Publications

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respiratory pathogenicity of bacillus anthracis spores; chemical-biological synergisms. 194620278395
some observations on the tenacity of bacillus anthracis. 194720279627
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis. 194720283794
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; the immunological and tissue damaging properties of extracts prepared from lesions of b. anthracis infections. 194720283795
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; preparation and characterization of an anthracidal substance from various animal tissues. 194720283796
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; chemical and immunological properties of the protective antigen in crude extracts of skin lesions of b. anthracis. 194720283797
note on a variant of b. anthracis which fails to form heat-resisting endospores, and on attempts to immunize guinea-pigs against anthrax infection with killed vaccines prepared from it. 194620284517
immunity to anthrax: protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates. 194620284522
early septicaemia in anthrax. 194620284875
effect of penicillin and antianthrax serum in experimental anthrax. 194720285779
incidence of anthrax in sheep, goats and cattle in baroda state. 194720290845
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; the isolation of an inflammatory factor from crude extracts of lesions of b. anthracis infection and its biological and chemical relationship to glutamyl polypeptide. 194720292834
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; physiological changes in experimental animals during the course of infection with b. anthracis. 194720292835
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; a comparison of the antibacterial effects of calf thymus histone and a quarternary ammonium cationic detergent on b anthracis. 194720292836
anthrax investigation. silicon mystery endures in solved anthrax case. 201020299555
personal protection during resuscitation of casualties contaminated with chemical or biological warfare agents--a survey of medical first responders.the threat of mass casualties caused by an unconventional terrorist attack is a challenge for the public health system, with special implications for emergency medicine, anesthesia, and intensive care. advanced life support of patients injured by chemical or biological warfare agents requires an adequate level of personal protection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the personal protection knowledge of emergency physicians and anesthetists who would be at the frontline of the initial health ...200920301071
systematic evaluation of the efficacy of chlorine dioxide in decontamination of building interior surfaces contaminated with anthrax spores.efficacy of chlorine dioxide (cd) gas generated by two distinct generation systems, sabre (wet system with gas generated in water) and clordisys (dry system with gas generated in air), was evaluated for inactivation of bacillus anthracis spores on six building interior surfaces. the six building materials included carpet, acoustic ceiling tile, unpainted cinder block, painted i-beam steel, painted wallboard, and unpainted pinewood. there was no statistically significant difference in the data du ...201020305025
retraction: the bicarbonate transporter is essential for bacillus anthracis lethality. 201020305807
inflammatory cytokine response to bacillus anthracis peptidoglycan requires phagocytosis and lysosomal trafficking.during advanced stages of inhalation anthrax, bacillus anthracis accumulates at high levels in the bloodstream of the infected host. this bacteremia leads to sepsis during late-stage anthrax; however, the mechanisms through which b. anthracis-derived factors contribute to the pathology of infected hosts are poorly defined. peptidoglycan, a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria, can provoke symptoms of sepsis in animal models. we have previously shown that peptidoglycan of b. ...201020308305
anthrax of face. 191820311060
anthrax in man with a report of two cases. 191820311069
an unusual case of anthrax in man. 192520315410
anthrax: its incidence and therapy: (with the report of a case). 194520323461
treatment of anthrax. 194620323826
studies on infection with bacillus anthracis; a histopathological study of skin lesions produced by b. anthracis in susceptible and resistant animal species. 194720341537
a peculiar case of black-quarter. 194720341945
peptides panned from a phage-displayed random peptide library are useful for the detection of bacillus anthracis surrogates b. cereus 4342 and b. anthracis sterne.recent use of bacillus anthracis as a bioweapon has highlighted the need for a sensitive monitoring system. current bacterial detection tests use antibodies as bio-molecular recognition elements which have limitations with regard to time, specificity and sensitivity, creating the need for new and improved cost-effective high-affinity detection probes. in this study, we screened a commercially available bacteriophage-displayed random peptide library using bacillus cereus 4342 cells as bait to ide ...201020350526
