Publications

[in vitro antifungal activity of omoconazole nitrate, a novel imidazone antimycotic drug, against clinical isolates from patients with cutaneous mycosis].	in vitro antifungal activities of omoconazole nitrate (omz), a novel antifungal imidazole antimycotic drug, are examined against clinical isolates obtained from patients with cutaneous mycosis and its activity was compared with that of bifonazole (bfz). the clinical isolates tested were 70 of dermatophytes including trichophyton rubrum (47 isolates), t. mentagrophytes (22 isolates), microsporum gypseum (1 isolate), and 27 isolates of candida albicans. mic values of omz to dermatophytes distribut ...	1996	9053537
in vitro susceptibility of trichophyton rubrum isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole. induction and isolation of a resistant mutant to both antimycotic drugs. mutant of trichophyton rubrum resistant to griseofulvin and tioconazole.	the in vitro susceptibility of three clinical trichophyton rubrum isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole, determined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic), was 2 and 0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. one mutant (gril) obtained after mutagenic treatment of one of these isolates was selected and showed simultaneous resistance to griseofulvin (mic > 2000 micrograms/ml) and tioconazole (mic = 1.0 microgram/ml). the clinical importance and the possibility of a multidrug resistance (md ...	1996	9066154
oral terbinafine: a new antifungal agent.	to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines of terbinafine. available comparative data of terbinafine and other antimycotic agents are described for understanding the potential role of terbinafine in patient care.	1997	9101008
differential inhibition of fungal amd mammalian squalene epoxidases by the benzylamine sdz sba 586 in comparison with the allylamine terbinafine.	the allylamine class of antifungal compounds are specific inhibitors of squalene epoxidase (se). however, depending on their chemical structure, allylamine derivatives can be highly selective for either fungal or mammalian ses. all allylamines tested previously, irrespective of their selectivity, inhibit fungal ses in a noncompetitive manner and mammalian ses in a competitive manner. here we have analyzed the inhibitory properties of the benzylamine sdz sba 586 toward fungal and mammalian ses in ...	1997	9143330
etiology and clinical characteristics of mycotic leukonychia.	the purpose of the present paper is to add to our understanding of the prevalence of mycotic leukonychia. twenty patients with mycotic leukonychia were studied. leukonychia with atypical characteristics not previously described or with discordant characteristics relative to the ones that were responsible of this infection were found. direct microscopic examination and cultures showed that fusarium spp. were the responsible agents in 10% of the cases and that dermatophytes were implicated in the ...	1996	9144952
onychomycosis in rome, italy.	this report presents the results of a study conducted between 1985 and 1994 on onychomycosis observed in the city of rome. six thousand six hundred and eighty eight patients were examined during this period. among them 1,762 (26.3%) were affected by fungal nail infections. because the etiologic agents could not be isolated in 105 cases (6%), the results refer to 1,657 subjects (24.8% of the total), presenting with positive microscopic and cultural examinations. thirty eight patients (2.3%) had o ...	1996	9144955
nmr study of the galactomannans of trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum.	around 90% of chronic dermatophyte infections are caused by the fungi trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum. one of the causes of the chronic infection resides in the immunosuppressive effects of the cell-wall components of these organisms. therefore we have attempted to identify the chemical structure of galactomannan, one of the major cell-wall components. the cell-wall polysaccharides secreted by t. mentagrophytes and t. rubrum were isolated from the culture medium and fractiona ...	1997	9173896
tinea capitis in a newborn caused by two organisms.	tinea capitis is a common infection of childhood. there have been several reports of tinea capitis in newborns. our patient presented at 19 days of age to the emergency room with a scalp lesion of 5 days duration. the fungal culture grew both trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton mentagrophytes. the patient was successfully treated with oral griseofulvin.	1997	9192420
mycological and some physiological studies of keratinophilic and other moulds associated with sheep wool.	wool samples of 50 healthy sheep collected from different localities at ar' ar in saudi arabia were examined for the presence of keratinophilic and other fungi using the hair plate technique. forty-eight species and 2 varieties belonging to 20 genera were isolated on sabouraud's dextrose agar at 25 degrees c. two species of true dermatophytes were isolated: trichophyton terrestre and t. rubrum in low frequency of occurrence. chrysosporium, a well-know keratinophilic genus, was the predominant ge ...	1997	9265769
study of onychomycosis in córdoba, spain: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection.	from a total of 20,004 patients seen during two years, we carried out a mycologic nail investigation (direct microscopy and repeated cultures). ninety-three (43.2%) of the nails were judged to be infected by their clinical appearance. they fulfilled the laboratory criteria required to start antifungal treatment (isolation of the same fungus in culture on two consecutive occasions), but only in 64 cases (29.7%) was there a clinical and mycological recovery once antifungal treatment and follow up ...	1997	9299751
[effect of domestic laundry processes on mycotic contamination of textiles].	inadequately decontaminated clothing may be a source of reinfection following therapy of dermato- and onychomycoses. the objective of this study was to determine whether domestic laundering is suitable for cleansing mycotically contaminated garments. textile-samples contaminated with trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton mentagrophytes, candida albicans and scopulariopsis brevicaulis were washed in an ordinary washing machine at different temperatures. regardless of the textiles and detergents used, ...	1997	9333615
molecular determination of dermatophyte fungi using the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction.	dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi capable of causing dermatophytosis (commonly known as tinea or ringworm) in humans and animals. previously, we reported the differentiation of the common dermatophytes trichophyton rubrum, t. mentagrophytes and t. tonsurans using a random primer 5'-acccgacctg-3' (opaa11) in the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr). in the present study, by examining additional dermatophytes including eight microsporum spp., 16 trichophyton species/subspecie ...	1997	9349328
