Publications

pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits the growth of cryptococcus species.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous and opportunistic bacterium that inhibits the growth of different microorganisms, including gram-positive bacteria and fungi such as candida spp. and aspergillus fumigatus. in this study, we investigated the interaction between p. aeruginosa and cryptococcus spp. we found that p. aeruginosa pa14 and, to a lesser extent, pao1 significantly inhibited the growth of cryptococcus spp. the inhibition of growth was observed on solid medium by the visualization of ...	2011	22076410
a β-resorcylic macrolide from the seagrass-derived fungus fusarium sp. psu-es73.	a new β-resorcylic macrolide, 5'-hydroxyzearalenone (1), and six known β-resorcylic macrolides were isolated from the seagrass-derived fungus fusarium sp. psu-es73. their structures were established by analysis of spectral data. all of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus, both standard and methicillin-resistant strains, as well as their antifungal activity against cryptococcus neoformans. only the known compound zearalenone (2) dis ...	2011	22076763
outcome of hiv-1-associated cryptococcal meningitis, denmark 1988?2008.	abstract introduction: the risk of hiv-1-associated cryptococcus neoformans meningitis (cm) has decreased and the outcome has improved with the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cart). outcome has not been reported in denmark in the cart era. methods: a review of all cases of hiv-1-associated cm treated at 2 hospitals in denmark was carried out. survival was compared by time-updated cox proportional hazards analysis. results: a total of 45 cases were evaluated. six individuals (13.3%) ...	2011	22077922
a flucytosine-responsive mbp1/swi4-like protein, mbs1, plays pleiotropic roles in antifungal drug resistance, stress response, and virulence of cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcosis, caused by the basidiomycetous fungus cryptococcus neoformans, is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually in aids patients. flucytosine is one of the most commonly used antifungal drugs for its treatment, but its resistance and regulatory mechanisms have never been investigated at the genome scale in c. neoformans. in the present study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis by employing two-component system mutants (tco1δ and tco2δ) exhibiting opposing flucytos ...	2012	22080454
identification of novel hybrids between cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii vni and cryptococcus gattii vgii.	cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are pathogenic yeasts causing meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. the fungus is typically haploid, and sexual reproduction occurs normally between individuals with opposite mating types, α and a. c. neoformans var. grubii (serotype a) is comprised of molecular types vni, vnii, and vnb, and c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype d) contains the molecular type vniv. additional ...	2011	22081254
cryptococcus neoformans suppresses the activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells stimulated with its own dna, but not with dna from other fungi.	dna from cryptococcus neoformans activates bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bm-dcs) in a tlr9-dependent manner. in this study, we examined the effect of the culture supernatants of c. neoformans on the activation of bm-dcs caused by its own dna. c. neoformans supernatants suppressed il-12p40, il-6 production and cd40 expression by bm-dcs stimulated with its own dna, but not with cpg-odn and dna from candida albicans, saccharomyces cerevisiae or escherichia coli. in a confocal microscopic ana ...	2011	22092563
increased chitinase expression and fungal-specific antibodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic children.	background: increasing evidence highlights the contribution of chitinases and fungal infection to the development of asthma. objective: the purpose of this study was to characterize chitinase expression and serological markers of fungal infection in children with severe asthma. methods: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) was collected from children undergoing clinically indicated flexible bronchoscopy. a diagnosis of asthma was confirmed by pulmonary function testing. balf was tested for chitin ...	2011	22092749
Effects of microplusin, a copper-chelating antimicrobial peptide, against Cryptococcus neoformans.	Microplusin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Its copper-chelating ability is putatively responsible for its bacteriostatic activity against Micrococcus luteus as microplusin inhibits respiration in this species, which is a copper-dependent process. Microplusin is also active against Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC(50) = 0.09 µM), the etiologic agent of cryptococcosis. Here, we show that microplusin is fungistatic to C. neoformans and thi ...	2011	22092765
cryptococcus neoformans ca(2+) homeostasis requires a chloride channel/antiporter clc1 in jec21, but not in h99.	clc-type chloride/proton antiporters are required for copper/iron homeostasis in fungi. a relationship between clcs and ca(2+) homeostasis has not been found before. here we demonstrate the requirement of the antiporter clc1 for ca(2+) homeostasis/signaling in cryptococcus neoformans. the deletion of clc1 in jec21 resulted in a mutant hypersensitive to cyclosporine a, an inhibitor of calcineurin. intracellular ca(2+) deficiency in the mutant tx1 was confirmed with fluo-3 staining epi-fluoresc ...	2011	22093100
TLR9-dependent activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by URA5 DNA from Cryptococcus neoformans.	Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Recently, we reported that TLR9 is involved in host defense against C. neoformans: specifically, it detects the pathogen's DNA. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TLR9-mediated activation of innate immune responses using the URA5 gene, which encodes a virulent component of this fungal pathogen. A PCR-amplified 345-bp URA5 gene fragment indu ...	2011	22104112
synthesis and antifungal activity of 6,7-bis(arylthio)-quinazoline-5,8-diones and furo[2,3-f]quinazolin-5-ols.	6,7-bis(arylthio)-quinazoline-5,8-dione and furo[2,3-f]quinazolin-5-ol derivatives were synthesized and tested for in vitro antifungal activity against candida, aspergillus species, and cryptococcus neoformans. among them tested, many of furo[2,3-f]quinazolin-5-ols and 6,7-bis(arylthio)-quinazoline-5,8-diones showed good antifungal activity. the compounds 4a and 4e completely inhibited the growth of all against candida and aspergillus species tested at the mic level of 12.5μg/ml. the results sug ...	2012	22113112
