Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| cryptosporidium enteritis in solid organ transplant recipients: multicenter retrospective evaluation of 10 cases reveals an association with elevated tacrolimus concentrations. | cryptosporidial enteritis, a diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by the apicomplexan protozoa cryptosporidium, is infrequently recognized in transplant recipients from developed countries. | 2012 | 22340660 |
| algorithm proposal based on the c. diff quik chek complete ict device for detecting clostridium difficile infection. | to assess a new immunochromatography (ict) test that detects glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and clostridium difficile toxin a/b simultaneously, and to propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection (cdi) based on this test. | 2013 | 22341752 |
| empyema caused by clostridium difficile. | extraintestinal infections of clostridium difficile are rare and often associated with underlying disorders. a case of empyema caused by aspiration of c difficile in a patient with carcinoid syndrome and c difficile colitis is described. | 1999 | 22346383 |
| diarrhea recurrence in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of concurrent antibiotics. | to monitor prospectively patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) in a six hundred bed tertiary care hospital to determine which factors influenced the recurrence of the diarrhea. | 1999 | 22346388 |
| differential yield of pathogens from stool testing of nosocomial versus community-acquired paediatric diarrhea. | to evaluate the role of routine stool examination for all pathogens in paediatric nosocomial diarrhea (nad) and community-acquired diarrhea (cad) over a two-year period at alberta children's hospital and current practices in other canadian hospitals. a secondary objective was to characterize features that may predict nad or cad etiology. | 1999 | 22346400 |
| comparison of culture, cytotoxin assay and two eia tests with clinical diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the most common etiology of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients is clostridium difficile. no single laboratory test yields a definitive diagnosis. four methods were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity in patients who had clinically defined c difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 22346495 |
| drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a teaching hospital. | a case-control study was undertaken to identify and quantify antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea on two medical (teaching and nonteaching) units and an oncology unit. in total, 80 cases associated with an endemic clone of toxigenic c difficile were compared with controls. eighty controls were selected from a group of 290 controls randomly chosen from the outbreak period. the controls were matched to cases acc ... | 1994 | 22346513 |
| current indications for the use of clindamycin: a critical review. | to review the literature and develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of the antibiotic clindamycin. | 1998 | 22346533 |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and is endemic in hospitals, hindering the identification of sources and routes of transmission based on shared time and space alone. this may compromise rational control despite costly prevention strategies. this study aimed to investigate ward-based transmission of c. difficile, by subdividing outbreaks into distinct lineages defined by multi-locus sequence typing (mlst). | 2012 | 22346738 |
| monitoring clostridium difficile infection in an acute hospital: prevalence or incidence studies? | surveillance of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an essential component of a cdi preventative programme. | 2012 | 22350440 |
| clostridium difficile in piglets in the czech republic. | 2012 | 22354381 | |
| risk factors for mortality in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2012 | 22354921 | |
| clostridial toxins: sensing a target in a hostile gut environment. | the current global outbreak of clostridium difficile infection exemplifies the major public health threat posed by clostridial glucosylating toxins. in the western world, c. difficile infection is one of the most prolific causes of bacterial-induced diarrhea and potentially fatal colitis. two pathogenic enterotoxins, tcda and tcdb, cause the disease. vancomycin and metronidazole remain readily available treatment options for c. difficile infection, but neither is fully effective as is evident by ... | 2012 | 22356854 |
| predictors of severe outcomes associated with clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | the increasing incidence of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease is well recognised. however, most studies have focused on demonstrating that cdi is associated with adverse outcomes in ibd patients. few have attempted to identify predictors of severe outcomes associated with cdi among ibd patients. | 2012 | 22360370 |
| systematic review: faecal transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | management of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), particularly in elderly patients, remains clinically challenging. faecal transplantation (ft) may restore normal microbiota and break the cycle of recurrent cdad. | 2012 | 22360412 |
| high-resolution melting analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphism hot-spot region in the rpob gene as an indicator of reduced susceptibility to rifaximin in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium, is the main causative agent of hospital-acquired diarrhoea worldwide. in addition to metronidazole and vancomycin, rifaximin, a rifamycin derivative, is a promising antibiotic for the treatment of recurring c. difficile infections (cdi). however, exposure of c. difficile to this antibiotic has led to the development of rifaximin-resistance due to point mutations in the β-subunit of the rna polymerase (rpob) gene. in the ... | 2012 | 22361457 |