onychomycosis in hong kong.	onychomycosis in temperate countries has been studied extensively, but few data are available on its epidemiology in tropical countries. we performed a survey of patients seen in hong kong for the 8-year period from january 1987 to december 1994.	1997	9372350
trichophyton rubrum onychomycosis in a 17-year-old girl.	onychomycosis is one of the most common nail disorders seen by dermatologists. an increasing number of immunocompromised patients, in combination with an aging worldwide population, has resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of this disorder. while nearly one fifth of all occurrences are found in patients aged 40 to 60, the incidence dramatically increases in patients over 60. however, onychomycosis is very uncommon in children.	1997	9403245
povidone-iodine wash solutions in the prevention of superficial fungal infections; predictive evaluation using the corneofungimetry bioassay.	prevention of superficial mycoses remains a stubborn problem. the effect of antiseptics for that purpose is largely unknown. we studied the potential fungitoxic activity of povidone iodine (pvp-i) contained in wash solutions.	1997	9403279
[tinea follicularis presenting as trichophytic majocchi granuloma].	we report on a 75 year old patient with a bronchial asthma treated at least for 15 years with low dose prednisolone. under this treatment he developed a tinea follicularis and was demonstrated in our clinic with papulopustular skin lesions on both forearms, left malleolus and left thigh. we saw tender to touch granulomata on erythematosquamous atrophic skin. a dermatomycosis was diagnosed by isolation and identification of trichophyton rubrum. in addition the onychomycosis of all finger- and foo ...	1997	9417517
correlation between antifungal activity and hydrophobicity of imidazole antifungal agents.	to examine the effects of the affinity of antifungal imidazole agents to cell membranes on the in vitro antifungal activity, the correlation between antifungal activity and hydrophobicity of these drugs was investigated. the capacity factor (k') in hplc was used as a parameter of hydrophobicity, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) as a parameter of antifungal activity. consequently, a significant portion correlation was noted in the case of candida albicans. however, no obvious correl ...	1997	9428985
some aspects of dermatophytoses seen at university hospital in florianópolis, santa catarina, brazil.	dematophytoses comprise mycoses which are very frequently diagnosed in the routine of clinical laboratories of florianópolis, like any other brazilian cities. however, no clinical or epidemiological studies data have been published for that city so far. to partially clarify these questions, we carried out a study on this subject on patients who sought the mycology services of hospital of federal university of santa catarina, from january 1995 to november 1996. the most prevalent dermatophyte was ...	1997	9460252
antimicrobial effects of aqueous plant extracts on the fungi microsporum canis and trichophyton rubrum and on three bacterial species.	aqueous extracts of 10 plants were tested for their ability to inhibit trichophyton rubrum and microsporum canis, the aetiological agents of dermal fungal infections in humans. these extracts were also evaluated for their activity against some bacteria. aqueous extracts from the leaves of inula viscosa produced detectable antifungal activity against these dermatophytes.	1998	9489036
butenafine.	butenafine is a new antifungal agent with primary fungicidal activity against dermatophytes such as trichophyton mentagrophytes, microsporum canis and trichophyton rubrum which cause tinea infections. 14c-labelled butenafine (approximately 30 micrograms/g tissue) was found within guinea-pig dorsal skin 24 hours after topical application. most of the drug was distributed into the epidermis including the horny layer. small amounts were found in the dermis, probably transported via sebaceous glands ...	1998	9530545
long-term remission of two feet-one hand syndrome.	two feet-one hand syndrome is also defined as bilateral plantar tinea pedis with coexistent unilateral tinea manuum. toenails and fingernails may also be affected and the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum is the usual cause. when there is nail involvement, especially of the toenails, treatment with an oral antifungal agent should be considered because topical therapy alone is usually not effective. however, relapses are common. with the advent of new, more effective antifungal drugs such as itrac ...	1998	9538957
[two cases of dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus].	we report two cases of dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus. case 1: a 44-year-old man suffered from severe itching in the right external auditory meatus for a year, and had also had tinea unguium for several years. he visited our outpatient clinic because of scaly erythema which had developed on the auricle. otoscopic examination revealed yellow-brown dry cerumen and redness from the cartilaginous to the bony portion of the external auditory meatus. case 2: a 14-year-old boy, the son ...	1998	9580035
[dermatophytes isolated in our clinics. 5-year-study in zaragoza].	this review summarizes the different species of dermatophytes isolates in our laboratory between 1991 and 1995. we describe the clinical forms and establish the distribution over this period of time.	1997	9580210
causative pathogens in onychomycosis and the possibility of treatment resistance: a review.	onychomycosis is caused primarily by dermatophytes, candida species, and nondermatophytic molds. dermatophytes, particularly trichophyton rubrum, are by far the most common pathogens. there is some question as to whether candida actually breaks down nail material or only invades the proximal nail bed. similarly, the clinical significance of molds is unknown, because they may be colonizing organisms rather than destructive pathogens. it is, therefore, important to identify the pathogen in the arr ...	1998	9594934
keratin degradation by scytalidium species and fusarium solani.	the keratin degradation capability of some non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi, viz scytalidium dimidiatum types a and b, s. hyalinum, s. japonicum and fusarium solani, was investigated using nail clippings and keratin powder as substrates. representative isolates of the dermatophytes trichophyton rubrum and t. mentagrophytes were also tested. the two morphological types of s. dimidiatum were almost equally effective in the degradation of substrates, 42-43% nail clippings and 24-26% keratin. scy ...	1998	9610139
