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an effector gene hopa1 influences on virulence, host specificity, and lifestyles of pseudomonas cichorii jbc1.pseudomonas cichorii is a devastating pathogen which infects a wide range of ornamental as well as agricultural crops worldwide. characterization of virulence genes helps to understand pathogens' infection processes, which may lead to development of resistant crops. for functional validation of novel genes, we re-constructed pucp18 vector with λ phage red operon and sacb gene (pucp18_reds), which simplified conventional marker exchange system. the effector gene hopa1 of p. cichorii jbc1 was mark ...201425127676
adaptation and evaluation of the willtry tool among children in guam.fruit and vegetable consumption may reduce risk for chronic disease and obesity. children's fruit and vegetable intake is mediated by a preference or willingness to try them. this study's primary objective was to adapt the previously validated willtry tool and to evaluate the adapted version among children in guam.201425144677
genome wide screening of rnai factors of sf21 cells reveal several novel pathway associated proteins.rna interference (rnai) leads to sequence specific knock-down of gene expression and has emerged as an important tool to analyse gene functions, pathway analysis and gene therapy. although rnai is a conserved cellular process involving common elements and factors, species-specific differences have been observed among different eukaryotes. identification of components for rnai pathway is pursued intensively and successful genome-wide screens have been performed for components of rnai pathways in ...201425199785
draft genome sequence of eggplant (solanum melongena l.): the representative solanum species indigenous to the old world.unlike other important solanaceae crops such as tomato, potato, chili pepper, and tobacco, all of which originated in south america and are cultivated worldwide, eggplant (solanum melongena l.) is indigenous to the old world and in this respect it is phylogenetically unique. to broaden our knowledge of the genomic nature of solanaceous plants further, we dissected the eggplant genome and built a draft genome dataset with 33,873 scaffolds termed sme_r2.5.1 that covers 833.1 mb, ca. 74% of the egg ...201425233906
the dexh box helicase domain of spindle-e is necessary for retrotransposon silencing and axial patterning during drosophila oogenesis.transposable selfish genetic elements have the potential to cause debilitating mutations as they replicate and reinsert within the genome. therefore, it is critical to keep the cellular levels of these elements low. this is especially true in the germline where these mutations could affect the viability of the next generation. a class of small noncoding rnas, the piwi-associated rnas, is responsible for silencing transposable elements in the germline of most organisms. several proteins have been ...201425239103
origanum dictamnus oil vapour suppresses the development of grey mould in eggplant fruit in vitro.grey mould rot (botrytis cinerea) development in vitro or in eggplant (solanum melongena l.) fruit was evaluated after treatment with dittany (origanum dictamnus l.) oil (dit) and storage at 12°c and 95% relative humidity during or following exposure to the volatiles. dit volatiles used in different concentration (0-50-100-250 μl/l) and times of exposure (up to 120 h) examined the effects on pathogen development as well as fruit quality parameters. in vitro, fungal colony growth was inhibited wi ...201425254209
abiotically-induced plant morphological changes and host-range expansion in quarantine evaluations of candidate weed biocontrol agents: the case study conchyloctenia hybrida (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).plant morphological changes mediated by growth conditions are linked to changes in host preference of herbivores. understanding how these morphological changes influence herbivore feeding is critical in the interpretation of results of host evaluation of candidate weed biocontrol agents in quarantine and improvement of the evaluation system. we determined the effect of plant growth conditions on leaf trichomes and host choice of conchyloctenia hybrida boheman, an insect adapted to the removal of ...201425259692
grafting influences phenolic profile and carpometric traits of fruits of greenhouse-grown eggplant (solanum melongena l.).the influence of eggplant grafting on tomato rootstock was evaluated during the two growing seasons. yield, quality traits, and individual phenolics in fruits were assessed. three commercial varieties and one landrace were used as scions. grafting significantly increased eggplant yield and decreased the presence of calyx prickles. the effect of grafting on the accumulation of major phenolic constituents in eggplant fruit was inconsistent: in the year with less solar radiation and lower mean dail ...201425275825
the tudor domain protein tapas, a homolog of the vertebrate tdrd7, functions in the pirna pathway to regulate retrotransposons in germline of drosophila melanogaster.piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) are a special class of small rnas that provide defense against transposable elements in animal germline cells. in drosophila, germline pirnas are thought to be processed at a unique perinuclear structure, the nuage, that houses pirna pathway proteins including the piwi clade of argonaute family proteins, along with several tudor domain proteins, rna helicases and nucleases. we previously demonstrated that tudor domain protein tejas (tej), an ortholog of vertebrate ...201425287931
highly specific detection of five exotic quarantine plant viruses using rt-pcr.to detect five plant viruses (beet black scorch virus, beet necrotic yellow vein virus, eggplant mottled dwarf virus, pelargonium zonate spot virus, and rice yellow mottle virus) for quarantine purposes, we designed 15 rt-pcr primer sets. primer design was based on the nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene, which is highly conserved within species. all but one primer set successfully amplified the targets, and gradient pcrs indicated that the optimal temperature for the 14 useful primer s ...201325288934
linkage disequilibrium and genome-wide association analysis for anthocyanin pigmentation and fruit color in eggplant.the genome-wide association (gwa) approach represents an alternative to biparental linkage mapping for determining the genetic basis of trait variation. both approaches rely on recombination to re-arrange the genome, and seek to establish correlations between phenotype and genotype. the major advantages of gwa lie in being able to sample a much wider range of the phenotypic and genotypic variation present, in being able to exploit multiple rounds of historical recombination in many different lin ...201425311640
eggplant fruit composition as affected by the cultivation environment and genetic constitution.no comprehensive reports exist on the combined effects of season, cultivation environment and genotype on eggplant (solanum melongena) composition. we studied proximate composition, carbohydrates, total phenolics and vitamin c of eggplant fruits of three spanish landraces, three commercial hybrids and three hybrids between landraces cultivated across two environmental conditions (open field, of; and, greenhouse, gh) for up to four seasons.201425328929
