-24 (il-24) displays ubiquitous antitumor property and tumor-specific killing activity. adeno-associated virus (aav) is a promising gene delivery vehicle due to its advantage of low pathogenicity and long-term gene expression. i ...201323907578
expression and characterization of highly antigenic domains of chicken anemia virus viral vp2 and vp3 subunit proteins in a recombinant e. coli for sero-diagnostic applications.chicken anemia virus (cav) is an important viral pathogen that causes anemia and severe immunodeficiency syndrome in chickens worldwide. generally, cav infection occurs via vertical transmission in young chicks that are less than two weeks old, which are very susceptible to the disease. therefore, epidemiological investigations of cav infection and/or the evaluation of the immunization status of chickens is necessary for disease control. up to the present, systematically assessing viral protein ...201323937712
interactions of plasmodium juxtanucleare and chicken anaemia virus: establishing a model.the pathogens plasmodium juxtanucleare and chicken anaemia virus (cav) are easily transmitted and potentially harmful to chickens. in this study, we established an experimental model to investigate the effects of avian malaria caused by p. juxtanucleare in white leghorn specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks previously immunosuppressed with cav. parasitaemia, haematological variables and clinical and pathological parameters were determined in four different experimental groups: chicks coinfected by ...201323953391
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
phylogenetic analysis and genetic characterization of chicken anemia virus isolates from cambodia.three chicken anemia viruses (cav) were detected by pcr during screening of field samples from village chickens collected in cambodia in 2011/2012. nearly full-length vp1 viral structural protein genes (nt 1-1,293) from the 3 cav were sequenced and characterized. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 3 of the cambodian cav were clustered with cav strains belonging to genotype ii and were most closely related to cav strains from guangdong province, china. on the amino acid level, major substitu ...201324046415
divergent gyroviruses in the feces of tunisian children.the gyrovirus genus consists of the immunosuppressive chicken anemia virus (cav) prototype and since 2011 three other viral species found in sera/tissues of chickens, human feces, and on human skin. here the genomes of two other gyrovirus species were characterized in diarrhea samples from tunisian children whose main orfs shared amino acid identity of 46-59% with those of the previously characterized gyroviruses and were provisionally named gyv5 and gyv6. all currently known gyroviruses grouped ...201324074598
canine adenovirus downstream processing protocol.adenovirus vectors are efficient gene delivery tools. a major caveat with vectors derived from common human adenovirus serotypes is that most adults are likely to have been exposed to the wild-type virus and exhibit active immunity against the vectors. this preexisting immunity limits their clinical success. strategies to circumvent this problem include the use of nonhuman adenovirus vectors. vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) are among the best-studied representatives. cav-2 ...201424132487
selective apoptosis induction in mcf-7 cell line by truncated minimal functional region of apoptin.chicken anemia virus (cav) vp3 protein (also known as apoptin), a basic and proline-rich protein has a unique capability in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. five truncated apoptin proteins were analyzed to determine their selective ability to migrate into the nucleus of human breast adenocarcinoma mcf-7 cells for inducing apoptosis.201324144306
the serological and virological investigation of canine adenovirus infection on the dogs.two types of canine adenovirus (cavs), canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), the virus which causes infectious canine hepatitis, and canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), which causes canine infectious laryngotracheitis, have been found in dogs. in this study, blood samples taken from 111 dogs, which were admitted to the internal medicine clinic of selcuk university, faculty of veterinary medicine, with clinical symptoms. seventy-seven dogs were sampled from isparta and burdur dog shelters by random sam ...201324223508
λ phage nanobioparticle expressing apoptin efficiently suppress human breast carcinoma tumor growth in vivo.using phages is a novel field of cancer therapy and phage nanobioparticles (nbps) such as λ phage could be modified to deliver and express genetic cassettes into eukaryotic cells safely in contrast with animal viruses. apoptin, a protein from chicken anemia virus (cav) has the ability to specifically induce apoptosis only in carcinoma cells. we presented a safe method of breast tumor therapy via the apoptin expressing λ nbps. here, we constructed a λ zap-cmv-apoptin recombinant nbp and investiga ...201324278212
phylogenetic and molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus in southern china from 2011 to 2012.chicken anemia virus (cav) is an important pathogen that causes severe immunosuppression in young chickens. we have characterized 13 cavs isolated from different commercial farms in southern china between 2011 and 2012. we discovered 92 variable residues compared to 37 other cav complete genome sequences from other parts of the world listed in genbank; these residues have not been previously observed. all of the chinese cav genomes that were characterized in this study had a glutamine at positio ...201324343380
