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resistance to root-knot nematode in tomato roots expressing a nematicidal bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein.our laboratory has demonstrated previously that bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal (cry) proteins present in the cry5 and cry6 subclades intoxicate free-living nematodes. in this study, we tested whether the expression of nematicidal cry6a in transgenic plants provided protection against plant-parasitic nematodes. as bacterial codon usage is incompatible with expression in plants, two different codon-modified cry6a genes were synthesized for expression in plants. one was designed by maintaining ...200717451491
[effects of methyl jasmonat on accumulation and release of tanshinones in suspension cultures of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root].to study the effects of methyl jasmonate (mj) on the accumulation and release of tanshinones in suspension cultures of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.200717455461
overlap of proteome changes in medicago truncatula in response to auxin and sinorhizobium meliloti.we used proteome analysis to identify proteins induced during nodule initiation and in response to auxin in medicago truncatula. from previous experiments, which found a positive correlation between auxin levels and nodule numbers in the m. truncatula supernodulation mutant sunn (supernumerary nodules), we hypothesized (1) that auxin mediates protein changes during nodulation and (2) that auxin responses might differ between the wild type and the supernodulating sunn mutant during nodule initiat ...200717468210
transcriptome analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots during development of the prepenetration apparatus.information on changes in the plant transcriptome during early interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi is still limited since infections are usually not synchronized and plant markers for early stages of colonization are not yet available. a prepenetration apparatus (ppa), organized in epidermal cells during appressorium development, has been reported to be responsible for assembling a trans-cellular tunnel to accommodate the invading fungus. here, we used ppas as markers for cell res ...200717468219
auxin and nitric oxide control indeterminate nodule formation.rhizobia symbionts elicit root nodule formation in leguminous plants. nodule development requires local accumulation of auxin. both plants and rhizobia synthesise auxin. we have addressed the effects of bacterial auxin (iaa) on nodulation by using sinorhizobium meliloti and rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria genetically engineered for increased auxin synthesis.200717488509
intron splicing in 5' untranslated region of the rola transcript in transgenic apple.the rola gene encoded on the ri plasmid of agrobacterium rhizogenes causes developmental alterations, including dwarfing characteristics in the transgenic plants. in an attempt to introduce dwarfing characteristics into apple rootstocks for breeding purposes, the rola gene was incorporated into the apple rootstock m26 and obtained four transgenic clones. all the clones exhibited reduced growth compared to untransformed control plants but different degree of dwarfing and wrinkled leaves. in the p ...200817490782
high efficiency poplar transformation.with the completion of the poplar tree genome database, populus species have become one of the most useful model systems for the study of woody plant biology. populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) is the most wide-spread tree species in north america, and its rapid growth generates the most abundant wood-based biomass out of any other plant species. to study such beneficial traits, there is a need for easier and more efficient transformation procedures that will allow the study of large numbers of ...200717492451
high efficiency agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of saponaria vaccaria l. (caryophyllaceae) using fluorescence selection.a highly efficient and convenient method for the agrobacterium rhizogenes-dependent production of transformed roots of saponaria vaccaria l. (caryophyllaceae) is described. the parameters tested and optimized include s. vaccaria cultivar, explant type, agrobacterium rhizogenes strain and culture conditions. for cotransformation using additional recombinant t-dna-containing a. rhizogenes strains, use of neomycin phosphotransferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein genes as selectable markers ...200717516073
growth and rutin production in hairy root cultures of buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum m.).buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench.) is a potentially important source of rutin, a natural flavonoid with antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, and antioxidative properties. to examine in vitro production of rutin, we established a hairy root culture of buckwheat by infecting leaf explants with agrobacterium rhizogenes r1000, and tested the growth conditions and rutin production rates of these cultures. ten hairy root clones were established; their growth and rutin production rates ranged fro ...200717516253
translocation in legumes: assimilates, nutrients, and signaling molecules. 200717556518
medicago lyk3, an entry receptor in rhizobial nodulation factor signaling.rhizobia secrete nodulation (nod) factors, which set in motion the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume host plants. nod factors induce several cellular responses in root hair cells within minutes, but also are essential for the formation of infection threads by which rhizobia enter the root. based on studies using bacterial mutants, a two-receptor model was proposed, a signaling receptor that induces early responses with low requirements toward nod factor structure and an entry r ...200717586690
a generalized method for transfecting root epidermis uncovers endosomal dynamics in arabidopsis root hairs.progress in analysing the cellular functions of many structural proteins has accelerated through the use of confocal microscopy together with transient gene expression. several methods for transient expression have been developed in the past few years, but their application has seen limited success beyond a few tractable species and tissues. we have developed a simple and efficient method to visualize fluorescent proteins in arabidopsis root epidermis using co-cultivation of seedlings with agrob ...200717610544
the medicago truncatula dmi1 protein modulates cytosolic calcium signaling.in addition to establishing symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, legumes also enter into a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria that results in the formation of root nodules. several genes involved in the development of both arbuscular mycorrhiza and legume nodulation have been cloned in model legumes. among them, medicago truncatula dmi1 (doesn't make infections1) is required for the generation of nucleus-associated calcium spikes in response to the rhizobial ...200717631529
enhanced production of asiaticoside from hairy root cultures of centella asiatica (l.) urban elicited by methyl jasmonate.transformed root ("hairy root") cultures have been shown to be a good model for the study of many secondary metabolites. however, economically important compounds such as asiaticoside and madecassoside are produced in insignificant amounts in the root of centella asiatica (l.) urban. to overcome this problem, c. asiatica was transformed using agrobacterium rhizogenes strain r1000 that harbors pcambia1302 encoding the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and green fluorescence protein (mgfp5) gene ...200717632725