Deletion of Cryptococcus neoformans AIF Ortholog Promotes Chromosome Aneuploidy and Fluconazole-Resistance in a Metacaspase-Independent Manner.	Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death critical for development and homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis-like cell death (ALCD) has been described in several fungi, including the opportunistic human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans are known to induce apoptosis in host immune cells, thereby contributing to its virulence. Our goals were to characterize the apoptotic signaling cascade in C. neoformans as well as its unique ...	2011	22114551
Towards understanding cell cycle control in Cryptococcus neoformans: Structure-function relationship of G1 and G1/S cyclins homologue CnCln1.	We have previously reported that only a single Cdk1-related G1 and G1/S cyclin homologue was found in the genome sequence of the pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) and designated it CnCln1. Surprisingly, CnCln1 was not only able to complement the function of the G1 cyclins of the ascomycetous budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), such as ScCln3, but also the G1/S cyclins of S. cerevisiae, such as ScCln1 and ScCln2. In this study, we investi ...	2011	22119191
[Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in the cerebrospinal fluid during continuous intrathecal administration for treatment of cryptococcal neoformans meningitis].	To explore the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B (AMB) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during continuous intrathecal administration of AMB for treatment of cryptococcal neoformans meningitis (CNM).	2011	22126783
Amoeba provide insight into the origin of virulence in pathogenic fungi.	Why are some fungi pathogenic while the majority poses no threat to humans or other hosts? Of the more than 1.5 million fungal species only about 150-300 are pathogenic for humans, and of these, only 10-15 are relatively common pathogens. In contrast, fungi are major pathogens for plants and insects. These facts pose several fundamental questions including the mechanisms responsible for the origin of virulence among the few pathogenic species and the high resistance of mammals to fungal diseases ...	2012	22127880
clinical, epidemiological and outcome features of patients with cryptococcosis in uberaba, minas gerais, brazil.	nearly one million of cryptococcosis cases occur yearly around the world, involving mainly hiv-infected patients who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (art) or present poor adherence. this study aims to evaluate epidemiological, clinical and outcome aspects of patients with cryptococcosis from 1998-2010. patients were prospectively recruited, and their medical and laboratory records were reviewed. a total of 131 cases were included, and of these, 119 (90.83%) had aids, 4 received a renal ...	2011	22130645
Environmental prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in India: an update.	An overview of work done to-date in India on environmental prevalence, population structure, seasonal variations and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii is presented. The primary ecologic niche of both pathogens is decayed wood in trunk hollows of a wide spectrum of host trees, representing 18 species. Overall, C. neoformans showed a higher environmental prevalence than that of C. gattii which was not found in the avian habitats. Apart from their arboreal ...	2011	22133016
The decline of typhoid and the rise of non-typhoid salmonellae and fungal infections in a changing HIV landscape: bloodstream infection trends over 15 years in southern Vietnam.	The etiological spectrum of bloodstream infections is variable between industrialized and developing countries and even within a defined location over time. We investigated trends in bloodstream infections at an infectious disease hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from 1994-2008. Amongst 66111 blood cultures performed, a clinically relevant pathogen was isolated in 7645 episodes (positivity rate; 116/1000 cultures). Salmonella Typhi was the predominant pathogen until 2002; however, a consid ...	2012	22137537
adaptation of cryptococcus neoformans to mammalian hosts: integrated regulation of metabolism and virulence.	the basidiomycete fungus, cryptococcus neoformans, infects humans via inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or spores from the environment. in the absence of effective immune containment, the initial pulmonary infection often spreads to the central nervous system to result in meningoencephalitis. the fungus must therefore make the transition from the environment to different mammalian niches that include the intracellular locale of phagocytic cells and extracellular sites in the lung, bloodstream ...	2011	22140231
invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients.	invasive fungal infections are a significant and often lethal problem in transplant patients. infections caused by geographically limited endemic fungi are infrequent, and aspergillus species, mucorales species, candida species, and cryptococcus neoformans are the opportunistic fungi responsible for most such infections. the symptoms of systemic fungal infections are nonspecific, particularly in their early stages. the high rates of mortality and graft loss owing to fungal infections render earl ...	2011	22142041
induction of protective immunity against cryptococcosis.	cryptococcus neoformans, the predominant etiological agent of cryptococcosis, is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections of the central nervous system in immune compromised individuals resulting in high morbidity and mortality. consequently, several studies have endeavored to understand those mechanisms that mediate resistance and susceptibility to cryptococcus infection. in this review, we will examine the contributions of various components of the innate and ...	2011	22143898
srebp coordinates iron and ergosterol homeostasis to mediate triazole drug and hypoxia responses in the human fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.	sterol regulatory element binding proteins (srebps) are a class of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate diverse cellular responses in eukaryotes. adding to the recognized importance of srebps in human health, srebps in the human fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus are required for fungal virulence and susceptibility to triazole antifungal drugs. to date, the exact mechanism(s) behind the role of srebp in these observed phenotypes is not clear. ...	2011	22144905