| preliminary investigation of environmental prevalence of clostridium difficile affecting inpatients in a north indian hospital. | a preliminary study was conducted to see the prevalence of clostridium difficile in patients and their environment in a tertiary care hospital. seventy-nine fecal specimens from hospitalized patients, 176 swab samples from beds and 48 from hands of hospital personnel were investigated. sixty-three patients received antibiotics and 14 proton pump inhibitors. abdominal pain was observed in 16 patients with fever in 15 of them. c. difficile culture was positive in 12.6% patients at initial sampling ... | 2012 | 22361768 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a inhibits the kinase activity of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 through direct binding. | clostridium difficile toxin a glucosylates rho family proteins, resulting in actin filament disaggregation and cell rounding in cultured colonocytes. given that the cellular toxicity of toxin a is dependent on its receptor binding and subsequent entry into the cell, we herein sought to identify additional colonocyte proteins that might bind to toxin a following its internalization. our results revealed that toxin a interacted with erk1 and erk2 in two human colonocyte cell lines (ncm460 and ht29 ... | 2012 | 22370345 |
| in vivo selection of moxifloxacin-resistant clostridium difficile. | 2012 | 22371889 | |
| tcdb from hypervirulent clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing. | tcdb, an intracellular bacterial toxin that inactivates small gtpases, is a major clostridium difficile virulence factor. recent studies have found that tcdb produced by emerging/hypervirulent strains of c. difficile is more potent than tcdb from historical strains, and in the current work, studies were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms for this change in tcdb toxicity. using a series of biochemical analyses we found that tcdb from a hypervirulent strain (tcdb(hv) ) was more eff ... | 2012 | 22372854 |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infections, monroe county, new york, usa. | we conducted active sentinel surveillance in monroe county, new york, usa, to compare incidence of community-associated clostridium difficile infections (ca-cdis) with that of health care-associated infections (ha-cdis) and identify exposure and strain type differences between ca and ha cases. patients positive for c. difficile toxin and with no documented health care exposure in the previous 12 weeks were defined as possible ca case-patients. patients with onset in a health care setting or rece ... | 2012 | 22377231 |
| signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by inhibition of rac gtpase activity. | in several neuronal cell types, the small gtpase rac is essential for survival. we have shown previously that the rho family gtpase inhibitor clostridium difficile toxin b (toxb) induces apoptosis in primary rat cerebellar granule neurons (cgns) principally via inhibition of rac gtpase function. in the present study, incubation with toxb activated a proapoptotic janus kinase (jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) pathway, and a pan-jak inhibitor protected cgns from rac inh ... | 2012 | 22378792 |
| certification in infection control matters: impact of infection control department characteristics and policies on rates of multidrug-resistant infections. | the study objective is to describe infection control policies aimed at multidrug-resistant organisms (mdro) in california hospitals and assess the relationship among these policies, structural characteristics, and rates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) or vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) bloodstream infections and clostridium difficile infections. | 2012 | 22381222 |
| [current management of toxic megacolon]. | toxic megacolon is a rare and life-threatening complication of severe colitis, defined as a dilatation of the colon > 6 cm in the absence of distal obstruction in combination with signs of systemic toxicity (major criteria: fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, anaemia). various triggers are known and the most common causes are underlying ulcerative colitis and clostridium difficile. diagnosis can easily be made by clinical examination, routine laboratory parameters and a plain x-ray of the abdomen. ... | 2012 | 22383287 |
| diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli as a predominant cause of paediatric nosocomial diarrhoea in india. | intestinal nosocomial infections remain a major concern in paediatric wards leading to increased morbidity and mortality. this study determined the aetiological and epidemiological profile of nosocomial diarrhoea (nd) among children admitted to a hospital in india. during the period of january 2008 to june 2009, we consecutively enrolled 100 children between the age of 2 months and 14 years who developed nd as defined by the centers for disease control and prevention. a control group of patients ... | 2012 | 22383443 |
| association between appendectomy and clostridium difficile infection. | recent theory proposes that the appendix functions as a reservoir for commensal bacteria, and serves to re-inoculate the colon with normal flora in the event of pathogen exposure or purging of intestinal flora. if true, we reasoned that flora from a normal appendix could provide protection against clostridium difficile. we conducted this investigation to examine the protective effect of an intact appendix and test the hypothesis that prior appendectomy will be more common among patients with a p ... | 2012 | 22383922 |