transcriptome profiling of lotus japonicus roots during arbuscular mycorrhiza development and comparison with that of nodulation.to better understand the molecular responses of plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, we analyzed the differential gene expression patterns of lotus japonicus, a model legume, with the aid of a large-scale cdna macroarray. experiments were carried out considering the effects of contaminating microorganisms in the soil inoculants. when the colonization by am fungi, i.e. glomus mosseae and gigaspora margarita, was well established, four cysteine protease genes were induced. in situ hybridiz ...200717634281
fast, efficient and reproducible genetic transformation of phaseolus spp. by agrobacterium rhizogenes.this transformation procedure generates, with high efficiency (70-90%), hairy roots in cultivars, landraces and accessions of phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) and other phaseolus spp. hairy roots rapidly develop after wounding young plantlets with agrobacterium rhizogenes, at the cotyledon node, and keeping the plants in high-humidity conditions. callogenesis always precedes hairy-root formation, and after 15 days, when roots develop at wounded sites, the stem with the normal root is cleaved bel ...200717641650
metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants.carotenoids constitute a vast group of pigments that are ubiquitous throughout nature. carrot (daucus carota l.) roots provide an important source of dietary beta-carotene (provitamin a), alpha-carotene and lutein. ketocarotenoids, such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, are produced by some algae and cyanobacteria but are rare in plants. ketocarotenoids are strong antioxidants that are chemically synthesized and used as dietary supplements and pigments in the aquaculture and neutraceutical indus ...200817682834
lysm domains mediate lipochitin-oligosaccharide recognition and nfr genes extend the symbiotic host range.legume-rhizobium symbiosis is an example of selective cell recognition controlled by host/non-host determinants. individual bacterial strains have a distinct host range enabling nodulation of a limited set of legume species and vice versa. we show here that expression of lotus japonicus nfr1 and nfr5 nod-factor receptor genes in medicago truncatula and l. filicaulis, extends their host range to include bacterial strains, mesorhizobium loti or dzl, normally infecting l. japonicus. as a result, th ...200717690687
crown gall disease and prospects for genetic manipulation of plants.agrobacterium tumefaciens incites crown gall tumors when bacterial dna integrates into plant nuclear dna. plant cells can express these integrated bacterial genes. following insertion of desired genes into bacterial dna using recombinant dna techniques, this system permits introduction of these new genes into plant dna. we discuss the potential for genetic manipulation of plants using agrobacterium tumefaciens and the related organism agrobacterium rhizogenes.198217807126
ap2-erf transcription factors mediate nod factor dependent mt enod11 activation in root hairs via a novel cis-regulatory motif.rhizobium nod factors (nfs) are specific lipochitooligosaccharides that activate host legume signaling pathways essential for initiating the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic association. this study describes the characterization of cis-regulatory elements and trans-interacting factors that regulate nf-dependent and epidermis-specific gene transcription in medicago truncatula. detailed analysis of the mt enod11 promoter using deletion, mutation, and gain-of-function constructs has led to the identificat ...200717827349
differential expression of the tfiiia regulatory pathway in response to salt stress between medicago truncatula genotypes.soil salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stresses for crop plants, including legumes. these plants can establish root symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and are able to grow in nitrogen-poor soils. medicago truncatula varieties show diverse adaptive responses to environmental conditions, such as saline soils. we have compared the differential root growth of two genotypes of m. truncatula (108-r and jemalong a17) in response to salt stress. jemalong a17 is more tolerant to s ...200717951460
building blocks for plant gene assembly.the multisite gateway cloning system, based on site-specific recombination, enables the assembly of multiple dna fragments in predefined order, orientation, and frame register. to streamline the construction of recombinant genes for functional analysis in plants, we have built a collection of 36 reference gateway entry clones carrying promoters, terminators, and reporter genes, as well as elements of the lhg4/lhgr two-component system. this collection obeys simple engineering rules. the genetic ...200717965171
fungal symbiosis in rice requires an ortholog of a legume common symbiosis gene encoding a ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.in natural ecosystems, many plants are able to establish mutually beneficial symbioses with microorganisms. of critical importance to sustainable agriculture are the symbioses formed between more than 80% of terrestrial plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. interestingly, the two symbioses share overlapping signaling pathways in legumes, suggesting that the evolutionarily recent root nodule symbiosis may have acquired functions f ...200717965173
[hairy root induction and plant regeneration of rehmannia glutinosa libosch. f. hueichingensis (chao et schih) hsiao transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes].an efficient system of genetic transformation and plant regeneration was established in rehmannia glutinosa libosch. f. hueichingensis (chao et schih) hsiao by infecting the segments of leaves, stems and petioles of young regenerated plantlets with agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834. hairy roots were produced directly from the wounded surface of the explants on hormone-free murashige and skoog (ms) medium after infection by a. rhizogenes. transformed roots grew rapidly either on solid or on l ...200717966459
variation of 16s-23s internally transcribed spacer sequence and intervening sequence in rdna among the three major agrobacterium species.we analyzed 16s-23s internally transcribed spacer (its) and neighboring sequences among 37 strains belonging to the three major pathogenic agrobacterium species, in order to know variation in each species and to develop a simple discrimination method. number of its size variation was 9, 4, and 7 in agrobacterium tumefaciens, agrobacterium vitis, and agrobacterium rhizogenes, respectively. the its sequence of most strains in each species was distinguishable from that of the other two species. the ...200917997085
individual and combined effects of the rola, b, and c genes on anthraquinone production in rubia cordifolia transformed calli.it is known that the rola, rolb, and rolc genes of agrobacterium rhizogenes t-dna affect processes of plant development and activate the synthesis of secondary metabolites in transformed plant cells. although a synergistic activity of the rol genes on root formation is well-documented, little is known about their individual and combined action on secondary metabolism. in the present investigation, we provide evidence indicating that individual rola, rolb, and rolc genes are capable of increasing ...200818023060
