Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| High prevalence of toxinogenic Clostridium difficile in Nigerian adult HIV patients. | Clostridium difficile is the most commonly identified bacterial cause of nosocomial and HIV-related diarrhea. In many developing countries, antibiotic access is unregulated. Nigeria has the third highest HIV burden worldwide. Due to perceptions of low prevalence and resource incapacity, patients with diarrhea are not tested for toxinogenic C. difficile infection (CDI). In this pilot study which included 97 HIV-positive patients at two hospitals in Nigeria, the estimated prevalence of CDI was 43% ... | 2011 | 21855100 |
| host s-nitrosylation inhibits clostridial small molecule-activated glucosylating toxins. | the global prevalence of severe clostridium difficile infection highlights the profound clinical significance of clostridial glucosylating toxins. virulence is dependent on the autoactivation of a toxin cysteine protease, which is promoted by the allosteric cofactor inositol hexakisphosphate (insp(6)). host mechanisms that protect against such exotoxins are poorly understood. it is increasingly appreciated that the pleiotropic functions attributed to nitric oxide (no), including host immunity, a ... | 2011 | 21857653 |
| antibacterial properties of a glycolipid-rich extract and active principle from nunavik collections of the macroalgae fucus evanescens c. agardh (fucaceae). | this study investigated the antibacterial activity of glycolipid-rich extracts of the brown macroalga fucus evanescens in cell culture. accessions were collected on the arctic coast of ungava bay, nunavik, quebec. the crude ethyl acetate extract of these accessions showed strong antibacterial activity (≥4 log(10) cfu) against hemophilus influenzae , legionella pneumophila , propionibacterium acnes (atcc and clinical isolate), and streptococcus pyogenes at 100 µg/ml. this algal extract inhibited ... | 2011 | 21859295 |
| Surgical outcome of community-acquired Clostridium difficile colitis presenting as toxic megacolon: case report. | Over the past decade, there has been an increase in both community-acquired and health-care-associated Clostridium difficile colitis secondary to broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure. Toxic megacolon is a rare complication of pseudomembranous colitis that often necessitates emergency colectomy. | 2011 | 21859335 |
| Comparison between the two-step and the three-step algorithms for the detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile. | To evaluate usefulness of applying either the two-step algorithm (Ag-EIAs and CCNA) or the three-step algorithm (all three assays) for better confirmation of toxigenic Clostridium difficile. The antigen enzyme immunoassays (Ag-EIAs) can accurately identify the glutamate dehydrogenase antigen of toxigenic and nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile. Therefore, it is used in combination with a toxin-detecting assay [cell line culture neutralization assay (CCNA), or the enzyme immunoassays for toxins A ... | 2011 | 21860113 |
| Toxic megacolon due to fulminant Clostridium Difficile colitis. | 2011 | 21861326 | |
| sporulation studies in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea. in recent years, certain c. difficile types have become highly represented among clinical isolates and are associated with outbreaks of increased disease severity, higher relapse rates and an expanded repertoire of antibiotic resistance. endospores, produced during sporulation, play a pivotal role in infection and disease transmission and it has been suggested in the literature that these so-called 'hypervirulent' c. di ... | 2011 | 21864584 |
| Differential involvement of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced human pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement. | Endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction induced by inflammatory agonists is a frequent pathophysiologic event in multiple diseases. The platelet-derived phospholipid sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) reverses this dysfunction by potently enhancing the EC barrier through a process involving Rac GTPase-dependent cortical actin rearrangement as an integral step. In this study we explored the role of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family of actin-binding linker protein in modulating S1P-induced ... | 2011 | 21864676 |
| Bedpan washer disinfectors: an in-use evaluation of cleaning and disinfection. | As part of a comprehensive approach to decreasing Clostridium difficile in our health authority, an evaluation of the in-use performance of 2 brands of bedpan decontaminators (BPDs) in 2 acute care facilities was performed. | 2011 | 21864763 |
| Control of an outbreak of diarrhoea in a vascular surgery unit caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 106. | This report describes an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in a vascular surgery ward in 2009 caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant ribotype 106. A case of CDI was defined as a patient with diarrhoea, positive for C. difficile toxin and negative for other enteric pathogens. Cultures were sent to the Scottish Salmonella Shigella and Clostridium difficile Reference Laboratory (SSSCDRL) for PCR ribotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing and PCR detection of ermB. The mean ... | 2011 | 21864938 |
| quantification of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated-diarrhea patients. | comparing culture- and non-culture-based methods for quantifying clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated-diarrhea patients, we found that the real-time pcr method correlated well with quantitative culture and was more sensitive. a positive association between the population levels of c. difficile and the presence of its toxins was found. | 2011 | 21865427 |
| diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated clostridium difficile associated disease. | to determine whether a minimally invasive, colon-preserving approach could serve as an alternative to total colectomy in the treatment of severe, complicated clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2011 | 21865943 |
| [Effects of clostridium difficile toxin a on proliferation of K562 cells]. | This study was aimed to investigate the effect of clostridium difficile toxin A (Tcd A) on proliferation of K562 cells and its mechanism. The proliferative activity of K562 cells exposed to Tcd A was tested by MTT assay; cell cycle distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry; the protein expression of cytochrome C and DNA fragmentation were observed by immunohistochemistry staining and agarose gel electrophoresis respectively. The results indicated that Tcd ... | 2011 | 21867609 |