| spores of clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts. | clostridium difficile spores play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diarrhoea, but in order to cause disease spores must complete germination and return to vegetative cell growth. while the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in bacillus, knowledge of c. difficile germination remains limited. previous studies have shown that bile salts and amino acids play an important role in regulating the germination response of c. difficile spores. taurocholate, in combination ... | 2012 | 22384234 |
| fidaxomicin, a new treatment for clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile is currently the most important cause of infectious diarrhea in the united states. fidaxomicin, a macrolide antibiotic, was recently approved for treatment of c. difficile infections (cdis). in vitro studies demonstrate that fidaxomicin has a narrow spectrum of activity against c. difficile with minimal effect on the gut flora. clinical trials indicate that fidaxomicin is as effective as vancomycin for treatment of cdi with fewer recurrences. additionally, fidaxomicin has m ... | 2012 | 22384450 |
| clostridium difficile: a new look at an old but increasingly deadly infection. | 2012 | 22384754 | |
| clostridium difficile infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection was observed in 13% of recipients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct), mainly in the first month posttransplantation. risk factors were cord blood as the source of stem cells, acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd), and total body irradiation (tbi). no association was found with an increased risk of mortality. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of c. difficile infection (cdi) after hsc ... | 2012 | 22387347 |
| activity of a novel cyclic lipopeptide, cb-183,315, against resistant clostridium difficile and other gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic intestinal pathogens. | we evaluated the activity of cb-183,315 against clostridium difficile, including strains that are resistant to fluoroquinolones and metronidazole and with elevated mics to vancomycin as well as other gram-positive intestinal pathogens. the mics of cb-183,315 against all c. difficile isolates were ≤ 1 μg/ml. cb-183,315 had greater activity than vancomycin and metronidazole against c. difficile isolates and was more active than the comparators against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre). cb-18 ... | 2012 | 22391542 |
| a real-world evaluation of oral vancomycin for severe clostridium difficile infection: implications for antibiotic stewardship programs. | to assess antibiotic treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) based on underlying severity of cdi disease. | 2012 | 22392421 |
| quantitative analysis of intestinal bacterial populations from term infants fed formula supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides. | previous studies of infant formulas supplemented with oligosaccharides reported mixed results regarding the impact on intestinal microbial populations. the objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of an infant formula with fructo-oligosaccharides (fos) on select groups of intestinal bacteria in term infants. | 2012 | 22395187 |
| macro and micro diversity of clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. | clostridium difficile has emerged rapidly as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the temporal and geographical appearance of dominant pcr ribotypes such as 017, 027 and 078. despite this continued threat, we have a poor understanding of how or why particular variants emerge and the sources of strains that dominate different human populations. we have undertaken a breadth genotyping study using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis of 385 c. difficile strains f ... | 2012 | 22396735 |
| treatment failure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infection following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole: a systematic review of the evidence. | the objective of this review was to evaluate the frequency of treatment failure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole in recently performed studies (last 10 years). searches in pubmed and scopus were performed by two reviewers independently. data regarding treatment failure and recurrence following metronidazole and vancomycin treatment were extracted and analysed. in total, 39 articles (7005 patients) were selected for inclu ... | 2012 | 22398198 |
| double trouble: how big a problem is redundant anaerobic antibiotic coverage in veterans affairs medical centres? | to assess the prevalence of, and the variation in, avoidable use of metronidazole in the veterans affairs (va) healthcare system | 2012 | 22398652 |
| vital signs: preventing clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common and sometimes fatal health-care-associated infection; the incidence, deaths, and excess health-care costs resulting from cdis in hospitalized patients are all at historic highs. meanwhile, the contribution of nonhospital health-care exposures to the overall burden of cdi, and the ability of programs to prevent cdis by implementing cdc recommendations across a range of hospitals, have not been demonstrated previously. | 2012 | 22398844 |
| secretome analysis of clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile causes infections ranging from mild c. difficile-associated diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis. since 2003 new hypervirulent c. difficile strains (pcr ribotype 027) emerged characterized by a dramatically increased mortality. the secretomes of the three c. difficile strains cdr20291, cd196, and cd630 were analyzed and compared. proteins were separated and analyzed by means of sds--page and lc-ms. ms data were analyzed using mascot and proteins were checked for expo ... | 2012 | 22398929 |
