Publications

unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus in macha, zambia.	abstract anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus are sub-saharan mosquito species that have been implicated in malaria transmission. although generally believed to be of negligible importance due to their overwhelmingly zoophilic behavior, an. coustani s.l. and an. squamosus made up a large proportion of the anophelines collected by human landing catches during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 rainy seasons in macha, zambia. further, polymerase chain reaction-based blood meal identification s ...	2010	21142969
establishment of a self-propagating population of the african malaria vector anopheles arabiensis under semi-field conditions.	the successful control of insect disease vectors relies on a thorough understanding of their ecology and behaviour. however, knowledge of the ecology of many human disease vectors lags behind that of agricultural pests. this is partially due to the paucity of experimental tools for investigating their ecology under natural conditions without risk of exposure to disease. assessment of vector life-history and demographic traits under natural conditions has also been hindered by the inherent diffic ...	2010	21143870
the impact of the expansion of urban vegetable farming on malaria transmission in major cities of benin.	abstract:	2010	21143999
insecticide resistance in the anopheles gambiae complex in benin: a nationwide survey.	benin has embraced world health organization-recommended preventive strategies to control malaria. its national malaria control programme is implementing and/or coordinating various actions and conducting evaluation trials of mosquito control strategies. mosquito control is based on the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but the efficacy of these strategies to control malaria vectors is endangered by insecticide resistance. here, we present the results of a nationwide ...	2010	21155858
staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae s form.	anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the west african region. resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in an. gambiae s form in the ahafo region of ghana. a laboratory population (gah) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch.	2010	21156042
mass drug administration of ivermectin in south-eastern senegal reduces the survivorship of wild-caught, blood fed malaria vectors.	in south-eastern senegal, malaria and onchocerciasis are co-endemic. onchocerciasis in this region has been controlled by once or twice yearly mass drug administration (mda) with ivermectin (ivm) for over fifteen years. since laboratory-raised anopheles gambiae s.s. are susceptible to ivermectin at concentrations found in human blood post-ingestion of ivm, it is plausible that a similar effect could be quantified in the field, and that ivm might have benefits as a malaria control tool.	2010	21171970
adaptive divergence between incipient species of anopheles gambiae increases resistance to plasmodium.	the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is diversifying into ecotypes known as m and s forms. this process is thought to be promoted by adaptation to different larval habitats, but its genetic underpinnings remain elusive. to identify candidate targets of divergent natural selection in m and s, we performed genomewide scanning in paired population samples from mali, followed by resequencing and genotyping from five locations in west, central, and east africa. genome scans revealed a signi ...	2010	21173248
pyrethroid resistance in southern african anopheles funestus extends to likoma island in lake malawi.	abstract:	2010	21192834
confirmed vivax resistance to chloroquine and effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of vivax malaria in ethiopia.	chloroquine (cq) is still the drug of choice for the treatment of vivax malaria in ethiopia, whereas artemether-lumefantrine (al) is for falciparum malaria. in this setting, clinical malaria cases are treated with al. this necessitated the need to assess the effectiveness of al for the treatment of plasmodium vivax with cq as a comparator. a total of 57 (80.3%) and 75 (85.2%) cases treated with cq or al, respectively, completed the study in an outpatient setting. at the end of the follow-up peri ...	2011	21212216
genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector anopheles atroparvus in southern europe.	there is a growing concern that global climate change will affect the potential for pathogen transmission by insect species that are vectors of human diseases. one of these species is the former european malaria vector, anopheles atroparvus. levels of population differentiation of an. atroparvus from southern europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-es ...	2011	21223582
spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele l1014s in anopheles gambiae s.s. and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in western kenya.	malaria vector control in africa depends upon effective insecticides in bed nets and indoor residual sprays. this study investigated the extent of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l., anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya where ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets has risen steadily from the late 1990s to 2010. temporal and spatial variation in the frequency of a knock down resistance (kdr) allele in a. gambiae s.s. was quantified, as was variation in ...	2011	21235783
analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping mitochondrial genomes of a neotropical malaria vector complex.	many vectors of human malaria belong to complexes of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. here we report the analysis of the newly sequenced complete mitochondrial dna molecules from six recognized or putative species of one such group, the neotropical anopheles albitarsis complex. the molecular evolution of these genomes had been driven by purifying selection, particularly strongly acting on the rna genes. directional mutation pressure associated with the strand-asynchronous asymm ...	2011	21241811