soil chemical property changes in eggplant/garlic relay intercropping systems under continuous cropping.soil sickness is a critical problem for eggplant (solanum melongena l.) under continuous cropping that affects sustainable eggplant production. relay intercropping is a significant technique on promoting soil quality, improving eco-environment, and raising output. field experiments were conducted from september 2010 to november 2012 in northwest china to determine the effects of relay intercropping eggplant with garlic (allium sativum l.) on soil enzyme activities, available nutrient contents, a ...201425340875
effects of temperature on the development and population growth of the melon thrips, thrips palmi, on eggplant, solanum melongena.the effects of temperature on the melon thrips, thrips palmi karny (thysanoptera: thripidae), preimaginal development, survival, fecundity, longevity of females and males, and population growth were investigated at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31° c, 70-80% rh, and a photoperiod of 12:12 l:d. the results indicated that the duration of egg, larval, and pupal stages was significantly influenced by increased temperature. the egg-to-adult developmental period of t. palmi declined from 35.7 to 9.6 days as ...201425373225
significant effects due to peptone in kelman medium on colony characteristics and virulence of ralstonia solanacearum in tomato.the study was taken up to assess if the media constituents played any role in governing the variable colony characteristics or pathogenicity of the bacterial wilt pathogen, ralstonia solanacearum cultured on the widely employed kelman medium. the effects due to the constituents 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (ttc), peptone, casein hydrolysate and glucose on colony characteristics were investigated using -80°c stored culture of strain 'nh-av01' (race 1, biovar 3) isolated from tomato. compa ...201425408775
insecticide residues in soil, water, and eggplant fruits and farmers' health effects due to exposure to pesticides.eggplant (solanum melongena l.) is an important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical areas in asia. globally, the top three eggplant producers are china, india, and egypt. the philippines has been one of the top 10 eggplant-producing countries based on area planted and crop productivity. this study aims to describe the insecticide residues found in soil, water, and eggplant fruits in eggplant farms in sta. maria, pangasinan.201525413584
on risk and regulation: bt crops in india.genetic engineering in agriculture raises contentious politics unknown in other applications of molecular technology. controversy originated and persists for inter-related reasons; these are not primarily, as frequently assumed, differences over scientific findings, but rather about the relationship of science to 'risk.' first, there are inevitably differences in how to interpret 'risk' in situations in which there are no established findings of specific hazard; 'knightian uncertainty' defines t ...201425437239
development of one-tube real-time qrt-pcr and evaluation of rna extraction methods for the detection of eggplant mottled dwarf virus in different species.a one-tube real-time qrt-pcr assay was developed, for the detection and quantification of eggplant mottled dwarf virus (emdv), a pathogen affecting cultivated and ornamental plants. the amplification efficiency of the assay was 98% and the linear range of quantification was from 20 to 2×10(8) rna transcripts. total rna extraction methods (three developed methods and one commercially available rna extraction kit) were evaluated using tissues from seven different plant species and synthetic emdv r ...201525445799
the initial uridine of primary pirnas does not create the tenth adenine that is the hallmark of secondary pirnas.piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) silence transposons in animal germ cells. piwi proteins bind and amplify pirnas via the "ping-pong" pathway. because piwi proteins cleave rnas between target nucleotides t10 and t11-the nucleotides paired to pirna guide positions g10 and g11-the first ten nucleotides of pirnas participating in the ping-pong amplification cycle are complementary. drosophila pirnas bound to the piwi protein aubergine typically begin with uridine (1u), while pirnas bound to argonaute3 ...201425453759
intra- and interspecific competition between western flower thrips and sweetpotato whitefly.the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), and the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), are both invasive insect pests and are present in most of the same agricultural crops without a clear dominance of either species. here, intra- and interspecific competition in b. tabaci and f. occidentalis was determined under controlled experiments. the results showed that intraspecific competition was distinct in f. occidentalis and that the co-occurrence of b. tabaci ha ...201425480973
clostridium difficile with moxifloxacin/clindamycin resistance in vegetables in ohio, usa, and prevalence meta-analysis.we (i) determined the prevalence of clostridium difficile and their antimicrobial resistance to six antimicrobial classes, in a variety of fresh vegetables sold in retail in ohio, usa, and (ii) conducted cumulative meta-analysis of reported prevalence in vegetables since the 1990s. six antimicrobial classes were tested for their relevance as risk factors for c. difficile infections (cdis) (clindamycin, moxifloxacin) or their clinical priority as exhaustive therapeutic options (metronidazole, van ...201425580297
characterization of bacteria degrading 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester (3oh-pame), a quorum sensing molecule of ralstonia solanacearum.bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum causes severe crop loss of eggplant, which is of economic importance in india. 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester (3oh-pame) is the main quorum sensing molecule governing the expression of virulence factors in r. solanacearum. ability of 164 bacterial isolates from the xylem of eggplant (solanum melongena l.), chilli pepper (capsicum annuum l.) and wild eggplant (solanum torvum sw.) to degrade 3oh-pame was tested by disc diffusion assay. enzymatic ...201525580768
the three lineages of the diploid hybrid verticillium longisporum differ in virulence and pathogenicity.verticillium longisporum is an economically important vascular pathogen of brassicaceae crops in different parts of the world. v. longisporum is a diploid hybrid that consists of three different lineages, each of which originated from a separate hybridization event between two different sets of parental species. we used 20 isolates representing the three v. longisporum lineages and the relative v. dahliae, and performed pathogenicity tests on 11 different hosts, including artichoke, cabbage, cau ...201525585057
the potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (solanum melongena; solanaceae) in southern india.•201525587155
genetic diversity and population structure of wild/weedy eggplant (solanum insanum, solanaceae) in southern india: implications for conservation.•201525587156