[increasing the content of active constituents in polygonum cuspidatum hairy root by gene transformation technology].to increase the content of active constituent--re and pd of polygonum cuspidatum hairy root, through ri-mediated gene transformation technology, modified high salt low ph method was used to distill genome dna of grapevine (vitis raparia). primer was designed according to sequence of genebank (af128861). through pcr amplification obtain rs gene sequence was obtained. binary vector pcambia1300-35s-rs was constructed. frost thawing method was used to transform agrobacterium rhizogenes atcc11325. sc ...200718050745
in vitro culture of the obligate parasite spongospora subterranea (cercozoa; plasmodiophorida) associated with root-inducing transferred-dna transformed potato hairy roots.spongospora subterranea is a soil-borne, obligate parasitic protist that causes powdery scab of potatoes. in this study, an in vitro culture system was developed for the maintenance and proliferation of the protist in potato hairy roots. the hairy roots of potato were induced in vitro with agrobacterium rhizogenes. cystosori of s. subterranea from potato scab lesions were surface disinfested and used to inoculate potato hairy roots. plasmodia, zoosporangia, and cystosori were observed microscopi ...200718070323
growth of hairy-root cultures in various bioreactors for the production of secondary metabolites.agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy-root cultures are a very promising alternative to the biotechnological exploitation of plant cell cultures. their characteristic capacity for secondary-metabolite production, inherent genetic stability reflected in stable productivity and the possibility of genetic manipulation to increase biosynthetic capacity have initiated a considerable interest, both as a fundamental research tool and as a source of valuable products. one of the most important limitat ...200818086010
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase 1 interacts with nork and is crucial for nodulation in medicago truncatula.nork in legumes encodes a receptor-like kinase that is required for nod factor signaling and root nodule development. using medicago truncatula nork as bait in a yeast two-hybrid assay, we identified 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coa reductase 1 (mt hmgr1) as a nork interacting partner. hmgr1 belongs to a multigene family in m. truncatula, and different hmgr isoforms are key enzymes in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of a diverse array of isoprenoid compounds. testing ...200718156218
how novel methods can help discover more information about foodborne pathogens.considerable emphasis is being placed on quantitative risk assessment modelling as a basis for regulation of trade in food products. however, for models to be accurate, information about the behaviour of potential pathogens in foods needs to be available. the question is how to obtain this knowledge in a simple and cost effective way. one technique that has great potential is the use of reporter bacteria which have been genetically modified to express a phenotype that can be easily monitored, su ...200018159282
bioinformatic analysis of the cle signaling peptide family.plants encode a large number of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases. legumes encode several lrr-rlk linked to the process of root nodule formation, the ligands of which are unknown. to identify ligands for these receptors, we used a combination of profile hidden markov models and position-specific iterative blast, allowing us to detect new members of the clv3/esr (cle) protein family from publicly available sequence databases.200818171480
functional characterization of palax1, a putative auxin permease, in heterologous plant systems.we have isolated the cdna of the gene palax1 from a wild cherry tree (prunus avium). the gene and its product are highly similar in sequences to both the cdnas and the corresponding protein products of aux/lax-type genes, coding for putative auxin influx carriers. we have prepared and characterized transformed nicotiana tabacum and arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying the gene palax1. we have proved that constitutive overexpression of palax1 is accompanied by changes in the content and distribut ...200818184737
hypericum perforatum plant cells reduce agrobacterium viability during co-cultivation.plant recalcitrance is the major barrier in developing agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols for several important plant species. despite the substantial knowledge of t-dna transfer process, very little is known about the factors leading to the plant recalcitrance. here, we analyzed the basis of hypericum perforatum l. (hp) recalcitrance to agrobacterium-mediated transformation using cell suspension culture. when challenged with agrobacterium, hp cells swiftly produced an intense oxida ...200818247048
recent advances in medicago truncatula genomics.legume rotation has allowed a consistent increase in crop yield and consequently in human population since the antiquity. legumes will also be instrumental in our ability to maintain the sustainability of our agriculture while facing the challenges of increasing food and biofuel demand. medicago truncatula and lotus japonicus have emerged during the last decade as two major model systems for legume biology. initially developed to dissect plant-microbe symbiotic interactions and especially legume ...200818288239
recent advances in medicago truncatula genomics.legume rotation has allowed a consistent increase in crop yield and consequently in human population since the antiquity. legumes will also be instrumental in our ability to maintain the sustainability of our agriculture while facing the challenges of increasing food and biofuel demand. medicago truncatula and lotus japonicus have emerged during the last decade as two major model systems for legume biology. initially developed to dissect plant-microbe symbiotic interactions and especially legume ...200818288239
production of recombinant proteins in clonal root cultures using episomal expression vectors.we have developed a fully contained system for expressing recombinant proteins that is based on clonal root cultures and episomal expression vectors. clonal root lines expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) or human growth hormone were generated from nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected with the tobacco mosaic virus-based vector 30b after exposure to agrobacterium rhizogenes. these lines accumulated gfp at over 50 mg per kg fresh tissue, a level that is comparable with other plant productio ...200818306425
agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots of coffee (coffea arabica): conditions for long-term proliferation, and morphological and molecular characterization.the aims of this study were to set up proliferation conditions for hairy roots of coffea arabica regenerated after transformation by agrobacterium rhizogenes strain a4-rs, and to carry out the morphological and molecular characterization of hairy root clones maintained over the long term.200818316320
symrk defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and frankiabacteria.root endosymbioses vitally contribute to plant nutrition and fitness worldwide. nitrogen-fixing root nodulation, confined to four plant orders, encompasses two distinct types of associations, the interaction of legumes (fabales) with rhizobia bacteria and actinorhizal symbioses, where the bacterial symbionts are actinomycetes of the genus frankia. although several genetic components of the host-symbiont interaction have been identified in legumes, the genetic basis of actinorhiza formation is un ...200818316735