[immunisation schedule of the spanish association of paediatrics: 2014 recommendations].the advisory committee on vaccines of the spanish association of paediatrics (cav-aep) updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on safety, effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines. the present schedule includes levels of recommendation. we have graded, as routine vaccinations, those that the cav-aep consider all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunisation and would ideall ...201424412025
experimental oral immunization of ferret badgers (melogale moschata) with a recombinant canine adenovirus vaccine cav-2-e3δ-rgp and an attenuated rabies virus srv9.ferret badgers (melogale moschata) are a major reservoir of rabies virus in southeastern china. oral immunization has been shown to be a practical method for wildlife rabies management in europe and north america. two groups of 20 ferret badgers were given a single oral dose of a recombinant canine adenovirus-rabies vaccine, cav-2-e3δ-rgp, or an experimental attenuated rabies virus vaccine, srv9. at 21 days, all ferret badgers had seroconverted, with serum virus-neutralizing antibodies ranging f ...201424506428
full-genome sequence of chicken anemia virus strain gxc060821, isolated from a guangxi sanhuang chicken.we report here the complete genomic sequence of a novel chicken anemia virus strain gxc060821, isolated from a sanhuang chicken in guangxi province of southern china. the complete genome of gxc060821 was sequenced. the full-length of gxc060821 is 2,292 bp and contains three overlapping open reading frames (orfs). a comparison of the complete sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of gxc060821 with 31 other published chicken anemia virus sequences showed that the homologies of the nucleot ...201424558234
potentiation of apoptin-induced apoptosis by cecropin b-like antibacterial peptide abps1 in human hela cervical cancer cell lines is associated with membrane pore formation and caspase-3 activation.apoptin, a chicken anemia virus-encoded protein, induces apoptosis in chicken or human tumor cells, localizing in their nuclei as opposed to the cytoplasm of non-transformed cells. the present study was undertaken to investigate whether abps1 could potentiate apoptininduced apoptosis in hela cells. abps1 and the apoptin genes were successfully cloned into pires2-egfp expression vector and expressed in hela cells. we report that abps1 augments apoptin cell growth inhibition in a concentration- an ...201424633228
caveolin-1 in lipid rafts interacts with dengue virus ns3 during polyprotein processing and replication in hmec-1 cells.lipid rafts are ordered microdomains within cellular membranes that are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. caveolin (cav-1) and flotillin (flt-1) are markers of lipid rafts, which serve as an organizing center for biological phenomena and cellular signaling. lipid rafts involvement in dengue virus (denv) processing, replication, and assembly remains poorly characterized. here, we investigated the role of lipid rafts after denv endocytosis in human microvascular endothelial cells (hmec-1). th ...201424643062
identification of a chicken anemia virus variant-related gyrovirus in stray cats in china, 2012.the chicken anemia virus (cav), is a known member of the genus gyrovirus and was first isolated from chickens in japan in 1979. some reports have also demonstrated that cav can be identified in human stool specimens. in this study, a variant of cav was detected using pcr with cav-based primers in fecal samples of stray cats. the genome of cav variant was sequenced and the results suggest that it could be a recombinant viral strain from parental cav strains jq690762 and af311900. recombination is ...201424689034
combined use of the canine adenovirus-2 and dreadd-technology to activate specific neural pathways in vivo.we here describe a technique to transiently activate specific neural pathways in vivo. it comprises the combined use of a cre-recombinase expressing canine adenovirus-2 (cav-2) and an adeno-associated virus (aav-hsyn-dio-hm3d(gq)-mcherry) that contains the floxed inverted sequence of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (dreadd) hm3d(gq)-mcherry. cav-2 retrogradely infects projection neurons, which allowed us to specifically express hm3d(gq)-mcherry in neurons that proje ...201424736748
flock prevalence of exposure to avian adeno-associated virus, chicken anemia virus, fowl adenovirus, and infectious bursal disease virus among ontario broiler chicken flocks.samples from 231 randomly selected commercial broiler chicken flocks in ontario were tested at slaughter for exposure to chicken anemia virus (cav), fowl adenovirus (fadv), and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). fifteen blood samples per flock were collected and analyzed for the presence of antibodies against cav, fadv, and ibdv by elisa or agar gel immunodiffusion test. fifteen cecal tonsils and cloacal swabs per flock were analyzed for the presence of cav, fadv, and ibdv by pcr. the preva ...201424758116
novel gyroviruses, including chicken anaemia virus, in clinical and chicken samples from south africa.introduction. chicken anaemia virus, cav, was until recently the only member of the gyrovirus genus. 6 novel gyroviruses, agv2, hgyv1, and gyv3-6, have since been discovered in human and chicken samples. methods. pcr amplification of the vp2 gene was used to detect agv2/hgyv1, gyv3, and cav in a range of clinical samples including stool, respiratory, csf, and hiv-positive plasma. screening of fresh local chicken meat was also performed. results. agv2/hgyv1 or gyv3 was detected in stools from hea ...201424876841
detection of respiratory viruses and bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections.canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. at present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in cird is not fully understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine influenza virus (civ), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine herpes virus-1 (chv-1), canine distempe ...201424980809