multiple insecticide resistance: an impediment to insecticide-based malaria vector control program.	indoor residual spraying (irs), insecticide-treated nets (itns) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are key components in malaria prevention and control strategy. however, the development of resistance by mosquitoes to insecticides recommended for irs and/or itns/llins would affect insecticide-based malaria vector control. we assessed the susceptibility levels of anopheles arabiensis to insecticides used in malaria control, characterized basic mechanisms underlying resistance, and evaluat ...	2011	21264325
evolutionary dynamics of the ty3/gypsy ltr retrotransposons in the genome of anopheles gambiae.	ty3/gypsy elements represent one of the most abundant and diverse ltr-retrotransposon (ltrr) groups in the anopheles gambiae genome, but their evolutionary dynamics have not been explored in detail. here, we conduct an in silico analysis of the distribution and abundance of the full complement of 1045 copies in the updated agamp3 assembly. chromosomal distribution of ty3/gypsy elements is inversely related to arm length, with densities being greatest on the x, and greater on the short versus lon ...	2011	21283637
identification of a fibrinogen-related protein (fbn9) gene in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes.	malaria has a devastating impact on worldwide public health in many tropical areas. studies on vector immunity are important for the overall understanding of the parasite-vector interaction and for the design of novel strategies to control malaria. a member of the fibrinogen-related protein family, fbn9, has been well studied in anopheles gambiae and has been shown to be an important component of the mosquito immune system. however, little is known about this gene in neotropical anopheline speci ...	2011	21288344
ovipositional behavior in the context of mass rearing of anopheles arabiensis.	large-scale production of mosquitoes is a key factor for a successful sterile insect technique program. a manageable mass-production cage must contain appropriate features for adult resting, mating, feeding, and ovipositional activities. in order to maximize egg collections, tests were conducted to determine the physical characteristics of ovipositional sites for caged anopheles arabiensis. effects of texture, shade, height, and shape of the ovipositional container on female behavior were invest ...	2010	21290931
why are anopheline mosquitoes not present in the seychelles?	species of anopheline mosquitoes are largely distributed over emerged lands around the world and, within the tropics, few areas are without these insects, which are vectors of malaria parasites. among the exceptions is the seychelles archipelago in the western indian ocean. however, in the aldabra island group, located in the extreme western portion of the archipelago, anopheles gambiae s.l. was introduced, leading to massive proliferation and then elimination, with the most recent autochthonous ...	2011	21303530
development of a new version of the liverpool malaria model. i. refining the parameter settings and mathematical formulation of basic processes based on a literature review.	a warm and humid climate triggers several water-associated diseases such as malaria. climate- or weather-driven malaria models, therefore, allow for a better understanding of malaria transmission dynamics. the liverpool malaria model (lmm) is a mathematical-biological model of malaria parasite dynamics using daily temperature and precipitation data. in this study, the parameter settings of the lmm are refined and a new mathematical formulation of key processes related to the growth and size of t ...	2011	21314922
transgenic organisms expressing genes from bacillus thuringiensis to combat insect pests.	various subspecies (ssp.) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are considered the best agents known so far to control insects, being highly specific and safe, easily mass produced and with long shelf life.1 the para-crystalline body that is produced during sporulation in the exosporium includes polypeptides named δ-endotoxins, each killing a specific set of insects. the different entomopathogenic toxins of various bt ssp. can be manipulated genetically in an educated way to construct more efficient tr ...	2010	21326834
bt-engineered bugs versus insect pests.		2010	21326839
dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in baringo, kenya.	pre-adult stages of malaria vectors in semi-arid areas are confronted with highly variable and challenging climatic conditions. the objective of this study was to determine which larval habitat types are most productive in terms of larval densities in the dry and wet seasons within semi-arid environments, and how vector species productivity is partitioned over time.	2011	21352608
climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in jimma town, south west ethiopia.	in ethiopia, malaria is seasonal and unstable, causing frequent epidemics. it usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. occasionally, transmission of malaria occurs in areas previously free of malaria, including areas > 2,000 m above sea level. for transmission of malaria parasite, climatic factors are important determinants as well as non-climatic factors that can negate climatic influences. indeed, there is a scarcity of information on the correlation between climatic variability ...	2011	21366906
identifying residual foci of plasmodium falciparum infections for malaria elimination: the urban context of khartoum, sudan.	identifying the location and size of residual foci of infections is critical where malaria elimination is the primary goal. here the spatial heterogeneity of plasmodium falciparum infections within the urban extent of khartoum state in sudan is investigated using data from cross-sectional surveys undertaken from 1999 to 2008 to inform the khartoum malaria free initiative (kmfi).	2011	21373202
linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors.	understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. we assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of season ...	2011	21389034
knockdown resistance (kdr)-like mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of a malaria vector anopheles stephensi and pcr assays for their detection.	knockdown resistance (kdr) in insects, resulting from mutation(s) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene is one of the mechanisms of resistance against ddt and pyrethroid-group of insecticides. the most common mutation(s) associated with knockdown resistance in insects, including anophelines, has been reported to be present at residue leu1014 in the iis6 transmembrane segment of the vgsc gene. this study reports the presence of two alternative kdr-like mutations, l1014s and l1014f, at t ...	2011	21401946