bayesian modeling of unknown diseases for biosurveillance.this paper investigates bayesian modeling of unknown causes of events in the context of disease-outbreak detection. we introduce a bayesian approach that models and detects both (1) known diseases (e.g., influenza and anthrax) by using informative prior probabilities and (2) unknown diseases (e.g., a new, highly contagious respiratory virus that has never been seen before) by using relatively non-informative prior probabilities. we report the results of simulation experiments which support that ...200920351923
hybrid antimicrobial enzyme and silver nanoparticle coatings for medical instruments.we report a method for the synthesis of antimicrobial coatings on medical instruments that combines the bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme and the biocidal properties of silver nanoparticles. colloidal suspensions of lysozyme and silver nanoparticles were electrophoretically deposited onto the surface of stainless steel surgical blades and needles. electrodeposited films firmly adhered to stainless steel surfaces even after extensive washing and retained the hydrolytic properties of lysozyme. th ...200920355960
indoor anthrax decontamination: how clean is clean? 201020357603
public health and environmental response to the first case of naturally acquired inhalational anthrax in the united states in 30 years: infection of a new york city resident who worked with dried animal hides.in pennsylvania on february 16, 2006, a new york city resident collapsed with rigors and was hospitalized. on february 21, the centers for disease control and prevention and the new york city department of health and mental hygiene were notified that bacillus anthracis had been identified in the patient's blood. although the patient's history of working with dried animal hides to make african drums indicated the likelihood of a natural exposure to aerosolized anthrax spores, bioterrorism had to ...201020357604
lessons learned from the investigation of a cluster of cutaneous anthrax cases in connecticut.in 2007, two cases of cutaneous anthrax associated with west african drum making were reported in connecticut in a drum-maker and his child. although both cases were due to exposure to naturally occurring bacillus anthracis from imported animal hides, ensuing investigative and remediation efforts were affected by the intentional b anthracis attacks in 2001. to share our experience of responding to an outbreak of anthrax in the biologic terrorism preparedness era, we summarize connecticut's inves ...201020357605
biological warfare agents.biological warfare agents are a group of pathogens and toxins of biological origin that can be potentially misused for military or criminal purposes. the present review attempts to summarize necessary knowledge about biological warfare agents. the historical aspects, examples of applications of these agents such as anthrax letters, biological weapons impact, a summary of biological warfare agents and epidemiology of infections are described. the last section tries to estimate future trends in re ...201020358696
full expression of bacillus anthracis toxin gene in the presence of bicarbonate requires a 2.7-kb-long atxa mrna that contains a terminator structure.bacillus anthracis toxin gene expression requires atxa, a virulence regulator that also activates capsule gene transcription and controls expression of more than a hundred genes. here we report that atxa mrna is 2.7-kb-long and ends, after a 500 nt-long 3' untranslated region, with a stem loop structure followed by a run of u's. the presence of this structure stabilizes atxa mrna and is necessary for atxa maximal accumulation, full expression of the pa toxin gene, paga and optimal pa accumulatio ...201020359529
the role of nf-kappab and h3k27me3 demethylase, jmjd3, on the anthrax lethal toxin tolerance of raw 264.7 cells.in bacillus anthracis, lethal toxin (letx) is a critical virulence factor that causes immune suppression and toxic shock in the infected host. nf-kappab is a key mediator of the inflammatory response and is crucial for the plasticity of first level immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils. in macrophages, this inflammatory response, mediated by nf-kappab, can regulate host defense against invading pathogens. a jumonji c family histone 3 lysine-27 (h3k27) demethylase, jmjd3, pl ...201020360974
susceptibility to antibiotics of bacillus anthracis strains isolated in romania.a number of 21 b. anthracis strains isolated from 16 pustules, 2 blood cultures and 3 cerebrospinal fluids during 2000-2004 were studied for their susceptibility to antibiotics. the antibiosusceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method, on mueller-hinton agar medium. two of the studied strains exhibited resistance to penicillins, considered until not long ago as antimicrobial agents of choice for the treatment of anthrax infection. the penicillin resistance explained the difficult ...200920361530