caveolin-1 limits human influenza a virus (h1n1) propagation in mouse embryo-derived fibroblasts.caveolin expression supports the multiplication of retro-, ortho- and paramyxoviruses in susceptible cells. however, human influenza a virus (iav), an orthomyxovirus, does not multiply efficiently in mouse embryo fibroblasts (mefs), which are abundant in caveolin-1 (cav-1). surprisingly, the absence of cav-1 in a mef cell line removed the block for iav replication and raised the infectious titer 250-fold, whereas the re-introduction of cav-1 reversed the effect. the monitoring of cellular pathwa ...201424999049
apoptin towards safe and efficient anticancer therapies.the chicken anemia virus derived protein apoptin harbors cancer-selective cell killing characteristics, essentially based on phosphorylation-mediated nuclear transfer in cancer cells and efficient cytoplasmic degradation in normal cells. here, we describe a growing set of preclinical experiments underlying the promises of the anti-cancer potential of apoptin. various non-replicative oncolytic viral vector systems have revealed the safety and efficacy of apoptin. in addition, apoptin enhanced the ...201425001531
simultaneous typing of nine avian respiratory pathogens using a novel gexp analyzer-based multiplex pcr assay.a new, rapid, and high-throughput genomelab gene expression profiler (gexp) analyzer-based multiplex pcr method was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of nine avian respiratory pathogens. the respiratory pathogens included in this study were avian influenza subtypes h5, h7, and h9, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and haemophilus paragallinarum ...201425025815
epidemiology of viral pathogens of free-ranging dogs and indian foxes in a human-dominated landscape in central india.there is an increasing concern that free-ranging domestic dog (canis familiaris) populations may serve as reservoirs of pathogens which may be transmitted to wildlife. we documented the prevalence of antibodies to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus (cav), in free-ranging dog and sympatric indian fox (vulpes bengalensis) populations in and around the great indian bustard wildlife sanctuary, in maharashtra, central india. a total of 2 ...201425135467
identification of molecular sub-networks associated with cell survival in a chronically sivmac-infected human cd4+ t cell line.the deciphering of cellular networks to determine susceptibility to infection by hiv or the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is a major challenge in infection biology.201425163480
apoptins: selective anticancer agents.therapies that selectively target cancer cells for death have been the center of intense research recently. one potential therapy may involve apoptin proteins, which are able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. apoptin was originally discovered in the chicken anemia virus (cav); however, human gyroviruses (hgyv) have recently been found that also harbor apoptin-like proteins. although the cancer cell specific activity of these apoptins appears to be well conserved, ...201425164066
what is for dinner? viral metagenomics of us store bought beef, pork, and chicken.we describe here the metagenomics-derived viral sequences detected in beef, pork, and chicken purchased from stores in san francisco. in beef we detected four previously reported viruses (two parvoviruses belonging to different genera, an anellovirus, and one circovirus-like virus) and one novel bovine polyomavirus species (bpyv2-sf) whose closest relatives infect primates. detection of porcine hokovirus in beef indicated that this parvovirus can infect both ungulate species. in pork we detected ...201425217712
human-gyrovirus-apoptin triggers mitochondrial death pathway--nur77 is required for apoptosis triggering.the human gyrovirus derived protein apoptin (hgv-apoptin) a homologue of the chicken anemia virus apoptin (cav-apoptin), a protein with high cancer cells selective toxicity, triggers apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. in this paper, we show that hgv-apoptin acts independently from the death receptor pathway as it induces apoptosis in similar rates in jurkat cells deficient in either fadd (fas-associated death domain) function or caspase-8 (key players of the extrinsic pathway) and their pare ...201425246270
comparative histopathological and immunological study of two field strains of chicken anemia virus.infection of poultry with chicken anemia virus (cav) is implicated in several field problems in broiler flocks due to the immunosuppression generated and, consequently, the increased susceptibility to secondary infections. recently, we have reported an increased occurrence of clinical cases caused by cav strains distantly related to those commonly used for vaccination. in order to understand the behavior of two argentinean cav strains (cav-10 and cav-18) in two-week-old chickens, an immune and h ...201425294222
molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus circulating in chicken flocks in egypt.introduction. although many previous studies reported detection of chicken anemia virus (cav) in egypt since 1990, genomic characterization of this circulating cav has not been published. in the present study, four nucleotide sequences of detected cav were genetically characterized. methods. these nucleotide sequences were obtained from commercial chicken flocks in two different locations of egypt during 2010. the target region for sequencing was 675 bp nucleotide of partial coding region of vp1 ...201425302064