survival and growth of salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus in eggplant dip during storage.eggplant dip is an internationally popular appetizer, prepared in some instances under uncertain hygienic conditions with inconsistent refrigeration. this study examined the effects of citric acid on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms (salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus) and naturally present organisms (lactic acid bacteria, lab, aerobic bacteria, apc and yeast and mold, ym) in eggplant dip during storage. eggplant dip with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8% ...201525590259
discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub-saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea).the larvae of the old world genera leucinodes guenée, 1854 and sceliodes guenée, 1854 are internal feeders in the fruits of solanaceae, causing economic damage to cultivated plants like solanummelongena and solanumaethiopicum. in sub-saharan africa five nominal species of leucinodes and one of sceliodes occur. one of these species, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer leucinodesorbonalis guenée, 1854, is regarded as regularly intercepted from africa and asia in europe, north and south america and ...201525632252
activity-guided purification identifies lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, as a therapeutic agent multiple pathogenic factors of acne.acne vulgaris is a nearly universal cutaneous disease characterized by multifactorial pathogenic processes. because current acne medications have various side effects, investigating new pharmacologically active molecules is important for treating acne. as natural products generally provide various classes of relatively safe compounds with medicinal potentials, we performed activity-guided purification after a series of screenings from the extracts of five medicinal plants to explore alternative ...201525647437
viroid rna turnover: characterization of the subgenomic rnas of potato spindle tuber viroid accumulating in infected tissues provides insights into decay pathways operating in vivo.while biogenesis of viroid rnas is well-known, how they decay is restricted to data involving host rna silencing. here we report an alternative degradation pathway operating on potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd), the type species of nuclear-replicating viroids (family pospiviroidae). northern-blot hybridizations with full- and partial-length probes revealed a set of pstvd (+) subgenomic (sg)rnas in early-infected eggplant, some partially overlapping and reaching levels comparable to those of th ...201525662219
purification, identification and preliminary crystallographic studies of an allergenic protein from solanum melongena.solanum melongena (eggplant), a member of the solanaceae family, is a widely cultivated vegetable crop and is commonly used as a food throughout the world. allergic reactions caused by members of this family are well known. however, mechanistic analyses to understand their molecular basis have not been adequately explored. in order to address this issue, the 7s vicilin protein (sm80.1) of size 45 kda was purified from seeds of s. melongena by ammonium sulfate fractionation and size-exclusion chr ...201525664800
developing novel bacterial based bioformulation having pgpr properties for enhanced production of agricultural crops.plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) are beneficial rhizobacteria which enhance plant growth as well as the productivity by a variety of mechanisms pgpr were isolated from the rhizosphere region of som plants (machilus bombycina king) maintained at the central muga eri research and training institute, lahdoigarh, jorhat. a bacterial based bioformulation was prepared and sprayed over the experimental crops including tomato (solanum lycopersicum), cauliflower (brassica oleracea var botrytis ...201525675713
efficacy of a pyrimidine derivative to control spot disease on solanum melongena caused by alternaria alternata.the pyrimidine derivative (4,6-dimethyl-n-phenyldiethyl pyrimidine, dpdp) was tested as a foliar spray fungicide at 50 mg l(-1) for protection of eggplant (solanum melongena) from spot disease caused by alternaria alternata. varied concentrations of dpdp (10-50 mg l(-1)) differentially inhibited mycelial growth, conidial count and conidial germination of a. alternata growth in vitro; the magnitude of inhibition increased with increasing concentration. in vivo, an experiment was conducted in pots ...201325685445
genome-enabled phylogeographic investigation of the quarantine pathogen ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 and screening for sources of resistance against its core effectors.phylogeographic studies inform about routes of pathogen dissemination and are instrumental for improving import/export controls. genomes of 17 isolates of the bacterial wilt and potato brown rot pathogen ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (r3bv2), a select agent in the united states, were thus analyzed to get insight into the phylogeography of this pathogen. thirteen of fourteen isolates from europe, africa, and asia were found to belong to a single clonal lineage while isolates from south a ...201525710204
evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of leaves of solanum melongena linn. in experimental animals.aqueous extract of leaves of solanum melongena linn was investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity.201525738003
pirna-mediated transposon regulation and the germ-line mutation rate in drosophila melanogaster males.transposons, especially retrotransposons, are abundant in the genome of drosophila melanogaster. these mobile elements are regulated by small rnas that interact with the piwi family of proteins-the piwi-interacting or pirnas. the piwi proteins are encoded by the genes argonaute3 (ago3), aubergine (aub), and piwi. heterochromatin protein 1 (hp1), a chromatin-organizing protein encoded by the suppressor of variegation 205 [su(var)205] gene, also plays a role in this regulation. to assess the mutat ...201525769182
salinity-induced expression of hkt may be crucial for na(+) exclusion in the leaf blade of huckleberry (solanum scabrum mill.), but not of eggplant (solanum melongena l.).reduced na(+) accumulation in the leaf blade is an important aspect of salinity tolerance and high affinity k(+) transporters (hkts) are known to play a significant role in the process. huckleberry and eggplant have previously been shown to display 'excluder' and 'includer' characteristics, respectively, under salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. here, we isolated the cdna of the hkt homologs, solanum scabrum hkt (sshkt) from huckleberry and solanum melongena hk ...201525796329
characterization and quantitative analysis of phenylpropanoid amides in eggplant (solanum melongena l.) by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry.eggplant (solanum melongena l.) is a famous edible and medicinal plant. despite being widely cultivated and used, data on certain parts other than the fruit are limited. the present study focused on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents, particularly phenylpropanoid amides (pas), in eggplant. the mass fragmentation patterns of pas were proposed using seven authentic compounds with the assistance of a hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer. thirty-seven ...201525796999