a case of tinea barbae successfully treated with terbinafine.	terbinafine was remarkably effective in tinea barbae due to trichophyton rubrum on the cheek in front of the right ear in a 75-year-old man. this patient also showed tinea pedis and unguium, but these were due to trichophyton mentagrophytes and were unrelated to the tinea in the cheek. this patient showed an atypical clinical picture slightly different from that during the initial visit, requiring histological differentiation from trichophytic granuloma.	1998	9610140
efficacy of oral fluconazole in tinea pedis of the hyperkeratotic type. stratum corneum levels.	in this study, in addition to studying the efficacy and safety of the once-daily administration of 100-mg capsules of fluconazole over an 8-week administration period with six patients with hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis, we also measured the serum and horny layer concentrations of fluconazole to study the mobility into the horny layer in diseased areas of the sole skin. the final overall efficacy and overall safety were both 100% (six out of six), and no side-effects, including abnormal labora ...	1998	9670768
dermatophytoses in crete, greece, between 1992 and 1996.	pathological specimens from 1361 patients with clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis from the island of crete, greece, were examined for dermatophytes during a 5-year period (1992-96). dermatophytes of the genus trichophyton, microsporum and epidermophyton were isolated from 327 (24%) of the patients. trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated dermatophyte accounting for 44.4% of the strains, followed by m. canis (25%), t. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (14.4%) and e. floccosum ...	1998	9670771
scenario of chronic dermatophytosis: an indian study.	chronic dermatophytosis was observed in 2276 (10.02%) of 22,692 patients with dermatophytosis during a period of 5.5 years. males were affected at least 3 times more frequently than females. the age group most commonly affected was between 20 and 40 years of age. females were affected more between the ages of 30 to 40 years. tinea cruris and tinea corporis were the most common clinical types and tinea pedis was the least common type observed. the most frequent isolate was trichophyton rubrum fol ...	1997	9691500
invasive trichophyton rubrum resembling blastomycosis infection in the immunocompromised host.	a 55-year-old renal transplant recipient with onychomycosis and chronic tinea pedis presented with tender nodules on his left medial heel. he then developed papules and nodules on his right foot and calf. a skin biopsy demonstrated periodic acid-schiff (pas) positive, thick walled round cells, 2 to 6 microm in diameter, in the dermis. skin biopsy culture grew trichophyton rubrum. t. rubrum has been described as an invasive pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. the clinical presentation, histopath ...	1998	9703159
phylogenetic classification of trichophyton mentagrophytes complex strains based on dna sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions.	using internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) region ribosomal dna sequences from 37 stock strains and clinical isolates provisionally termed trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in japan, we demonstrated the mutual phylogenetic relationships of these strains. members of this complex were classified into 3 its1-homologous groups and 13 its1-identical groups by their sequences. its1-homologous group i consists of arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, t. mentagrophytes human isolates, and several strains of t. ...	1998	9705405
relapses of onychomycosis after successful treatment with systemic antifungals: a three-year follow-up.	data about relapses of onychomycosis after treatment with the new systemic antifungals vary among the different studies, with figures ranging from 3 to 20% for terbinafine and from 21 to 27% for itraconazole, depending on the follow-up duration.	1998	9732167
[dermatophytosis in the greater resistencia area, chaco province, argentina].	epidemiological characteristics of dermatophytoses in the metropolitan area of resistencia city are described. hair fragments, skin, scalp or nail scrapings were collected from 3.507 persons with dermatological symptoms of probable fungal origin. the mycological studies were performed by three mycological laboratories, one from a university institute and two from private laboratories. direct microscopic examinations showed fungi in 39.66% of samples, while the recovering of dermatophytes from cu ...	1998	9744034
frequency of dermatophytes in the metropolitan area of porto alegre, rs, brazil.	in order to evaluate the distribution of dermatophytes in porto alegre, the capital of the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, they were isolated from the skin, hairs and nails samples and retrospectively analyzed from june 1981 to june 1995, in two different institutions in the city of porto alegre: (i) the serviço de micologia do instituto de pesquisas biológicas jandyr maya faillace, da secretaria de saúde e meio ambiente do rio grande do sul which attends the low income population (low and m ...	1998	9755559
ige-sensitization to cellular and culture filtrates of fungal extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis.	patients with atopic dermatitis may experience exacerbations of eczema triggered by various inflammatory stimuli. one mechanism may be ige-mediated reactions to dermatophytes since these patients are more likely to acquire skin infections with dermatophytes and may become sensitized.	1998	9759803
saprophytic and cycloheximide resistant fungi isolated from golden hamster.	healthy hair samples from golden hamsters were examined for the presence of dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes using baiting technique and direct inoculation. thirty-four species and 2 varieties attributed to 17 genera were recovered. paecilomyces variotii (isolated from 84.4% of the examined hair) and aspergillus niger (81.3%) were the more frequent isolates on sabouraud's dextrose agar (sda) without cycloheximide. our results have clearly demonstrated that the hair of hamster was free from tr ...	1998	9768288
first isolation of trichophyton fischeri in the united states.	a 49-year-old male with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was seen at bellevue hospital in new york, n.y. sputum samples yielded cultures of candida lusitaniae, mycobacterium avium, and a filamentous fungus, trichophyton fischeri. t. fischeri is a nonpathogenic fungus which resembles the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. this is the first record of the species from u.s. sources. this case exemplifies the ecological differences between t. fischeri and t. rubrum and illustrates how correct identifica ...	1998	9774603
inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) caused by trichophyton rubrum.		1998	9784055
1998 william j. stickel bronze award. antifungal activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree) oil against various pathogenic organisms.	tea-tree oil (oil of melaleuca alternifolia) has recently received much attention as a natural remedy for bacterial and fungal infections of the skin and mucosa. as with most naturally occurring agents, claims of effectiveness have been only anecdotal; however, several published studies have recently demonstrated tea-tree oil's antibacterial activity. this study was conducted to determine the activity of tea-tree oil against 58 clinical isolates: candida albicans (n = 10), trichophyton rubrum (n ...	1998	9791953
trichophyton antigens associated with ige antibodies and delayed type hypersensitivity. sequence homology to two families of serine proteinases.	the dermatophyte fungus trichophyton exhibits unique immunologic properties by its ability to cause both immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. an 83-kda trichophyton tonsurans allergen (tri t 4) was previously shown to elicit distinct t lymphocyte cytokine profiles in vitro. the homologous protein, tri r 4, was cloned from a trichophyton rubrum cdna library, and the recombinant protein was expressed in pichia pastoris. this 726-amino acid protein contained an arrangement of catalytic tria ...	1998	9792655
[limits of brief treatment of onychomycoses].	new antifungals for oral therapy have improved the chances of healing onychomycoses. nevertheless, in daily practice the failure rate is 20-30% both with itraconazole and terbinafine. in our investigations for the fungicidal effects of terbinafine, we could show that the same strain of trichophyton rubrum or t. mentagrophytes in the rest period needs 1000 times higher concentration of terbinafine (2.0 to 0.002 microgram/ml) for complete fungal killing as in the growth phase. thus resting fungi i ...	1998	9794158
nail changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. a prospective controlled study.	to study the frequency of nail changes in a population of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and to evaluate the specificity of these findings by comparison with hiv-negative control subjects.	1998	9801676
[scanning electron microscope sudy of the morphology of fungi isolated from patients at the aristide la dantec hospital in dakar, senegal].	in order to improve the identification of fungi usually isolated among some patients at dantec hospital, a study by scanning electron microscopy has been carried out. it deals with four species of yeasts (candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, rhodotorula rubra sacharomyces cerevisiae) six species of dermatophytes (trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton soudanense, trichophyton interdigitale, microsporum canis, trichophyton violaceum, microsporum audouinii); two species of mildew, (aspergullus flavu ...	1996	9827085
deep dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton rubrum--a case report.	a case of deep dermatophytosis in the gluteal region in a male patient successfully treated with terbinafine is described with its clinical, mycological and histopathological features.	1998	9850593
tinea mammae mimicking atopic eczema.	tinea mammae is a dermatophyte infection of the breast. although rarely reported in this anatomical location, it can mimic other dermatoses. in this paper we describe an 85-year-old man with an erythema at the left breast which had enlarged over the previous 3 weeks. trichophyton rubrum was isolated. digital 20-mhz sonography revealed a reduction in echogenicity of the corium and a widened corium. treatment with fluconazole over 5 weeks led to clearing of the lesion at the glabrous skin. at the ...	1998	9861843
[clinical and experimental studies on composite divitriol infusion in treating tinea manum].	to investigate the effect of composite divitriol infusion (cdi) in treating tinea manum and studying its antimycotic action.	1997	9863080
[study of dermatomycosis and survey of pathogens in troops of hainan area].	subtropical area is the prevalent area of dermatomycosis with natural conditions suptable for the growth and proliferation of fungi causing suterficial dermatomycosis. dermatomycosis not only brings about certain sufferings to the military personnel in peacetime, but also causes nonbattle loss in manpower in war time. in the present work, a survey of dermatomycosis in hainan subtropical area of china and isolation of the pathogens were carried out. the results were as follows: the morbidity of s ...	1997	9863207
onychomycosis in children: prevalence and management.	onychomycosis in children is often accompanied by tinea pedis and a family history of onychomycosis. the prevalence of onychomycosis in children is substantially lower than that of adults; therefore it is important to confirm the clinical diagnosis. the most common presentation of onychomycosis is the distal and lateral subungual type. the organism most commonly isolated in north america is trichophyton rubrum. oral antifungal therapy is required, especially when the onychomycosis is of moderate ...	1998	9875971
itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of onychomycosis.	the newer antifungal agents are increasingly being used for the treatment of onychomycosis. tinea unguium is uncommon in children. in young children who are unable or unwilling to swallow capsules, the alternative to itraconazole capsules may be the oral solution. the pharmacokinetics of the itraconazole capsule when it is broken open and the contents sprinkled onto food has not been reported. two sisters, ages 8 and 11 years, presented with fingernail dystrophy that was confirmed to be onychomy ...	1998	9875972
[pediatric onychomycosis treated with oral antifungal drugs].	pediatric onychomycosis is a rare disease and it is difficult to decide in such cases whether or not an oral antifungal is indicated. we have observed 6 pediatric cases with onychomycosis who were treated with fluconazole or itraconazole: four male and two female patients, ranging in age from three to 14 years. one patient suffered infection in the fingernails and toenails. the etiologic organism was identified as trichophyton rubrum. the treatment regimen consisted of systemically administering ...	1999	9929579