| a new rapid method for clostridium difficile dna extraction and detection in stool: toward point-of-care diagnostic testing. | we describe a new method for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection, with stool sample preparation and dna extraction by heat and physical disruption in a single-use lysis microreactor (lmr), followed by a rapid pcr amplification step. all steps can be accomplished in <20 minutes overall. gel electrophoresis is currently used to detect the amplification product, pending real-time availability with an ultra-rapid thermocycler. compared with the dual enzyme immunoassay (eia) screen ... | 2012 | 22402170 |
| diagnosing toxigenic clostridium difficile: new confidence bounds show culturing increases sensitivity of the toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay and refute gold standards. | to scrutinize published sensitivity estimates obtained using questionable gold standards by comparing sensitivities of culturing clostridium difficile in commercially available media followed by enzyme immunoassay (eia) toxin a or b detection (culture test) with applying the eia to stool samples alone (direct test). | 2012 | 22404319 |
| clostridium difficile infection is associated with worse long term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is becoming prevalent in general population as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | 2012 | 22405170 |
| high resolution melt analysis to track infections due to ribotype 027 clostridium difficile. | the increased prevalence of hypervirulent ribotype 027 clostridium difficile requires rapid identification of isolates in order to implement timely infection control strategies. high resolution melt (hrm) analysis of pcr products can identify strain variation amongst genera of bacteria. the intergenic (16s-23s rdna) spacer region contains sequence regions conserved within genera and other sequence region variables between species within genera. we wished to investigate whether hrm analysis of pc ... | 2012 | 22406296 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis in noncardiac prosthetic device recipients. | secondary antimicrobial prophylaxis involves the use of ≥ 1 antimicrobial agent just prior to the time when a diagnostic/therapeutic procedure, which may induce infection, is to be performed. in the context of this article, antimicrobial agent(s) are administered to patients with ≥ 1 implanted prosthetic device in order to prevent metastatic seeding of the device(s) during bacteremia induced by a diagnostic/therapeutic procedure. antimicrobial agents used in this context are only administered pe ... | 2012 | 22406882 |
| an overview of the diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infection. | the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection are becoming increasingly complex with the introduction of novel diagnostic techniques and new pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. the integration of these new approaches with older, established methods is a challenge to individual clinicians and hospital systems. this article provides an overview of the current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of c difficile infection. | 2012 | 22406887 |
| nosocomial diarrhea: a review of pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment strategies. | diarrhea is a frequent complication among hospitalized patients. nosocomial diarrhea is generally diagnosed as increased frequency and decreased consistency of stools developing after 72 hours of hospitalization. the causes of nosocomial diarrhea may be infectious or noninfectious. noninfectious etiologies occur most commonly, and are often adverse effects of medications or enteral nutrition therapies. infectious etiologies are most concerning and include clostridium difficile and norovirus. pat ... | 2012 | 22406888 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: a review. | clostridium difficile has become an increasingly important nosocomial pathogen and is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired diarrhea. the incidence of c difficile infection (cdi) is increasing worldwide. overuse of antibiotics is felt to be a major contributing factor leading to the increased incidence of cdi. the clinical manifestations of cdi vary from a mild form of the disease to fulminant diarrhea, leading to significant patient morbidity and mortality. the increasing incidence ... | 2012 | 22406889 |
| identification and characterization of a bacterial hydrosulphide ion channel. | the hydrosulphide ion (hs(-)) and its undissociated form, hydrogen sulphide (h(2)s), which are believed to have been critical to the origin of life on earth, remain important in physiology and cellular signalling. as a major metabolite in anaerobic bacterial growth, hydrogen sulphide is a product of both assimilatory and dissimilatory sulphate reduction. these pathways can reduce various oxidized sulphur compounds including sulphate, sulphite and thiosulphate. the dissimilatory sulphate reductio ... | 2012 | 22407320 |
| clostridium difficile infection: the scope of the problem. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly common, and it is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost burden for patients and the healthcare system. the severity and rates of recurrent cdi and associated mortality are also increasing. this article is an overview of the changes in cdi epidemiology that have occurred since the turn of the century and the current scope of the problem. the 3 articles that follow in this supplement address the diagnosis and treatment of i ... | 2012 | 22407993 |