epidemiology and genetic characteristics of pigeon circovirus (picv) in eastern china.pigeon circovirus (picv) is one of four viruses in the family circoviridae that affect young pigeons around the world. we collected 158 serum or tissue samples from six poultry farms in eastern china to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of picv in chinese pigeons. we tested for picv using a pcr assay and found that picv was present in 80.7 % (88/109) of diseased pigeons and 63.3 % (31/49) of healthy pigeons; overall, 75.3 % (119/158) of samples were picv positive. one picv-p ...201525348272
expression of vp7, a bluetongue virus group specific antigen by viral vectors: analysis of the induced immune responses and evaluation of protective potential in sheep.bluetongue virus (btv) is an economically important orbivirus transmitted by biting midges to domestic and wild ruminants. the need for new vaccines has been highlighted by the occurrence of repeated outbreaks caused by different btv serotypes since 1998. the major group-reactive antigen of btv, vp7, is conserved in the 26 serotypes described so far, and its role in the induction of protective immunity has been proposed. viral-based vectors as antigen delivery systems display considerable promis ...201425364822
serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in italy (2004-09).we tested 30 serum samples collected during 2004-09 from 22 free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the national park of abruzzo, lazio, and molise, italy, for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), brucella spp., and eight leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars. antibody to cdv was detected in 11 samples (37%); only two bears (10%) had detectable cav-2 and brucella spp. antibodies; three bea ...201525375945
transformed cell-specific induction of apoptosis by porcine circovirus type 1 viral protein 3.several members of the family circoviridae have been shown to encode proteins with apoptotic activity. for example, both porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and chicken anemia virus (cav) encode a third viral protein (vp3) that has been shown to be cytotoxic. interestingly, in the case of the cav protein (designated apoptin), apoptosis is specific to transformed cell types. similarities in genome structure and organization suggest that pcv type 1 (pcv1) may also contain a third orf, which codes for ...201525381055
establishing restricted expression of caveolin-1 in hiv infected cells and inhibition of virus replication.caveolin-1 (cav-1) is the major protein of the caveolae and plays a role in multiple cellular functions and implicated to have anti-hiv activity. regulated expression of cav-1 is important for safe and effective use in order to exploit cav-1 for hiv therapeutic applications.201425408776
manipulating gene expression in projection-specific neuronal populations using combinatorial viral approaches.the mammalian brain contains tremendous structural and genetic complexity that is vital for its function. the elucidation of gene expression profiles in the brain, coupled with the development of large-scale connectivity maps and emerging viral vector-based approaches for target-selective gene manipulation, now allow for detailed dissection of gene-circuit interfaces. this protocol details how to perform combinatorial viral injections to manipulate gene expression in subsets of neurons interconn ...201325429312
chicken anemia virus and avian gyrovirus 2 as contaminants in poultry vaccines.this study focuses on the detection of chicken anemia virus (cav) and avian gyrovirus 2 (agv2) genomes in commercially available poultry vaccines. a duplex quantitative real-time pcr (dqpcr), capable of identifying genomes of both viruses in a single assay, was employed to determine the viral loads of these agents in commercially available vaccines. thirty five vaccines from eight manufacturers (32 prepared with live and 3 with inactivated microorganisms) were examined. genomes of cav were detec ...201425439092
antiviral activity of a bacillus sp. p34 peptide against pathogenic viruses of domestic animals.p34 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by a bacillus sp. strain isolated from the intestinal contents of a fish in the brazilian amazon basin with reported antibacterial activity. the aim of this work was to evaluate the peptide p34 for its in vitro antiviral properties against canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine coronavirus (ccov), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), equine arteritis virus (eav), equine influenza virus (eiv), feline calicivirus (fcv) and felin ...201425477947
[apoptin enhances the oncolytic activity of vaccinia virus].chicken anemia virus gene encoding apoptin, a selective killer of cancer cells was synthesized and inserted into vaccinia virus (strain l-ivp) genome. the insertion has replaced major part of the viral c11r gene encoding viral growth factor (vgf), which is important for the virulence. the recombinant virus vvdgf-apos24/2 was obtained through the transient dominant selection technique with the use of puromycin resistance gene as the selective marker. the expression apoptin gene from a synthetic e ...201425509357
characterization of mabs to chicken anemia virus and epitope mapping on its viral protein, vp1.three (mocav/f2, mocav/f8 and mocav/f11) of four mouse mabs established against the a2/76 strain of chicken anemia virus (cav) showed neutralization activity. immunoprecipitation showed a band at ~50 kda in a2/76-infected cell lysates by neutralizing mabs, corresponding to the 50 kda capsid protein (vp1) of cav, and the mabs reacted with recombinant vp1 proteins expressed in cos7 cells. mocav/f2 and mocav/f8 neutralized the 14 cav strains tested, whereas mocav/f11 did not neutralize five of the ...201525568186