organisation of the mitochondrial genome of trichophyton rubrum iii. dna sequence analysis of the nadh dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the cytochrome b gene.	in this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence of a 9761 nt-long segment of the mitochondrial genome of the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum that bridges the gap between two previously published segments, making a unique contig that represents approximately 80% of the molecule. the location of all genes on the map is determined except for some trna genes expected to flank the lsu rrna gene not yet sequenced. starting from the 5' end of the present sequence, we recognized the nd5 and nd2 genes ...	1999	10022946
a case of unna-thost disease accompanied by epidermophyton floccosum infection.	we report herein a case of 61-year-old man with unna-thost disease (nonepidermolytic hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma) who had been suffering from refractory dermatophyte infection. diffuse palmoplantar hyperkeratosis developed in his infancy. coarse scaling, fissures, marked erythema, and nail deformities appeared in his early adult life. microscopic examination revealed fungal elements in scales and nail particles. cultures of those scales isolated epidermophyton floccosum. genealogical stu ...	1999	10063215
phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on dna sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions.	the mutual phylogenetic relationships of dermatophytes of the genera trichophyton, microsporum, and epidermophyton were demonstrated by using internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) region ribosomal dna sequences. trichophyton spp. and microsporum spp. form a cluster in the phylogenetic tree with epidermophyton floccosum as an outgroup, and within this cluster, all trichophyton spp. except trichophyton terrestre form a nested cluster (100% bootstrap support). members of dermatophytes in the cluster ...	1999	10074502
species identification and strain differentiation of dermatophyte fungi by analysis of ribosomal-dna intergenic spacer regions.	restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) identified in the ribosomal-dna (rdna) repeat were used for molecular strain differentiation of the dermatophyte fungus trichophyton rubrum. the polymorphisms were detected by hybridization of ecori-digested t. rubrum genomic dnas with a probe amplified from the small-subunit (18s) rdna and adjacent internal transcribed spacer (its) regions. the rdna rflps mapped to the nontranscribed spacer (nts) region of the rdna repeat and appeared similar to ...	1999	10074504
mono- and sesquiterpenes and antifungal constituents from artemisia species.	in addition to beta-sitosterol and alpha-amyrin detected in all the investigated species, the extract of the aerial parts of artemisia giraldii var. giraldii gave stigmasterol, daucosterol, sesamine, luteolin, eupafolin, hispidulin, eupatilin, belamcanidin, pinitol, artemin, ridentin, and a new antifungal monoterpene (named santolinylol) while that of the aerial parts of a. mongolica afforded sesamine, eupafolin, eupatilin, matricarin, and a new germacranolide (3-oxo-11 alpha h-germacra-1(10)e,4 ...	1999	10083848
acute infection with trichophyton rubrum associated with flares of atopic dermatitis.	trichophyton rubrum has been implicated as a potential trigger in flares of atopic dermatitis. we describe a patient with atopic dermatitis who presented with a history of multiple flares and concurrent acute tinea pedis and onychomycosis. symptoms of atopic dermatitis and culture-positive acute infection with t. rubrum resolved during each flare using systemic antifungals. flares of atopic dermatitis may be triggered by acute t. rubrum infections. antifungal therapy should be considered in thes ...	1999	10190071
the gene that determines resistance to tioconazole and to acridine derivatives in aspergillus nidulans may have a corresponding gene in trichophyton rubrum.	understanding the genetic mechanisms involved in resistance to antifungal agents is important in the fight against pathogenic fungi. in the present investigation we studied a strain of the model fungus aspergillus nidulans which presents resistance to tioconazole and behaves as the wild strain in the presence of other azole derivatives. genetic analysis revealed that this resistance is due to a mutation in a single gene located on chromosome ii, closely linked to the allele responsible for resis ...	1998	10205888
morphological study of trichophyton rubrum: ultrastructural findings after treatment with 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolo-(3,4-c)isothiazole.	the antifungal activity of 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolo-(3,4-c)isothiazole was studied on trichophyton rubrum. the compound, at concentrations between 20 and 10 microg ml(-1), induces a remarkable reduction in the growth and causes deep morphogenetic anomalies. the ultrastructural modifications have demonstrated that the compound targets the cell membrane of the fungus, breaking down not only the endomembrane system, but also the 'outer' membrane, with consequent extrusion of materials in t ...	1998	10206747
acute suppurative ringworm (kerion) caused by trichophyton rubrum.		1999	10233246
[trichophyton rubrum syndrome with axillary tinea infection].	trichophyton rubrum infections occur worldwide. in the last few years trichophyton rubrum has increasingly often been isolated from other parts of the body besides the soles of the feet, toenails and the groin. our patient's infection spread from the feet, to the inguinal region, to the thighs, to the hips, to the abdominal wall, to the left forearm and even the axillae. such skin lesions have recently been called chronic dermatophytosis syndrome. we describe this new entity for the first time i ...	1999	10354924
onychomycosis: therapeutic update.	onychomycosis is a common disease of the nail unit caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. in more than 80% of cases, onychomycosis is caused by the dermatophytes trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton mentagrophytes. the prevalence of onychomycosis in the world's population is 2% to 18% or higher and accounts for approximately 50% of all nail disorders. until recently, available therapies were inadequate because of low cure rates, high relapse rates, and often dangerous side effects. an incre ...	1999	10367912
antimicrobial activity of wedelia trilobata crude extracts.	a biological screening of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi of crude extracts from wedelia trilobata is reported. the n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis, mycobacterium smegmatis, staphylococcus aureus, and staphylococcus epidermidis (gram-positive bacteria); along with proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella group c, salmonella paratyphi, and shigella sonnei (gram-negative bacteria). the ethyl acetate e ...	1999	10374253