parallel reductions in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant.crop domestication is often accompanied by changes in metabolite compositions that alter traits such as flavor, color, or other beneficial properties. fruits of eggplants (solanum melongena l.) and related species are abundant and diverse in pharmacologically interesting phenolic compounds, particularly hydroxycinnamic acid (hca) conjugates such as the antioxidant caffeoylquinic acids (cqa) and hca-polyamine amides (hcaa). to understand metabolite variability through the lens of natural and arti ...201525813879
the wrky transcription factor genes in eggplant (solanum melongena l.) and turkey berry (solanum torvum sw.).wrky transcription factors, which play critical roles in stress responses, have not been characterized in eggplant or its wild relative, turkey berry. the recent availability of rna-sequencing data provides the opportunity to examine wrky genes from a global perspective. we identified 50 and 62 wrky genes in eggplant (smelwrkys) and turkey berry (storwrkys), respectively, all of which could be classified into three groups (i-iii) based on the wrky protein structure. the smelwrkys and storwrkys c ...201525853261
chryseobacterium solani sp. nov., isolated from field-grown eggplant rhizosphere soil.strain thg-ep9t, a gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from field-grown eggplant (solanum melongena) rhizosphere soil collected in pyeongtaek, gyeonggi-do, republic of korea. based on 16s rrna gene sequence comparisons, strain thg-ep9t had closest similarity with chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans thg 15t (97.3 % 16s rrna gene sequence similarity), chryseobacterium soldanellicola psd1-4t (97.2%), chryseobacterium zeae jm-1085t (97.2%) and chryseobacterium indo ...201525878202
exogenous proline application ameliorates toxic effects of arsenate in solanum melongena l. seedlings.hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate an effect of exogenous application of proline (pro; 25 µm) in alleviating arsenate (as(v); 5 and 25 µm) toxicity in solanum melongena l. (eggplant) seedlings. exposure of as(v) declined growth of eggplant, which was coincided with an enhanced accumulation of as. however, exogenous pro application alleviated as(v) toxicity in eggplant seedlings by reducing the accumulation of as. the fluorescence characteristics (jip-test): φp0, ψ0, φe0, piabs, ...201525881134
the drosophila fragile x mental retardation protein participates in the pirna pathway.rna metabolism controls multiple biological processes, and a specific class of small rnas, called pirnas, act as genome guardians by silencing the expression of transposons and repetitive sequences in the gonads. defects in the pirna pathway affect genome integrity and fertility. the possible implications in physiopathological mechanisms of human diseases have made the pirna pathway the object of intense investigation, and recent work suggests that there is a role for this pathway in somatic pro ...201525908854
biocompatible colloidal dispersions as potential formulations of natural pyrethrins: a structural and efficacy study.biocompatible colloidal dispersions of the micro- and nanoemulsion type based on lemon oil terpenes, polysorbates, water, and glycerol were used for the formulation of pyrethrins, botanical insecticides derived from the white pyrethrum daisy, tanacetum cinerariifolium. the proposed formulation is based on pyrethrin-containing water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions that could be diluted in one step with an aqueous phase to obtain kinetically stable oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions. structural characte ...201525946579
growth and physiological changes in continuously cropped eggplant (solanum melongena l.) upon relay intercropping with garlic (allium sativum l.).relay intercropping represents an alternative for sustainable production of vegetables, but the changes of internally antioxidant defense combined with the growth and yield are not clear. field experiment was carried out to investigate the malondialdehyde (mda) content and activity levels of superoxide dismutase (sod), peroxidase (pod), polyphenol oxidase (ppo), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) in eggplant (solanum melongena l.) and plant height, stem diameter, maximal leaf area, and yield ...201525964788
dissipation of deltamethrin, triazophos, and endosulfan in ready mix formulations in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum l.) and egg plant (solanum melongena l.).persistence of delltamethrin, endosulfan, and triazophos in egg plant and tomato was studied following application of two ready mix formulations of insecticides viz. deltametrhin and endosulfan (cobra 5000; 0.75% deltamethrin + 29.5% endosulfan) and deltamethrin and triazophos (annaconda plus; 1% deltamethrin + 35% triazophos) at recommended (1.0 l/ha and double dose 2.0 l/ha). the residues of deltamethrin persisted till 7 and 5 days in tomato and egg plant fruits, respectively, in the ready mix ...025966882
assessment of heavy metal pollution in vegetables and relationships with soil heavy metal distribution in zhejiang province, china.there are increasing concerns on heavy metal contaminant in soils and vegetables. in this study, we investigated heavy metal pollution in vegetables and the corresponding soils in the main vegetable production regions of zhejiang province, china. a total of 97 vegetable samples and 202 agricultural soil samples were analyzed for the concentrations of cd, pb, as, hg, and cr. the average levels of cd, pb, and cr in vegetable samples [chinese cabbage (brassica campestris spp. pekinensis), pakchoi ( ...201526013654
molecular insights on the functional microbial community from organic and mineral growing media and its interaction with agrobacterium rhizogenes.despite numerous preventative measures, the hairy roots syndrome is an increasing problem in greenhouse horticulture. a recent survey of 177 tomato, cucumber and eggplant growers in flanders (belgium) revealed an increase of this disease in the last two years, with about 26% of all the tomato crops showing the syndrome. in this study, we compared the physicochemical and microbial community characteristics of inorganic and organic growing media in relation to the presence of the causative agent o ...201426080470
structure-activity relationships of antimicrobial gallic acid derivatives from pomegranate and acacia fruit extracts against potato bacterial wilt pathogen.bacterial wilts of potato, tomato, pepper, and or eggplant caused by ralstonia solanacearum are among the most serious plant diseases worldwide. in this study, the issue of developing bactericidal agents from natural sources against r. solanacearum derived from plant extracts was addressed. extracts prepared from 25 plant species with antiseptic relevance in egyptian folk medicine were screened for their antimicrobial properties against the potato pathogen r. solancearum by using the disc-zone i ...201526080741
systemic acquired resistance activation in solanaceous crops as a management strategy against root-knot nematodes.activators of systemic acquired resistance (sar), such as salicylic acid (sa) and its synthetic functional analogues benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothionic acid-s-methyl ester (bth) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (ina), were tested on tomato, eggplant and pepper for the control of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. effects on plant fitness, nematode reproduction and root galling were screened in relation to different methods of application, to different applied dosages of chemicals ...201626085141