detection of torque teno virus (ttv) in domestic village chickens in iran.torque teno virus (ttv) is prevalent worldwide and has been extensively studied in human and some wild and domestic animals. as the studies on ttv in chickens was rare and there was no information about the infection of domestic village chickens with ttv and also structural resemblance of this virus to chicken anemia virus, the frequency of the infection in domestic village chickens in different villages in isfahan (iran) was investigated. sera were collected from 50 chickens. viral dna was extr ...201325593687
application of cross-priming amplification (cpa) for detection of fowl adenovirus (fadv) strains.fowl adenoviruses (fadvs) are widely distributed among chickens. detection of fadvs is mainly accomplished by virus isolation, serological assays, various polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). to increase the diagnostic capacity of currently applied techniques, cross-priming amplification (cpa) for the detection of the fadv hexon gene was developed. the single cpa assay was optimised to detect all serotypes 1-8a-8b-11 representing the species ...201525655263
serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from zimbabwe.domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-saharan africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as african wild dogs and african lions, respectively. the impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessmen ...201425686382
assessing the efficacy of an inactivated chicken anemia virus vaccine.chicken anemia virus (cav) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes chicken infectious anemia (cia) which is a highly contagious avian disease. cav causes major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. the current cav vaccine is a live attenuated strain administered in the drinking water that risks horizontal infection of other chickens. the purpose of this study was to develop a novel vaccine against cav that can be administered safely using a highly pathogenic isolate inactivated wi ...201525758933
apoptin as a potential viral gene oncotherapeutic agent.the use of viruses for treatment of cancer overcomes the bottlenecks of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. several viruses and their proteins have been evaluated for oncolytic effect. the vp3 protein (apoptin) of chicken anemia virus is one such protein with an inherent ability to lyse cancer and transformed cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. in the present study, the apoptosis inducing potential of vp3 protein of cav was evaluated in human cervical cancer cell line (hela). it was found that ...201525809990
apoptin interacts with and regulates the activity of protein kinase c beta in cancer cells.apoptin, the vp3 protein from chicken anaemia virus (cav), induces tumour cell-specific cell death and represents a potential future anti-cancer therapeutic. in tumour but not in normal cells, apoptin is phosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus, enabling its cytotoxic activity. recently, the β isozyme of protein kinase c (pkcβ) was shown to phosphorylate apoptin in multiple myeloma cell lines. however, the exact mechanism and nature of interaction between pkcβ and apoptin remain unclear. h ...201525828882
upregulation of caveolin-1 correlate with akt expression and poor prognosis in npc patients.the aim of this study is to investigate the role of caveolin-1 (cav-1) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) progression and correlated with clinical outcomes.201525877996
enhanced tumour cell nuclear targeting in a tumour progression model.there is an urgent need for new approaches to deliver bioactive molecules to cancer cells efficiently and specifically.201525885577
5-ht1b autoreceptors differentially modulate the expression of conditioned fear in a circuit-specific manner.located in the nerve terminals of serotonergic neurons, 5-ht1b autoreceptors are poised to modulate synaptic 5-ht levels with precise temporal and spatial control, and play an important role in various emotional behaviors. this study characterized two novel, complementary viral vector strategies to investigate the contribution of 5-ht1b autoreceptors to fear expression, displayed as freezing, during contextual fear conditioning. increased expression of 5-ht1b autoreceptors throughout the brain s ...201525907441
inhibition of cav3.2 t-type calcium channels by its intracellular i-ii loop.voltage-dependent calcium channels (cav) of the t-type family (cav3.1, cav3.2, and cav3.3) are activated by low threshold membrane depolarization and contribute greatly to neuronal network excitability. enhanced t-type channel activity, especially cav3.2, contributes to disease states, including absence epilepsy. interestingly, the intracellular loop connecting domains i and ii (i-ii loop) of cav3.2 channels is implicated in the control of both surface expression and channel gating, indicating t ...201525931121
development of a blocking latex agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to chicken anemia virus.a blocking latex agglutination test (b-lat) developed in this study was evaluated for the detection of antibodies against chicken anemia virus (cav) in chickens. polystyrene latex beads were coupled with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to cav (mab-beads). when mab-beads were mixed with antigens prepared from the lysate of mdcc-msb1 cells infected with cav, agglutination occurred. a short pre-incubation of cav antigens with cav-specific antiserum inhibited the agglutination of mab-beads. ...201525952731
production of canine adenovirus type 2 in serum-free suspension cultures of mdck cells.the potential of adherent madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells for the production of influenza viruses and canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) for vaccines or gene therapy approaches has been shown. recently, a new mdck cell line (mdck.sus2) that was able to grow in suspension in a fully defined system was established. in this work, we investigated whether the new mdck.sus2 suspension cell line is suitable for the amplification of cav-2 under serum-free culture conditions. cell growth performance ...201525994255