development and validation of a multiplex real-time pcr for detection of clostridium chauvoei and clostridium septicum.clostridium chauvoei is the causative agent of blackleg in cattle and sheep. the clinical symptoms of this severe disease are very similar to that of malignant edema (clostridium septicum), infections of other clostridium species belonging to the gas edema complex, and anthrax (bacillus anthracis). c. chauvoei and c. septicum are closely related taxa and share many phenotypic properties hampering diagnosis by using traditional microbiological methods. thus, there is a need for a fast and reliabl ...201020362050
environmental decontamination following a large-scale bioterrorism attack: federal progress and remaining gaps.the process of environmental decontamination is a key step in a successful response to a large-scale attack involving a biological agent. costs for the decontamination response following the 2001 anthrax attacks were estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars, and some facilities could not be reopened for more than 2 years. however, a large-scale biological attack would likely result in an even greater amount of contamination, more areas that need to be cleaned and made safe, and a much gr ...201020367575
proteomics for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.proteomics permits the large-scale and high-throughput analysis of proteins and has become a powerful tool with which to study the pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria. it not only provides a metabolic snapshot at a particular moment in the life of a pathogen, but can also determine where a protein resides, its function, whether it is secreted, and its interactions with other proteins, including those of the host. comparative proteomics can yield important information on the differences between att ...201020370632
being alert to anthrax.nurses need to be aware that heroin contaminated with anthrax is in circulation.201020373622
comparison of three anthrax toxin neutralization assays.different types of anthrax toxin neutralization assays have been utilized to measure the antibody levels elicited by anthrax vaccines in both nonclinical and clinical studies. in the present study, we sought to determine whether three commonly used toxin neutralization assays-j774a.1 cell-, raw 264.7 cell-, and cho cell-based assays-yield comparable estimates of neutralization activities for sera obtained after vaccination with anthrax vaccines composed of recombinant protective antigen (rpa). i ...201020375243
bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen.bacillus cereus is a gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed environmentally. while b. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. the pathogenicity of b. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. among these sec ...201020375358
clpx contributes to innate defense peptide resistance and virulence phenotypes of bacillus anthracis.bacillus anthracis is a national institute of allergy and infectious diseases category a priority pathogen and the causative agent of the deadly disease anthrax. we applied a transposon mutagenesis system to screen for novel chromosomally encoded b. anthracis virulence factors. this approach identified clpx, the regulatory atpase subunit of the clpxp protease, as essential for both the hemolytic and proteolytic phenotypes surrounding colonies of b. anthracis grown on blood or casein agar media, ...200920375606
development of a differential scanning fluorimetry based high throughput screening assay for the discovery of affinity binders against an anthrax protein.the anthrax protein protective antigen (pa) is responsible for cell-surface recognition and aids the delivery of the toxic anthrax enzymes into host cells. by targeting pa and preventing it from binding to host cells, it is hoped that the delivery of toxins into the cell will be inhibited. the current assay reported for pa is a low throughput functional assay. here, the high throughput screening method using differential scanning fluorimetry (dsf) was developed and optimized to screen a number o ...201020376913
endosomal recycling regulates anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8-dependent cell spreading.mechanisms for receptor-mediated anthrax toxin internalization and delivery to the cytosol are well understood. however, far less is known about the fate followed by anthrax toxin receptors prior and after cell exposure to the toxin. we report that anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 (tem8) localized at steady state in rab11a-positive and transferrin receptor-containing recycling endosomes. tem8 followed a slow constitutive recycling route of approximately 30min as determined by ...201020382142