functional adaptation of a plant receptor-kinase paved the way for the evolution of intracellular root symbioses with bacteria.nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses (rns) occur in two major forms-actinorhiza and legume-rhizobium symbiosis-which differ in bacterial partner, intracellular infection pattern, and morphogenesis. the phylogenetic restriction of nodulation to eurosid angiosperms indicates a common and recent evolutionary invention, but the molecular steps involved are still obscure. in legumes, at least seven genes-including the symbiosis receptor-kinase gene symrk-are essential for the interaction with rhizob ...200818318603
programmed cell death suppression in transformed plant tissue by tomato cdnas identified from an agrobacterium rhizogenes-based functional screen.the genetic regulation of programmed cell death (pcd) is well characterized in animal systems, but largely unresolved in plants. this research was designed to identify plant genes that can suppress pcd triggered in plants by fumonisin b1 (fb1). agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to transform individual members of a cdna library into tomato roots, which were then screened for resistance to fb1. cellular changes elicited during fb1-induced pcd include chromatin condensation, fragmentation into pycn ...200818324417
morphometric and biochemical characterization of red beet (beta vulgaris l.) hairy roots obtained after single and double transformations.it is known that t-dna of agrobacterium rhizogenes affects processes of plant development and activates the synthesis of secondary metabolites in transformed plant cells. in the present investigation, we provide evidence that different strains of a. rhizogenes significantly affect morphometric, morphological and functional characteristics of hairy roots of red beet (beta vulgaris l.). infection with four strains of a. rhizogenes (a4, a 2/83, a 20/83 and lmg-150) resulted in ten clones of hairy r ...200818327591
exogenous hormones affecting morphology and biosynthetic potential of hairy root line (lyr2i) of linum album.a hairy root line of linum album lyr2i was obtained via the genetic transformation of a cotyledon segment of the plant by cocultivating it with agrobacterium rhizogenes and culturing it in hormone-free b5 gamborg liquid medium. characteristic changes in root morphology associated with variations in biosynthetic capabilities were achieved by adding different combinations of phytohormones to the basal medium. a reversible system between hairy roots and its cultures with a diversified morphology wa ...200818343341
characterization of an amino acid permease from the endomycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae.arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi are capable of exploiting organic nitrogen sources, but the molecular mechanisms that control such an uptake are still unknown. polymerase chain reaction-based approaches, bioinformatic tools, and a heterologous expression system have been used to characterize a sequence coding for an amino acid permease (gmosaap1) from the am fungus glomus mosseae. the gmosaap1 shows primary and secondary structures that are similar to those of other fungal amino acid permeases ...200818344417
inducible expression of pisum sativum xyloglucan fucosyltransferase in the pea root cap meristem, and effects of antisense mrna expression on root cap cell wall structural integrity.mitosis and cell wall synthesis in the legume root cap meristem can be induced and synchronized by the nondestructive removal of border cells from the cap periphery. newly synthesized cells can be examined microscopically as they differentiate progressively during cap development, and ultimately detach as a new population of border cells. this system was used to demonstrate that pisum sativum l. fucosyl transferase (psfut1) mrna expression is strongly expressed in root meristematic tissues, and ...200818347802
root tip-dependent, active riboflavin secretion by hyoscyamus albus hairy roots under iron deficiency.hyoscyamus albus hairy roots with/without an exogenous gene (11 clones) were established by inoculation of agrobacterium rhizogenes. all clones cultured under iron-deficient condition secreted riboflavin from the root tips into the culture medium and the productivity depended on the number and size of root tips among the clones. a decline of ph was observed before riboflavin production and root development. by studying effects of proton-pump inhibitors, medium acidification with external organic ...200818367404
expression of tropane alkaloids in the hairy root culture of atropa acuminata substantiated by dart mass spectrometric technique.agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated 'hairy root' cultures were established in atropa acuminata. the chemical profiling of the hairy roots was carried out by a new mass spectrometric technique, direct analysis in real time (dart). the intact hairy roots were directly analyzed by holding them in the gap between the dart ion source and mass spectrometer. two alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine, were characterized. the structural confirmation of the two alkaloids was made through their accurate molecu ...200818386250
bag culture: a method for root-root co-culture.a method named "bag culture" was developed for coculturing of linum persicum (section syllinum) and l. austriacum (section linum) hairy roots. for this propose l. austriacum and l. persicum hairy root cultures were established using agrobacterium rhizogenes in mccown medium. l. persicum hairy roots in bags (1 mm2 mesh) were successfully grown together with l. austriacum hairy roots. the amounts of podophyllotoxin (ptox) and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin (mptox) produced by l. persicum hairy root cult ...200818386507
biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products.polyacetylenic natural products are a substantial class of often unstable compounds containing a unique carbon-carbon triple bond functionality, that are intriguing for their wide variety of biochemical and ecological functions, economic potential, and surprising mode of biosynthesis. isotopic tracer experiments between 1960 and 1990 demonstrated that the majority of these compounds are derived from fatty acid and polyketide precursors. during the past decade, research into the metabolism of pol ...200818387369
post-transcriptional gene silencing in the root system of the actinorhizal tree allocasuarina verticillata.in recent years, rna interference has been exploited as a tool for investigating gene function in plants. we tested the potential of double-stranded rna interference technology for silencing a transgene in the actinorhizal tree allocasuarina verticillata. the approach was undertaken using stably transformed shoots expressing the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene under the control of the constitutive promoter 35s; the shoots were further transformed with the agrobacterium rhizogenes a4rs containing h ...200818393611
functions of rol genes in plant secondary metabolism.for a long time, the agrobacterium rhizogenes rola, rolb and rolc oncogenes have been considered to be modulators of plant growth and cell differentiation. a new function of the rol genes in plant-agrobacterium interaction became apparent with the discovery that these genes are potential activators of secondary metabolism in transformed cells from the solanaceae, araliaceae, rubiaceae, vitaceae and rosaceae families. in some cases, the activator effect of individual rol genes is sufficient to ov ...200818434069
