Publications

transgenic cry1c(⁎) gene rough rice line t1c-19 does not change the host preferences of the non-target stored product pest, rhyzopertha dominica (fabricius) (coleoptera: bostrichidae), and its parasitoid wasp, anisopteromalus calandrae (howard) (hymenoptera: pteromalidae).	rough rice grains are often stored for extended periods before they are used or consumed. however, during storage, the rough rice is vulnerable to insect infestation, resulting in significant economic loss. previous studies have shown that volatiles cues, physical characteristics, and taste chemicals on the grains could be the important key behavior factors for storage insect pests to locate the hosts and select oviposition sites. it is also well known that the transgenic bt rough rice line t1c- ...	2015	26150137
resistance to bio-insecticides or how to enhance their sustainability: a review.	after more than 70 years of chemical pesticide use, modern agriculture is increasingly using biological control products. resistances to conventional insecticides are wide spread, while those to bio-insecticides have raised less attention, and resistance management is frequently neglected. however, a good knowledge of the limitations of a new technique often provides greater sustainability. in this review, we compile cases of resistance to widely used bio-insecticides and describe the associated ...	2015	26150820
induction of rapid and selective cell necrosis in drosophila using bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin and its silkworm receptor.	genetic ablation of target cells is a powerful tool to study the origins and functions of cells, tissue regeneration, or pathophysiology in a human disease model in vivo. several methods for selective cell ablation by inducing apoptosis have been established, using exogenous toxins or endogenous proapoptotic genes. however, their application is limited to cells with intact apoptotic machinery.	2015	26152191
the use of polystyrene beads to prepare arrayed samples of bacillus thuringiensis for microscopic examination.	a common activity in the global search for useful cry toxins is the microscopic screening of bacterial colonies for the presence of bacillus thuringiensis. high-throughput screens require that aliquots from large numbers of colonies be arrayed on a microscopic slide. however, precisely placing a small amount of bacteria on a slide, and at a density that is useful for microscopic examination, is both difficult to achieve and time consuming. herein we share a simple technique that utilizes a hooke ...	2015	26155980
the specificity of immune priming in silkworm, bombyx mori, is mediated by the phagocytic ability of granular cells.	in the past decade, the phenomenon of immune priming was documented in many invertebrates in a large number of studies; however, in most of these studies, behavioral evidence was used to identify the immune priming. the underlying mechanism and the degree of specificity of the priming response remain unclear. we studied the mechanism of immune priming in the larvae of the silkworm, bombyx mori, and analyzed the specificity of the priming response using two closely related gram-negative pathogeni ...	2015	26159492
sub-lethal effects of vip3a toxin on survival, development and fecundity of heliothis virescens and plutella xylostella.	the assessment of sub-lethal effects is important to interpret the overall insecticide efficacy in controlling insect pest populations. in addition to the lethal effect, sub-lethal effects may also occur in exposed insects. vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips) have shown a broad spectrum of insecticidal activity against many insect pest species. in this study the sub-lethal effects of the bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal toxin vip3a on the development and reproduction of helioth ...	2015	26162322
yvoa and ccpa repress the expression of chib in bacillus thuringiensis.	bacillus thuringiensis produces chitinases, which are involved in its antifungal activity and facilitate its insecticidal activity. in our recent work, we found that a 16-bp sequence, drechib (agacttcgtgatgtct), downstream of the minimal promoter region of the chitinase b gene (chib) was a critical site for the inducible expression of chib in b. thuringiensis bti75. in this work, we show that a gntr family transcriptional regulator (named yvoabt), which is homologous to yvoa of bacillus subtilis ...	2015	26162881
anthropogenic action shapes the evolutionary ecology of bacillus thuringiensis: response to ruan et al.		2015	26163434
cloning and tissue-specific expression of a chitin deacetylase gene from helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and its response to bacillus thuringiensis.	chitin deacetylases (cdas) convert chitin into chitosan, the n-deacetylated form of chitin, which influences the mechanical and permeability properties of structures such as the cuticle and peritrophic matrices. in this article, a new cda encoding gene, hacda2, was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), with an open reading frame of 1,611 bp. the deduced protein composed of 536 amino acid residues with a signal ...	2015	26163665
a transformed bacterium expressing double-stranded rna specific to integrin β1 enhances bt toxin efficacy against a polyphagous insect pest, spodoptera exigua.	oral toxicity of double-stranded rna (dsrna) specific to integrin β1 subunit (seint) was known in a polyphagous insect pest, spodoptera exigua. for an application of the dsrna to control the insect pest, this study prepared a transformed escherichia coli expressing dsrna specific to seint.	2015	26171783
dominance of cry1f resistance in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on tc1507 bt maize in brazil.	dominance of resistance has been one of the major parameters affecting the rate of evolution of resistance to bt crops. high dose is the capacity of bt crops to kill heterozygous insects and has been an essential component of the most successful strategy to manage resistance to these crops. experiments were conducted to evaluate directly and indirectly whether the tc1507 event is high dose to spodoptera frugiperda (je smith).	2016	26172071
unlocking the sporicidal potential of ethanol: induced sporicidal activity of ethanol against clostridium difficile and bacillus spores under altered physical and chemical conditions.	due to their efficacy and convenience, alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been widely adopted as the primary method of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. however, alcohols lack activity against bacterial spores produced by pathogens such as clostridium difficile and bacillus anthracis. we hypothesized that sporicidal activity could be induced in alcohols through alteration of physical or chemical conditions that have been shown to degrade or allow penetration of spore coats.	2015	26177038
molecular cloning and characterization of gloverin from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. and its interaction with bacterial membrane.	gloverin restricted to lepidoptera is known to be a glycine-rich and heat stable antimicrobial protein. the current research reports a 650 bp full-length cdna encoding gloverin from plutella xylostella (pxglo) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cdna ends. pxglo transcript was detected in both developmental stages and several tissues of 4th instar naïve larvae of p. xylostella with higher levels in the fat bodies. the mrna levels of pxglo increased appre ...	2015	26178746