in silico prediction of proteins related to xyloglucan fucosyltransferases in solanaceae genomes.two independent studies have shown that the cell wall of pollen tubes from tobacco and tomato species contained fucosylated xyloglucan (xyg). these findings are intriguing as many reports have shown that xyg of somatic cells of these species is not fucosylated but instead is arabinosylated. in order to produce fucosylated xyg, plants must express a functional galactoside α-2-fucosyltransferase. here, using a bioinformatics approach, we show that several candidate genes coding for xyg fucosyltran ...201526176901
top-down expectancy versus bottom-up guidance in search for known color-form conjunctions.we assessed the effects of pairing a target object with its familiar color on eye movements in visual search, under conditions where the familiar color could or could not be predicted. in experiment 1 participants searched for a yellow- or purple-colored corn target amongst aubergine distractors, half of which were yellow and half purple. search was more efficient when the color of the target was familiar and early eye movements more likely to be directed to targets carrying a familiar color tha ...201526198709
krimper enforces an antisense bias on pirna pools by binding ago3 in the drosophila germline.piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) suppress transposon activity in animal germ cells. in the drosophila ovary, primary aubergine (aub)-bound antisense pirnas initiate the ping-pong cycle to produce secondary ago3-bound sense pirnas. this increases the number of secondary aub-bound antisense pirnas that can act to destroy transposon mrnas. here we show that krimper (krimp), a tudor-domain protein, directly interacts with pirna-free ago3 to promote symmetrical dimethylarginine (sdma) modification, ens ...201526212455
aubergine iclip reveals pirna-dependent decay of mrnas involved in germ cell development in the early embryo.the piwi-interacting rna (pirna) pathway plays an essential role in the repression of transposons in the germline. other functions of pirnas such as post-transcriptional regulation of mrnas are now emerging. here, we perform iclip with the piwi protein aubergine (aub) and identify hundreds of maternal mrnas interacting with aub in the early drosophila embryo. gene expression profiling reveals that a proportion of these mrnas undergo aub-dependent destabilization during the maternal-to-zygotic tr ...201526257181
association mapping for fruit, plant and leaf morphology traits in eggplant.an eggplant (solanum melongena) association panel of 191 accessions, comprising a mixture of breeding lines, old varieties and landrace selections was snp genotyped and phenotyped for key breeding fruit and plant traits at two locations over two seasons. a genome-wide association (gwa) analysis was performed using the mixed linear model, which takes into account both a kinship matrix and the sub-population membership of the accessions. overall, 194 phenotype/genotype associations were uncovered, ...201526284782
aub and ago3 are recruited to nuage through two mechanisms to form a ping-pong complex assembled by krimper.in drosophila, two piwi proteins, aubergine (aub) and argonaute-3 (ago3), localize to perinuclear "nuage" granules and use guide pirnas to target and destroy transposable element transcripts. we find that aub and ago3 are recruited to nuage by two different mechanisms. aub requires a pirna guide for nuage recruitment, indicating that its localization depends on recognition of rna targets. ago3 is recruited to nuage independently of a pirna cargo and relies on interaction with krimper, a stable c ...201526295961
genetic diversity of the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum using a rapd marker.bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum is a destructive disease of many economically important crop species. a significant variation in wilt incidence and severity in eggplant and potato was observed among the growing areas surveyed. r. solanacearum isolates obtained both from eggplant and potato belong to biovar iii, while isolates from eggplant belong to race 1 and isolates obtained from potato belong to race 3. random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used as a tool for ...201526302834
slicing and binding by ago3 or aub trigger piwi-bound pirna production by distinct mechanisms.in drosophila ovarian germ cells, piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) direct aubergine and argonaute3 to cleave transposon transcripts and instruct piwi to repress transposon transcription, thereby safeguarding the germline genome. here, we report that rna cleavage by argonaute3 initiates production of most piwi-bound pirnas. we find that the cardinal function of argonaute3, whose pirna guides predominantly correspond to sense transposon sequences, is to produce antisense pirnas that direct transcrip ...201526340424
dioscin derived from solanum melongena l. "usukawamarunasu" attenuates α-msh-induced melanogenesis in b16 murine melanoma cells via downregulation of phospho-creb and mitf.this study aimed to chemically isolate and explore an antimelanogenesis inducer in extracts of solanum melongena l. "usukawamarunasu" eggplant. we successfully identified dioscin ([25r]-spirost-5-en-3β-yl) 2-o-(6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl) - 4-o-(6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside] in the plant, and examined the effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh)-induced melanogenesis in b16 murine melanoma cells by this plant-derived dioscin. immunoblot analysis suggested that dioscin ...201526352003
electrochromic properties of acid dye doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by electropolymerization.the electrochromic properties of an electrochemical polymerized composite consisted of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with acid red g (pedot-arg) are reported. the structures of pedot-arg were characterized via cycle voltammograms, spectroelectrochemistry and colorimetric analysis. film of the pedot-arg composites switches from aubergine in the reduction state to light blue in the oxidized state, which is different from the pure pedot of dark blue (-0.8 v) and light blue (1.0 v). because ...201526353549
towards the identification of type iii effectors associated with ralstonia solanacearum virulence on tomato and eggplant.for the development of pathogen-informed breeding strategies, identifying the microbial genes involved in interactions with the plant is a critical step. to identify type iii effector (t3e) repertoires associated with virulence of the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum on solanaceous crops, we used an original association genetics approach combining dna microarray data and pathogenicity data on resistant eggplant, pepper, and tomato accessions. from this first screen, 25 t3es were fu ...201526368514
unequivocal enantiomeric identification and analysis of 10 chiral pesticides in fruit and vegetables by quechers method combined with liquid chromatography-quadruple/linear ion trap mass spectrometry determination.in this research, 10 chiral pesticides in fruits and vegetables were simultaneously determined using chiral liquid chromatography triple quadrupole-linear ion trap hybrid mass spectrometry (lc-qqlit). the quechers method was applied for sample preparation, and an enhanced product ion (epi) scan was used to acquire tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) spectra for the library search. parameters including limit of detection (lod), limit of quantification (loq), linearity, relative standard deviation (r ...201526392120