| treating clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is increasing in incidence, severity, and mortality. treatment options are limited and appear to be losing efficacy. recurrent disease is especially challenging; extended treatment with oral vancomycin is becoming increasingly common but is expensive. fecal microbiota transplantation is safe, inexpensive, and effective; according to case and small series reports, about 90% of patients are cured. we discuss the rationale, methods, and use of fecal microbiota transp ... | 2011 | 21871249 |
| mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy. | both gastrointestinal microbiota composition and cesarean section have been linked to atopic manifestations. however, results are inconsistent, and the hypothesized intermediate role of the microbiota in the association between birth mode and atopic manifestations has not been studied yet. | 2011 | 21872915 |
| Genetic markers for Clostridium difficile lineages linked to hypervirulence. | Rapid identification of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains is essential for preventing their spread. Recent completion of several full-length C. difficile genomes provided an excellent opportunity to identify potentially unique genes that characterize hypervirulent strains. Based on sequence comparisons between C. difficile strains we describe two gene insertions into the genome of hypervirulent PCR ribotypes 078 and 027. Analysis of these regions, of 1.7 and 4.2 kb, respectively, revea ... | 2011 | 21873406 |
| genetic organisation, mobility and predicted functions of genes on integrated, mobile genetic elements in sequenced strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-associated diarrhoea in the us and europe. recently the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease has risen dramatically and concomitantly with the emergence of 'hypervirulent' strains associated with more severe disease and increased mortality. c. difficile contains numerous mobile genetic elements, resulting in the potential for a highly plastic genome. in the first sequenced strain, 630, there is one proven conjugative transposon (ctn) ... | 2011 | 21876735 |
| assessment of severity of clostridium difficile infection. | 2011 | 21876855 | |
| Reducing the risk of severe complications among patients with Clostridium difficile infection. | The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections are increasing, and there is a need to optimize the prevention of complicated disease. | 2011 | 21876858 |
| clostridium difficile in poultry and poultry meat. | the incidence and severity of disease associated with toxigenic clostridium difficile have increased in hospitals in north america from the emergence of newer, more virulent strains. toxigenic c. difficile has been isolated from food animals and retail meat with potential implications of transfer to human beings. the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of toxigenic c. difficile in chickens and retail poultry meat in texas. seven c. difficile isolates were detected in f ... | 2011 | 21877928 |
| Perirectal swab surveillance for Clostridium difficile by use of selective broth preamplification and real-time PCR detection of tcdB. | Active surveillance testing to identify and isolate asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Clostridium difficile has been limited by the lack of a test that is sensitive, specific, and timely enough to serve as an infection control tool. We tested DNA preamplified from perirectal surveillance specimens in a liquid medium selective for C. difficile by using a modified commercial real-time PCR assay. All fermenting specimens were subcultured, and isolates were tested for toxigenicity. Culture-positive ... | 2011 | 21880961 |
| concomitant therapy with methotrexate and anti-tnf-α in pediatric patients with refractory crohn's colitis: a case series. | background: crohn's colitis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) therapy is commonly seen in tertiary care centers for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). we report our experience in managing pediatric refractory crohn's colitis with concomitant use of methotrexate and anti-tnf-α therapy. methods: we reviewed records from 2007 to 2010 at the mayo clinic pediatric ibd center. we included all patients with crohn's disease (cd) failing anti-tnf-α therapy who then received ... | 2011 | 21882301 |
| Molecular detection of toxigenic cdifficile: toxin A or B gene? | 2011 | 21882760 | |
| Silent menace. C. difficile and its threat to health care facilities. | 2011 | 21882770 | |
| rare case of "red man" syndrome in a female patient treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | a 58-year-old caucasian woman was admitted for knee replacement but during the postoperative period she developed sepsis due to pneumonia, which was treated with coamoxiclav and then piperacillin (for 2 weeks). she had renal failure, which needed haemofiltration. during her recovery she had diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile, which was not controlled with metronidazole. vancomycin was therefore given, but she developed urticarial erythematous skin rash and hence it was stopped. she was not o ... | 2009 | 21886654 |
| Characterisation and carriage ratio of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from a community-dwelling elderly population in the United Kingdom. | Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) appears to be an increasing problem. Reported carriage rates by C. difficile are debatable with suggestions that primary asymptomatic carriage is associated with decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. However, knowledge of potential reservoirs and intestinal carriage rates in the community, particularly in the elderly, the most susceptible group, is limited. We have determined the presence of C. difficile in the faeces of a healthy elde ... | 2011 | 21886769 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin a on the proteome of colonocytes studied by differential 2d electrophoresis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic pathogen, commonly associated with severe diarrhea or life-threatening pseudomembraneous colitis. its main virulence factors are the single-chain, multi-domain toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb). their glucosyltransferase domain selectively inactivates rho proteins leading to a reorganization of the cytoskeleton. to study exclusively glucosyltransferase-dependent molecular effects of tcda, human colonic cells (caco-2) were treated with recombinant wild ... | 2011 | 21890007 |
| Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile Infection: a meta-analysis. | Current detection methods for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can be time-consuming and have variable sensitivities. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of CDI than other currently available diagnostic tests. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR. | 2011 | 21890762 |
| The vermiform appendix and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a curious connection. | 2011 | 21893132 | |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in pediatric stool samples: an evaluation of quik check complete antigen assay, bd geneohm cdiff pcr, and progastro cd pcr assays. | the performance of c. diff quik chek complete (qcc), bd geneohm cdiff pcr (bd), and progastro cd pcr (pg) assays was evaluated in detecting clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children using 200 frozen stool specimens. the results of the tests were compared to the toxigenic culture (tc) as 'gold standard.' the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were as follows. qcc antigen (gdh + toxin-a/b) = 70.8%, 97.4%, 89.5%, and 91.4%; bd pcr = 89.6%, 96. ... | 2011 | 21899975 |
| Trends in antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units in the United States. | Antimicrobial resistance and a paucity of new antimicrobial agents are ongoing challenges. This review focuses on the major epidemiologic trends and novel treatments, when available, for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, Clostridium difficile, and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in the United States during 2010-2011. | 2011 | 21900766 |
| clinical inquiry: what risk factors contribute to c difficile diarrhea? | certain antibiotics and using 3 or more antibiotics at one time are associated with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. hospital risk factors include proximity to other patients with c difficile and longer length of stay. patient risk factors include advanced age and comorbid conditions. acid suppression medication is also a risk factor for cdad. | 2011 | 21901182 |
| Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from shellfish and marine environments. | This pilot study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of Clostridium difficile in marine environments and in edible shellfish. Samples of seawater, sediment, and zooplankton were collected at five sampling stations in the Gulf of Naples. Six samples of edible shellfish, furthermore, were obtained: two from mussel farms and four from wholesalers. The isolation and the characterization of C. difficile strains were carried out using selective media and molecular techniques, respectively. C. d ... | 2011 | 21901293 |
| antibiotic treatment for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. | 2011 | 21901692 |
| In vitro evaluation of Lactobacillus gasseri strains of infant origin on adhesion and aggregation of specific pathogens. | Numerous Lactobacillus species are members of the normal healthy human intestinal microbiota, and members of the Lactobacillus family predominate among the current marketed probiotic strains. Most of the current commercial probiotic strains have not been selected for specific applications but rather have been chosen based on their technological properties. Often the ability of such strains to temporarily colonize the gastrointestinal tract may be lacking, and the interactions with intestinal mic ... | 2011 | 21902917 |
| emergence of new pcr ribotypes from the hypervirulent clostridium difficile 027 lineage. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide. over the past 10 years, the incidence and severity of disease have increased in north america and europe due to the emergence of a hypervirulent clone designated pcr ribotype 027. in this study, we sought to identify phenotypic differences among a collection of 26 presumed pcr ribotype 027 strains from the us and the uk isolated between 1988 and 2008 and also re-evaluated the pcr ribotype. we demonstrate ... | 2012 | 21903827 |
| current treatment options for severe clostridium difficile-associated disease. | a notable trend toward severe clostridium difficile colitis and poor outcomes has emerged since recognition of the hyper-virulent c. difficile nap1/027 strain. this trend has increased the emphasis on appropriate treatment regimens in refractory cases of c. difficile infection. in mild-to-moderate cases, oral metronidazole remains adequate first-line therapy, but in the absence of a good clinical response, switching to vancomycin may be necessary. oral vancomycin should be used as initial therap ... | 2008 | 21904490 |
| clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in texas. | the incidence and severity of disease associated with toxigenic clostridium difficile have increased in hospitals in north america from the emergence of newer, more virulent strains. toxigenic c. difficile has been isolated from food animals and retail meat with potential implications of transfer to human beings. the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in pork from sausage manufacturing plants and retail meat in texas. twenty-three c. difficile isolates ... | 2011 | 21908329 |
| [Newly recognized side-effects of proton pump inhibitors : Arguments in favour of fundoplication for GERD?] | Among other indications proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used as medical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and are the most frequently prescribed and most frequently used drugs in gastroenterology. Until recently PPIs were regarded as very safe and associated with very few side-effects. However, during recent years study results have revealed many severe adverse events associated especially with long-term PPI use. We review the currently available evidence, regarding the side- ... | 2011 | 21909830 |