pest control and resistance management through release of insects carrying a male-selecting transgene.	development and evaluation of new insect pest management tools is critical for overcoming over-reliance upon, and growing resistance to, synthetic, biological and plant-expressed insecticides. for transgenic crops expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis ('bt crops') emergence of resistance is slowed by maintaining a proportion of the crop as non-bt varieties, which produce pest insects unselected for resistance. while this strategy has been largely successful, ...	2015	26179401
operational evaluation of vectomax® wsp (bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis+bacillus sphaericus) against larval culex pipiens in septic tanks (1).	the residual effectiveness of vectomax® wsp (a water-soluble pouch formulation containing a combination of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain am65-52 and b. sphaericus strain abts 1743) when applied to septic tanks against 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of culex pipiens l. was evaluated in this study. this formulation was evaluated at operational application rates of 1 pouch (10 g) and 2 pouches (20 g) per septic tank. both application rates resulted in >96% control of larvae for 24 day ...	2015	26181699
rap-pcr fingerprinting reveals time-dependent expression of development-related genes following differentiation process of bacillus thuringiensis.	gene expression profiles are important data to reveal the functions of genes putatively involved in crucial biological processes. rna arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (rap-pcr) and specifically primed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were combined to screen differentially expressed genes following development of a commercial bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain 8010 (serotype 3a3b). six differentially expressed transcripts (rap1 to rap6) were obtained ...	2015	26191639
trends in pesticide use on soybean, corn and cotton since the introduction of major genetically modified crops in the united states.	genetically modified (gm) varieties of soybean, corn and cotton have largely replaced conventional varieties in the united states. the most widely used applications of gm technology have been the development of crops that are resistant to a specific broad-spectrum herbicide (primarily glyphosate) or that produce insecticidal compounds within the plant itself. with the widespread adoption of gm crops, a decline in the use of conventional pesticides was expected.	2016	26194175
identification, inheritance, and fitness costs of cry2ab2 resistance in a field-derived population of sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (f.) (lepidoptera: crambidae).	the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (f.), is one of the major target pests of transgenic maize, zea mays, expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins in south america and mid-southern region of the u.s. the mon89034 maize expresses cry2ab2 and cry1a.105 bt proteins and it was developed to provide better control of key lepidopteran pests of maize including d. saccharalis. the objectives of this study were to select and characterize the resistance of d. saccharalis to cry2ab2 using a non ...	2015	26205174
purification of the insecticidal cry2ad protein from a bt-isolated brc-hzp10 strain and toxin assay to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).	the present study aims to characterize the cry2ad toxin protein isolated from a bacillus thuringiensis strain, brc-hzp10, which have a potential insecticidal activity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). the crude bt toxin proteins were isolated and purified by cation exchange chromatography, then equilibrated with 0.2 m naoh buffer, ph 4.0, followed by ultraviolet detection at 280 nm and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. a refined cry2ad tox ...	2015	26214446
transcriptional analysis of susceptible and resistant european corn borer strains and their response to cry1f protoxin.	despite a number of recent reports of insect resistance to transgenic crops expressing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), little is known about the mechanism of resistance to these toxins. the purpose of this study is to identify genes associated with the mechanism of cry1f toxin resistance in european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis hübner). for this, we compared the global transcriptomic response of laboratory selected resistant and susceptible o. nubilalis strain to cry1f to ...	2015	26220297
insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future.	the development and use of entomopathogens as classical, conservation and augmentative biological control agents have included a number of successes and some setbacks in the past 1years. in this forum paper we present current information on development, use and future directions of insect-specific viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes as components of integrated pest management strategies for control of arthropod pests of crops, forests, urban habitats, and insects of medical and veterinary imp ...	2015	26225455
three novel lantibiotics, ticins a1, a3, and a4, have extremely stable properties and are promising food biopreservatives.	lantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides with potential applications as the next generation of antimicrobials in the food industry and/or the pharmaceutical industry. nisin has successfully been used as a food preservative for over 40 years, but its major drawback is its limited stability under neutral and alkaline ph conditions. to identify alternatives with better biochemical properties, we screened more than 100 strains of the bacillus cereus group. three novel lantibiotics, ticins a1 (4,062.9 ...	2015	26231642
cry4ba and cyt1aa proteins from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: interactions and toxicity mechanism against aedes aegypti.	individual crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis exhibit variable levels of insecticidal activities against mosquito larvae. in all cases, they are much less active compared to the whole crystal proteins due to described complex synergistic interactions among them. in the present study we investigated the effects of cyt1a98 (a cyt1aa type protein) on cry4blb (a cry4ba type toxin) insecticidal activity toward the dengue vector aedes aegypti. the bioassay analyses demonstrated t ...	2015	26238170
the genetic architecture of a complex trait: resistance to multiple toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the dengue and yellow fever vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the bacterial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is an increasingly popular alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling mosquito populations. because bti toxicity relies on the action of four main toxins, resistance to bti is very likely a complex phenotype involving several genes simultaneously. dissecting the underlying genetic basis thus requires associating a quantitative measure of resistance to genetic variation at many loci in a segregating population. he ...	2015	26238211
genome sequence of bacillus endophyticus and analysis of its companion mechanism in the ketogulonigenium vulgare-bacillus strain consortium.	bacillus strains have been widely used as the companion strain of ketogulonigenium vulgare in the process of vitamin c fermentation. different bacillus strains generate different effects on the growth of k. vulgare and ultimately influence the productivity. first, we identified that bacillus endophyticus hbe603 was an appropriate strain to cooperate with k. vulgare and the product conversion rate exceeded 90% in industrial vitamin c fermentation. here, we report the genome sequencing of the b. e ...	2015	26248285