clinical and mycological features of dermatophytosis in renal transplant recipients.	dermatophytosis was detected in 42% of 100 renal transplant recipients screened, of whom 17% had the infection for more than 1 year. tinea cruris and tinea corporis were the common clinical types observed. tinea unguium presented as proximal subungual white onychomycosis (pswo) in 3% of patients. the lesions in the majority were non-inflammatory, scaly and without central clearance. the commonest isolate was trichophyton rubrum.	1999	10394853
asthma induced by allergy to trichophyton rubrum.	the worldwide incidence of asthma and of allergic respiratory diseases is increasing (akiyama k. 'environmental allergens and allergic diseases.' rinsho byori 1997;45(1):13. d'amato g, liccardi g, d'amato m. environment and development of respiratory allergy. ii. indoors. monaldi arch chest dis 1994;49(5):412. weeke ar. epidemiology of allergic diseases in children. rhinol suppl 1992;13:5. ulrik cs, backer v, hesse b, dirksen a. risk factors for development of asthma in children and adolescents: ...	1999	10461648
cryptocandin, a potent antimycotic from the endophytic fungus cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina.	a unique lipopeptide antimycotic, termed cryptocandin, is described from cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina, an endophytic fungus. cryptocandin, with a molecular mass of 1079 da, contains equimolar amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyhomotyrosine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, glutamine, 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylproline, 4,5-dihydroxyornithine and palmitic acid. cryptocandin is chemically related to well-known antimycotics, the echinocandins and pneumocandins, which are produced by such fungi as zalerion arborico ...	1999	10463158
white superficial onychomycosis of the fingernail caused by trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompetent patient.	white superficial onychomycosis in immunocompetent patients is most commonly due to trichophyton mentagrophytes, and almost exclusively involves the toenail. we present a unique case of an otherwise healthy patient with white superficial onychomycosis involving the fingernail caused by t. rubrum.	1999	10467501
development of an oligonucleotide probe specific for trichophyton rubrum.	a species-specific dna probe was developed to detect the dermatophyte species trichophyton rubrum. the selected oligonucleotide sequence is derived from the highly variable internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the ribosomal dna operon. the specificity of the non-radioactive labelled oligonucleotide probe was tested against related dermatophytes, other eukaryotic microorganisms and against human dna. no cross-hybridization was found, and hybridization signals were invariably detected in all t. ...	1999	10468794
tinea pedis in children presenting as unilateral inflammatory lesions of the sole.	tinea pedis is uncommon in prepubescent children and therefore the diagnosis may be difficult to make. we report tinea pedis in five children presenting as unilateral inflammatory lesions of the sole which was not readily diagnosed. the pathogen in all of our cases was trichophyton rubrum.	1999	10469406
antifungal activities of seven west african combretaceae used in traditional medicine.	seven species of combretaceae were investigated for their antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi candida albicans, epidermophyton floccosum, microsporum gypseum, trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum. pteleopsis suberosa and terminalia avicennioides appear to be the most active plants. phytochemical screening shows that these plants are particularly rich in tannins and saponins, which might be responsible for their antifungal activity.	1999	10473181
evaluation of ige-sensitization to fungi in hiv-positive patients with eczematous skin reactions.	human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with declining immune function and polyclonal b-cell activation leading to elevated ige-levels. in selected patient categories, increased total ige may be associated with allergic diseases. furthermore, a significant number of patients with low cd4+ cell numbers have various skin manifestations, eg, eczema and dermatophytosis. patients with chronic fungal infections and a tendency to produce increased levels of specific ige may become allergic ...	1999	10480590
onychomycosis in lahore, pakistan.	onychomycosis, a common nail disorder, is caused by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. these fungi give rise to diverse clinical presentations. the present study aimed to isolate the causative pathogens and to determine the various clinical patterns of onychomycosis in the population in lahore, pakistan.	1999	10487448
[the etiology and epidemiology of dermatophytoses in goiânia, go, brazil].	dermatophytoses are superficial infections that may lead to lesions of keratinized tissues, like skin, hair and nails. a total of 6068 individuals from goiânia, go, with suspected dermatophytic lesions were examined over a period of five years (1993-1997) in order to determine the incidence and etiology of dermatophytosis. material collected from different body parts was submitted to direct microscopic examination using koh, cultured in sabouraud agar and microscopically examined for colony morp ...	1999	10495665
achilles foot screening project: preliminary results of patients screened by dermatologists.	presentation of the preliminary results from the foot screening project, 'achilles', conducted in spring of 1997 and 1998 in several european countries. at the eadv congress, only the preliminary results of the study, i.e. patients screened by dermatologists, were presented.	1999	10509935
molecular markers reveal exclusively clonal reproduction in trichophyton rubrum.	genotypic variability among 96 trichophyton rubrum strains which displayed different colony morphologies and were collected from four continents was investigated. twelve markers representing 57 loci were analyzed by pcr fingerprinting, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and random amplified monomorphic dna markers. interestingly, none of the methods used revealed any dna polymorphism, indicating a strictly clonal mode of reproduction and a strong adaptation to human skin.	1999	10523582
in vitro evaluation of antifungal properties of phenylpropanoids and related compounds acting against dermatophytes.	thirty-four arylpropanoids and related compounds were evaluated in vitro for antifungal properties. among them, 22 phenyl-, 4 naphthyl-, and 4 phenanthrylpropanoids; naphthalene; phenanthrene; and 2-chloro-1-hexyl-1-propanone were tested against dermatophytes by the agar dilution method. alpha-halopropiophenones exhibited a broad spectrum of activities against microsporum canis, microsporum gypseum, trichophyton mentagrophytes, trichophyton rubrum, and epidermophyton floccosum, with mic values b ...	1999	10543891