glucomannan-mediated attachment of rhizobium leguminosarum to pea root hairs is required for competitive nodule infection.the rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae genome contains several genes predicted to determine surface polysaccharides. mutants predicted to affect the initial steps of polysaccharide synthesis were identified and characterized. in addition to the known cellulose (cel) and acidic exopolysaccharide (eps) (pss) genes, we mutated three other loci; one of these loci (gmsa) determines glucomannan synthesis and one (gela) determines a gel-forming polysaccharide, but the role of the other locus (an exo ...200818441060
phosphorus availability influences elemental uptake in the mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices, as revealed by particle-induced x-ray emission analysis.we investigated element accumulation in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices. fungal spores and mycelia growing in monoxenic cultures were analyzed. the elemental composition was quantified using particle-induced x-ray emission (pixe) in combination with scanning transmission ion microscopy. in the spores, ca and fe were associated mainly with the spore wall, while p and k showed patchy distributions and their concentrations were correlated. excess of p in the hyphal growth medi ...200818469133
the effect of chromosome geometry on genetic diversity.although organisms with linear chromosomes must solve the problem of fully replicating their chromosome ends, this chromosome configuration has emerged repeatedly during bacterial evolution and is evident in three divergent bacterial phyla. the benefit usually ascribed to this topology is the ability to boost genetic variation through increased recombination. but because numerous processes can impact linkage disequilibrium, such an effect is difficult to assess by comparing across bacterial taxa ...200818493068
prepenetration apparatus assembly precedes and predicts the colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the root cortex of both medicago truncatula and daucus carota.arbuscular mycorrhizas (am) are widespread, ancient endosymbiotic associations that contribute significantly to soil nutrient uptake in plants. we have previously shown that initial fungal penetration of the host root is mediated via a specialized cytoplasmic assembly called the prepenetration apparatus (ppa), which directs am hyphae through the epidermis (genre et al., 2005). in vivo confocal microscopy studies performed on medicago truncatula and daucus carota, host plants with different patte ...200818515499
bioactive constituent production in st. john's wort in vitro hairy roots. regenerated plant lines.a wild strain of agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to regenerate twelve in vitro plant lines from different hairy roots of h. perforatum (st. john's wort). the production of the main bioactive constituents was observed even though their yields varied in the different plant lines. two lines were selected for the hyperoside production (4.9-4.6 mg/gdw) while nine were characterized by significant yields of chlorogenic acid (ranged from 0.47 to 1.09 mg/gdw). furthermore, one out of twelve lines show ...200818553917
modelling in vitro growth of dense root networks.hairy roots are plants genetically transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes, which do not produce shoots and are composed mainly by roots. hairy roots of ophiorrhiza mungos linn. are currently gaining interest of pharmacologists, since a secondary product of their metabolism, camptothecin, is used in chemotherapy. to optimize the production of valuable secondary metabolites it is necessary to understand the metabolism and growth of these roots systems. in this work, a mathematical model for descr ...200818561955
a positive regulatory role for ljerf1 in the nodulation process is revealed by systematic analysis of nodule-associated transcription factors of lotus japonicus.we have used reverse genetics to identify genes involved in legume-rhizobium symbiosis in lotus japonicus. we obtained the sequences of 20 putative transcription factors from previously reported large-scale transcriptome data. the transcription factors were classified according to their dna binding domains and patterns of expression during the nodulation process. we identified two homologues of medicago truncatula mthap2-1, which encodes a ccaat-binding protein and has been shown to play a role ...200818567832
transformation of kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth.dwarf genotypes of the economically important flowering potted plant kalanchoe blossfeldiana were developed by molecular breeding. root inducing (ri)-lines were regenerated by applying cppu to the hairy roots, which were produced by inoculating leaf explants with a wild-type agrobacterium rhizogenes strain atcc15834. amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of t-dna in the ri-lines. six ri-lines were characterised in a greenhouse trial re ...200818597094
a role for atwrky23 in feeding site establishment of plant-parasitic nematodes.during the interaction between sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes and their host, complex morphological and physiological changes occur in the infected plant tissue, finally resulting in the establishment of a nematode feeding site. this cellular transformation is the result of altered plant gene expression most likely induced by proteins injected in the plant cell by the nematode. here, we report on the identification of a wrky transcription factor expressed during nematode infection. using bo ...200818599655
rhizobium multihospitium sp. nov., isolated from multiple legume species native of xinjiang, china.thirty-one rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of legumes native of xinjiang, china, were characterized. these strains were classified as belonging to the genus rhizobium based on amplified 16s rdna restriction analysis (ardra). the strains were distinguished from recognized rhizobium species using analysis of 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacers (igs-rflp), sds-page analysis of whole proteins and box-pcr; the test strains always formed a distinct cluster with patterns that were quite different f ...200818599718
studies on the optimization of growth and indole alkaloid production by hairy root cultures of catharanthus roseus.catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures, genetically transformed with agrobacterium rhizogenes, produce a wide variety of indole alkaloids. the effect of sucrose, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia concentrations on growth and indole alkaloid production of c. roseus hairy root cultures were studied by using statistical experimental designs and linear regression analysis. contradictory effects of these nutrients on growth and indole alkaloid production were found. the maximal growth was obtained by ...199118600658
differential and chaotic calcium signatures in the symbiosis signaling pathway of legumes.understanding how the cell uses a limited set of proteins to transduce very different signals into specific cellular responses is a central goal of cell biology and signal transduction disciplines. although multifunctionality in signal transduction is widespread, the mechanisms that allow differential modes of signaling in multifunctional signaling pathways are not well defined. in legume plants, a common symbiosis signaling pathway composed of at least seven proteins mediates infection by both ...200818606999