exceptional diversity, maintenance of polymorphism, and recent directional selection on the apl1 malaria resistance genes of anopheles gambiae.	the three-gene apl1 locus encodes essential components of the mosquito immune defense against malaria parasites. apl1 was originally identified because it lies within a mapped qtl conferring the vector mosquito anopheles gambiae natural resistance to the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, and apl1 genes have subsequently been shown to be involved in defense against several species of plasmodium. here, we examine molecular population genetic variation at the apl1 gene cluster in spati ...	2011	21408087
early biting rhythm in the afro-tropical vector of malaria, anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in ethiopia.	the biting cycle of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was assessed by hourly light trap collections in three villages in tigray, northern ethiopia. hourly catches were conducted in two houses in each village, for four consecutive nights. light traps were set from 18.00 hours to 07.00 hours in houses in which people slept under untreated bednets. anopheles arabiensis showed early biting activities, which peaked between 19.00 hours and 20.00 hours in the three vil ...	2011	21410494
survival of anopheline eggs and their susceptibility to infection with metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions.	the viability of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) eggs over time and the ovicidal activity of beauveria bassiana (ascomycota: cordycipitaceae) and metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: clavicipitaceae) were investigated. eggs were incubated in soil or leaf litter for up to 12 weeks at 26°c and 75%, 86% or >98% relative humidity (rh). eggs were treated topically with m. anisopliae icipe-30 or b. bassiana i93-825 conidia in either water or oil-in-water fo ...	2011	21424402
are herders protected by their herds? an experimental analysis of zooprophylaxis against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis.	the number of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles pharoensis caught by human and cattle baits was investigated experimentally in the arba minch district of southern ethiopia to determine if attraction to humans, indoors or outdoors, was affected by the presence or absence of cattle.	2011	21435266
humoral response to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: a serological indicator of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors.	salivary proteins injected by blood feeding arthropods into their hosts evoke a saliva-specific humoral response which can be useful to evaluate exposure to bites of disease vectors. however, saliva of hematophagous arthropods is a complex cocktail of bioactive factors and its use in immunoassays can be misleading because of potential cross-reactivity to other antigens. toward the development of a serological marker of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors we expressed the anopheles gambiae g ...	2011	21437289
therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of plasmodium vivax malaria cases in halaba district, south ethiopia.	chloroquine is an anti-malarial drug being used to treat plasmodium vivax malaria cases in ethiopia. however, emergence of chloroquine resistant strains of the parasite has challenged the current efficacy of the drug. therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of chloroquine against p. vivax strains in one of the malaria endemic areas of ethiopia, namely halaba district, located in south nations and nationalities peoples region (snnpr) of south ethiopia	2011	21453465
effects of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on anopheles arabiensis.	studies have shown that culex quinquefasciatus oviposits fewer eggs in water treated with bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti). the present study examined the effects of bti on adults of anopheles arabiensis. anopheles arabiensis oviposited in both treated and untreated water with a similar frequency. the number of eggs laid did not significantly differ between the treatments. adult mosquitoes ingested bti solution, but it did not significantly shorten their survival time. the neutral e ...	2011	21476453
increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural tanzania.	abstract:	2011	21477321
a longitudinal study on anopheles mosquito larval abundance in distinct geographical and environmental settings in western kenya.	abstract:	2011	21477340
density-dependent effects in experimental larval populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) can be negative, neutral, or overcompensatory depending on density and diet levels.	anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) larvae were reared from hatching to the adult stage in the laboratory under a range of diet and larval concentrations using a factorial design. the range circumscribed most of the larval densities and diet concentrations that would allow larval growth and survival using the particular diet formulation and water volume we tested. we determined how these variables affected three outcomes, as follows: larval development rate, survival, and wing lengt ...	2011	21485365
larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of burkina faso, west africa.	in west africa, lineage splitting between the m and s molecular forms of the major afro-tropical malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae), is thought to be driven by ecological divergence, occurring mainly at the larval stage. here, we present evidence for habitat segregation between the two molecular forms in and around irrigated rice fields located within the humid savannahs of western burkina faso. longitudinal sampling of adult mosquitoes emerging from a range of breeding sit ...	2011	21501199
identification and distribution of a gaba receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus in africa.	growing problems of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus have intensified efforts to identify alternative insecticides. many agrochemicals target the gaba receptors, but cross-resistance from dieldrin resistance may preclude their introduction. dieldrin resistance was detected in an. funestus populations from west (burkina faso) and central (cameroon) africa, but populations from east (uganda) and southern africa (mozambique and malawi) were fully susceptible to this insecticide. partial ...	2011	21501685