| meeting the challenge of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a growing problem that poses significant management challenges. there is no strong evidence to support a particular treatment strategy for recurrent cdi, especially those with multiple recurrences. however, a key strategy for reducing recurrent cdi is prompt diagnosis and treatment, facilitated by early recognition of patients at risk for recurrence. | 2012 | 22407994 |
| strategies for prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | infection control is the most essential component of an effective overall management strategy for prevention of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the cornerstones of cdi prevention are appropriate contact precautions and strict hand hygiene. other important tactics are effective environmental cleaning, identification and removal of environmental sources of c. difficile, and antibiotic stewardship. hospitalists, as coordinators of care for each patient and advocates for quality ca ... | 2012 | 22407995 |
| current strategies for management of initial clostridium difficile infection. | in the past decade, an epidemic strain of clostridium difficile has led to increased incidence and severity of nosocomial c. difficile infections (cdi). responsiveness to standard antimicrobial care for this strain is declining, and the morbidity and mortality of cdi and recurrent cdi are rising. effective management requires a coordinated effort among all members of the healthcare team to facilitate early identification of patients at risk for cdi, early recognition of disease onset and confirm ... | 2012 | 22407996 |
| distribution of the vang-like gene cluster in clostridium difficile clinical isolates. | treatment of clostridium difficile infections generally requires cessation of their causative antibiotic and subsequent administration of metronidazole or vancomycin. intriguingly, the genome of c. difficile 630 contains a cryptic gene cluster homologous to the vang-type operon of enterococcus faecalis bm4518. we detected this cluster by pcr in 35 out of 41 clinical isolates, confirming its large prevalence in this species. the cluster was found to be located in a unique locus. comparison of thi ... | 2012 | 22409319 |
| induction of cytokines in a macrophage cell line by proteins of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. the toxins produced by c. difficile are responsible for the characteristic pathology observed in c. difficile disease, but several surface-associated proteins of c. difficile are also recognized by the immune system and could modulate the immune response in infection. the aim of this study was to assess the induction of cytokines in a macrophage cell line in response to different antigens prepared from five c. difficile strains: the ... | 2012 | 22409477 |
| antimicrobial-resistant strains of clostridium difficile from north america. | a total of 316 toxigenic clostridium difficile clinical isolates of known pcr ribotypes from patients in north america were screened for resistance to clindamycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and rifampin. clindamycin resistance was observed among 16 different ribotypes, with ribotypes 017, 053, and 078 showing the highest proportions of resistance. all isolates were susceptible to metronidazole. moxifloxacin resistance was present in >90% of pcr-ribotype 027 and 053 isolates but was less commo ... | 2012 | 22411613 |
| epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | background. clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients and is a major concern for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). risk factors and the natural history of c. difficile infection (cdi) are poorly understood in this population. methods. we performed a retrospective nested case-control study to describe the epidemiology, timing, and risk factors for cdi among adult patients who received hscts at our center from ja ... | 2012 | 22412059 |
| audit and feedback to reduce broad-spectrum antibiotic use among intensive care unit patients: a controlled interrupted time series analysis. | we aimed to rigorously evaluate the impact of prospective audit and feedback on broad-spectrum antimicrobial use among critical care patients. | 2012 | 22418630 |
| fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells. | the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ... | 2012 | 22420783 |
| clinical predictors of fulminant colitis in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can affect up to 8% of hospitalized patients. twenty-five percent cdi patients may develop c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) and 1-3% may progress to fulminant c. difficile colitis (fcdc). once developed, fcdc has higher rates of complications and mortality. | 2015 | 22421720 |
| comparison of eight commercial enzyme immunoassays for the detection of clostridium difficile from stool samples and effect of strain type. | we compared the performance of 8 clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassays to cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay and toxigenic culture. the effect of strain type on assay performance was also examined. there were a total of 71 (14.4%) samples in which c. difficile was recovered; 58 (81.7%) of 71 were toxigenic. compared to a composite reference standard of either c. difficile cytotoxin assay positive or toxigenic c. difficile culture positive, the sensitivities of these assays varied from 31 ... | 2012 | 22424900 |
| clostridium difficile of the ileum following total abdominal colectomy, with or without proctectomy: who is at risk? | clostridium difficile enteritis is considered a rare entity, although recent data suggest a significant increase in prevalence and incidence. there is paucity of data evaluating risk factors of c difficile enteritis following total colectomy. | 2012 | 22426266 |