neutralizing monoclonal antibody to edema toxin and its effect on murine anthrax.edema factor (ef) is a component of an anthrax toxin that functions as an adenylate cyclase. numerous monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been reported for the other bacillus anthracis toxin components, but relatively few to ef have been studied. we report the generation of six murine hybridoma lines producing two igm and four igg1 mabs to ef. of the six mabs, only one igm neutralized ef, as assayed by an increase in cyclic amp (camp) production by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells. analysis of th ...201020385755
genomewide screening for novel genetic variations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in bacillus anthracis.fluoroquinolone (fq) resistance of bacillus anthracis is a serious concern in the fields of biodefense and bioterrorism since fqs are very effective antibiotics and are recommended as first-line treatment against this lethal bacterium. in this study, we obtained 2 strains of b. anthracis showing resistance or intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin (cip) by a stepwise selection procedure with increasing cip concentrations. fifteen genetic variations were identified between the parental and cip- ...201020385868
bacillus marcorestinctum sp. nov., a novel soil acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal quenching bacterium.a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from soil samples and designated strain lqq. this organism strongly quenches the acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal. the lqq strain exhibits phenotypic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus bacillus. it is positive in catalase and no special growth factor is needed. it uses glucose as sole carbon source. the dna g + c content is 39.8 mol %. the closest relatives b ...201020386651
anthrax lfn-pa hybrid antigens: biochemistry, immunogenicity, and protection against lethal ames spore challenge in rabbits.we describe a novel hybrid anthrax toxin approach that incorporates multiple components into a single vaccine product. the key domains of protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) that may be critical for inducing protective immunity are combined into one recombinant molecule. two lf n-terminal domain-pa hybrids, one with wild-type pa and another with furin cleavage-minus pa, were expressed in e. coli and purified in a native form. both the hybrids bind to the extracellular domain of the ho ...200920390054
detection technologies for bacillus anthracis: prospects and challenges.bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium representing the etiological agent of acute infectious disease anthrax, a lethal but rare disease of animals and humans in nature. with recent use of anthrax as a bioweapon, a number of techniques have been recently developed and evaluated to facilitate its rapid detection of b. anthracis in the environment as well as in point-of-care settings for humans suspected of exposure to the pathogen. complex laboratory methods for b. anthrac ...201020399814
anthrax infection in drug users. 201020399978
[molecular and immunological detection of bacteria applied to bio-terrorism].following the episode of letters containing anthrax in the usa in 2001, the fight against bio-terrorism became a priority for many countries (including france). the detection of bacteria in bio-terrorism settings is a major component of this fight. indeed, the early detection of these bio-terrorism agents leads to an appropriate treatment and to a reduced transmission of the disease. bacteria are important bio-terrorism agents, and the techniques used for their detection are constantly evolving. ...201020400254
an epitope of bacillus anthracis protective antigen that is cryptic in rabbits may be immunodominant in humans. 201020400683
severe anthrax outbreaks in italy in 2004: considerations on factors involved in the spread of infection.anthrax is a disease of humans and animals caused by the encapsulated, spore-forming bacillus anthracis. in italy, anthrax is normally a sporadic disease. during the summer 2004, anthrax broke out in the basilicata, in southern italy, a region with a low prevalence of anthrax in which vaccination had been suspended since 1998. the disease involved several animals in few weeks and in a large area. over 41 days, 81 cattle died, as well as 15 sheep, 9 goats, 11 horses and 8 deer. the multiple-locus ...201020402418
historical distribution and molecular diversity of bacillus anthracis, kazakhstan.to map the distribution of anthrax outbreaks and strain subtypes in kazakhstan during 1937-2005, we combined geographic information system technology and genetic analysis by using archived cultures and data. biochemical and genetic tests confirmed the identity of 93 archived cultures in the kazakhstan national culture collection as bacillus anthracis. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis genotyping identified 12 genotypes. cluster analysis comparing these genotypes with previously p ...201020409368