divergent transcriptional response to thermal stress by anopheles gambiae larvae carrying alternative arrangements of inversion 2la.	the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversion 2la, whose frequency strongly correlates with degree of aridity across environmental gradients. recent physiological studies have associated 2la with resistance to desiccation in adults and thermal stress in larvae, consistent with its proposed role in aridity tolerance. however, the genetic basis of these traits remains unknown. to identify genes that could be involved in the differential response to thermal ...	2011	21535279
the emergence of insecticide resistance in central mozambique and potential threat to the successful indoor residual spraying malaria control programme.	abstract:	2011	21535872
larvicidal effects of chinaberry (melia azederach) powder on anopheles arabiensis in ethiopia.	abstract:	2011	21569263
establishing the extent of malaria transmission and challenges facing pre-elimination in the republic of djibouti.	abstract: background: countries aiming for malaria elimination require a detailed understanding of the current intensity of malaria transmission within their national borders. national household sample surveys are now being used to define infection prevalence but these are less efficient in areas of exceptionally low endemicity. here we present the results of a national malaria indicator survey in the republic of djibouti, the first in sub-saharan africa to combine parasitological and serologica ...	2011	21569328
plasmodium falciparum transmission and aridity: a kenyan experience from the dry lands of baringo and its implications for anopheles arabiensis control.	abstract: background: the ecology of malaria vectors particularly in semi-arid areas of africa is poorly understood. accurate knowledge on this subject will boost current efforts to reduce the burden of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of malaria transmission in two model semi-arid sites (kamarimar and tirion) in baringo in kenya. methods: adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray collections (psc) and outdoors by centers fo ...	2011	21569546
laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate.	abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ...	2011	21595988
the clinical burden of malaria in nairobi: a historical review and contemporary audit.	widespread urbanization over the next 20 years has the potential to drastically change the risk of malaria within africa. the burden of the disease, its management, risk factors and appropriateness of targeted intervention across varied urban environments in africa remain largely undefined. this paper presents a combined historical and contemporary review of the clinical burden of malaria within one of africa's largest urban settlements, nairobi, kenya.	2011	21599931
high frequency of plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt t76 mutation) in yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy.	abstract: background: malaria remains a significant health problem in yemen with plasmodium falciparum being the predominant species which is responsible for 90% of the malaria cases. despite serious concerns regarding increasing drug resistance, chloroquine is still the drug of choice used for the prevention and treatment of malaria in yemen. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of choloroquine resistance (cqr) of p. falciparum isolated from yemen based on the pfcrt t76 mutati ...	2011	21619624
malaria in kakuma refugee camp, turkana, kenya: facilitation of anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems.	abstract: background: malaria is a major health concern for displaced persons occupying refugee camps in sub-saharan africa, yet there is little information on the incidence of infection and nature of transmission in these settings. kakuma refugee camp, located in a dry area of north-western kenya, has hosted ca. 60,000 to 90,000 refugees since 1992, primarily from sudan and somalia. the purpose of this study was to investigate malaria prevalence and attack rate and sources of anopheles vectors ...	2011	21639926
the contribution of aestivating mosquitoes to the persistence of anopheles gambiae in the sahel.	abstract: background: persistence of african anophelines throughout the long dry season (4-8 months) when no surface waters are available remains one of the enduring mysteries of medical entomology. recent studies demonstrated that aestivation (summer diapause) is one mechanism that allows the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, to persist in the sahel. however, migration from distant localities - where reproduction continues year-round - might also be involved. methods: to assess the c ...	2011	21645385
malaria prevalence pattern observed in the highland fringe of butajira, southern ethiopia: a longitudinal study from parasitological and entomological survey.	abstract: background: in ethiopia, information regarding highland malaria transmission is scarce, and no report has been presented from butajira highland so far whether the appearance of malaria in the area was due to endemicity or due to highland malaria transmission. thus this study aimed to determine the presence and magnitude of malaria transmission in butajira. methods: for parasitological survey, longitudinal study was conducted from october to december 2006. the entomological surveys were ...	2011	21649923
validation of oral fluid samples to monitor serological changes to plasmodium falciparum: an observational study in southern zambia.	in formerly endemic areas where malaria transmission has declined, levels of population immunity to plasmodium falciparum provide information on continued malaria transmission and potentially susceptible populations. traditional techniques for measuring serological responses to p. falciparum antigens use plasma or dried blood spots (dbs). these invasive procedures pose a biohazard and may be unacceptable to communities if performed frequently. the use of oral fluid (of) samples to detect antibod ...	2011	21663660
use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey.	the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa. further malaria control will require targeted control strategies based on evidence of risk. the objective of this study was to identify environmental risk factors for malaria transmission using remote sensing technologies to guide malaria control interventions in a region of declining burden of malaria.	2011	21663661