investigation of potential endocrine disrupting effects of mosquito larvicidal bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) formulations.	bti is successfully used as a biological control agent for mosquito control. it has proven to be ecological friendly, and thus, is used in ecologically sensitive habitats. recent investigations of groundwater in germany have detected estrogenic activity in five consecutive groundwater wells in a region where bti is applied. therefore, it was suspected that this compound can act as an environmental xenoestrogen. in the present study, five bti formulations as well as the active ingredient, vectoba ...	2015	26254073
immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.	in most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). however, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. it is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gen ...	2016	26257080
test methods and response surface models for hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated with dirty spores of bacillus anthracis ∆sterne and bacillus thuringiensis al hakam.	to develop test methods and evaluate survival of bacillus anthracis ∆sterne or bacillus thuringiensis al hakam on materials contaminated with dirty spore preparations after exposure to hot, humid air using response surface modelling.	2015	26258399
chronic responses of daphnia magna under dietary exposure to leaves of a transgenic (event mon810) bt-maize hybrid and its conventional near-isoline.	insect resistance is the second most common trait globally in cultivated genetically modified (gm) plants. resistance is usually obtained by introducing into the plant's genome genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) coding for insecticidal proteins (cry proteins or toxins) that target insect pests. the aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a chronic, high-dose dietary exposure to leaves of a bt-maize hybrid (gm event mon810, expressing a transgenic or recombinant cry ...	2015	26262442
parasporin-2 from a new bacillus thuringiensis 4r2 strain induces caspases activation and apoptosis in human cancer cells.	in previous studies, parasporin-2aa1, originally isolated from bacillus thuringiensis strain a1547, was shown to be cytotoxic against specific human cancer cells but the mechanisms of action were not studied. in the present study, we found that proteinase k activated parasporin-2aa1 protein isolated from a novel b. thuringiensis strain, 4r2, was specifically cytotoxic to endometrial, colon, liver, cervix, breast and prostate cancer. it showed no toxicity against normal cells. upon treatment with ...	2015	26263002
selectivity of organic products to trichogramma pretiosum riley (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae).	the selectivity of various entomopathogens and one insecticide (chlorpyrifos = positive control) to trichogramma pretiosum riley (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) was evaluated in the laboratory, using the protocol established by the working group on "pesticides and beneficial organisms" of the iobc. the evaluated parameters were parasitism (%), adult emergence (%), and product repellency to the parasitoid when sprayed on host eggs prior to parasitism (free-choice and no-choice tests). most of th ...	2015	26267248
investigation of lead(ii) uptake by bacillus thuringiensis 016.	in this work, we investigated the lead(ii) biosorption mechanism of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) 016 through batch and microscopic experiments. we found that the maximum lead(ii) biosorption capacity of bt 016 was 164.77 mg/g (dry weight). the ph value could affect the biosorption of lead(ii) in a large extent. fourier transform infrared analyses and selective passivation experiments suggested that the carboxyl, amide and phosphate functional groups of bt 016 played an important role in lead(ii) ...	2015	26271773
a type iii protein-rna toxin-antitoxin system from bacillus thuringiensis promotes plasmid retention during spore development.	members of the bacillus cereus sensu lato group of bacteria often contain multiple large plasmids, including those encoding virulence factors in b. anthracis. bacillus species can develop into spores in response to stress. during sporulation the genomic content of the cell is heavily compressed, which could result in counterselection of extrachromosomal genomic elements, unless they have robust stabilization and segregation systems. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems are near-ubiquitous in prokaryotes ...	2015	26274022
degradation and detection of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis dna and proteins in flour of three genetically modified rice events submitted to a set of thermal processes.	this study aimed to investigate the degradation of three transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) genes (cry1ab, cry1ac, and cry1ab/ac) and the corresponding encoded bt proteins in kmd1, kf6, and tt51-1 rice powder, respectively, following autoclaving, cooking, baking, or microwaving. exogenous bt genes were more stable than the endogenous sucrose phosphate synthase (sps) gene, and short dna fragments were detected more frequently than long dna fragments in both the bt and sps genes. autoclaving, ...	2015	26277627
interactions between bt-bioinsecticides and podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (hemiptera: pentatomidae), a predator of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae).	bioinsecticides are being increasingly used to protect vegetable crops against herbivores, but data on the side effects of such strategy on the third trophic level are still required. we investigated the influence of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 strain and of the commercial bioinsecticide agree® on the biological aspects of the predator podisus nigrispinus (dallas) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) when feeding on plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae)-infected larvae. on ...	2015	26277793
is the efficacy of biological control against plant diseases likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides?	the durability of a control method for plant protection is defined as the persistence of its efficacy in space and time. it depends on (i) the selection pressure exerted by it on populations of plant pathogens and (ii) on the capacity of these pathogens to adapt to the control method. erosion of effectiveness of conventional plant protection methods has been widely studied in the past. for example, apparition of resistance to chemical pesticides in plant pathogens or pests has been extensively d ...	2015	26284088
erratum to: acaricidal effect and histological damage induced by bacillus thuringiensis protein extracts on the mite psoroptes cuniculi.		2015	26286262
domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ie toxin plays an important role in binding to peritrophic membrane of asian corn borer.	the insecticidal ie648 toxin is a truncated cry1ie protein with increased toxicity against asian corn borer (acb). cry toxins are pore-forming toxins that disrupt insect midgut cells to kill the larvae. however, the peritrophic membrane (pm) is an important barrier that cry toxins must cross before binding to midgut cells. previously, it was shown that cry toxins are able to bind and accumulate in the pm of several lepidopteran insects. binding of ie648 toxin to pm of acb was previously reported ...	2015	26295704