robert koch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology.robert koch's discovery of the anthrax bacillus in 1876 launched the field of medical bacteriology. a 'golden age' of scientific discovery ensued. a century after koch's death, we remember his life and work.201020413340
towards preserving the immunogenicity of protein antigens carried by nanoparticles while avoiding the cold chain.nanoparticles are an attractive vaccine carrier with potent adjuvant activity. data from our previous studies showed that immunization of mice with lecithin/glyceryl monostearate-based nanoparticles with protein antigens conjugated onto their surface induced a strong, quick, and long-lasting antigen-specific immune response. in the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of preserving the immunogenicity of protein antigens carried by nanoparticles without refrigeration using these antigen-co ...201020416366
a personal history of veterinary public health in the pan american health organization.the introduction of disease into the new world changed both flora and fauna. the need for coordinated veterinary public health activities was highlighted when anthrax and encephalitis were reported in native populations. the pan american health organization has been a proponent of public health and animal health since its inception. neither discipline can be successful without the other.200720422557
selection of full-length iggs by tandem display on filamentous phage particles and escherichia coli fluorescence-activated cell sorting screening.phage display of antibody libraries is a powerful tool for antibody discovery and evolution. recombinant antibodies have been displayed on phage particles as scfvs or fabs, and more recently as bivalent f(ab')(2). we recently developed a technology (e-clonal) for screening of combinatorial igg libraries using bacterial periplasmic display and selection by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) [mazor y et al. (2007) nat biotechnol 25, 563-565]. although, as a single-cell analysis technique, ...201020423457
investigating factors associated with reporting concerns towards malaria prophylaxis, and the content of concerns amongst uk service personnel deployed to the iraq conflict between 2003-2006: a mixed methods study.there was a significant risk of malaria in the area to which military personnel were deployed during the iraq war. in this paper we investigated attitudes towards anti malarial tablets, health and the reporting of military hazards during deployment.201020433102
role of the protective antigen octamer in the molecular mechanism of anthrax lethal toxin stabilization in plasma.anthrax is caused by strains of bacillus anthracis that produce two key virulence factors, anthrax toxin (atx) and a poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid capsule. atx is comprised of three proteins: protective antigen (pa) and two enzymes, lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef). to disrupt cell function, these components must assemble into holotoxin complexes, which contain either a ring-shaped homooctameric or homoheptameric pa oligomer bound to multiple copies of lf and/or ef, producing lethal toxin ( ...201020433851
a bacillus anthracis s-layer homology protein that binds heme and mediates heme delivery to isdc.the sequestration of iron by mammalian hosts represents a significant obstacle to the establishment of a bacterial infection. in response, pathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to acquire iron from host heme. bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, utilizes secreted hemophores to scavenge heme from host hemoglobin, thereby facilitating iron acquisition from extracellular heme pools and delivery to iron-regulated surface determinant (isd) proteins covalently attached to the cell ...201020435727
imaging the cell entry of the anthrax oedema and lethal toxins with fluorescent protein chimeras.to investigate the cell entry and intracellular trafficking of anthrax oedema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf), they were c-terminally fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) and monomeric cherry (mcherry) fluorescent proteins. both chimeras bound to the surface of bhk cells treated with protective antigen (pa) in a patchy mode. binding was followed by rapid internalization, and the two anthrax factors were found to traffic along the same endocytic route and with identical kinet ...201020438574
bacillus anthracis genome organization in light of whole transcriptome sequencing.emerging knowledge of whole prokaryotic transcriptomes could validate a number of theoretical concepts introduced in the early days of genomics. what are the rules connecting gene expression levels with sequence determinants such as quantitative scores of promoters and terminators? are translation efficiency measures, e.g. codon adaptation index and rbs score related to gene expression? we used the whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing of a bacterial pathogen bacillus anthracis to assess correl ...201020438648