production of indole alkaloids by selected hairy root lines of catharanthus roseus.hairy root cultures of catharanthus roseus were established by infection of seedlings with agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834. approximately 150 transformants from four different. c. roseus cultivars were screened for desirable traits in growth and indole alkaloid production. five hairy root clones grew well in liquid culture with doubling times similar to those reported for cell suspensions. fast growing clones had similar morphologies, characterized by thin, straight, and regular branches with thi ...199318609590
[calcium-dependent mechanism of somatic embryogenesis in oncogene rolc expressing cell cultures of panax ginseng].it was shown earlier, that ginseng embryogenic cell culture 2c3 was obtained as a result of callus cells transformation with the agrobacterium rhizogenes rolc oncogene. in the present report we determine that inhibitors of ca2+-channels (lacl3, verapamil, niflumic acid) certainly lowered the quantity of somatic embryos in the 2c3 cell culture. this is the evidence of the influence of calcium-dependent signal system on plant embryogenesis. protein kinases inhibitors w7 and h7 also caused the lowe ...200818610836
the rpg gene of medicago truncatula controls rhizobium-directed polar growth during infection.rhizobia can infect roots of host legume plants and induce new organs called nodules, in which they fix atmospheric nitrogen. infection generally starts with root hair curling, then proceeds inside newly formed, intracellular tubular structures called infection threads. a successful symbiotic interaction relies on infection threads advancing rapidly at their tips by polar growth through successive cell layers of the root toward developing nodule primordia. to identify a plant component that cont ...200818621693
[induction and in vitro culture of hairy roots of solanum nigrum l. var. pauciflorum liou and its solasodine production].by using genetic transformation of agrobacterium rhizogenes and liquid culture, induction and culture conditions for solanum nigrum l. var. pauciflorum liou hairy roots and its solasodine production and consumption changes of n resource and calcium in the medium during liquid culture were investigated. the results showed that hairy roots could be initiated from the cut edges of leaf explants 5 days after inoculation with the strain of a. rhizogenes atcc15834. the percentage of rooted leaf explan ...200818630597
production of monoclonal antibodies by tobacco hairy roots.hairy roots of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) were used to produce full-length murine lgg(1) monoclonal antibody. the presence of heavy (gamma) and light (kappa) chains and fully assembled antibody was verified by western blot analysis of root extracts. antibody levels in the biomass and medium were quantified by elisa based on detection of gamma-kappa complexes. antibody produced by hairy roots was fully functional as demonstrated in bacterial aggregation assays which confirmed bivalent antigen-bi ...199718634133
a nodule-specific plant cysteine proteinase, asnodf32, is involved in nodule senescence and nitrogen fixation activity of the green manure legume astragalus sinicus.asnodf32, encoding a nodule-specific cysteine proteinase in astragalus sinicus, is probably involved in nodule senescence. to obtain direct evidence of its role in nodule senescence, agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated rna interference was applied to a. sinicus hairy roots. real-time qrt-pcr was used to estimate the efficiency of suppression. the senescent phenotype of transgenic nodules was examined with paraffin-embedded slides, tunel (tdt-mediated dutp nick-end labeling) assay, and transmission ...200818643938
real-time pcr: revolutionizing detection and expression analysis of genes.invention of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology by kary mullis in 1984 gave birth to real-time pcr. real-time pcr - detection and expression analysis of gene(s) in real-time - has revolutionized the 21(st) century biological science due to its tremendous application in quantitative genotyping, genetic variation of inter and intra organisms, early diagnosis of disease, forensic, to name a few. we comprehensively review various aspects of real-time pcr, including technological refinement a ...200718645596
transgenic mimicry of pathogen attack stimulates growth and secondary metabolite accumulation.plant secondary metabolites, including pharmaceuticals, flavorings and aromas, are often produced in response to stress. we used chemical inducers of the pathogen defense response (jasmonic acid, salicylate, killed fungi, oligosaccharides and the fungal elicitor protein, cryptogein) to increase metabolite and biomass production in transformed root cultures of the medicinal plant, withania somnifera, and the weed, convolvulus sepium. in an effort to genetically mimic the observed effects of crypt ...200918668338
establishment of withania somnifera hairy root cultures for the production of withanolide a.withania sominifera (indian ginseng) was transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes. explants from seedling roots, stems, hypocotyls, cotyledonary nodal segments, cotyledons and young leaves were inoculated with a. rhizogenes strain r1601. hairy (transformed) roots were induced from cotyledons and leaf explants. the transgenic status of hairy roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using nptii and rolb specific primers and, subsequently, by southern analysis for the presence of nptii and r ...200818713347
regeneration of foreign genes co-transformed plants of medicago sativa l by agrobacterium rhizogenes.gene encoding sulphur amino acid-rich protein (hnp) and rol genes were transferred into medicago sativa l (alfalfa) mediated by agrobacterium tumafeciens. regeneration of transgenic plants was induced successfully from hairy root tissue of cotyledon in alfalfa. cotyledon tissues were an ideally transformed recipient. there was a negative correlation between age of hairy roots and embryogenesis frequency in alfalfa. production of co-transformed plants with greater yield and super quality was impo ...200018726342
arabidopsis tonneau1 proteins are essential for preprophase band formation and interact with centrin.plant cells have specific microtubule structures involved in cell division and elongation. the tonneau1 (ton1) mutant of arabidopsis thaliana displays drastic defects in morphogenesis, positioning of division planes, and cellular organization. these are primarily caused by dysfunction of the cortical cytoskeleton and absence of the preprophase band of microtubules. characterization of the ton1 insertional mutant reveals complex chromosomal rearrangements leading to simultaneous disruption of two ...200818757558
a transcript profiling approach reveals an epicatechin-specific glucosyltransferase expressed in the seed coat of medicago truncatula.expression of the arabidopsis transparent testa 2 (tt2) myb family transcription factor leads to massive accumulation of proanthocyanidins (pas) in hairy roots of medicago truncatula. microarray analysis showed that tt2 induces genes for flavonoid/pa biosynthesis, transcription factors, and a large number of genes of unknown function. a second microarray dataset identified genes that were preferentially expressed in the m. truncatula seed coat. comparison of the two datasets defines target genes ...200818772380
[construction of a novel vector harboring green fluorescence protein gene (gfp) and high expression of gfp in transformed roots of petunia hybrida].a novel vector pbin-35s-gfp was constructed from the plasmids of pbin19, pgfp, and pchs, which included gfp gene driven by the camv 35s promoter. the hairy roots of petunia hybrida were induced by wild-type agrobacterium rhizogenes k599 harboring pbin-35s-gfp with the frequency of 45%. the pcr results showed that rolb from k599 ri plasmid and gfp from pbin-35s-gfp were co-transformed into the genome of p. hybrida. the high activity of green fluo-rescence protein was detected by fluorescence micr ...200818779160