long-distance transport of cadmium from roots to leaves of solanum melongena.in this study, the characteristics of cadmium (cd) uptake by roots and translocation from roots to leaves of two eggplant species (solanum melongena and solanum torvum) under relatively low cd concentrations were investigated using stable (108)cd isotope through a number of hydroponic experiments. the uptake and translocation of (108)cd was compared with those of (70)zn and (15)n. the results showed more (108)cd was loaded to the vascular channels and translocated upward to the leaves in s. melo ...201526407708
a new γ-alkylated-γ-butyrolactone from the roots of solanum melongena.a new γ-alkylated-γ-butyrolactone, named melongenolide a (1), along with nine known compounds were obtained from the roots of solanum melongena, and their structures were identified as melongenolide a (1), (+)-syringaresinol (2), (+)-lyoniresinol (3), 5,5'-dimethoxy lariciresinol (4), (+)-(7r,8r)-4-hydroxy-3,3',5'-trimethoxy-8',9'-dinor-8,4'-oxyneoligna-7, 9-diol-7'-aldehyde (5), kaempferol-3-o-(2″,6″-di-o-p-trans-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside (6), arjunolic acid (7), vanillic acid (8), scoparone (9), ...201526412430
transcriptome analysis of solanum melongena l. (eggplant) fruit to identify putative allergens and their epitopes.eggplant is the third most important solanaceae crop after tomato and potato, particularly in india and china. a transcriptome analysis of eggplant's fruit was performed to study genes involved in medicinal importance and allergies. illumina hiseq 2000 system generated 89,763,638 raw reads (~18 gb) from eggplant. high quality reads (59,039,694) obtained after trimming process, were assembled into a total of 149,224 non redundant set of transcripts. out of 80,482 annotated sequences of eggplant f ...201626424595
genetic analysis of environmental strains of the plant pathogen phytophthora capsici reveals heterogeneous repertoire of effectors and possible effector evolution via genomic island.phytophthora capsici is a virulent oomycete pathogen of many vegetable crops. recently, it has been demonstrated that the recognition of the rxlr effector avr3a1 of p. capsici (pcavr3a1) triggers a hypersensitive response and plays a critical role in mediating non-host resistance. here, we analyzed the occurrence of pcavr3a1 in 57 isolates of p. capsici derived from globe squash, eggplant, tomato and bell pepper cocultivated in a small geographical area. the occurrence of pcavr3a1 in environment ...201526443834
nutrient-rich versus nutrient-poor foods for depressed patients based on iranian traditional medicine resources.considering the positive effects of certain nutrients on depression, increasingly prevalent in the contemporary societies, we investigated the nutritional content of prescribed and prohibited foodstuffs for depressed patients in iranian traditional medicine resources.201726445711
determination of cadmium, lead and zinc in vegetables in jaipur (india).an atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc in vegetables grown in and around jaipur food stuffs irrigated with industrial waste water. vegetable samples were collected after maturity, and analyzed, such as spinach (spinacia oleracea), ladyfinger (abelmoschus esulentus), pepper mint (menthe pipereta), brinjal (solanum melongena), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cauliflower (brassica oleracea), onion (allium cepa), radish (raphanus sativus), ...201426445755
first detection of klebsiella variicola producing oxa-181 carbapenemase in fresh vegetable imported from asia to switzerland.the emergence and worldwide spread of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae is of great concern to public health services. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in fresh vegetables and spices imported from asia to switzerland.201526448862
signs, symptoms and treatment of penile fracture.penile fracture is an uncommon injury and requires urgent treatment, therefore emergency nurses should be aware of the signs and symptoms and understand the importance of immediate surgical referral. this article describes the anatomy and physiology of penile erection and the ways in which penile fracture can occur. it also outlines the management of patients and includes a case study of a fracture caused by vigorous masturbation.201526451939
ige response to two new allergen proteins of solanum melongena l. (eggplant).a number of allergens from eggplant (solanum melongena l.) have been previously identified. in this study, we could detect ige reactivity of two allergic subjects' sera towards two protein bands of molecular mass of about 35 and 15 kda. as ige were reactive to both raw and cooked eggplant extracts, a heat-stable nature of these novel allergens is apparent.201526455782
effect of number of bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae) visits on eggplant yield.eggplant (solanum melongena l.) is a crop with perfect flowers capable of self-pollination. insect pollination enhances fruit set, but little is known about how pollination success varies by number of visits from bumble bees. to quantify the efficiency of bumble bees at pollinating eggplants, we allowed 1, 2, 6, and 12 bumble bees (bombus impatiens cresson) to visit eggplant flowers and compared percentage of flowers that set fruit, fruit weight, and seed set after 3 wk. we compared yield from t ...201526470277
cooking influence on physico-chemical fruit characteristics of eggplant (solanum melongena l.).physico-chemical traits of three eggplant genotypes ("tunisina", "buia" and "l 305") were evaluated before and after two cooking treatments (grilling and boiling). different genotypes revealed different changes after cooking, with "tunisina" showing a better retention of phytochemicals with respect to other two genotypes. the main physical phenomena were water loss during grilling, and dry matter loss after boiling. chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic in eggplant, resulted higher in grilled samp ...201626471625
evaluation of suitable reference genes for normalization of qpcr gene expression studies in brinjal (solanum melongena l.) during fruit developmental stages.brinjal/eggplant/aubergine is one of the major solanaceous vegetable crops. recent availability of genome information greatly facilitates the fundamental research on brinjal. gene expression patterns during different stages of fruit development can provide clues towards the understanding of its biological functions. quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) has become one of the most widely used methods for rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression. however, its success depends on the use of ...201626472671
paramutation in drosophila requires both nuclear and cytoplasmic actors of the pirna pathway and induces cis-spreading of pirna production.transposable element activity is repressed in the germline in animals by piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas), a class of small rnas produced by genomic loci mostly composed of te sequences. the mechanism of induction of pirna production by these loci is still enigmatic. we have shown that, in drosophila melanogaster, a cluster of tandemly repeated p-lacz-white transgenes can be activated for pirna production by maternal inheritance of a cytoplasm containing homologous pirnas. this activated state is ...201526482790