purification and biophysical characterization of the core protease domain of anthrax lethal factor.anthrax lethal toxin (letx) stands for the major virulence factor of the anthrax disease. it comprises a 90kda highly specific metalloprotease, the anthrax lethal factor (lf). lf possesses a catalytic zn(2+) binding site and is highly specific against mapk kinases, thus representing the most potent native biomolecule to alter and inactivate mkk [mapk (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinases] signalling pathways. given the importance of the interaction between lf and substrate for the developme ...201020438702
a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacillus anthracis.an effective public health response to a deliberate release of bacillus anthracis will require a rapid distribution of antimicrobial agents for postexposure prophylaxis and treatment. however, conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing for b. anthracis requires a 16- to 20-h incubation period. to reduce this time, we have combined a modified broth microdilution (bmd) susceptibility testing method with real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr). the growth or inhibition of growth of b. anthracis ce ...201020439614
bacillus anthracis endospores regulate ornithine decarboxylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase through erk1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.interactions between bacillus anthracis (b. anthracis) and host cells are of particular interest given the implications of anthrax as a biological weapon. inhaled b. anthracis endospores encounter alveolar macrophages as the first line of defense in the innate immune response. yet, the consequences of this interaction remain unclear. we have demonstrated that b. anthracis uses arginase, inherent in the endospores, to reduce the ability of macrophages to produce nitric oxide ((•)no) from inducibl ...201020440620
exsb, an unusually highly phosphorylated protein required for the stable attachment of the exosporium of bacillus anthracis.the outermost layer of the bacillus anthracis spore, the exosporium, is composed of a paracrystalline basal layer and an external hair-like nap. the nap is formed from a single collagen-like glycoprotein, while the basal layer contains many different proteins, including a 186-amino acid protein called exsb. in this study, we discovered that exsb is unusually highly phosphorylated, with at least 14 of its 19 threonine residues modified. the phosphorylated threonines are included in seven contiguo ...201020444088
recent case developments in health law. rempfer v. sharfstein. 201020449938
regulation and isoform function of the v-atpases.the vacuolar (h(+))-atpases are atp-dependent proton pumps that acidify intracellular compartments and, in some cases, transport protons across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. intracellular v-atpases play an important role in normal physiological processes such as receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular membrane trafficking, pro-hormone processing, protein degradation, and the coupled uptake of small molecules, such as neurotransmitters. they also function in the entry of various p ...201020450191
raxibacumab for inhalational anthrax: an effective specific therapeutic approach?inhalational anthrax is a disease with a high lethality potential and current therapeutic interventions with antibiotics to manage the bacteraemia might not always be fully effective. blocking the activity of the toxins with raxibacumab, a fully-human mab directed against the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis, may serve as an adjunct treatment. the existing ones are aimed at preventing post-exposure bacteraemia but might not be always fully protective. therefore, more specific 'therapies' ...201020450444
detection limit of negative staining electron microscopy for the diagnosis of bioterrorism-related micro-organisms.to determine the detection limit of diagnostic negative staining electron microscopy for the diagnosis of pathogens that could be used for bioterrorism.201020456527
effects of the usa patriot act and the 2002 bioterrorism preparedness act on select agent research in the united states.a bibliometric analysis of the bacillus anthracis and ebola virus archival literature was conducted to determine whether negative consequences of the uniting and strengthening america by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism" (usa patriot) act and the 2002 bioterrorism preparedness act on us select agent research could be discerned. indicators of the health of the field, such as number of papers published per year, number of researchers authoring papers, and in ...201020457912
an investigation of the quality of meat sold in lesotho.since the closure of the lesotho abattoir in 2003, only imported meat can be legally sold. however, it was estimated in 2007 that 80% of the meat sold at butcheries comes from informal slaughter. the aim of this study was to investigate the situation. the number and location of informal butcheries in lesotho (n = 143) were recorded and mapped using geographical information systems. observations (photographs) of informal slaughter indicated a lack of hygiene, unskilled slaughtermen and illegal di ...200920458865