| Type-specific risk factors and outcome in an outbreak with 2 different Clostridium difficile types simultaneously in 1 hospital. | Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) due to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 027 (type 027) has been described worldwide. In some countries, an increase was reported of toxin A-negative PCR ribotype 017 (type 017). We encountered an outbreak due to these 2 types occurring simultaneously in a 980-bed teaching hospital in the Netherlands. | 2011 | 21914851 |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a review. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has significantly increased in the last decade in the united states adding to the health care burden of the country. patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) have a higher prevalence of cdi and worse outcomes. in the past, the traditional risk factors for cdi were exposure to antibiotics and hospitalizations in elderly people. today, it is not uncommon to diagnose cdi in a pregnant women or young adult who has no risk factors. c. diffi ... | 2011 | 21915178 |
| clostridium difficile in dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates. | clin microbiol infect abstract: the presence and characteristics of clostridium difficile were investigated in 839 faecal samples from seven different animal species in the netherlands. the number of positive samples ranged from 3.4% (cattle) to 25.0% (dogs). twenty-two different pcr ribotypes were identified. among 96 isolates, 53% harboured toxin genes. all c. difficile isolates from pigs, cattle and poultry were toxinogenic, whereas the majority of isolates from pet animals consisted of non-t ... | 2011 | 21919997 |
| Fidaxomicin (Dificid) for Clostridium difficile infection. | 2011 | 21921871 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: new rules for an old game. | c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) is now considered to be one of the commonest causes of nosocomial diarrhea. cdad, once considered to be a "nuisance" disease, has lately become a "killer" disease with appearance of a hypervirulent strain, toxinotype iii. although the incidence and severity of cdad have increased in the western world especially in health care settings; it still is under-recognized in india and asia. any episode of diarrhea with fever and leucocytosis in a patient on some a ... | 2011 | 21922851 |
| economic impact of clostridium difficile infection in a multihospital cohort of academic health centers. | to assess the economic impact of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a large multihospital cohort. | 2011 | 21923438 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infections in patients receiving antimicrobial and acid-suppression therapy. | to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) at one community hospital by identifying patients with stool samples positive for c. difficile toxin a or b, and to compare the incidence with a 2008 national estimate; and to determine which patient characteristics and concomitant antimicrobial and acid-suppression drugs are risk factors for the development of cdi. | 2011 | 21923450 |
| fidaxomicin: a macrocyclic antibiotic for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is an emerging pathogen in certain health care systems and community-based populations that is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as increased costs for the health care system. as recurrence rates increase, new pharmacologic agents to treat c. difficile infection are needed. fidaxomicin, a novel macrocyclic antibiotic, was recently approved by the united states food and drug administration for the treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. or ... | 2011 | 21923589 |
| Proceedings from the 3rd International Clostridium difficile Symposium 2010, September 22-24, 2010, Bled, Slovenia. | 2011 | 21928503 | |
| Infective aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. | INTRODUCTION: Pancreaticoduodenal (PD) artery aneurysms account for less than 2% of all splanchnic aneurysms. A mycotic aetiology is extremely uncommon. INTRODUCTION: Two weeks following an episode of sepsis related to a prostatic biopsy, a 59-year-old man presented with abdominal pain and anaemia. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed an inferior PD artery pseudoaneurysm with an associated mesenteric root haematoma. This was treated successfully by transcatheter embolisation. INTRODU ... | 2011 | 21929894 |
| Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT). | Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Hypervirulent strains of the pathogen, which are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality of CDI, produce the binary actin-ADP ribosylating toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT) in addition to the Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. CDT depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, increases adherence and colonization of Clostridia by induction of microtubule-based cell protrusions an ... | 2011 | 21930894 |
| community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, montréal, 2005-2006: frequency estimates and their validity. | a retrospective search for community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in 15 hospitals revealed important discrepancies with numbers for the same period reported in real time to the surveillance system. several of the observed problems could be solved by implementing case-by-case notification with subsequent investigation by local public health, as for other reportable diseases. | 2011 | 21931255 |
| Moderate to High Use of Opioid Analgesics Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection. | INTRODUCTION:: Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) include use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, advanced age and lack of an appropriate immune response. Whether antiperistaltics such as opioid analgesics also increase the risk of CDI is uncertain. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine whether opioid analgesics increase the risk of developing CDI in hospitalized patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. METHODS:: Hospitalized patients were assessed for incid ... | 2011 | 21934595 |
| clostridium difficile infection in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and risk factors. | background: epidemiological and microbiological data suggest that clostridium difficile infection (cdi) plays a substantial role in the clinical initiation of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of cdi in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with ibd. methods: the current investigation was a retrospective study. all patients newly diagnosed with ibd in the pediatric gastroenterology clinic in warsaw between 2007 and 2010 ... | 2011 | 21936029 |