relationship between care-givers' misconceptions and non-use of itns by under-five nigerian children.	malaria has been a major public health problem in nigeria and many other sub-saharan african countries. insecticide-treated nets have shown to be cost-effective in the prevention of malaria, but the number of people that actually use these nets has remained generally low. studies that explore the determinants of use of itn are desirable.	2011	21696622
variation in metabolic rate of anopheles gambiae and a. arabiensis in a sahelian village.	in the sahel, the anopheles gambiae complex consists of anopheles arabiensis and the m and s molecular forms of a. gambiae sensu stricto. however, the composition of these malaria vectors varies spatially and temporally throughout the region and is thought to be linked to environmental factors such as rainfall, larval site characteristics and duration of the dry season. to examine possible physiological divergence between these taxa, we measured metabolic rates of mosquitoes during the wet seaso ...	2011	21697426
efficacy of permanet-« 2.0 and permanet-« 3.0 against insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae in experimental huts in c+¦te d'ivoire.	pyrethroid resistance in vectors could limit the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) because all llins are currently treated with pyrethroids. the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and wash resistance of permanet-« 3.0 compared to permanet-« 2.0 in an area of high pyrethroid in c+¦te d'ivoire. permanet-« 3.0 is impregnated with deltamethrin at 85 mg/m2 on the sides of the net and with deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide on the roof. permanet-« 2.0 is impregnated with ...	2011	21699703
spatial and temporal distribution patterns of anopheles arabiensis breeding sites in la reunion island - multi-year trend analysis of historical records from 1996-2009.	abstract:	2011	21708013
comparison of the cdc backpack aspirator and the prokopack aspirator for sampling indoor- and outdoor-resting mosquitoes in southern tanzania.	resting mosquitoes can easily be collected using an aspirating device. the most commonly used mechanical aspirator is the cdc backpack aspirator. recently, a simple, and low-cost aspirator called the prokopack has been devised and proved to have comparable performance. the following study evaluates the prokopack aspirator compared to the cdc backpack aspirator when sampling resting mosquitoes in rural tanzania.	2011	21718464
development of environmental tools for anopheline larval control.	malaria mosquitoes spend a considerable part of their life in the aquatic stage, rendering them vulnerable to interventions directed to aquatic habitats. recent successes of mosquito larval control have been reported using environmental and biological tools. here, we report the effects of shading by plants and biological control agents on the development and survival of anopheline and culicine mosquito larvae in man-made natural habitats in western kenya. trials consisted of environmental manipu ...	2011	21733150
the influence of mosquito resting behaviour and associated microclimate for malaria risk.	abstract:	2011	21736735
efficacy of aquatain, a monomolecular film, for the control of malaria vectors in rice paddies.	rice paddies harbour a large variety of organisms including larvae of malaria mosquitoes. these paddies are challenging for mosquito control because their large size, slurry and vegetation make it difficult to effectively apply a control agent. aquatain, a monomolecular surface film, can be considered a suitable mosquito control agent for such breeding habitats due to its physical properties. the properties allow aquatain to self-spread over a water surface and affect multiple stages of the mosq ...	2011	21738774
evaluating rnalater-« as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict anopheles gambiae age and species.	abstract:	2011	21740582
malaria epidemiology and control in southern africa.	the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa, following the scale-up of interventions supported by the roll back malaria partnership, the president's malaria initiative and other partners. it is important to appreciate that the reductions in malaria have not been uniform between and within countries, with some areas experiencing resurgence instead. furthermore, while interventions have greatly reduced the burden of malaria in many ...	2011	21756864
malaria, oromia regional state, ethiopia, 2001-2006.	to the editor: in ethiopia, malaria is unstable and commonly occurs as intraannual and interannual epidemics. transmission is associated with altitude, temperature, and rainfall, generally peaking twice a year, after the 2 rainy seasons (march-may and july-september) (1). cases are caused by plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes are the main vector for both species. although malaria is the most common communicable disease in ethiopia (2), few longitudinal case data ...	2011	21762615
surveillance of vector populations and malaria transmission during the 2009/10 el niño event in the western kenya highlands: opportunities for early detection of malaria hyper-transmission.	abstract:	2011	21781291
wide cross-reactivity between anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus sg6 salivary proteins supports exploitation of gsg6 as a marker of human exposure to major malaria vectors in tropical africa.	abstract: background: the anopheles gambiae gsg6 is an anopheline-specific salivary protein which helps female mosquitoes to efficiently feed on blood. besides its role in haematophagy, gsg6 is immunogenic and elicits in exposed individuals an igg response, which may be used as indicator of exposure to the main african malaria vector a. gambiae. however, malaria transmission in tropical africa is sustained by three main vectors (a. gambiae, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus) and a gene ...	2011	21794142
target product profile choices for intra-domiciliary malaria vector control pesticide products: repel or kill?	the most common pesticide products for controlling malaria-transmitting mosquitoes combine two distinct modes of action: 1) conventional insecticidal activity which kills mosquitoes exposed to the pesticide and 2) deterrence of mosquitoes away from protected humans. while deterrence enhances personal or household protection of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays, it may also attenuate or even reverse communal protection if it diverts mosquitoes to non-users rather than kill ...	2011	21798023
combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in africa: a review of possible outcomes and an outline of suggestions for the future.	insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are currently the preferred methods of malaria vector control. in many cases, these methods are used together in the same households, especially to suppress transmission in holoendemic and hyperendemic scenarios. though widespread, there has been limited evidence suggesting that such co-application confers greater protective benefits than either itns or irs when used alone. since both methods are insecticide-based and intradomici ...	2011	21798053
human malaria in the highlands of yemen.	<title/> between june 2008 and march 2009, a cross-sectional study of human malaria was carried out in four governorates of yemen, two (taiz and hodiedah) representing the country's highlands and the others (dhamar and raymah) the country's coastal plains/foothills. the main aims were to determine the prevalences of plasmodium infection among 455 febrile patients presenting for care at participating health facilities and to investigate the potential risk factors for such infection. malarial infe ...	2011	21801497
mosquito gut bacterium may curb malaria.		0	21807592
extensive permethrin and ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis from eastern and central sudan.	abstract: background: the distribution of insecticide treated nets (itn) has been dramatically scaled up in eastern and central sudan. resistance to insecticides has already been reported in this region and there is an urgent need to develop appropriate resistance management strategies, which requires detailed information on the extent and causes of resistance. this study assessed resistance to permethrin and ddt in seven populations of anopheles arabiensis from sudan. results: three out of the ...	2011	21812972
male mating competitiveness of a wolbachia-introgressed aedes polynesiensis strain under semi-field conditions.	lymphatic filariasis (lf), a global public health problem affecting approximately 120 million people worldwide, is a leading cause of disability in the developing world including the south pacific. despite decades of ongoing mass drug administration (mda) in the region, some island nations have not yet achieved the threshold levels of microfilaremia established by the world health organization for eliminating transmission. previously, the generation of a novel aedes polynesiensis strain (cp) inf ...	2011	21829750
screening for adulticidal bioactivity of south african plants against anopheles arabiensis.	abstract:	2011	21835000
behavioral observations and sound recordings of free-flight mating swarms of ae. aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in thailand.	sound plays an important role in the mating behavior of mosquitoes, including aedes aegypti (l). males orient to the fundamental wing beat frequency of females, and both sexes actively modulate their flight tone before mating to converge at harmonic frequencies. the majority of studies on mosquito mating acoustics have been conducted in the laboratory using tethered individuals. in this study, we present the first free-flight recording of naturally forming ae. aegypti swarms in thailand. we desc ...	0	21845959
Multimodal pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus s.s. in western Kenya.	Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus s.s. are the most important species for malaria transmission. Pyrethroid resistance of these vector mosquitoes is one of the main obstacles against effective vector control. The objective of the present study was to monitor the pyrethroid susceptibility in the 3 major malaria vectors in a highly malaria endemic area in western Kenya and to elucidate the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in these species. Gembe East and West, ...	2011	21853038
a review of chemosensation and related behavior in aquatic insects.	insects that are secondarily adapted to aquatic environments are able to sense odors from a diverse array of sources. the antenna of these insects, as in all insects, is the main chemosensory structure and its input to the brain allows for integration of sensory information that ultimately ends in behavioral responses. only a fraction of the aquatic insect orders have been studied with respect to their sensory biology and most of the work has centered either on the description of the different t ...	0	21864156
efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets in use in macha, zambia, against the local anopheles arabiensis population.	the mosquito anopheles arabiensis is the primary vector of plasmodium falciparum in macha, zambia. a major portion of zambia's current malaria control programme relies on long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticides. currently, the efficacy of these measures against an. arabiensis in macha is unknown, and previous data has shown that an. arabiensis has continued to feed on human hosts, despite high itn coverage. it is possible that this could ...	2011	21880143
malaria in the republic of djibouti, 1998-2009.	historically, native populations in the republic of djibouti have experienced only low and unstable malaria transmission and intermittent epidemics. in recent years, efforts at malaria control have been aggressively pursued. this study was performed to inform revised malaria prevention recommendations for military service members and international travelers to the country. laboratory-confirmed cases of malaria documented at large medical facilities and within military and civilian health care sy ...	0	21896822
lethal and pre-lethal effects of a fungal biopesticide contribute to substantial and rapid control of malaria vectors.	rapidly emerging insecticide resistance is creating an urgent need for new active ingredients to control the adult mosquitoes that vector malaria. biopesticides based on the spores of entomopathogenic fungi have shown considerable promise by causing very substantial mortality within 7-14 days of exposure. this mortality will generate excellent malaria control if there is a high likelihood that mosquitoes contact fungi early in their adult lives. however, where contact rates are lower, as might r ...	2011	21897846