bioterrorism: what might be walking into the ed? 201020466236
siderophore-mediated iron acquisition in bacillus anthracis and related strains.recent observations have shed light on some of the endogenous iron-acquisition mechanisms of members of the bacillus cereus sensu lato group. in particular, pathogens in the b. cereus group use siderophores with both unique chemical structures and biological roles. this review will focus on recent discoveries in siderophore biosynthesis and biology in this group, which contains numerous human pathogens, most notably the causative agent of anthrax, bacillus anthracis.201020466767
british industrial anthrax. 190920474400
british industrial anthrax: part ii. 190920474403
the influence of the culture medium on the germination of anthrax spores: with special reference to disinfection experiments. 191120474468
the detection of anthrax spores in industrial material. 191220474493
the detection of anthrax spores in east india wool and in yarn manufactured therefrom. 191420474546
the disinfection of anthrax-infected dried hides in the dry condition by means of hydrogen sulphide. 193220475143
anthrax in mink (mustela vison). 193920475478
studies on a lysogenic bacillus strain: i. a bacteriophage specific for bacillus anthracis. 195120475833
the influence of temperature and humidity on spore formation and germination in bacillus anthracis. 196020475844
a case of anthrax meningitis. 193920476232
mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin requires th17 cells and protects against inhalation anthrax.cholera toxin (ct) elicits a mucosal immune response in mice when used as a vaccine adjuvant. the mechanisms by which ct exerts its adjuvant effects are incompletely understood. we show that protection against inhalation anthrax by an irradiated spore vaccine depends on ct-mediated induction of il-17-producing cd4 th17 cells. furthermore, il-17 is involved in the induction of serum and mucosal antibody responses by ct. th17 cells induced by ct have a unique cytokine profile compared with those i ...201020479237
disulfide bonds in the ectodomain of anthrax toxin receptor 2 are required for the receptor-bound protective-antigen pore to function.cell-surface receptors play essential roles in anthrax toxin action by providing the toxin with a high-affinity anchor and self-assembly site on the plasma membrane, mediating the toxin entry into cells through endocytosis, and shifting the ph threshold for prepore-to-pore conversion of anthrax toxin protective antigen (pa) to a more acidic ph, thereby inhibiting premature pore formation. each of the two known anthrax toxin receptors, antxr1 and antxr2, has an ectodomain comprised of an n-termin ...201020479891
b cell development in galt: role of bacterial superantigen-like molecules.intestinal bacteria drive the formation of lymphoid tissues, and in rabbit, bacteria also promote development of the preimmune ab repertoire and positive selection of b cells in galt. previous studies indicated that bacillus subtilis promotes b cell follicle formation in galt, and we investigated the mechanism by which b. subtilis stimulates b cells. we found that spores of b. subtilis and other bacillus species, including bacillus anthracis, bound rabbit igm through an unconventional, superanti ...201020483765
genetic analysis of petrobactin transport in bacillus anthracis.iron acquisition mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of many infectious microbes. in bacillus anthracis, the siderophore petrobactin is required for both growth in iron-depleted conditions and for full virulence of the bacterium. here we demonstrate the roles of two putative petrobactin binding proteins fatb and fpua (encoded by gbaa5330 and gbaa4766 respectively) in b. anthracis iron acquisition and pathogenesis. markerless deletion mutants were created using allelic exchange. ...201020487286
the sortase a enzyme that attaches proteins to the cell wall of bacillus anthracis contains an unusual active site architecture.the pathogen bacillus anthracis uses the sortase a (srta) enzyme to anchor proteins to its cell wall envelope during vegetative growth. to gain insight into the mechanism of protein attachment to the cell wall in b. anthracis we investigated the structure, backbone dynamics, and function of srta. the nmr structure of srta has been determined with a backbone coordinate precision of 0.40 +/- 0.07 a. srta possesses several novel features not previously observed in sortase enzymes including the pres ...201020489200