roles of catalase (cat) and ascorbate peroxidase (apx) genes in stress response of eggplant (solanum melongena l.) against cu(+2) and zn(+2) heavy metal stresses.eggplant (solanum melongena l.) is a good source of minerals and vitamins and this feature makes its value comparable with tomato which is economically the most important vegetable worldwide. due to its common usage as food and in medicines, eggplant cultivation has a growing reputation worldwide. but genetic yield potential of an eggplant variety is not always attained, and it is limited by some factors such as heavy metal contaminated soils in today's world. today, one of the main objectives o ...201526530238
detailed mapping of a resistance locus against fusarium wilt in cultivated eggplant (solanum melongena).this is the first report on genetic mapping of a resistance locus against fusarium wilt caused by the plant pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae in cultivated eggplant.201626582508
molecular diversity of turncurtoviruses in iran.turnip curly top virus (tctv) is the only member of the newly established genus turncurtovirus (family geminiviridae). as part of an ongoing study to identify additional plant hosts and the diversity of turncurtoviruses, between 2012 and 2014, we sampled symptomatic turnip plants and other crops in the provinces fars and khorasan razavi (southern and northeastern iran, respectively). infection by turncurtoviruses was tested by pcr and/or rolling-circle amplification (rca) coupled with restrictio ...201626611911
the transcription initiation sites of eggplant latent viroid strands map within distinct motifs in their in vivo rna conformations.eggplant latent viroid (elvd), like other members of family avsunviroidae, replicates in plastids through a symmetric rolling-circle mechanism in which elongation of rna strands is most likely catalyzed by a nuclear-encoded polymerase (nep) translocated to plastids. here we have addressed where nep initiates transcription of viroid strands. because this step is presumably directed by sequence/structural motifs, we have previously determined the conformation of the monomeric linear (+) and (-) rn ...201626618399
androgenesis in solanaceae.the solanaceae is one of the most important families for global agriculture. among the different solanaceous species, tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), potato (solanum tuberosum), tomato (solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (solanum melongena), and pepper (capsicum annuum) are five crops of outstanding importance worldwide. in these crops, maximum yields are produced by hybrid plants created by crossing pure (homozygous) lines with the desired traits. pure lines may be produced by conventional breeding m ...201626619864
anther culture in eggplant (solanum melongena l.).the technique of in vitro anther culture is the most favorite to incite the production of plants from microspore through direct embryogenesis or regeneration from callus. anther culture has been employed since 1980s in eggplant to obtain double-haploid plants from microspore derived embryos. from that time it has been refined and widely applied both at commercial level for a fast generation double-haploid parental lines of f1 hybrids, as well as for experimental studies as the complete homozygos ...201626619880
genetic variation of eggplant mottled dwarf virus from annual and perennial plant hosts.the genetic diversity of eggplant mottled dwarf virus (emdv), a member of the family rhabdoviridae, was studied using isolates collected from different herbaceous and woody plant species and remote geographic areas. sequences corresponding to the n, x, p, y, m and g orfs as well as the untranslated regions (utrs) between orfs were determined from all isolates. low genetic diversity was found in almost all genomic regions studied except for the x orf and the utrs, which were more variable, while ...201626660163
entomopathogenic potential of trichoderma longibrachiatum and its comparative evaluation with malathion against the insect pest leucinodes orbonalis.the widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has led to the pollution of environmental systems and has caused various health disorders in animals and humans. biological pest control is one of the most environmentally friendly methods in modern agriscience. such methods protect crops from pests and do not pollute the environment. a strain of trichoderma longibrachiatum was isolated and identified from the soil environment of the north 24 parganas district, eastern india. a spore suspe ...201626676413
eggplant latent viroid: a friendly experimental system in the family avsunviroidae.eggplant latent viroid (elvd) is the only species of the genus elaviroid (family avsunviroidae). all the viroids in the family avsunviroidae contain hammerhead ribozymes in the strands of both polarities, and are considered to replicate in the chloroplasts of infected cells. this family includes two other genera: avsunviroid and pelamoviroid.201626696449
optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of total monomeric anthocyanin (tma) and total phenolic content (tpc) from eggplant (solanum melongena l.) peel.the present study describes the extraction of total monomeric anthocyanin (tma) and total phenolic content (tpc) from eggplant peel using ultrasonic treatments and methanol and 2-propanol as extraction solvents. the extraction yields were optimized by varying the solvent concentration, ultrasonic frequency, temperature and time of ultrasonic treatment. box-behnken design was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction. the results showed that for tpc ...201626701808
solanidine and tomatidine trigger scar pruritus.scar pruritus is frequently encountered in clinical practice (particularly in burn patients) owing to its poorly known pathogenesis and difficult treatment. in previous work, we demonstrated the usefulness of a diet excluding edible solanaceae (viz., potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and aubergines) in patients with antihistamine-resistant scar pruritus. we hypothesized that alkaloids in solanaceae (particularly their secondary metabolites or aglycones) might be the actual pruritogens. in order to tes ...201626777454
effect of brick kiln emissions on commonly used vegetables of kashmir valley.to study the impact of brick kiln emissions on plant growth and productivity, a study was conducted on various biochemical parameters of three main vegetables brassica oleracea l., phaseolus vulgaris l., and solanum melongena l. cultivated in the vicinity of the brick kiln area of the panzan village of district budgam (j&k). plants in the vicinity of brick kilns are direct recipients of emissions and therefore important materials for assessing potential effects of kiln pollutants. the biochemica ...201526788302
draft genome sequences of nine strains of ralstonia solanacearum differing in virulence to eggplant (solanum melongena).ralstonia solanacearum displays variability in its virulence to solanaceous crops. we report here the draft genome sequences of eight phylotype i strains and one phylotype iii strain differing in virulence to the resistant eggplant genotype ag91-25. these data will allow the identification of virulence- and avirulence-related genes.201626823572