| genomic sequence of bacteriophage atcc 8074-b1 and activity of its endolysin and engineered variants against clostridium sporogenes. | lytic bacteriophage atcc 8074-b1 produces large plaques on its host clostridium sporogenes. sequencing of the 47,595-bp genome allowed the identification of 82 putative open reading frames, including those encoding proteins for head and tail morphogenesis and lysis. however, sequences commonly associated with lysogeny were absent. orf 22 encodes an endolysin, cs74l, that shows homology to n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases, and when expressed in escherichia coli, the protein causes effective ly ... | 2012 | 22427494 |
| in vivo activity of oritavancin in animal infection models and rationale for a new dosing regimen in humans. | oritavancin is a novel glycopeptide antibiotic with concentration-dependent killing of gram-positive cocci and pharmacokinetics characterized by extensive tissue distribution and a long terminal half-life. its development was hindered by a 16- to 32-fold underestimation of activity against staphylococci and enterococci because of oritavancin's sticking to vials and tubes. dose-fractionation studies in animal models suggested the peak concentration was the major index for efficacy. once-daily int ... | 2012 | 22431852 |
| prospective observational study on antibiotic-associated bloody diarrhea: report of 21 cases with a long-term follow-up from turkey. | antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinct form of antibiotic-associated bloody diarrhea (aabd) in which clostridium difficile is absent. although the cause is not exactly known, reports have suggested the role of klebsiella oxytoca and/or c. difficile. | 2012 | 22433794 |
| detection, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus responsible for approximately 1 of 5 cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. c difficile infection (cdi) is defined by at least 3 unformed stools in a 24-hour period and stool, endoscopic, or histopathologic test results that indicate the presence of this bacteria. the history of cdi research can be divided into early (before 2000) and modern eras (after 2000). c difficile was first described in 1935, and the characteristics and causes ... | 2012 | 22433924 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an iranian hospital. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality internationally, yet there are important regional differences in the epidemiology and microbiology of disease. most reports have come from north america and europe, with limited information from other regions, including the middle east. given the changes in the epidemiology of cdi in developed countries, particularly associated with the dissemination of hypervirulent epidemic clones, an understanding of the ep ... | 2012 | 22436392 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: increasing incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is an increasingly important diagnosis in solid organ transplant recipients, with rising incidence and mortality. we describe the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of colectomy for cdad after solid organ transplantation. | 2012 | 22441318 |
| targeting bacterial toxins. | protein toxins constitute the main virulence factors of several species of bacteria and have proven to be attractive targets for drug development. lead candidates that target bacterial toxins range from small molecules to polymeric binders, and act at each of the multiple steps in the process of toxin-mediated pathogenicity. despite recent and significant advances in the field, a rationally designed drug that targets toxins has yet to reach the market. this review presents the state of the art i ... | 2012 | 22441768 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study. | increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) is of major concern. however, by minimizing known risk factors, the incidence can be decreased. the aim of this investigation was to calculate the incidence and assess risk factors for cdi in our population. a 1-year prospective population-based nationwide study in iceland of cdis was carried out. for risk factor evaluation, each case was matched with two age- and sex-matched controls that tested negative for c. difficil ... | 2012 | 22441775 |
| statin use and the risk of clostridium difficile in academic medical centres. | to estimate the possible relationship between statin use and the risk of healthcare facility onset clostridium difficile. | 2012 | 22442166 |
| biofilm-growing intestinal anaerobic bacteria. | sessile growth of anaerobic bacteria from the human intestinal tract has been poorly investigated, so far. we recently reported data on the close association existing between biliary stent clogging and polymicrobial biofilm development in its lumen. by exploiting the explanted stents as a rich source of anaerobic bacterial strains belonging to the genera bacteroides, clostridium, fusobacterium, finegoldia, prevotella, and veillonella, the present study focused on their ability to adhere, to grow ... | 2012 | 22444687 |
| potential protective role of linezolid against clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the main causes of diarrhoea associated with antimicrobial therapy. antibiotics with good 'in vitro' activity against c. difficile could protect patients from developing cdi. in this study, the potential of linezolid to protect patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) from developing cdi was assessed. over a 4-year period, a cohort of patients who developed vap following major heart surgery (mhs) in gregorio marañón general hospital (mad ... | 2012 | 22445203 |