| a multiplex, internally controlled real-time pcr assay for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile and identification of hypervirulent strain 027/st-1. | the purpose of this study was to validate a multiplex real-time pcr assay capable of detecting toxigenic clostridium difficile and simultaneously identifying c. difficile ribotype 027/st-1 by targeting the toxin genes tcda, tcdb and cdta in one reaction and in a separate reaction identifying the δ117 deletion in tcdc associated with ribotype 027/st-1. pcr was done prospectively on 704 samples routinely submitted to our department and results were compared to results of toxigenic culture. sequenc ... | 2011 | 21938539 |
| [Towards a better awareness of Clostridium difficile-associated infection]. | 2011 | 21940015 | |
| Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile strains in children compared with that of strains circulating in adults with Clostridium difficile-associated infection. | Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile (28 isolates) from children (n = 128) in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, identified eight toxigenic genotypes. Six of these were isolated from 27% of concurrent adult C. difficile-associated infections studied (n = 83). No children carried hypervirulent PCR ribotype 027. Children could participate in the transmission of some adult disease-causing genotypes. | 2011 | 21940476 |
| role of rho gtpases in human trophoblast migration induced by igfbp1. | insulin like growth factor binding protein-1 (igfbp1), the main secretory product of the decidualized endometrium of a pregnant woman has previously been shown to interact with the alpha5beta1 integrin of evt cell surface to stimulate its migration in an igf-independent manner. this migration stimulation has also been shown to require activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (mapk3/1) and focal adhesion kinase (fak, official symbol ptk). the present study examined the roles o ... | 2011 | 21940708 |
| retargeting clostridium difficile toxin b to neuronal cells as a potential vehicle for cytosolic delivery of therapeutic biomolecules to treat botulism. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) deliver a protease to neurons which can cause a flaccid paralysis called botulism. development of botulism antidotes will require neuronal delivery of agents that inhibit or destroy the bont protease. here, we investigated the potential of engineering clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) as a neuronal delivery vehicle by testing two recombinant tcdb chimeras. for agt-tcdb chimera, an alkyltransferase (agt) was appended to the n-terminal glucosyltransferase (gt) of t ... | 2012 | 21941543 |
| relative frequency of health care-associated pathogens by infection site at a university hospital from 1980 to 2008. | background: we describe the relative frequency of health care-associated pathogens by infection site over 29 years using hospital-wide surveillance data from a large academic hospital. methods: comprehensive hospital-wide surveillance was provided by trained infection preventionists using centers for disease control and prevention definitions. five 5-year blocks and one 4-year block were created for each site: bloodstream infections (bsi), urinary tract infections (uti), respiratory tract infect ... | 2011 | 21943832 |
| antimicrobial use and risk for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | although antimicrobial use during and immediately after clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is discouraged, the frequency and consequences of such use are poorly defined. we sought to determine the frequency of non-cdi antimicrobial therapy during and after treatment for cdi, and the association of such therapy with recurrent disease. | 2011 | 21944159 |
| predictors of fatal outcome after colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis: a 10-year experience. dr.markelov@gmail.com. | surgical treatment of fulminant clostridium difficile colitis has high mortality rates. identification of a set of preoperative characteristics that could predict outcome after surgery is necessary to optimize clinical management and guide surgical timing. data were retrospectively collected on patients operated on for c. difficile colitis between 2000 and 2010 at our institution. statistical analysis was performed to identify predictors of mortality. we reviewed the records of 13 inpatients di ... | 2011 | 21944509 |
| a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | uncontrolled case series have demonstrated decreased clostridium difficile infection (cdi) recurrence in patients given rifaximin after standard antibiotic therapy. however, clinical trials assessing whether rifaximin decreases recurrent diarrhoea in patients with cdi have not been performed. the purpose of this study was to assess rates of recurrent diarrhoea in patients with cdi given rifaximin versus placebo immediately after standard therapy. | 2011 | 21948965 |
| surface layers of clostridium difficile endospores. | clostridium difficile is an important human pathogen and one where the primary cause of disease is due to the transmission of spores. we have investigated the proteins found in the outer coat layers of c. difficile spores of pathogenic strain 630 (cd630). five coat proteins, cota, cotb, cotcb, cotd, and cote, were shown to be expressed on the outer coat layers of the spore. we demonstrate that purified spores carry catalase, peroxiredoxin, and chitinase activity and that this activity correlates ... | 2011 | 21949071 |
| reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent clostridium difficile bi/nap1/027. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and a major burden to healthcare services worldwide. in recent years, c. difficile strains belonging to the bi/nap1/027 type have become highly represented among clinical isolates. these so-called 'hypervirulent' strains are associated with outbreaks of increased disease severity, higher relapse rates and an expanded repertoire of antibiotic resistance. spores, formed during sporulation, play a pivotal role in disease ... | 2011 | 21949780 |