lmbe proteins from bacillus cereus are de-n-acetylases with broad substrate specificity and are highly similar to proteins in bacillus anthracis.the genomes of bacillus cereus and its closest relative bacillus anthracis each contain two lmbe protein family homologs: bc1534 (ba1557) and bc3461 (ba3524). only a few members of this family have been biochemically characterized including n-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidyl inositol (glcnac-pi), 1-d-myo-inosityl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (glcnac-ins), n,n'-diacetylchitobiose (glcnac(2)) and lipoglycopeptide antibiotic de-n-acetylases. all these enzymes share a common feature in ...201020491912
recent advances in rapid and ultrasensitive biosensors for infectious agents: lesson from bacillus anthracis diagnostic sensors.here, we review the cumulative efforts to develop rapid and ultrasensitive diagnostic systems, especially for the infectious agent, bacillus anthracis, as a model system. this minireview focuses on demonstrating the features of various probes for target molecule detection and recent methods of signal generation within the biosensors. also, we discuss the possibility of using peptides as next-generation probe molecules.201020498871
environmental factors determining the epidemiology and population genetic structure of the bacillus cereus group in the field.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and its insecticidal toxins are widely exploited in microbial biopesticides and genetically modified crops. its population biology is, however, poorly understood. important issues for the safe, sustainable exploitation of bt include understanding how selection maintains expression of insecticidal toxins in nature, whether entomopathogenic bt is ecologically distinct from related human pathogens in the bacillus cereus group, and how the use of microbial pesticides alte ...201020502683
susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin-induced rat death is controlled by a single chromosome 10 locus that includes rnlrp1.anthrax lethal toxin (lt) is a bipartite protease-containing toxin and a key virulence determinant of bacillus anthracis. in mice, lt causes the rapid lysis of macrophages isolated from certain inbred strains, but the correlation between murine macrophage sensitivity and mouse strain susceptibility to toxin challenge is poor. in rats, lt induces a rapid death in as little as 37 minutes through unknown mechanisms. we used a recombinant inbred (ri) rat panel of 19 strains generated from lt-sensiti ...201020502689
induction of neutralizing antibody responses to anthrax protective antigen by using influenza virus vectors: implications for disparate immune system priming pathways.viral vectors based on influenza virus, rabies virus (rv), and vaccinia virus (vv) were used to express large polypeptide segments derived from the bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa). for the infectious influenza virus vector and recombinant vv constructs, the receptor binding domain (rbd or domain 4) or the lethal and edema factor binding domain (lef or domain 1') were engineered into functional chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) glycoproteins. in the case of the rv vector, the viral glycoprot ...201020504926
hydrophobic properties and extraction of bacillus anthracis spores from liquid foods.the objectives of this study were to characterize the hydrophobic properties of three strains of bacillus anthracis using the microbial adherence to hydrocarbons (math) assay and determine the recovery of spores by hexadecane extraction from water, milk and orange juice using a modified version of this assay. in water mixtures, the hydrophobicity of b. anthracis spores ranged from 5 to 80% as the concentration of hexadecane and the mixing time increased. two of the three strains showed significa ...201020510785
multigeneration cross contamination of mail with bacillus species spores by tumbling.in 2001, envelopes loaded with bacillus anthracis spores were mailed to senators daschle and leahy as well as to the new york post and nbc news buildings. additional letters may have been mailed to other news agencies because there was confirmed anthrax infection of employees at these locations. these events heightened the awareness of the lack of understanding of the mechanism(s) by which objects contaminated with a biological agent might spread disease. this understanding is crucial for the es ...201020511424
communicable diseases report, nsw, january and february 2010. 201020513312
cytidylyl and uridylyl cyclase activity of bacillus anthracis edema factor and bordetella pertussis cyaa.cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (camp) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cgmp) are second messengers for numerous mammalian cell functions. the natural occurrence and synthesis of a third cyclic nucleotide (cnmp), cyclic cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate (ccmp), is a matter of controversy, and almost nothing is known about cyclic uridine 3',5'-monophosphate (cump). bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis secrete the adenylyl cyclase (ac) toxins edema factor (ef) and cyaa, respectivel ...201020521845
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