tinea pedis and onychomycosis in danish soldiers before and after service in ex-yugoslavia.	seventy-three 1-year-experienced danish soldiers were examined for tinea pedis as well as onychomycoses before and after a duty period of 6 months in ex-yugoslavia. the incidence of fungal infections was 16.4% before and 32.3% after their duty period abroad. at first investigation trichophyton rubrum and t. mentagrophytes were dominant but onychomycosis and tinea pedis were found as well. in contrast, candida albicans was the predominant pathogen in the second investigation. we explain this by m ...	1999	10546489
rrna gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences of asexual, anthropophilic dermatophytes related to trichophyton rubrum.	the ribosomal region spanning the two internal transcribed spacer (its) regions and the 5.8s ribosomal dna region was sequenced for asexual, anthropophilic dermatophyte species with morphological similarity to trichophyton rubrum, as well as for members of the three previously delineated, related major clades in the t. mentagrophytes complex. representative isolates of t. raubitschekii, t. fischeri, and t. kanei were found to have its sequences identical to that of t. rubrum. the its sequences o ...	1999	10565922
kerion formation due to trichophyton rubrum.		1999	10583202
use of specific ige in assessing the relevance of fungal and dust mite allergens to atopic dermatitis: a comparison with asthmatic and nonasthmatic control subjects.	although allergens have been implicated as aggravating factors in atopic dermatitis (ad), there is little epidemiologic data on the significance of specific ige.	1999	10589012
identification of dermatophytes by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir).	fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an established method in the routine diagnosis of various micro-organisms, including bacteria and yeasts, on a species level. its possible value in the diagnostics of dermatophytes was analysed using three clinical isolates each of the three most frequently found species, namely trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton mentagrophytes and microsporum canis. the results encourage further work to establish a library which would allow the use of this method in the ...	1999	10592695
alterations in spore production in trichophyton rubrum treated in vitro with 1-amino-6-methyl-4-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazole.	the effects of the newly synthesized triazole, 1-amino-6-methyl-4-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazole (v5), on the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum were tested. optical and electron microscopy showed that the treatment suppressed the various forms of saprophytic conidia, induced the formation of chlamydospores and accelerated the formation of arthroconidia. this new triazole did not reveal any fungistatic or fungicidal activity and could not be considered as an antifungal substance.	1999	10592699
epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in central poland. part iii. tinea pedis.	the total number of dermatophytoses (7393) included 2025 (27.4%) tinea pedis cases. etiological factors in descending order by contribution were: trichophyton rubrum (41.7%), trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum (30.9%), t. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (10.0%), epidermophyton floccosum (7.4%), t. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum (6.9%), trichophyton tonsurans (2.3%), trichophyton spec. (0.4%), trichophyton terrestre (0.2%), trichophyton violaceum (0.1%). in the years 1987-93 the incid ...	1999	10592702
case report. kerion celsi effectively treated with terbinafine. characteristics of kerion celsi in the elderly in japan.	a 75-year-old non-working male living in sagamihara, kanagawa prefecture, had erythematous plaques with scales associated with follicular pustules in the head area extending from the occipital to right temporal regions about 1 month prior to his initial visit, when hair loss increased. the diagnosis was kerion celsi. trichophyton rubrum was isolated from scales and tissues taken from lesions in the head. histopathological examinations showed irregular epidermal thickening with dense cell infiltr ...	1999	10592706
dermatophytosis: association between abo blood groups and reactivity to the trichophytin.	the authors investigated the relationship between dermatophytosis and abo blood groups through blood typing, identification of isolated dermatophytes and specific cellular immune response of 40 individuals carriers of this mycosis. they verified that the fungus trichophyton rubrum, isolated from 54.5% of the patients, was more frequent in individuals belonging to blood group a. the cellular immune response, evaluated through the trichophytin antigen, was positive in 25% of the studied patients; ...	1999	10602542
pustular tinea pedis.	pustules are uncommon in tinea pedis and may suggest a bacterial infection. we describe a patient with large pustules on his feet that contained hyphae on gram's stain of the pus and on a potassium hydroxide preparation of the pustule roof. cultures were negative for bacteria, but grew trichophyton rubrum.	2000	10607333
characterization of a cdna clone, encoding a 70 kda heat shock protein from the dermatophyte pathogen trichophyton rubrum.	trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungus causing up to 90% of chronic cases of dermatophytosis. to characterize t. rubrum proteins at the molecular level, we established a cdna library of this pathogen. here we describe a recombinant cdna clone identical to eukaryotic 70kda heat-shock proteins (hsps). western blot analysis using an anti hsp70 monoclonal antibody detected a recombinant fusion protein in escherichia coli transformed with the expression vector containing the cloned cdna inse ...	2000	10607895
antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: establishing a medium for inducing conidial growth and evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates.	a standardized reference method for dermatophyte in vitro susceptibility testing is lacking. in a previous study, norris et al. (h. a. norris, b. e. elewski, and m. a. ghannoum, j. am. acad. dermatol. 40(6, part 2):s9-s13) established the optimal medium and other growth variables. however, the earlier study did not address two issues: (i) selection of an optimal medium for conidial formation by dermatophytes and (ii) validation of the method with a large number of dermatophytes. the present stud ...	2000	10618112