| Clostridium difficile hospitalizations in Louisiana: a 10 year review. | Clostridium difficile (CD) is a common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients and can cause more serious intestinal conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforations of the colon, sepsis, and even death. Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD) is mainly a health care associated illness. Known risk factors for CDAD are antibiotics, gastrointestinal surgery/manipulation, long length of stay in health care settings, serious underlying illness, a compromised immu ... | 2011 | 21954651 |
| Lack of Association between Clinical Outcome of Clostridium difficile Infections, Strain Type, and Virulence-Associated Phenotypes. | Clostridium difficile strain NAP1/027 (North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] type 1 and PCR ribotype 027 [R027]) has been associated with recent outbreaks in North America and Europe. It has been associated with more severe disease symptoms, higher mortality rates, and greater risk of relapse. This strain is thought to produce more toxins and sporulate to higher levels. However, recent studies suggest that this may not always be the case. The objective of our study was to assess ... | 2011 | 21956985 |
| an enhanced dna fingerprinting service to investigate potential clostridium difficile infection case clusters sharing the same pcr ribotype. | of 53 potential clostridium difficile infection (cdi) case clusters/outbreaks, affecting 2 to 41 patients in 27 institutions, 19% comprised unrelated isolates and 34% had highly related and distinct isolates as shown by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, despite sharing a common ribotype. these findings emphasize the value of enhanced fingerprinting to confirm or refute suspected cdi case clusters. | 2011 | 21956986 |
| postoperative antibiotics correlate with worse outcomes after appendectomy for nonperforated appendicitis. | acute appendicitis remains the most common cause of acute abdominal pain necessitating operative intervention. although postoperative antibiotics are universally used for perforated appendicitis, no consensus exists on whether postoperative antibiotics are beneficial for preventing surgical site infections (ssis) in nonperforated cases. we set out to determine how postoperative antibiotic therapy affects outcomes after appendectomy for nonperforated appendicitis. | 2011 | 21958510 |
| Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxin A/B Genes by Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Diagnosis of C. difficile infection. | Toxigenic Clostridium difficile culture is considered to be a reference diagnostic method for C. difficile infection (CDI), but it is time-consuming. Enzyme immunoassay is rapid and ease-to-use, but has low sensitivity. We evaluated a real-time PCR kit, AdvanSure CD real-time PCR (RT-PCR; LG Life Sciences), which can simultaneously detect C. difficile toxins A and B. A total of 127 fresh diarrheal stool specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for C. difficile culture were tes ... | 2011 | 21959205 |
| mechanism for gene control by a natural allosteric group i ribozyme. | an allosteric ribozyme consisting of a metabolite-sensing riboswitch and a group i self-splicing ribozyme was recently found in the pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile. the riboswitch senses the bacterial second messenger c-di-gmp, thereby controlling 5'-splice site choice by the downstream ribozyme. the proximity of this allosteric ribozyme to the open reading frame (orf) for cd3246 suggests that coenzyme-mediated regulation of splicing controls expression of this putative virulence gene ... | 2011 | 21960486 |
| Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. | 2011 | 21960717 | |
| acute renal failure in association with community-acquired clostridium difficile infection and mckittrick-wheelock syndrome. | we report the case of a 65-year-old caucasian woman who experienced two separate episodes of acute renal failure within an 18-month period, both requiring emergency admission and complicated treatment. each episode was precipitated by hypovolaemia from intestinal fluid losses, but from two rare and independent pathologies. her first admission was attributed to community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and was treated in the intensive therapy unit. she returned 18 month ... | 2011 | 21960946 |
| comparison of pcr ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) for improved detection of clostridium difficile. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotyping is one of the globally accepted techniques for defining epidemic clones of clostridium difficile and tracing virulence-related strains. however, the ambiguous data generated by this technique makes it difficult to compare data attained from different laboratories; therefore, a portable technique that could supersede or supplement pcr ribotyping should be developed. the current study attempted to use a new multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysi ... | 2011 | 21961456 |
| Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens. | A xylose-inducible gene expression vector for Clostridium perfringens was developed. Plasmid pXCH contains a chromosomal region from Clostridium difficile (xylR-P(xy)(lB)): xylR, encoding the xylose repressor, xylO, the xyl operator sequence, and P(xylB), the divergent promoter upstream of xylBA encoding xylulo kinase and xylose isomerase. pXCH allows tightly regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and the a-toxin genes in response to the inducer concentration. Thu ... | 2011 | 21965407 |
| risk factors associated with complications and mortality in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in frequency and severity over the past decade. an understanding of the modifiable risk factors for disease severity has considerable clinical applicability. | 2011 | 21976459 |
| Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection. | Molecular typing was used to examine surveillance definitions for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Among 102 patients, 85 had a second episode within 8 weeks, 88% of which were relapses. Of 49 second episodes occurring after > 8 weeks, 65% were relapses. Categorization of a recurrent episode occurring after >8 weeks as a new infection may misrepresent the majority of episodes for surveillance. | 2011 | 21976462 |
| Multiplex PCR Method for Detection of Clostridium difficile tcdA, tcdB, cdtA, and cdtB and Internal In-Frame Deletion of tcdC. | A multiplex PCR method was developed for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin genes tcdA, tcdB, ctdA, and cdtB and the major in-frame deletion types (18, 39, and 54 bp) of tcdC. The method has high specificity for PCR ribotype 027 and may identify other C. difficile strains of clinical and epidemiological importance. | 2011 | 21976756 |