early detection of malaria foci for targeted interventions in endemic southern zambia.	zambia has achieved significant reductions in the burden of malaria through a strategy of "scaling-up" effective interventions. progress toward ultimate malaria elimination will require sustained prevention coverage and further interruption of transmission through active strategies to identify and treat asymptomatic malaria reservoirs. a surveillance system in zambia's southern province has begun to implement such an approach. an early detection system could be an additional tool to identify foc ...	2011	21910855
Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa.	Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa.	2011	21910856
preventing the reintroduction of malaria in mauritius: a programmatic and financial assessment.	sustaining elimination of malaria in areas with high receptivity and vulnerability will require effective strategies to prevent reestablishment of local transmission, yet there is a dearth of evidence about this phase. mauritius offers a uniquely informative history, with elimination of local transmission in 1969, re-emergence in 1975, and second elimination in 1998. towards this end, mauritius's elimination and prevention of reintroduction (por) programs were analyzed via a comprehensive review ...	2011	21912645
insecticide resistance and the future of malaria control in zambia.	in line with the global trend to improve malaria control efforts a major campaign of insecticide treated net distribution was initiated in 1999 and indoor residual spraying with ddt or pyrethroids was reintroduced in 2000 in zambia. in 2006, these efforts were strengthened by the president's malaria initiative. this manuscript reports on the monitoring and evaluation of these activities and the potential impact of emerging insecticide resistance on disease transmission.	2011	21915314
Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis.	The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum.	2011	21929746
genetic analysis of scattered populations of the indian eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini donovan: differentiation of subpopulations.	deforestation and exploitation has led to the fragmentation of habitats and scattering of populations of the economically important eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini, in north-east india. genetic analysis of 15 eri populations, using issr markers, showed 98% inter-population, and 23% to 58% intra-population polymorphism. nei's genetic distance between populations increased significantly with altitude (r(2) = 0.71) and geographic distance (r(2) = 0.78). on the dendrogram, the lower and upper ass ...	2011	21931526
distribution of a knockdown resistance mutation (l1014s) in anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western and southern kenya.	in kenya, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (itns) distributed to pregnant women and children under 5 years old through various programs have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria deaths. all of the world health organization-recommended insecticides for mosquito nets are pyrethroids, and vector mosquito resistance to these insecticides is one of the major obstacles to an effective malaria control program. anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis are major malaria vectors that are ...	2011	21931682
identification of mosquito repellent odours from ocimum forskolei.	native mosquito repellent plants have a good potential for integrated mosquito control in local settings. ocimum forskolei, lamiaceae, is used in eritrea as a spatial mosquito repellent inside houses, either through crushing fresh plants or burning dry plants. we verified whether active repellent compounds could be identified using gas-chromatography coupled electroantennogram recordings (gc-ead) with headspace extracts of crushed plants.	2011	21936953
Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in a malaria endemic region of southern Tanzania.	Genetic diversity is a key factor that enables adaptation and persistence of natural populations towards environmental conditions. It is influenced by the interaction of a natural population's dynamics and the environment it inhabits. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis are the two major and widespread malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined the ecology and population dynamics of these vectors. Ecological conditions along the Kilombero valley in Tanzania ...	2011	21975087
requirements for effective malaria control with homing endonuclease genes.	malaria continues to impose a substantial burden on human health. we have previously proposed that biological approaches to control the mosquito vector of disease could be developed using homing endonuclease genes (hegs), a class of selfish or parasitic gene that exists naturally in many microbes. recent lab studies have demonstrated that hegs can function in mosquitoes. we constructed and analyzed a model of mosquito population genetics and malaria epidemiology to determine how well hegs need t ...	2011	21976487
a malaria transmission-directed model of mosquito life cycle and ecology.	malaria is a major public health issue in much of the world, and the mosquito vectors which drive transmission are key targets for interventions. mathematical models for planning malaria eradication benefit from detailed representations of local mosquito populations, their natural dynamics and their response to campaign pressures.	2011	21999664
degradation of insecticides used for indoor spraying in malaria control and possible solutions.	the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (ddt) is widely used in indoor residual spraying (irs) for malaria control owing to its longer residual efficacy in the field compared to other world health organization (who) alternatives. suitable stabilization to render these alternative insecticides longer lasting could provide a less controversial and more acceptable and effective alternative insecticide formulations than ddt.	2011	22008292
progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western kenya highlands: opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk.	following severe malaria epidemics in the western kenya highlands after the late 1980s it became imperative to undertake eco-epidemiological assessments of the disease and determine its drivers, spatial-temporal distribution and control strategies. extensive research has indicated that the major biophysical drivers of the disease are climate change and variability, terrain, topography, hydrology and immunity. vector distribution is focalized at valley bottoms and abundance is closely related wit ...	2011	22015426