effects of water management practices on residue decomposition and degradation of cry1ac protein from crop-wild bt rice hybrids and parental lines during winter fallow season.	rice is the staple diet of over half of the world's population and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice expressing insecticidal cry proteins is ready for deployment. an assessment of the potential impact of bt rice on the soil ecosystem under varied field management practices is urgently required. we used litter bags to assess the residue (leaves, stems and roots) decomposition dynamics of two transgenic rice lines (kefeng6 and kefeng8) containing stacked genes from bt and sck (a modified cpti gene ...	2015	26295752
background frequency of bacillus species at the canberra airport: a 12 month study.	anthrax, caused by bacillus anthracis, is a naturally occurring disease in australia. whilst mainly limited to livestock in grazing regions of victoria and new south wales, movement of people, stock and vehicles means b. anthracis could be present outside this region. of particular interest is the "background" prevalence of b. anthracis at transport hubs including airports. the aim of this study was to determine the background frequency of b. anthracis and the commonly used hoax agent bacillus t ...	2015	26298416
[characterization and cloning of the cry2a gene from indigenous isolates of bacillus thuringiensis].	discovery of novel cry genes of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) with higher toxicity is important for the development of transgenic bt crops resistant to target pests. two new indigenous isolates of bt were characterized for their colony type, crystal inclusion and toxicity with helicoverpa armigera hubner and spodoptera litura linn. screening of cry2a genes from the two new isolates of bt, t30 and t48, by pcr with cry2a family primers showed the presence of cry2a genes only in the isolate t30. furt ...	2017	26299858
susceptibility profile of aedes aegypti from santiago island, cabo verde, to insecticides.	in 2009, cabo verde diagnosed the first dengue cases, with 21,137 cases reported and aedes aegypti was identified as the vector. since the outbreak, chemical insecticides and source reduction were used to control the mosquito population. this study aimed to assess the susceptibility of a. aegypti populations from santiago, cabo verde to insecticides and identify the mechanisms of resistance. samples of a. aegypti eggs were obtained at two different time periods (2012 and 2014), using ovitraps in ...	2015	26307496
toxicity and cross-resistance of insecticides to cry2ab-resistant and cry2ab-susceptible helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	since 2004-2005 cotton expressing cry1ac and cry2ab insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis has been commercially available in australia to manage the target pests helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren). in both target species, the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to cry2ab is unexpectedly high in field populations. a significant challenge for managing these pests would occur if resistance to cry2ab toxins inadvertently selected fo ...	2014	26309283
inhibition of helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) growth by transgenic corn expressing bt toxins and development of resistance to cry1ab.	transgenic corn, zea mays l., that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ab is only moderately toxic to helicoverpa zea (boddie) and has been planted commercially since 1996. growth and development of h. zea was monitored to determine potential changes in susceptibility to this toxin over time. small plots of corn hybrids expressing cry1f, cry1f × cry1ab, cry1ab × cry3bb1, cry1a.105 × cry2ab2 × cry3bb1, cry1a.105 × cry2ab2, and vip3aa20 × cry1ab × mcry3a were planted in both 2012 a ...	2015	26314074
capturing the interaction types of two bt toxins cry1ac and cry2ab on suppressing the cotton bollworm by using multi-exponential equations.	transgenic crops are increasingly promoted for their practical effects on suppressing certain insect pests, but all transgenic crops are not equally successful. the insect pests can easily develop resistance against single bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin transgenic crops. therefore, transgenic crops including two or more mixed bt-toxins can solve this problem by delaying the resistance development and killing the majority of targeted pests before the evolution of resistance. it is important to ...	2016	26314801
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis hs18-1.	bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming bacterium that is a type of insect pathogen used in the field of microbial insect control. b. thuringiensis hs18-1 has effective toxicity for lepidoptera and diptera insects. it contains different types of parasporal crystal genes, including cry4cb1, cry50aa1, cry69ab1, cry30ga, cry30ea, cry70aa, cry71aa, cry72aa, cry56aa and cry54ba. here, we report the complete genome sequence of b. thuringiensis hs18-1, which contains one circular gapless chromosome a ...	2015	26315568
impact of q139r substitution of meb4-cry2aa toxin on its stability, accessibility and toxicity against ephestia kuehniella.	the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain meb4 was previously found to be highly toxic to ephestia kuehniella. sds-page analysis of the recombinant strain dh5α (pbs-cry2aa-meb4) showed that cry2aa-meb4 delta-endotoxins were forming inclusion bodies, and were 2.75 fold more toxic towards e. kuehniella than those of cry2aa-bns3. besides to the 65kda active toxin, proteolysis activation of cry2aa-bns3 protein with e. kuehniella midgut juice generated an extra proteolysis form of 49kda, whic ...	2015	26321422
fighting ebola with novel spore decontamination technologies for the military.	recently, global public health organizations such as doctors without borders (msf), the world health organization (who), public health canada, national institutes of health (nih), and the u.s. government developed and deployed field decontamination kits (fdks), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of west africa (medical waste materials are pla ...	2015	26322021
distribution of toxin genes and enterotoxins in bacillus thuringiensis isolated from microbial insecticide products.	bacillus thuringiensis microbial insecticide products have been applied worldwide. although a few cases of b. thuringiensis foodborne illness have been reported, little is known about the toxigenic properties of b. thuringiensis isolates. the aims of this study were to estimate the pathogenic potential of b. thuringiensis selected from microbial insecticide products, based on its possession of toxin genes and production of enterotoxins. fifty-two b. thuringiensis strains selected from four kinds ...	2015	26323274
a single type of cadherin is involved in bacillus thuringiensis toxicity in plutella xylostella.	cadherins have been described as one the main functional receptors for the toxins of the entomopathogenic bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt). with the availability of the whole genome of plutella xylostella, different types of cadherins have been annotated. in this study we focused on determining those members of the cadherin-related proteins that potentially play a role in the mode of action of bt toxins. for this, we mined the genome of p. xylostella to identify these putative cadherins. t ...	2015	26331576