| Novel One-Step Method for Detection and Isolation of Active-Toxin-Producing Clostridium difficile Strains Directly from Stool Samples. | The alarming emergence of hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile with increased toxin production, severity of disease, morbidity, and mortality emphasizes the need for a culture method that permits simultaneous isolation and detection of virulent strains. The C. difficile toxins A and B are critical virulence factors, and strains can either be toxin-producing (virulent) or non-toxin-producing (nonvirulent). Strains that are isolated from human infections generally produce either toxin A ... | 2011 | 21976761 |
| effect of telavancin on human intestinal microflora. | telavancin is a new lipoglycopeptide antibiotic for the treatment of gram-positive infections. it has a dual mechanism of action by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and disrupting the bacterial plasma membrane. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of administration of telavancin on the human intestinal microflora. thirteen healthy subjects (six males and seven females; age range 18-40 years) received 10mg/kg body weight telavancin by intravenous infusion over a ... | 2011 | 21982049 |
| implementation and outcomes of a hospital-wide computerised antimicrobial stewardship programme in a large medical centre in taiwan. | antibiotic stewardship is important to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance, but a practical and sustainable strategy to provide stewardship in a large hospital setting is lacking. we developed a hospital-wide computerised antimicrobial approval system (hcaas) to guide the use of antimicrobial agents in late 2004 in a 3500-bed medical centre in taiwan. the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of hcaas on the hospital from 2003 to 2009. following hcaas deployment, the gr ... | 2011 | 21982143 |
| acquisition of spores on gloved hands after contact with the skin of patients with clostridium difficile infection and with environmental surfaces in their rooms. | in a prospective study of 30 patients with clostridium difficile infection, we found that acquisition of spores on gloved hands was as likely after contact with commonly touched environmental surfaces (ie, bed rail, bedside table, telephone, call button) as after contact with commonly examined skin sites (ie, chest, abdomen, arm, hand). | 2011 | 21982209 |
| [Clostridium difficile infection in child with no previous risk]. | 2011 | 21982551 | |
| Evaluation of doripenem utilization and susceptibilities at a large urban hospital. | Background Bacterial resistance presents a constant challenge in the treatment of hospitalized patients, particularly with Gram-negative infections. Carbapenems have an important role in the treatment of resistant nosocomial organisms. Doripenem, a recently approved carbapenem, has shown efficacy in clinical trials, but there is little published data on utilization in a general patient population. Objective The clinical utilization of doripenem in a general adult inpatient population was evaluat ... | 2011 | 21984226 |
| Robotic presacral neurectomy - technique and results. | BACKGROUND: The feasibility, safety and outcomes of robotic presacral neurectomy were evaluated. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 33 patients with midline chronic pelvic pain, who underwent robotic presacral neurectomy. Data were collected during the period March 2004-March 2010. RESULTS: All patients underwent robotic presacral neurectomy and additional robotic procedures. Mean operating time for robotic presacral neurectomy was 5.8 (range 4.4-6.9) min. Mean blood loss, includ ... | 2011 | 21984315 |
| Prevalence of Clostridium difficile Toxin Genes in the Feces of Veal Calves and Incidence of Ground Veal Contamination. | Abstract A study was conducted in two parts to determine the prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in veal calves and retail meat. The first part of the study focused on the veal production continuum (farm to abattoir). Fifty calves from 4 veal herds (n=200) were followed for 18-22 weeks from the time of arrival on the veal farm to the time of slaughter. Fecal samples were collected from calves every 4-6 weeks. Half of the calves included in the study (n=100) were followed to the abatt ... | 2011 | 21988399 |
| probiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. | probiotics have been extensively studied over the past several years in the prevention and, to a larger extent, in the treatment of diarrheal diseases, especially in pediatric populations. diarrhea is a symptom, and not a disease. this review will not address chronic disorders associated with diarrhea, or clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. rather it will focus on published clinical trials performed on acute-onset, likely infectious diarrhea occurring in the settings of day-care centers, in ... | 2011 | 21992955 |
| probiotics in clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most prevalent nosocomial infections. a dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of cdi has been noted in the past decade. current recommendations suggest metronidazole as first-line therapy in mild to moderately severe cdi and oral vancomycin in individuals with severe cdi, or when metronidazole fails or is contradicted. alterations of the colonic microbiota, usually caused by antimicrobial therapy, seem to play a critical role in cdi p ... | 2011 | 21992956 |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | With the increasing prevalence of recurrent/refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), alternative treatments to the standard antibiotic therapies are being sought. One of the more controversial of such alternative treatments is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although the notion of FMT is foreign-even startling-and not esthetic to most people, the concept has been around for many decades. Its benefit and efficacy dates back >50 years to its use for staphylococcal pseudomembranous ... | 2011 | 21992957 |
| Recommendations for probiotic use-2011 update. | This study describes the consensus opinion of the participants of the third Yale Workshop on probiotic use. There were 10 experts participating. The recommendations update those of the first 2 meetings that were published in 2005 and 2008. The workshop presentations and papers in this supplement relate to the involvement of normal microbiota involved in intestinal microecology, how the microbes interact with the intestine to affect our immunologic responses, the stability and natural history of ... | 2011 | 21992958 |