herpes simplex virus 1 suppresses the function of lung dendritic cells via caveolin-1.caveolin-1 (cav-1), the principal structural protein of caveolae, has been implicated as a regulator of virus-host interactions. several viruses exploit caveolae to facilitate viral infections. however, the roles of cav-1 in herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection have not fully been elucidated. here, we report that cav-1 downregulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and the production of nitric oxide (no) in dendritic cells (dcs) during hsv-1 infection. as a result, ca ...201526018534
experimental pathological studies of an indian chicken anaemia virus isolate and its detection by pcr and fat.chicken infectious anaemia virus (ciav) is one of the potent immunosuppressive and economically important agents affecting poultry industry worldwide. recent reports indicate the emergence of this virus in the poultry flocks of the country. the present study aimed to investigate the pathogenic potential of a recent isolate of ciav obtained from poultry flock of uttaranchal state, india. twenty first day-old age specific pathogen free (spf) chicks were inoculated intramuscularly with 10(4.5) medi ...201426035953
t-cell reprogramming through targeted cd4-coreceptor and t-cell receptor expression on maturing thymocytes by latent circoviridae family member porcine circovirus type 2 cell infections in the thymus.although porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated diseases have been evaluated for known immune evasion strategies, the pathogenicity of these viruses remained concealed for decades. surprisingly, the same viruses that cause panzootics in livestock are widespread in young, unaffected animals. recently, evidence has emerged that circovirus-like viruses are also linked to complex diseases in humans, including children. we detected pcv2 genome-carrying cells in fetal pig thymi. to elucidate viru ...201526038767
hiv inhibits endothelial reverse cholesterol transport through impacting subcellular caveolin-1 trafficking.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection leads to decreased reverse cholesterol transport (rct) in macrophages, and nef mediated down-regulation and redistribution of atp-binding cassette transporter a1 (abca1) are identified as key factors for this effect. this may partially explain the increased risk of atherosclerosis in hiv infected individuals. since endothelial dysfunction is key in the initial stages of atherosclerosis, we sought to determine whether rct was affected in human aortic e ...201526169283
avian gyrovirus 2 dna in fowl from live poultry markets and in healthy humans, china. 201526196944
prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at us animal shelters.to determine the prevalence of nine canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at animal shelters across the united states.201526199194
evidence of apoptosis induced by viral protein 2 of chicken anaemia virus.although viral protein 3 (vp3) of chicken anaemia virus (cav) has been well recognised as an inducer of apoptosis, viral protein 2 (vp2) of the virus has only been speculated to have apoptotic activity. this has not been verified because the open reading frame (orf) encoding vp2 completely encompasses that encoding vp3, and thus the possibility of expression of vp3 cannot be excluded. the aim of this study was to elucidate the potential role of vp2 as an inducer of apoptosis. site-directed mutag ...201526233670
transcriptomic profiling of virus-host cell interactions following chicken anaemia virus (cav) infection in an in vivo model.chicken anaemia virus (cav) is an economically important virus that targets lymphoid and erythroblastoid progenitor cells leading to immunosuppression. this study aimed to investigate the interplay between viral infection and the host's immune response to better understand the pathways that lead to cav-induced immunosuppression. to mimic vertical transmission of cav in the absence of maternally-derived antibody, day-old chicks were infected and their responses measured at various time-points pos ...201526244502
adenoviruses of canine and human origins in stool samples from free-living pampas foxes (lycalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) in são francisco de paula, rio dos sinos basin.the spread of enteric viruses of domestic animals and human beings to wild species can be facilitated by the resistance of these viruses on the environment and their ability to be transmitted by water and contaminated food. the health status of the populations of pampas foxes lycalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) is largely unknown and the landscapes occupied by these animals in southern brazil have been threatened by human occupation and expansion of agriculture. in thi ...201526270208
cav-2--why a canine virus is a neurobiologist's best friend.canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) vectors are powerful tools for fundamental and applied neurobiology due to their negligible immunogenicity, preferential transduction of neurons, widespread distribution via axonal transport, and duration of expression in the mammalian brain. cav-2 vectors are internalized in neurons by the selective use of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (car), which is located at the presynapse in neurons. neuronal internalization and axonal transport is mediated by car, ...201526298516