phenylpropanoids accumulation in eggplant fruit: characterization of biosynthetic genes and regulation by a myb transcription factor.phenylpropanoids are major secondary metabolites in eggplant (solanum melongena) fruits. chlorogenic acid (cga) accounts for 70-90% of total phenolics in flesh tissues, while anthocyanins are mainly present in the fruit skin. as a contribution to the understanding of the peculiar accumulation of these health-promoting metabolites in eggplant, we report on metabolite abundance, regulation of cga and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and characterization of candidate cga biosynthetic genes in s. melongena ...201526858726
duplication and diversification of dipteran argonaute genes, and the evolutionary divergence of piwi and aubergine.genetic studies of drosophila melanogaster have provided a paradigm for rna interference (rnai) in arthropods, in which the microrna and antiviral pathways are each mediated by a single argonaute (ago1 and ago2) and germline suppression of transposable elements is mediated by a trio of piwi-subfamily argonaute proteins (ago3, aub, and piwi). without a suitable evolutionary context, deviations from this can be interpreted as derived or idiosyncratic. here we analyze the evolution of argonaute gen ...201626868596
multifaceted effects of host plants on entomopathogenic nematodes.the success of parasites can be impacted by multi-trophic interactions. tritrophic interactions have been observed in parasite-herbivore-host plant systems. here we investigate aspects of multi-trophic interactions in a system involving an entomopathogenic nematode (epn), its insect host, and host plant. novel issues investigated include the impact of tritrophic interactions on nematode foraging behavior, the ability of epns to overcome negative tritrophic effects through genetic selection, and ...201626896698
solanum melongena polyphenol oxidase biosensor for the electrochemical analysis of paracetamol.a new strategy for the construction of a polyphenol oxidase carbon paste biosensor for paracetamol detection is reported. the eggplant (solanum melongena) was processed to collect the polyphenol oxidase as an enzyme that was incorporated in the carbon paste sensor construction. the constructed sensor displayed high sensitivity and good selection for paracetamol detection and recognition. optimized conditions included ph 6.0 (highest activity), ph 7.0 (highest stability), pulse amplitude of 50 mv ...201626930128
sequence-dependent but not sequence-specific pirna adhesion traps mrnas to the germ plasm.the conserved piwi family of proteins and piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) have a central role in genomic stability, which is inextricably linked to germ-cell formation, by forming piwi ribonucleoproteins (pirnps) that silence transposable elements. in drosophila melanogaster and other animals, primordial germ-cell specification in the developing embryo is driven by maternal messenger rnas and proteins that assemble into specialized messenger ribonucleoproteins (mrnps) localized in the germ (pole) ...201626950602
mapping quantitative trait loci affecting biochemical and morphological fruit properties in eggplant (solanum melongena l.).eggplant berries are a source of health-promoting metabolites including antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds, mainly anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid; however, they also contain some anti-nutritional compounds such as steroidal glycoalkaloids (sga) and saponins, which are responsible for the bitter taste of the flesh and with potential toxic effects on humans. up to now, quantitative trait loci (qtl) for the metabolic content are far from being characterized in eggplant, thus hampering the a ...201626973692
sequence variation of block iii segment identifies three distinct lineages within eggplant mottled dwarf virus isolates from italy, spain and greece.partial polymerase (l) gene sequences of 919 nts, including the conserved segments pre-motif a and motif a of block iii, of 20 eggplant mottled dwarf virus (emdv) isolates were generated, and trimmed sequences of 889 nts, based on the length of available sequences of other isolates, were used to determine phylogenetic relationships. phylogenetic reconstructions revealed two divergent lineages, designated as genetic group a (italian isolates) and group b, with the latter further divided into subg ...201626982474
cobalt oxide nanoparticles aggravate dna damage and cell death in eggplant via mitochondrial swelling and no signaling pathway.despite manifold benefits of nanoparticles (nps), less information on the risks of nps to human health and environment has been studied. cobalt oxide nanoparticles (co3o4-nps) have been reported to cause toxicity in several organisms. in this study, we have investigated the role of co3o4-nps in inducing phytotoxicity, cellular dna damage and apoptosis in eggplant (solanum melongena l. cv. violetta lunga 2). to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on co3o4-nps showing phytotoxicity ...201626988690
the evaluation of food allergy on behavior in autistic children.despite many efforts, the etiology of autism remains unknown. food allergy has been suggested as a pathogenic factor in autism spectrum disorder (asd). our aim in this study was to determine whether food allergy could be considered as a risk factor for autistic children.201226989707
crystal structure of the vicilin from solanum melongena reveals existence of different anionic ligands in structurally similar pockets.crystal structure of a vicilin, sm80.1, was determined towards exploring its possible physiological functions. the protein was purified from solanum melongena by combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. structure was determined ab initio at resolution of 1.5 å by x-ray crystallography showing the three-dimensional topology of the trimeric protein. each monomer of sm80.1 consists of two similar domains with hydrophobic binding pocket and each accommodating ...201627004988
crop wild relatives of the brinjal eggplant (solanum melongena): poorly represented in genebanks and many species at risk of extinction.crop wild relatives (cwr) provide important traits for plant breeding, including pest, pathogen, and abiotic stress resistance. therefore, their conservation and future availability are essential for food security. despite this need, the world's genebanks are currently thought to conserve only a small fraction of the total diversity of cwr.201627026215
mrnas hit a sticky wicket.drosophila germ cell specification depends on localization of mrnas required for patterning to the posterior of the oocyte during oogenesis. in a recent issue of nature, vourekas et al. (2016) suggest that aubergine in complex with pirnas may provide a low-specificity anchoring mechanism for posterior mrnas.201627046827
novel mutants of the aubergine gene.aubergine is an rna-binding protein of the piwi clade, functioning in germline in the pirna pathway that silences transposons and repetitive sequences. several mutations of this gene exist, but they mostly result in truncated proteins or correspond to mutations that also affect neighboring genes. we have generated complete aubergine knock-out mutants that do not disrupt the neighboring genes. these novel mutants are characterized by pcr and sequencing. their nature is confirmed by female sterili ...201627064345
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