the novel abc transporter abch1 is a potential target for rnai-based insect pest control and resistance management.	insect pests cause serious crop damage and develop high-level resistance to chemical insecticides and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal cry toxins. a new promising approach for controlling them and overcoming this resistance is rna interference (rnai). the rnai-based insect control strategy depends on the selection of suitable target genes. in this study, we cloned and characterized a novel abc transporter gene pxabch1 in diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). phylogenetic analysis s ...	2015	26333918
novel genetic factors involved in resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in plutella xylostella.	the widespread and sustainable exploitation of the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in pest control is threatened by the evolution of resistance. although resistance is often associated with loss of binding of the bt toxins to the insect midgut cells, other factors have been implicated. here we used suppressive subtractive hybridization and gene expression suppression to identify additional molecular components involved in bt-resistance in plutella xylostella. we isolated transcripts f ...	2015	26335439
evaluating liquid and granular bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis broadcast applications for controlling vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses in artificial containers and tree holes.	the principal vectors of chikungunya and dengue viruses typically oviposit in water-filled artificial and natural containers, including tree holes. despite the risk these and similar tree hole-inhabiting mosquitoes present to global public health, surprisingly few studies have been conducted to determine an efficient method of applying larvicides specifically to tree holes. the stihl sr 450, a backpack sprayer commonly utilized during military and civilian vector control operations, may be suita ...	2015	26335473
evolution of resistance in culex quinquefasciatus (say) selected with a recombinant bacillus thuringiensis strain-producing cyt1aa and cry11ba, and the binary toxin, bin, from lysinibacillus sphaericus.	fourth instars of culex quinquefasciatus (say) (diptera: culicidae) were selected with a recombinant bacterial strain synthesizing the mosquitocidal proteins from lysinibacillus sphaericus (bin) and cry11ba and cyt1aa from bacillus thuringiensis. selection was initiated in generation 1 with a concentration of 0.04 μg/ml, which rose to a maximum selection concentration of 8.0 μg/ml in generation 14, followed by an unexpected, rapid increase in mortality in generation 15. subsequently, a selection ...	2015	26336254
the presence of bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations affects plant growth.	the adventitious presence of transgenic plants in wild plant populations is of ecological and regulatory concern, but the consequences of adventitious presence are not well understood. here, we introduced bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac (bt)-transgenic oilseed rape (bt osr, brassica napus) with various frequencies into wild mustard (brassica juncea) populations. we sought to better understand the adventitious presence of this transgenic insecticidal crop in a wild-relative plant population. we ass ...	2015	26338267
chemical constituents and antibacterial properties of indocalamus latifolius mcclure leaves, the packaging material for "zongzi".	the glutinous rice dumpling named "zongzi" in chinese is a type of traditional food that is popular in east asian countries. "zongzi" is made of glutinous rice and wrapped in the leaves of indocalamus latifolius mcclure as the packaging material. four new compounds, latifoliusine a (2), (7s,8r) syringylglycerol-8-o-4'-sinapyl ether 4-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), (7s,8s) syringylglycerol-8-o-4'-sinapyl ether 7-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and (7r,8s) syringylglycerol-8-o-4'-sinapyl ether 7-o-β-d-gluc ...	2015	26343625
mosquitocidal properties of bacillus species isolated from mangroves of vellar estuary, southeast coast of india.	samples collected from the mangroves of vellar estuary yielded a mosquitocidal bacterium, whose secondary metabolites exhibited mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity. the bacterium was isolated using standard microbiological methods and identified using classical biochemical tests. the mosquitocidal bacterium was identified as bacillus subtilis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus sphaericus and bacillus cereus. mosquitocidal metabolite(s) was separated from the culture supernatant of the bact ...	2013	26345039
effect of the concentration of cytolytic protein cyt2aa2 on the binding mechanism on lipid bilayers studied by qcm-d and afm.	bacillus thuringiensis is known by its insecticidal property. the insecticidal proteins are produced at different growth stages, including the cytolytic protein (cyt2aa2), which is a bioinsecticide and an antimicrobial protein. however, the binding mechanism (and the interaction) of cyt2aa2 on lipid bilayers is still unclear. in this work, we have used quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (qcm-d) and atomic force microscopy (afm) to investigate the interaction between cyt2aa2 protein and ...	2015	26354323
survival of corn earworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on bt maize and cross-pollinated refuge ears from seed blends.	refuge is mandated in the united states where genetically modified maize (zea mays l.) expressing insecticidal proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) are cultivated. currently, refuge is deployed in different ways including blocks, field strips, or seed blends containing bt and non-bt maize. seed blends provide practical advantages for refuge implementation. however, concerns related to the movement of insect larvae, potential differential survival of heterozygous resistant l ...	2016	26357846
histopathological and combinatorial effects of the metalloprotease inha1 and cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis against spodoptera littoralis.	the zinc metalloprotease (inha) of bacillus thuringiensis specifically hydrolyzes cecropins and attacins, two antibacterial peptides in the immune hemolymph of insects, leading to a high resistance of the bacteria to the humoral defense system of its host. in the present study, the inha gene of b. thuringiensis strain bupm28 was cloned and the nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that it was identical to that of b. thuringiensis 8010. the expressed inha1 protein in escherichia coli showed toxic ...	2015	26358555
development of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility rice expressing transgene bacillus thuringiensis.	stem borers and leaffolders are the main pests that cause severe damage in rice (oryza sativa l.) production worldwide. we developed the first photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive male sterility (ptsms) rice 208s with the cry1ab/1ac bacillus thuringiensis (bt) gene, through sexual crossing with huahui 1 (elite line with the cry1ab/1ac gene). the novel 208s and its hybrids presented high and stable resistance to stem borers and leaffolders, and the content of cry1ab/1ac protein in chlorophyllous tis ...	2015	26366116