development of a subunit vaccine containing recombinant chicken anemia virus vp1 and pigeon ifn-γ.chicken anemia virus (cav) is a severe threat to the chicken industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. in this study, we evaluated the immune response and protective efficacy provided by a subunit vaccine containing recombinant vp1 (rvp1) and pigeon interferon-γ (rpiifn-γ). results indicated that rpiifn-γ enhanced humoral immunity elicited by rvp1 as early as 10 day after primary immunization and reach the high titer after secondary immunization. when compared to chickens immunized wi ...201526315776
ionotropic glutamate receptor glua4 and t-type calcium channel cav 3.1 subunits control key aspects of synaptic transmission at the mouse l5b-pom giant synapse.the properties and molecular determinants of synaptic transmission at giant synapses connecting layer 5b (l5b) neurons of the somatosensory cortex (s1) with relay neurons of the posteriomedial nucleus (pom) of the thalamus have not been investigated in mice. we addressed this by using direct electrical stimulation of fluorescently labelled single corticothalamic terminals combined with molecular perturbations and whole-cell recordings from pom relay neurons. consistent with their function as dri ...201526390982
association of increased rate of condemnation of broiler carcasses due to hepatic abnormalities with immunosuppressive diseases in the broiler chicken industry in saskatchewan.the objective of this study was to identify the causative agents of hepatitis observed in broiler chickens at processing. livers of chickens from 16 broiler farms in saskatchewan with gross lesions of hepatitis were collected at processing. in addition to routine bacterial isolation and histopathological examination, serologic studies for infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and chicken anaemia virus (cav), calculation of the ratio of the weight of the bursa of fabricius (bf) to body weight (b ...201526424905
serological and molecular detection of chicken anaemia virus in iranian poultry flocks.despite chicken being the main natural host for chicken anaemia virus (cav), other birds may be infected by this virus too. in this study we examined chickens, turkeys, and quails for serological and molecular detection of cav in iran. for this study, we used 375 sera and thymus samples from broiler chickens, 100 sera and blood samples from turkeys, and 250 thymus samples from quails. the sample were collected from all over iran between 2009 and 2010. serum samples were examined using elisa. dna ...201526455374
patterns of exposure of iberian wolves (canis lupus) to canine viruses in human-dominated landscapes.wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. with the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in iberian wolves (canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus-2 (cpv), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (cav ...201626589403
recovery rate of multiple enteric viruses artificially seeded in water and concentrated by adsorption-elution with negatively charged membranes: interaction and interference between different virus species.viral concentration method by adsorption-elution with negative membranes has been widely employed for concentrating viruses from environmental samples. in order to provide an adequate assessment of its recovery efficiency, this study was conducted to assess viral recovery rates for viral species commonly found in water (hadv-5, ev, rv, badv and cav-2), quantifying viral genomes at the end of the five different steps of the process. recovery rates were analyzed for several viruses combined in a s ...201526676018
persistence of chicken anemia virus antigen and inclusions in spontaneous cases of marek's disease visceral lymphomas in broiler chickens at slaughterhouses.the chicken anemia virus (cav) and marek's disease virus (mdv) infect chickens worldwide; a single or dual infection by these viruses has a great impact on poultry production. in the present study, we examined the existence of cav antigen and its inclusions in marek's disease (md) lymphomas in chickens in the slaughterhouses of iwate prefecture, japan. forty-nine spleens and 13 livers with different degrees of nodular lesions were histopathologically examined at our laboratory. grossly, the test ...201626888585
viral diagnosis in indian livestock using customized microarray chips.viral diagnosis in indian livestock using customized microarray chips is gaining momentum in recent years. hence, it is possible to design customized microarray chip for viruses infecting livestock in india. customized microarray chips identified bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1), canine adeno virus-1 (cav-1), and canine parvo virus-2 (cpv-2) in clinical samples. microarray identified specific probes were further confirmed using rt-pcr in all clinical and known samples. therefore, the application of ...201526912948
age-related presence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in paraffin-embedded lung samples of dogs with pneumonia.the aim of this retrospective study was to detect selected pathogens in pneumonic lung tissue of dogs of different age groups by immunohistochemistry (ihc), in situ hybridisation (ish) or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in order to get information about their involvement in pneumonia formation. in archived formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded lung samples from 68 cases with the clinical and histologic diagnosis of pneumonia the histological pattern of pneumonia was re-evaluated and the sampl ...201626919147
occurrence and phylogenetic studies of chicken anemia virus from polish broiler flocks.chicken anemia virus (cav) is a widespread chicken pathogen of significant economic importance. in 2013, broiler chicken flocks in poland were examined for the presence of cav, and phylogenetic relatedness between the strains was established. ten cloacal swabs from each of 106 broiler flocks (birds aged 3-6 wk) were collected in different regions of the country and tested with the use of real-time pcr (all samples) and conventional pcr (those samples positive in real-time pcr) assays. the presen ...201626953947