assessment of the nutritional values of genetically modified wheat, corn, and tomato crops.the genetic modification in fruit and vegetables could lead to changes in metabolic pathways and, therefore, to the variation of the molecular pattern, with particular attention to antioxidant compounds not well-described in the literature. the aim of the present study was to compare the quality composition of transgenic wheat ( triticum durum l.), corn ( zea mays l.), and tomato ( lycopersicum esculentum mill.) to the nontransgenic control with a similar genetic background. in the first experim ...200818781763
stress tolerance, genetic analysis and symbiotic properties of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from mediterranean leguminous shrubs in central spain.nine root-nodulating bacterial isolates were obtained from the leguminous shrubs spartium junceum, adenocarpus hispanicus, cytisus purgans, cytisus laburnuum, retama sphaerocarpa and colutea arborescens in areas of central spain. a poliphasic approach analyzing phenotypic, symbiotic and genetic properties was used to study their diversity and characterize them in relation to mediterranean conditions. stress tolerance assays revealed marked variations in salinity, extreme ph and cadmium tolerance ...200918784916
rna interference-mediated repression of mtccd1 in mycorrhizal roots of medicago truncatula causes accumulation of c27 apocarotenoids, shedding light on the functional role of ccd1.tailoring carotenoids by plant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (ccds) generates various bioactive apocarotenoids. recombinant ccd1 has been shown to catalyze symmetrical cleavage of c(40) carotenoid substrates at 9,10 and 9',10' positions. the actual substrate(s) of the enzyme in planta, however, is still unknown. in this study, we have carried out rna interference (rnai)-mediated repression of a medicago truncatula ccd1 gene in hairy roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus gl ...200818790999
diterpenoid production in hairy root culture of salvia sclarea l.growth and diterpenoid accumulation (salvipisone, ferruginol, aethiopinone and 1-oxoaethiopinone) during the growth cycle of a salvia sclarea hairy root culture are described. the roots transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes (lba 9402) were cultured in half-strength b5 liquid medium supplemented with 30 g l(-1) sucrose under light (16 h/8 h light/dark). a culture period of 30 days was optimal for both biomass and diterpenoid production. the total content of four diterpenoids in the hairy roots ...200818811013
root-secreted malic acid recruits beneficial soil bacteria.beneficial soil bacteria confer immunity against a wide range of foliar diseases by activating plant defenses, thereby reducing a plant's susceptibility to pathogen attack. although bacterial signals have been identified that activate these plant defenses, plant metabolites that elicit rhizobacterial responses have not been demonstrated. here, we provide biochemical evidence that the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate l-malic acid (ma) secreted from roots of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ...200818820082
abscisic acid coordinates nod factor and cytokinin signaling during the regulation of nodulation in medicago truncatula.nodulation is tightly regulated in legumes to ensure appropriate levels of nitrogen fixation without excessive depletion of carbon reserves. this balance is maintained by intimately linking nodulation and its regulation with plant hormones. it has previously been shown that ethylene and jasmonic acid (ja) are able to regulate nodulation and nod factor signal transduction. here, we characterize the nature of abscisic acid (aba) regulation of nodulation. we show that application of aba inhibits no ...200818931020
mechanism of infection thread elongation in root hairs of medicago truncatula and dynamic interplay with associated rhizobial colonization.in temperate legumes, endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia gain access to inner root tissues via a specialized transcellular apoplastic compartment known as the infection thread (it). to study it development in living root hairs, a protocol has been established for medicago truncatula that allows confocal microscopic observations of the intracellular dynamics associated with it growth. fluorescent labeling of both the it envelope (atpip2;1-green fluorescent protein) and the host endoplasmic re ...200818931145
improved podophyllotoxin production by transformed cultures of linum album.various cell and hairy root cultures of l. album were developed and analyzed for podophyllotoxin content. transformed callus and hairy root cultures developed from infection of stem portions of in vitro-germinated l. album plant with agrobacterium rhizogenes ncim 5140 strain were selected on the basis of high podophyllotoxin content and growth. based on the integration of ri t(l)-dna and t(r)-dna, integration of only the ags and not the rol gene in transformed cell culture indicated fragmented i ...200818932162
the agrobacterium rhizogenes galls gene encodes two secreted proteins required for genetic transformation of plants.agrobacterium tumefaciens and agrobacterium rhizogenes are related pathogens that cause crown gall and hairy root diseases, which result from integration and expression of bacterial genes in the plant genome. single-stranded dna (t strands) and virulence proteins are translocated into plant cells by a type iv secretion system. vird2 nicks a specific dna sequence, attaches to the 5' end, and pilots the dna into plant cells. a. tumefaciens translocates single-stranded dna-binding protein vire2 int ...200918952790
the agrobacterium rhizogenes galls gene encodes two secreted proteins required for genetic transformation of plants.agrobacterium tumefaciens and agrobacterium rhizogenes are related pathogens that cause crown gall and hairy root diseases, which result from integration and expression of bacterial genes in the plant genome. single-stranded dna (t strands) and virulence proteins are translocated into plant cells by a type iv secretion system. vird2 nicks a specific dna sequence, attaches to the 5' end, and pilots the dna into plant cells. a. tumefaciens translocates single-stranded dna-binding protein vire2 int ...200918952790
efd is an erf transcription factor involved in the control of nodule number and differentiation in medicago truncatula.mechanisms regulating legume root nodule development are still poorly understood, and very few regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. here, we describe efd (for ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation), a gene that is upregulated during nodulation in medicago truncatula. the efd transcription factor belongs to the ethylene response factor (erf) group v, which contains ern1, 2, and 3, three erfs involved in nod factor signaling. the role of efd in the regulation ...200818978033
antiquity and function of castor and pollux, the twin ion channel-encoding genes key to the evolution of root symbioses in plants.root symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria share a common signaling pathway in legumes. among the common symbiosis genes are castor and pollux, the twin homologous genes in lotus japonicus that encode putative ion channel proteins. here, we show that the orthologs of castor and pollux are ubiquitously present and highly conserved in both legumes and nonlegumes. using rice (oryza sativa) as a study system, we employ reverse genetic tools (knockout mutants and rna inte ...200918978069