the development and status of bt rice in china.	multiple lines of transgenic rice expressing insecticidal genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been developed in china, posing the prospect of increases in production with decreased application of pesticides. we explore the issues facing adoption of bt rice for commercial production in china. a body of safety assessment work on bt rice has shown that bt rice poses a negligible risk to the environment and that bt rice products are as safe as non-bt control rice products as fo ...	2016	26369652
evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis as a control agent for adult anopheles gambiae.	unlike the application of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) for the control of larval mosquitoes, studies of its effects on adults, for its possible use in attractive toxic sugar baits, have resulted in conflicting results. five species have shown a decrease in adult survival due to bti ingestion, whereas adults of anopheles arabiensis have not. we sought to determine if ingestion of bti by adults of anopheles gambiae, a sibling species of an. arabiensis, increases their mortality. labora ...	2015	26375907
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain hd521.	bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biological pesticide in the world. it belongs to the bacillus cereus sensu lato group, which contains six species. among these six species, b. thuringiensis, b. anthracis, and b. cereus have a low genetic diversity. b. thuringiensis strain hd521 shows maroon colony which is different from most of the b. thuringiensis strains. strain hd521 also displays an ability to inhibit plant sheath blight disease pathogen (rhizoctonia solani ag1 ib) growth and ...	2015	26380647
ten years of life in compost: temporal and spatial variation of north german caenorhabditis elegans populations.	the nematode caenorhabditis elegans is a central laboratory model system in almost all biological disciplines, yet its natural life history and population biology are largely unexplored. such information is essential for in-depth understanding of the nematode's biology because its natural ecology provides the context, in which its traits and the underlying molecular mechanisms evolved. we characterized natural phenotypic and genetic variation among north german c. elegans isolates. we used the u ...	2015	26380661
detection of β-exotoxin synthesis in bacillus thuringiensis using an easy bioassay with the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.	the insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis is owing to the action of cry and cyt proteins. in addition to the synthesis of insecticidal proteins, some strains are able to synthesize β-exotoxin, which is highly toxic to humans. in this regard, it is very important to have a simple method to detect β-exotoxin to avoid the commercial production of this type of strains. in this work, we developed a simple and fast method, using the nematode caenorhabditis elegans to detect indirectly the sy ...	2015	26381648
elimination of gut microbes with antibiotics confers resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin proteins in helicoverpa armigera (hubner).	helicoverpa armigera is one of the most important pests worldwide. transgenic crops with toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been deployed on a large scale to control this pest. the insecticidal activity of bt is probably influenced by the insect midgut microbes, which vary across crop hosts and locations. therefore, we examined the role of gut microbes in pathogenicity of bt toxins in the h. armigera. antibiotic cocktail was used for the complete elimination of the h. armigera gut ...	2015	26384494
infection of tribolium castaneum with bacillus thuringiensis: quantification of bacterial replication within cadavers, transmission via cannibalism, and inhibition of spore germination.	reproduction within a host and transmission to the next host are crucial for the virulence and fitness of pathogens. nevertheless, basic knowledge about such parameters is often missing from the literature, even for well-studied bacteria, such as bacillus thuringiensis, an endospore-forming insect pathogen, which infects its hosts via the oral route. to characterize bacterial replication success, we made use of an experimental oral infection system for the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum an ...	2015	26386058
effect of promoters and plasmid copy number on cyt1a synthesis and crystal assembly in bacillus thuringiensis.	cyt1aa is a major mosquitocidal protein synthesized during sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, composing more than 50% of its parasporal body. this high level of synthesis is due to several factors including three strong sporulation-dependent promoters, a strong transcription termination sequence, and an associated 20-kda helper protein. cyt1aa's toxicity is low compared to the cry proteins of this species, namely, cry4aa, cry4ba, and cry11aa, but it nevertheless plays an i ...	2016	26395591
enhanced nematicidal potential of the chitinase pachi from pseudomonas aeruginosa in association with cry21aa.	nematodes are known to be harmful to various crops, vegetables, plants and insects. the present study reports that, chitin upregulates the activity of chitinase (20%) and nematicidal potential (15%) of pseudomonas aeruginosa. the chitinase gene (pachi) from p. aeruginosa was cloned, and its nematicidal activity of pachi protein against caenorhabditis elegans was studied. the mortality rate induced by pachi increased by 6.3-fold when in association with cry21aa from bacillus thuringiensis. pachi ...	2015	26400097
three-dimensional (3d) structure prediction and function analysis of the chitin-binding domain 3 protein hd73_3189 from bacillus thuringiensis hd73.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is capable of producing a chitin-binding protein believed to be functionally important to bacteria during the stationary phase of its growth cycle. in this paper, the chitin-binding domain 3 protein hd73_3189 from b. thuringiensis has been analyzed by computer technology. primary and secondary structural analyses demonstrated that hd73_3189 is negatively charged and contains several α-helices, aperiodical coils and β-strands. domain and motif analyses revealed that hd ...	2015	26405978
genome wide discovery of long intergenic non-coding rnas in diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) and their expression in insecticide resistant strains.	long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) play important roles in genomic imprinting, cancer, differentiation and regulation of gene expression. here, we identified 3844 long intergenic ncrnas (lincrna) in plutella xylostella, which is a notorious pest of cruciferous plants that has developed field resistance to all classes of insecticides, including bacillus thuringiensis (bt) endotoxins. further, we found that some of those lincrnas may potentially serve as precursors for the production of small ncrnas. ...	2015	26411386
genomic and transcriptomic insights into the efficient entomopathogenicity of bacillus thuringiensis.	bacillus thuringiensis has been globally used as a microbial pesticide for over 70 years. however, information regarding its various adaptions and virulence factors and their roles in the entomopathogenic process remains limited. in this work, we present the complete genomes of two industrially patented bacillus thuringiensis strains (hd-1 and ybt-1520). a comparative genomic analysis showed a larger and more complicated genome constitution that included novel insecticidal toxicity-related genes ...	2015	26411888