in vitro antifungal evaluation and studies on the mode of action of xanthoxyline derivatives.	this study describes the fungistatic effect of xanthoxyline (cas 90-24-4) and its derivatives against a panel of yeasts, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes, by using the agar dilution method. results indicated that simple structural modifications led to more potent derivatives, especially in relation with dermatophytes. the most active compound tested (10), which is a benzenesulphonyl derivative, was 12-fold more potent than xanthoxyline itself against trichophyton rubrum. the evaluation of the ...	1999	10635452
dermatophyte infections in melbourne: trends from 1961/64 to 1995/96.	a comparison of dermatophyte infections, diagnosed by specimens sent to the laboratory, between 1961/64 and 1995/96 revealed two major trends, namely the site of clinical disease and the types of dermatophytes causing tinea infections. there was a marked decrease in scalp specimens submitted. pedal disease and nail infections remained the predominant entities. there was a marked increase in trichophyton rubrum isolations, such that t. rubrum now accounts for 69.5% of all dermatophyte infections. ...	1999	10643013
tinea pedis in korean children.	tinea pedis is an infrequent disease in children before the age of puberty. there are few epidemiologic and clinical data regarding cases of tinea pedis observed in children. materials and methods we prospectively collected all cases of tinea pedis in children diagnosed during the years 1995-1997. only those showing a positive result with potassium hydroxide preparation were included in the study. we performed fungal cultures in sabouraud's agar in all cases to document the etiologic fungi. the ...	2000	10651960
fluorometric assessment of in vitro antidermatophytic activities of antimycotics based on their keratin-penetrating power.	keratin particles impregnated with amorolfine or clotrimazole in serial doubling dilutions (64 to 0.125 microg/ml) were used to evaluate the activities of these agents against 20 isolates each of trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum in a yeast carbon broth medium incorporating alamar blue dye. the proposed mic with keratin impregnation (mic(k)) is defined as the lowest concentration of an agent used to impregnate keratin particles that effects a fluorescence-based fungal growth qu ...	2000	10655333
isolation of total rna from dermatophytes.	we report a method for the preparation of total rna from the anthropophilic dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. to generate large quantities of mycelia, the fungus was grown in liquid culture medium. the harvested mycelial mass was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen and homogenized in guanidine isothiocyanate buffer followed by ultracentrifugation of the obtained suspension through a caesium chloride gradient. analysis of the prepared rna showed two prominent ribosomal rna (rrna) bands of ...	1999	10680437
epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in central poland. part iv. onychomycosis due to dermatophytes.	the total number of dermatophytoses (7393) included 1567 (21.2%) cases of onychomycosis. etiological factors in descending order were: trichophyton rubrum (58.8%), trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum (26.2%), t. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum, t. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (5.1%), trichophyton tonsurans (4.1%), trichophyton violaceum (1.5%), trichophyton spec. (1.1%). an increase in the incidence was noted between 1994 and 1996. at present, onychomycosis is third by incidence amo ...	1999	10680443
epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in central poland. part v. tinea corporis.	the total number of dermatophytoses (7393) included 2204 (29.8%) cases of tinea glabrosa. etiological factors in descending order were: microsporum canis (23.5%), trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum (21.6%), trichophyton rubrum (17.8%), trichophyton tonsurans (10.4%), epidermophyton floccosum (7.7%), t. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum (6.0%), microsporum gypseum (5.3%), trichophyton violaceum (3.7%), t. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (2.3%), microsporum equinum (0.7%), trichophyton ve ...	1999	10680444
characterization of fungal spores by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	a considerable volume of research has now been completed on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) to the analysis of bacteria; however, to date no definitive studies have been made using this technique on fungi. preliminary studies on the application of the maldi-ms methodology, previously developed for the analysis of bacteria, to the analysis of intact fungal spores are described here. maldi-ms and electrospray mass spectrometry enable the ...	2000	10700030
onychomycosis: current treatment and future challenges.	onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails, more often of the toenails. it is a common condition, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3-10% in european populations. dermatophytes, especially trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton mentagrophytes, are the usual pathogens. some 50% of infected patients fail to seek medical advice. medically confirmed onychomycosis should be treated. this recommendation is based on several disease-specific considerations: cosmetic and functional disability, ...	1999	10730907
differences among chitin synthase i gene sequences in trichophyton rubrum and t. violaceum.	nucleotide sequences of chitin synthase 1 (chs1) gene were analysed for the phylogenetic relation between trichophyton violaceum and t. rubrum, including two isolates of t. raubitschekii and one isolate of t. rubrum var. nigricans. about 620-bp genomic dna fragments of the chs1 gene were amplified from these dermatophytes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced. the chs1 nucleotide sequences of these dermatophytes showed more than 95% similarity between the species. the phylogenetic ana ...	2000	10746227
tinea barbae due to trichophyton rubrum with possible involvement of autoinoculation.		2000	10809886
kerion formation caused by trichophyton rubrum.		2000	10809887
onychomycosis and trichosporon beigelii in korea.	onychomycosis is a common superficial fungal infection. causative organisms in onychomycosis have been extensively studied, but the role of nondermatophytes is controversial. trichosporon beigelii is a soil and water inhabiting yeast and is occasionally found in the flora normally associated with human skin, mouth, and nails. several reports in the literature have suggested that t. beigelii is one of the pathogens in onychomycosis.	2000	10809974