| divergent rifamycin susceptibilities of clostridium difficile strains in canada and italy and predictive accuracy of rifampin etest for rifamycin resistance. | we tested the activities of rifampin (rif) and rifaximin (rfx) against 180 clostridium difficile clinical isolates selected from canadian and italian culture collections. mics were determined by clsi agar dilution for both drugs and by etest for rif. sixteen of 85 italian isolates (18.8%) showed high-level resistance to both rifamycins (mics, >16 μg/ml), compared to 2 of 95 (2.1%) canadian isolates. two new rpob mutations were identified in rifamycin-resistant isolates. rif susceptibility by ete ... | 2011 | 21998414 |
| Progress toward developing a carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine against Clostridium difficile ribotype 027: synthesis of the cell-surface polysaccharide PS-I repeating unit. | Clostridium difficile strain ribotype 027 is a hypervirulent pathogen that is responsible for recent, severe outbreaks of serious nosocomial infections. As a foundation for the development of a preventative carbohydrate-based vaccine, we have synthesized a pentasaccharide cell wall repeating unit from PS-I unique to this strain, by the linear assembly of four monosaccharide building blocks. | 2011 | 21998885 |
| tackling c difficile with environmental cleaning. | chlorine-based cleaning products are often used in acute settings for high-level disinfection of the environment to help control c difficile. however, these products must be used at high concentrations, making them irritant, toxic and corrosive. this means they are inappropriate for the near-patient environment, and can lead to user resistance and non-compliance. more recently, products using peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide have become available, which are highly effective even under condit ... | 2011 | 21998939 |
| systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. | background: the use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is increasing worldwide. suppression of gastric acid alters the susceptibility to enteric bacterial pathogens. aim this systematic review was undertaken to examine the relationship between ppi use and susceptibility to enteric infections by a specific pathogen based on published literature and to discuss the potential mechanisms of ppi enhanced pathogenesis of enteric infections. methods pubmed, ovid medline databases were searched. search t ... | 2011 | 21999643 |
| increasing hospital costs for clostridium difficile colitis: type of hospital matters. | to assess differences in hospital costs for inpatients with clostridium difficile (cd) colitis based on hospital size, rural or urban hospital setting, and hospital designation as a teaching institution. | 2011 | 22000185 |
| Clostridium difficile infection in outpatients, Maryland and Connecticut, USA, 2002-2007. | Clostridium difficile, the most commonly recognized diarrheagenic pathogen among hospitalized persons, can cause outpatient diarrhea. Of 1,091 outpatients with diarrhea, we found 43 (3.9%) who were positive for C. difficile toxin. Only 7 had no recognized risk factors, and 3 had neither risk factors nor co-infection with another enteric pathogen. | 2011 | 22000379 |
| fluoroquinolones, antimicrobial resistance and neutropenic cancer patients. | fluoroquinolone antibiotics are widely used in our communities and healthcare facilities. this review focuses upon the relationship between fluoroquinolone use and the rising prevalence in neutropenic cancer patients of multidrug resistant pathogens including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, clostridium difficile, and aerobic gram-negative bacilli. | 2011 | 22001945 |
| systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a gastrointestinal disease believed to be causally related to perturbations to the intestinal microbiota. when standard treatment has failed, intestinal microbiota transplantation (imt) is an alternative therapy for patients with cdi. imt involves infusing intestinal microorganisms (in a suspension of healthy donor stool) into the intestine of a sick patient to restore the microbiota. however, protocols and reported efficacy for imt vary. we conducted a s ... | 2011 | 22002980 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis after uncomplicated ureteroscopic stone treatment: is there a difference? | abstract purpose: we evaluated the risk of development of a symptomatic urinary tract infection (uti) based on the antibiotic prophylaxis given to a patient during and after uncomplicated ureteroscopy (urs) for urolithiasis. patients and methods: we retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent urs, laser lithotripsy, and stent placement for the management of stones from 2004/2005 (group 1) and 2009/2010 (group 2). we excluded all patients with preoperative positive cultures, ... | 2011 | 22003847 |
| prevalence, enumeration, and antimicrobial agent resistance of clostridium difficile in cattle at harvest in the united states. | to assess the potential for food contamination with clostridium difficile from food animals, we conducted a cross-sectional fecal prevalence study in 944 randomly selected cattle harvested at seven commercial meat processing plants, representing four distant regions (median distance of 1,500 km) of the united states. in all, 944 animals were sampled in the summer of 2008. c. difficile was isolated from 1.8% (17 of 944) of cattle, with median fecal shedding concentration of 2.2 log cfu/g (range ... | 2011 | 22004807 |
| Profound Alterations of Intestinal Microbiota following a Single Dose of Clindamycin Results in Sustained Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-Induced Colitis. | Antibiotic-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota predispose mammalian hosts to infection with antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive intestinal pathogen that causes colitis and diarrhea in patients following antibiotic treatment. Clindamycin predisposes patients to C. difficile colitis. Here, we have used Roche-454 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to longitudinally characterize the intestinal microbiota of mice following clindamycin treatment in the presence ... | 2012 | 22006564 |