antimicrobial activity of anonna mucosa (jacq.) grown in vivo and obtained by in vitroculture.	brazilian flora includes numerous species of medicinal importance that can be used to develop new drugs. plant tissue culture offers strategies for conservation and use of these species allowing continuous production of plants and bioactive substances. annona mucosa has produced substances such as acetogenins and alkaloids that exhibit antimicrobial activities. the widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria, which represents a serious risk of infection. ...	2015	26413061
an anti-mosquito mixture for domestic use, combining a fertiliser and a chemical or biological larvicide.	plant saucers are an important larval habitat for aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in peridomestic situations. because npk fertilisers in plant containers tend to enhance the oviposition of these species, we investigated the effects of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, spinosad, pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron larvicides in combination with fertiliser on the adult emergence and fecundity of the mosquitoes coming from plant saucers in controlled greenhouse experiments. npk + larvicide (npk- ...	2016	26414239
effects of a diet containing genetically modified rice expressing the cry1ab/1ac protein (bacillus thuringiensis toxin) on broiler chickens.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice expressing the cry1ab/1ac protein on broiler chicken. the genetically modified (gm) bt rice was compared with the corresponding non-gm rice regarding performance of feeding groups, their health status, relative organ weights, biochemical serum parameters and occurrence of cry1ab/1ac gene fragments. one hundred and eighty day-old arbor acres female broilers with the same health condition were randomly all ...	2015	26414482
excavating abiotic stress-related gene resources of terrestrial macroscopic cyanobacteria for crop genetic engineering: dawn and challenge.	genetically engineered (ge) crops with resistance to environmental stresses are one of the most important solutions for future food security. numerous genes associated to plant stress resistance have been identified and characterized. however, the current reality is that only a few transgenic crops expressing prokaryotic genes are successfully applied in field conditions. these few prokaryotic genes include agrobacterium strain cp4 epsps gene, bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab gene and a bacterial c ...	2015	26418632
fly ash based bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation for use against culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of filariasis in natural ecosystems.	fly ash is produced in huge quantities by the various thermal power stations in india. this thermal waste has been employed as a carrier material in the preparation of a biopesticidal water dispersible powder (wdp) formulation for use against mosquitoes. in the present investigation, this newly developed fly ash based wdp formulation was evaluated in natural breeding habitats of mosquito.	2015	26418648
an ultra-violet tolerant wild-type strain of melanin-producing bacillus thuringiensis.	bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful biological control agent used in agriculture, forestry and mosquito control. however, the insecticidal activity of the b. thuringiensis formulation is not very stable and rapidly loses its biological activity under field conditions, due to the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. melanin is known to absorb radiation therefore photo protection of b. thuringiensis based on melanin has been extensively studied.	2015	26421136
a study of the effect of bacillus thuringiensis serotype h14 (subspecies israelensis) delta endotoxin on musca larva.	house flies (musca domestica) are of major public health concern in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene conditions. biological control through the use of parasitoids and pathogens is one of the alternatives to the use of chemical pesticides for control of insects of public health importance.	2015	26422848
bacillus thuringiensis impacts on primary and secondary baculovirus transmission dynamics in lepidoptera.	synergistic interactions between entomopathogenic micro-organisms can potentially be exploited to improve biological control of invertebrate pests but empirical data at the population level describing multiple-pathogen transmission dynamics is lacking. we examined how co-inoculation of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (btk) and the baculovirus panolis flammea nucleopolyhedrovirus (paflnpv) in an experimental field population of lepidopteran mamestra brassicae larvae impacted on viral trans ...	2015	26432682
transportable data from non-target arthropod field studies for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified maize expressing an insecticidal double-stranded rna.	as part of an environmental risk assessment, the potential impact of genetically modified (gm) maize mon 87411 on non-target arthropods (ntas) was evaluated in the field. mon 87411 confers resistance to corn rootworm (crw; diabrotica spp.) by expressing an insecticidal double-stranded rna (dsrna) transcript and the cry3bb1 protein and tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate by producing the cp4 epsps protein. field trials were conducted at 14 sites providing high geographic and environmental diver ...	2016	26433587
is there sufficient evidence to consider bacillus thuringiensis a multihost pathogen? response to loguercio and argôlo-filho.		2015	26433691
bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis producing endochitinase chia74δsp inclusions and its improved activity against aedes aegypti.	the objective of this study was to produce stable inclusions of chitinase chia74δsp in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) and to assay its insecticidal activity against aedes aegypti larvae.	2015	26434743
proteomic analysis of the influence of cu(2+) on the crystal protein production of bacillus thuringiensis x022.	bacillus thuringiensis x022, a novel strain isolated from soil in china, produces diamond-shaped parasporal crystals. specific mineral nutrients, such as mg, cu, and mn, influence insecticidal crystal proteins (icp) expression and the effects of these elements vary significantly. however, the molecular mechanisms of the effects caused by mineral elements have yet to be reported.	2015	26438125
functional analysis of the sporulation-specific diadenylate cyclase cdas in bacillus thuringiensis.	cyclic di-amp (c-di-amp) is a recently discovered bacterial secondary messenger molecule, which is associated with various physiological functions. in the genus bacillus, the intracellular level and turnover of c-di-amp are mainly regulated by three diadenylate cyclases (dacs), including disa, cdaa and cdas, and two c-di-amp-specific phosphodiesterases (gdpp and pgph). in this study, we demonstrated that cdas protein from b. thuringiensis is a hexameric dac protein that can convert atp or adp to ...	2015	26441857
novel diesel-oil-degrading bacteria and fungi from the ecuadorian amazon rainforest.	isolating new diesel-oil-degrading microorganisms from crude-oil contaminated sites and evaluating their degradation capacities are vitally important in the remediation of oil-polluted environments and crude-oil exploitation. in this research, new hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi were isolated from the crude-oil contaminated soil of the oil-fields in the amazon rainforest of north-east ecuador by using a soil enrichment technique. degradation analysis was tracked by gas chromatography an ...	2015	26442498