suppression of reactive oxygen species and enhanced stress tolerance in rubia cordifolia cells expressing the rolc oncogene.it is known that expression of the agrobacterium rhizogenes rolc gene in transformed plant cells causes defense-like reactions, such as increased phytoalexin production and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins. in the present study, we examined whether this phenomenon is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ros). single-cell assays based on confocal microscopy and fluorogenic dyes (2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123) showed reduced stead ...200818986252
the aux1 gene of the ri plasmid is sufficient to confer auxin autotrophy in tobacco by-2 cells.tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) bright yellow-2 (by-2) cells are rapidly proliferating meristematic cells that require auxin for culture in vitro. we have established several transgenic by-2 cell lines that carry the t-dna of agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834, which harbors an agropine-type root-inducing (ri) plasmid. two of these lines, byhr-3 and byhr-7, were used to test the role of auxin in the proliferation of plant cells. the lines grew rapidly in linsmaier-skoog (ls) medium lacking auxin and oth ...200918986729
aucsia gene silencing causes parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato.in angiosperms, auxin phytohormones play a crucial regulatory role in fruit initiation. the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes in ovules and placenta results in uncoupling of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) fruit development from fertilization with production of parthenocarpic fruits. we have identified two newly described genes, named aucsia genes, which are differentially expressed in auxin-synthesis (defh9-iaam) parthenocarpic tomato flower buds. the two tomato aucsia genes encode 53-amino- ...200918987210
gs52 ecto-apyrase plays a critical role during soybean nodulation.apyrases are non-energy-coupled nucleotide phosphohydrolases that hydrolyze nucleoside triphosphates and nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside monophosphates and orthophosphates. gs52, a soybean (glycine soja) ecto-apyrase, was previously shown to be induced very early in response to inoculation with the symbiotic bacterium bradyrhizobium japonicum. overexpression of the gs52 ecto-apyrase in lotus japonicus increased the level of rhizobial infection and enhanced nodulation. these data suggest a ...200919036836
mitragyna speciosa: hairy root culture for triterpenoid production and high yield of mitragynine by regenerated plants.hairy root cultures of mitragyna speciosa were established by infection of agrobacterium rhizogenes atcc 15834 and maintained in mccown woody plant medium (wpm) supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 naphthaleneacetic acid. the hairy roots were identified for the rooting genes loci of rola and rolb by polymerase chain reaction. for studying the secondary metabolite production, the n-hexane extract of the hairy roots was prepared and the compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, affording ...200819040109
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and stilbene synthase gene expression in rolb transgenic cell cultures of vitis amurensis.transformation of vitis amurensis callus culture by the plant oncogene rolb of agrobacterium rhizogenes results in high (up to 3.15% dry wt.) levels of resveratrol in the transformed culture. the present study deals with the effect of rolb on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and stilbene synthase (sts) gene expression in two rolb transgenic v. amurensis callus cultures with different levels of rolb expression and resveratrol production. the total expression of pals and stss in rolb transgenic c ...200919043702
agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated-transformation of asimina triloba l. cuttings.the current research compared rooting of pawpaw, with softwood cuttings from mature stands, cuttings from the terminal 3-4 inches of seedlings and cuttings taken from shoots of rooted cuttings from seedlings. four treatments were used: agrobacterium rhizogenes strain msu-1 (a4 wild type), a. rhizogenes strain mt232 (tr105 mutant), indole-3-butyric acid at 20,000 mg l(-1) and control. only the a. rhizogenes treatments induced rooting and only of the seedling cuttings. no statistical differences i ...200719069999
genetic diversity and host range of rhizobia nodulating lotus tenuis in typical soils of the salado river basin (argentina).a total of 103 root nodule isolates were used to estimate the diversity of bacteria nodulating lotus tenuis in typical soils of the salado river basin. a high level of genetic diversity was revealed by repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr, and 77 isolates with unique genomic fingerprints were further differentiated into two clusters, clusters a and b, after 16s rrna restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. cluster a strains appeared to be related to the genus mesorhizobium, whereas cl ...200919074602
genetic diversity and host range of rhizobia nodulating lotus tenuis in typical soils of the salado river basin (argentina).a total of 103 root nodule isolates were used to estimate the diversity of bacteria nodulating lotus tenuis in typical soils of the salado river basin. a high level of genetic diversity was revealed by repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr, and 77 isolates with unique genomic fingerprints were further differentiated into two clusters, clusters a and b, after 16s rrna restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. cluster a strains appeared to be related to the genus mesorhizobium, whereas cl ...200919074602
acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans metabolism: from genome sequence to industrial applications.acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a major participant in consortia of microorganisms used for the industrial recovery of copper (bioleaching or biomining). it is a chemolithoautrophic, gamma-proteobacterium using energy from the oxidation of iron- and sulfur-containing minerals for growth. it thrives at extremely low ph (ph 1-2) and fixes both carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere. it solubilizes copper and other metals from rocks and plays an important role in nutrient and metal biogeochemica ...200819077236
ectopic expression of vvmybpa2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway.grapevine (vitis vinifera) proanthocyanidins contribute to plant defense mechanisms against biotic stress and also play a critical role in organoleptic properties of wine. in grapevine berry, these compounds are mainly accumulated in exocarps and seeds in the very early stages of development. a previous study has already identified vvmybpa1 as the first transcription factor involved in the regulation of the proanthocyanidin pathway during seed development in grapevine. a novel myb factor, vvmybp ...200919098092
hairy-root organ cultures for the production of human acetylcholinesterase.human cholinesterases can be used as a bioscavenger of organophosphate toxins used as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. the practicality of this approach depends on the availability of the human enzymes, but because of inherent supply and regulatory constraints, a suitable production system is yet to be identified.200819105816
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