isolation and pathogenic analysis of virulent marek's disease virus field strain in china.marek's disease (md) has become increasingly common in china, resulting in considerable economic loss. the etiological agent is unclear. in this study, we isolated a field md virus (mdv) strain, designated sx1301, from cvi988/rispens-vaccinated chickens with tumors. co-infection of avian leukosis virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, and chicken infectious anemia virus was excluded by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, dna blotting hybridization, and indirect immunofluor ...201626976907
infectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in wildlife rescue centres in the uk.outbreaks of infectious canine hepatitis are described in red foxes ( italic! vulpes vulpes) at two wildlife rescue centres in the uk. disease occurred in two-month-old to four-month-old juvenile foxes, which were held in small enclosures in groups of three to eight animals. the foxes died or were euthanased after a short clinical course, sometimes including neurological signs and jaundice, with a high case fatality rate. four red foxes submitted for postmortem examination had enlarged, congeste ...201627001767
combined administration of the apoptin gene and poly (i:c) induces potent anti-tumor immune response and inhibits growth of mouse mammary tumors.many viral proteins exhibit selective cytotoxicity for tumor cells without affecting the normal diploid cells. the apoptin protein of chicken infectious anemia virus is one of such proteins, which has been shown to kill tumor cells specifically. however, an effective cancer treatment strategy also requires assistance from the immune system. recently, poly (i:c) has been shown to be an effective cancer vaccine adjuvant.201627064544
inhibitory effect of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells with apoptin on hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo.hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is an aggressive tumor and has become one of the most frequent causes of cancer death in the world. the rate of post-operative recurrence and metastasis are still high even though after surgical resection. it is a difficult problem with extraordinary importance for the clinical treatment. so stem cell therapy becomes one of the anti-tumor biotherapy methods which is exploring. due to the feature of homing to tumor site and immunosuppressive, mesenchymal stem cells ...201627142531
impact of virus load on immunocytological and histopathological parameters during clinical chicken anemia virus (cav) infection in poultry.chicken anemia virus (cav) is one the important pathogen affecting commercial poultry sector globally by causing mortality, production losses, immunosuppression, aggravating co-infections and vaccination failures. here, we describe the effects of cav load on hematological, histopathological and immunocytochemical alterations in 1-day old infected chicks. the effects of cav on cytokine expression profiles and generation of virus specific antibody titer were also studied and compared with viral cl ...201627165537
prevalence of antibodies for selected canine pathogens among wolves (canis lupus) from the alaska peninsula, usa.we collected blood samples from wolves ( canis lupus ) on the alaska peninsula, southwest alaska, us, 2006-11 and tested sera for antibodies to canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine herpesvirus (chv), canine parainfluenza (cpi), canine parvovirus (cpv), neospora caninum , and toxoplasma gondii . detected antibody prevalence was 90% for cav, 28% for ccv, 12% for cdv, 93% for chv, 0% for cpi, 20% for cpv, 0% for n. caninum, and 86% for t. gondii . ...201627195683
genomic analysis of the chicken infectious anemia virus in a specific pathogen-free chicken population in china.the antibody to chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav) was positive in a specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken population by elisa test in our previous inspection, indicating a possible infection with ciav. in this study, blood samples collected from the spf chickens were used to isolate ciav by inoculating into msb1 cells and pcr amplification. a ciav strain (sd1403) was isolated and successfully identified. three overlapping genomic fragments were obtained by pcr amplification and sequencing. t ...201627298822
the key molecular events during macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (mrnv) infection and replication in sf9 insect cells.in this study we demonstrated that macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (mrnv) was able to internalize and replicate in sf9 insect cells, with levels of infection altered by substances affecting the caveolin-(cav) mediated endocytosis pathway. the use of sf9 cells for efficient mrnv replication and propagation was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and pcr amplification, through which early viral binding and internalization were initially detectable at 30min post-infection; whereas at 72h, the d ...201627327530
[effect of low dose of chicken infectious anemia virus in attenuated vaccine on spf chicken body weight and vaccine immune antibody].in order to observe the effect of the immune and weight of chickens after use the attenuated vaccine with low dose of chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav). in this study, the effects of low dose of ciav on the weight of spf chickens and ndv antibody production were observed by simulated experiments. the results showed that 10 eid50 and 5 eid50 ciav per plume attenuated ndv vaccines were used to cause the weight loss of spf chickens. compared with the use of the non contaminated vaccine group, ...201627396163
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