synergistic effect of combining plutella xylostella granulovirus and bacillus thuringiensis at sublethal dosages on controlling of diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae).	plutella xylostella granulovirus (pxgv) and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are both entomo-pathogens to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). the purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of the combination of pxgv and bt at sublethal dosages on the development and mortality of diamondback moth in a laboratory setting. bt and pxgv exhibited synergistic effect on diamondback moth larval mortality and effectively controlled diamondback moth populations with low dose combination ...	2015	26453707
inheritance and fitness costs of resistance to cry3bb1 corn by western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are widely planted to manage pest insects. one of the primary pests targeted by bt corn in the united states is western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). cry3bb1 corn for management of western corn rootworm was commercialized in 2003, and beginning in 2009, populations of western corn rootworm with field-evolved resistance to cry3bb1 corn were ...	2015	26453731
dual mode of action of bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects.	transgenic crops that produce bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. established mode of action models assert that bt proteins cry1ab and cry1ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. however, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that cry1ab and cry1ac ...	2015	26455902
cross-resistance to toxins used in pyramided bt crops and resistance to bt sprays in helicoverpa zea.	to delay evolution of resistance by insect pests, farmers are rapidly increasing their use of transgenic crops producing two or more bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins that kill the same pest. a key condition favoring durability of these "pyramided" crops is the absence of cross-resistance between toxins. here we evaluated cross-resistance in the major lepidopteran pest helicoverpa zea (boddie) to bt toxins used in pyramids. in the laboratory, we selected a strain of this pest with bt toxin cry1 ...	2015	26458274
bacillus thuringiensis is an environmental pathogen and host-specificity has developed as an adaptation to human-generated ecological niches.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been used successfully as a biopesticide for more than 60 years. more recently, genes encoding their toxins have been used to transform plants and other organisms. despite the large amount of research on this bacterium, its true ecology is still a matter of debate, with two major viewpoints dominating: while some understand bt as an insect pathogen, others see it as a saprophytic bacteria from soil. in this context, bt's pathogenicity to other taxa and the possibi ...	2013	26462580
development of a microbial-based integrated pest management program for helicoverpa spp. (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and beneficial insects on conventional cotton crops in australia.	entomopathogenic fungi, when used as a microbial control agent against cotton pests, such as helicoverpa spp., may have the potential to establish and spread in the environment and to have an impact on both pests and beneficial insects. information on the effect of entomopathogenic fungi on pests and beneficial insects is crucial for a product to be registered as a biopesticide. the effect of the entomopathogenic fungus bc 639 (aspergillus sp.) against helicoverpa spp. and beneficial insects (mo ...	2015	26463189
insect pathogenic bacteria in integrated pest management.	the scientific community working in the field of insect pathology is experiencing an increasing academic and industrial interest in the discovery and development of new bioinsecticides as environmentally friendly pest control tools to be integrated, in combination or rotation, with chemicals in pest management programs. in this scientific context, market data report a significant growth of the biopesticide segment. acquisition of new technologies by multinational ag-tech companies is the center ...	2015	26463190
purification and partial characterization of intact and truncated chitinase from bacillus thuringiensis hzp7 expressed in escherichia coli.	to ascertain the effect of chitin-binding domain (chbd) and fibronectin type iii domain (fn3) on the characterization of the intact chitinase from bacillus thuringiensis.	2016	26463368
flexibility analysis of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa.	to investigate the flexibility and mobility of the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1aa.	2015	26464250
generation of insect-resistant and glyphosate-tolerant rice by introduction of a t-dna containing two bt insecticidal genes and an epsps gene.	insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance have been two of the most important traits in the genetic improvement of various crops. in this study, two bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal genes, cry1ac and cry1ig, and a modified glyphosate-tolerant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps) gene (g10) were combined into a single transferred dna (t-dna) fragment and introduced into rice by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. a transgenic line with single-copy t-dna insertion named ...	2015	26465130
geographical and temporal variability in susceptibility to cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations in brazil.	the genetically modified maize tc1507 event with the cry1f gene (cry1f maize) has been used to control spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil since the 2009-2010 cropping season. as part of the insect resistance management program, we conducted studies to determine the baseline susceptibility to cry1f before the widespread planting of cry1f maize. subsequently, we evaluated the geographical and temporal variability of susceptibility to this toxin in populations of ...	2014	26470084
the efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis spp. galleriae against rice water weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) for integrated pest management in california rice.	rice water weevil (lissorhoptrus oryzophilus kushel) is the most damaging insect pest of rice in the united states. larval feeding on the roots stunt growth and reduce yield. current pest management against the weevil in california relies heavily on pyrethroids that can be damaging to aquatic food webs. examination of an environmentally friendly alternative biopesticide based on bacillus thuringiensis spp. galleriae chemistry against rice water weevil larvae showed moderate levels of activity in ...	2015	26470102
emergence and abundance of western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in bt cornfields with structured and seed blend refuges.	to slow evolution of western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte) resistance to bt (bacillus thuringiensis berliner) corn hybrids, non-bt "refuges" must be planted within or adjacent to bt cornfields, allowing susceptible insects to develop without exposure to bt toxins. bt-susceptible adults from refuges are expected to find and mate with resistant adults that have emerged from bt corn, reducing the likelihood that bt-resistant offspring are produced. the spatial and temporal ...	2015	26470111