| successful colonoscopic fecal transplant for severe acute clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has become one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, with significant morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly in the inpatient setting. the standard approach with metronidazole and vancomycin is not very effective in treating patients with severe colitis and hence other alternatives have been explored. we herein describe the first successful experience of colonoscopic fecal transplant in a case of severe refractory c. diffici ... | 2012 | 22450020 |
| long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased to epidemic proportions over the past 15 years, and recurrence rates of 30-65% with failure to respond to multiple courses of antimicrobials are common. the aim of this study was to report the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) in patients with recurrent cdi in five geographically disparate medical centers across the united states. | 2012 | 22450732 |
| underestimation of clostridium difficile infection among clinicians: an international survey. | the objective of this investigation was to document clinicians' awareness regarding the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). an international electronic survey was conducted among corresponding authors of articles indexed by pubmed and published during the last 10 years in 'core clinical journals'. a total of 1,163 clinicians answered (response rate 59%); most of the responses were submitted from north america (54.6%), europe (32.2%), and asia/pacific (11.6 ... | 2012 | 22450740 |
| effects of probiotics and antibiotics on the intestinal homeostasis in a computer controlled model of the large intestine. | antibiotic associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infection are frequent complications of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. probiotic bacteria are used as therapeutic and preventive agents in these disorders, but the exact functional mechanisms and the mode of action are poorly understood. the effects of clindamycin and the probiotic mixture vsl#3 (containing the 8 bacterial strains streptococcus thermophilus, bifidobacterium breve, bifidobacterium longum, bifidobacterium infantis, lacto ... | 2012 | 22452835 |
| clostridium difficile genotypes other than ribotype 078 that are prevalent among human, animal and environmental isolates. | characterising the overlap of c. difficile genotypes in different reservoirs can improve our understanding of possible transmission routes of this pathogen. most of the studies have focused on a comparison of the pcr ribotype 078 isolated from humans and animals. here we describe for the first time a comparison of c. difficile genotypes isolated during longer time intervals from different sources including humans, animals and the non-hospital environment. | 2012 | 22452857 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolated from feedlot beef cattle upon arrival and mid-feeding period. | the presence of indistinguishable strains of clostridium difficile in humans, food animals and food, as well as the apparent emergence of the food-animal-associated ribotype 078/toxinotype v as a cause of community-associated c. difficile infection have created concerns about the potential for foodborne infection. while studies have reported c. difficile in calves, studies of cattle closer to the age of harvest are required. four commercial feedlots in alberta (canada) were enrolled for this stu ... | 2012 | 22455611 |
| clostridium difficile infection in gastroenterology settings: more frequent or better diagnosed? | 2012 | 22457871 | |
| draft genome sequence of the nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain cd37. | here we report the draft genome sequence of clostridium difficile strain cd37, the first nontoxigenic strain sequenced. every sequenced strain of clostridium difficile has been shown to contain multiple different mobile genetic elements. the draft genome sequence of strain cd37 reveals the presence of two putative conjugative transposons. | 2012 | 22461557 |
| polymerase chain reaction testing for clostridium difficile. | 2012 | 22463792 | |
| discrepancies in testing recommendations for clostridium difficile infection: updated review favors amplification test systems. | 2012 | 22468811 | |
| fecal transplant against relapsing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in 32 patients. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) with frequent watery stools, sometimes with painful bowel movements, fever and sickness, is probably the major known cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, most probably depending on a disruption of the normal intestinal balance in the microbiome. in this study, we have inoculated a mixture of fecal microbes--as an enema--originating from a healthy scandinavian middle-aged donor, regularly re-cultivated under strict anaerobic conditio ... | 2012 | 22468996 |
| the long-term clinical course of pouchitis after total proctocolectomy and ipaa for ulcerative colitis. | pouchitis is the most common long-term complication after restorative total proctocolectomy and ipaa for ulcerative colitis. | 2012 | 22469801 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in excluded colons. | clostridium difficile infection is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, increased duration of hospitalization, and a marked economic impact. several case reports and case series have described c. difficile infection in excluded bowels or immediately after reversal of defunctioning ileostomy. the aim of this prospective study is to detect whether the excluded colon is associated with a higher rate of c. difficile colonization than the normal population, which may increase the risk ... | 2012 | 22472396 |
| saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) are common complications of antibiotic use. probiotics were effective in preventing aad and cdad in several randomized controlled trials. this study was aimed at testing the effect of saccharomyces boulardii on the occurrence of aad and cdad in hospitalized patients. | 2012 | 22472744 |
| probiotics in the intensive care unit. | probiotics are living microorganisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, provide benefits to the host. the benefits include either a shortened duration of infections or decreased susceptibility to pathogens. proposed mechanisms of beneficial effects include improving gastrointestinal barrier function, modification of the gut flora by inducing host cell antimicrobial peptides and/or local release of probiotic antimicrobial factors, competition for epithelial adherence, and immunomodulation. ... | 2012 | 22473797 |
| multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis of 104 clostridium difficile strains isolated from china. | the phylogenetic and epidemic relationships of 104 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from three hospitals of different geographical and population sources in china were investigated by multilocus sequence typing. twenty-two sequence types (sts) were identified, four of which, st117, st118, st119 and st129, were novel. no geographically specific and host population-specific phylogenetic lineages were found and there was no correlation between geographical origin or host population and st ... | 2013 | 22475233 |
| polymerase chain reaction testing for clostridium difficile. | 2012 | 22475569 | |
| a multicenter study of clostridium difficile infection-related colectomy, 2000-2006. | to assess clostridium difficile infection (cdi)-related colectomy rates by cdi surveillance definitions and over time at multiple healthcare facilities. | 2012 | 22476273 |
| use of a structured panel process to define quality metrics for antimicrobial stewardship programs. | antimicrobial stewardship programs are being implemented in health care to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use, adverse events, clostridium difficile infection, and antimicrobial resistance. there is no standardized approach to evaluate the impact of these programs. | 2012 | 22476277 |
| comparison of the microbiological efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ultraviolet light processes for room decontamination. | to compare the microbiological efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv) and ultraviolet radiation (uvc) for room decontamination. | 2012 | 22476278 |
| environmental decontamination with ultraviolet radiation to prevent recurrent clostridium difficile infection in 2 roommates in a long-term care facility. | 2012 | 22476286 | |
| clostridium difficile outbreak: a small group of pharmacists makes a big impact. | 2009 | 22478880 | |
| association between use of proton pump inhibitors and a clostridium difficile-associated disease outbreak: case-control study. | the use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) has been implicated as a potential contributor to the development of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) because of the ability of these drugs to substantially reduce the bactericidal effect of gastric acid. this study focused on the impact of ppis, among other known risk factors, during an outbreak of cdad in a hospital setting. | 2010 | 22478951 |
| growing a "positive culture" of antimicrobial stewardship in a community hospital. | promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobials is a core value of antimicrobial stewardship. prospective audit and feedback constitute an effective strategy for reducing the cost and use of antimicrobials, as well as their adverse effects, such as infection with clostridium difficile. | 2011 | 22479082 |
| interval appendectomy after perforated appendicitis: what are the operative risks and luminal patency rates? | the need for interval appendectomy after nonoperative management of a perforated appendicitis is being questioned owing to recent studies that estimated recurrence rates as low as 5% because of obliteration of the appendiceal lumen. we review our experience with interval appendectomy in this subset of patients to determine the postoperative outcomes and luminal patency rates. | 2012 | 22482752 |
| [animal sources of clostridium difficile]. | the bacterium clostridium difficile is pathogenic for both humans and animals. this feared nosocomial infectious agent is increasingly more important in the community as well. like in humans, the gastrointestinal tract is infected in animals. the bacterium may be transmitted from animals to humans via the food chain (e.g. pork meat) or by direct contact. identical human and animal isolates of c. difficile have been reported in several studies. the article presents results from a small local stud ... | 2012 | 22484972 |
| the roles of clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the united states, 1999-2007. | globally, gastroenteritis is recognized as an important contributor to mortality among children, but population-based data on gastroenteritis deaths among adults and the contributions of specific pathogens are limited. we aimed to describe trends in gastroenteritis deaths across all ages in the united states and specifically estimate the contributions of clostridium difficile and norovirus. | 2012 | 22491338 |
| evaluating contemporary antibiotics as a risk factor for clostridium difficile infection in surgical trauma patients. | with most clostridium difficile infections (cdi) occurring after exposure to antimicrobial treatment, specific antibiotics and duration of exposure were evaluated independently for increased risk of cdi in surgical patients. | 2012 | 22491554 |
| proton pump inhibitor use and clostridium difficile colitis: cause or coincidence? | 2012 | 22495812 |