mosquito mass rearing technology: a cold-water vortex device for continuous unattended separation of anopheles arabiensis pupae from larvae.	in mass rearing of anopheline mosquitoes, pupae are usually separated from larvae on a daily basis to prevent unwanted adult emergence from trays. depending on the device and species, 2 physical characteristics have most often been used for separation: buoyant density and size. in this report, we describe a system for continuous separation of anopheles arabiensis larvae from pupae based on the natural difference in buoyant density and behavior between the 2 stages. we determined that temperature ...	2011	22017086
Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010.	Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010.	2011	22018223
kdr-based insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s populations in.	abstract: background: the spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on the use of insecticides. two mutations at position 1014 of the s6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a phenylalanine (l1014f) or to a serine (l1014s) confer resistance to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides in ...	2011	22035176
changing individual-level risk factors for malaria with declining transmission in southern zambia: a cross-sectional study.	malaria elimination will require that both symptomatic- and asymptomatic-infected persons be identified and treated. however, well-characterized, individual-level risk factors for malaria may not be valid in regions with declining malaria transmission. changes in individual-level correlates of malaria infection were evaluated over three years in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern zambia.	2011	22039751
evaluating the potential of the sterile insect technique for malaria control: relative fitness and mating compatibility between laboratory colonized and a wild population of anopheles arabiensis from the kruger national park, south africa.	the successful suppression of a target insect population using the sterile insect technique (sit) partly depends on the premise that the laboratory insects used for mass rearing are genetically compatible with the target population, that the mating competitiveness of laboratory reared males is at least comparable to that of their wild counterparts, and that mass rearing and sterilization processes do not in themselves compromise male fitness to a degree that precludes them from successfully comp ...	2011	22041133
variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south cameroon.	determination of residual activity of insecticides is essential information for the selection of appropriate indoor spraying operation. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the residual effect of three candidate insecticide formulations on different indoor surfaces in order to guide future interventions, in the context of cameroon and other african countries.	2011	22047173
occupational activities associated with a reported history of malaria among women working in small-scale agriculture in south africa.	malaria-endemic agricultural communities are at risk for this disease because of crop and agricultural activities. a cross-sectional survey among women in small-scale agriculture on irrigated and dryland areas in makhatini flats, kwazulu-natal south africa explored associations with self-reported history of malaria, including demographics, crop production, and specific agricultural activities. ninety-eight (15.2%) of 644 women reported malaria while working in agriculture. more women working in ...	0	22049030
malaria antifolate resistance with contrasting plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) polymorphisms in humans and anopheles mosquitoes.	surveillance for drug-resistant parasites in human blood is a major effort in malaria control. here we report contrasting antifolate resistance polymorphisms in plasmodium falciparum when parasites in human blood were compared with parasites in anopheles vector mosquitoes from sleeping huts in rural zambia. dna encoding p. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (ec 1.5.1.3) was amplified by pcr with allele-specific restriction enzyme digestions. markedly prevalent pyrimethamine-resistant mutants wer ...	2011	22065788
large-scale use of mosquito larval source management for malaria control in africa: a cost analysis.	at present, large-scale use of two malaria vector control methods, long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is being scaled up in africa with substantial funding from donors. a third vector control method, larval source management (lsm), has been historically very successful and is today widely used for mosquito control globally, except in africa. with increasing risk of insecticide resistance and a shift to more exophilic vectors, lsm is now under re-evaluation ...	2011	22067606
a review on balanites aegyptiaca del (desert date): phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activity.	balanites aegyptiaca del. (zygophyllaceae), known as 'desert date,' is spiny shrub or tree up to l0 m tall, widely distributed in dry land areas of africa and south asia. it is traditionally used in treatment of various ailments i.e. jaundice, intestinal worm infection, wounds, malaria, syphilis, epilepsy, dysentery, constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoid, stomach aches, asthma, and fever. it contains protein, lipid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, and organic acid. present review summar ...	0	22096319
seasonal climate effects anemotaxis in newly emerged adult anopheles gambiae giles in mali, west africa.	the direction and magnitude of movement by the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles has been of great interest to medical entomologists for over 70 years. this direction of movement is likely to be affected by many factors, from environmental conditions and stage of life history of the mosquito to the existence of attractants in the vicinity. we report here the direction of movement of newly emerged an. gambiae in nature, around the village of donéguébougou, mali. we assessed the direction of ...	2011	22114663