in vitro photodynamic inactivation of cryptococcus neoformans melanized cells with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine nanoemulsion.	the selection of fungi resistant to currently used fungicides and the emergence of new pathogenic species make the development of alternative fungus-control techniques highly desirable. photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (pact) is a promising method which combines a nontoxic photosensitizer (ps) with visible light to cause selective killing of microbial cells. the development of pact to treat mycoses or kill fungi in the environment depends on identifying effective ps for the different path ...	2011	22145636
methylation of glycosylated sphingolipid modulates membrane lipid topography and pathogenicity of cryptococcus neoformans.	in previous studies we showed that the replication of cryptococcus neoformans in the lung environment is controlled by the glucosylceramide (glccer) synthase gene (gcs1), which synthesizes the membrane sphingolipid glccer from the c9-methyl ceramide. here, we studied the effect of the mutation of the sphingolipid c9 methyltransferase gene (smt1), which adds a methyl group to position 9 of the sphingosine backbone of ceramide. the c. neoformansδsmt1 mutant does not make c9-methyl ceramide and, th ...	2011	22151739
evaluation of the detection of melanin by the fontana-masson silver stain in tissue with a wide range of organisms including cryptococcus.	it is not uncommon for surgical pathologists to encounter yeast and yeast-like organisms in tissue sections, and correct identification is imperative for guiding therapy. the fontana-masson silver stain for detecting melanin has been accepted as a relatively specific stain for diagnosing cryptococcosis in tissue based on few studies with limited numbers of organisms. this study was designed to test the value of the fontana-masson silver by investigating a large collection of tissues with infecti ...	2011	22154051
identification of a cryptococcus neoformans cytochrome p450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (erg11) residue critical for differential susceptibility between fluconazole/voriconazole and itraconazole/posaconazole.	cryptococcus neoformans strains resistant to azoles due to mutations causing alterations in the erg11 gene, encoding lanosterol 14α-demethylase, have rarely been reported. in this study, we have characterized a c. neoformans serotype a strain that is resistant to high concentrations of fluconazole (flc). this strain which was isolated from a flc treated patient contained five missense mutations in the erg11 gene as compared to the reference strain h99. molecular manipulations of the erg11 gene c ...	2011	22155829
post-translational modifications of proteins in the pathobiology of medically relevant fungi.	post-translational modifications of proteins drive a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotes, regulating cell growth and division as well as adaptive and developmental processes. with regard to the fungal kingdom, most information about post-translational modifications has been generated through studies of the model yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe, where for example, the roles of protein phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylati ...	2011	22158711
structural analysis of fungal cerebrosides.	of the ceramide monohexosides (cmhs), gluco- and galactosyl-ceramides are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. their structural determination is greatly dependent on the use of mass spectrometric techniques, including fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. nuclear magnetic resonance has also been used successfully. such a combination of techniques, combined with classical analytical ...	2011	22164155
isolation of the volatile oil from satureja thymbra by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: chemical composition and biological activity.	satureja thymbra l. is well known in italy by the popular name of "santoreggia sarda". it grows only in sardinia and nowadays it is restricted to the slope of the colle san michele in cagliari. the composition of the aromatic extracts obtained by supercritical co2 and by hydrodistillation and their antifungal activity is reported. the collected extracts were analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms methods. no significant differences were observed in the composition of the volatile extracts depending on the ...	2011	22164799
Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile extracts of Achillea millefolium.	In this study, flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE). The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods and their composition were compared with that of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation. A strong chemical variability in essential oils depending on the origi ...	2011	22164800
pulmonary cryptococcosis.	cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection (ifi), caused predominantly by cryptococcus neoformans or cryptococcus gattii, that affects both immunocompromised (ic) and non-ic patients. although the most serious disease manifestation is meningoencephalitis, cryptococcal pneumonia is underdiagnosed and may disseminate to the central nervous system (cns) and other sites depending upon host defenses and administration of appropriate antifungal therapy. the clinical presentation of pulmonary crypt ...	2011	22167400
detection of yeasts in blood cultures by the luminex xtag fungal assay.	a multiplex-pcr luminex xmap bead probe fluid array using xtag analyte-specific reagents (multiplex xtag fungal asr assay) was employed for detection of clinically significant candida species, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, and blastomyces dermatitidis from blood cultures. we tested 132 blood cultures negative (n = 10) or positive (n = 97) for yeasts and/or bacteria (n = 25). the assay showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99%, respectively. the xtag fungal asr assay i ...	2011	22170902
toward an integrated model of capsule regulation in cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes serious human disease in immunocompromised populations. its polysaccharide capsule is a key virulence factor which is regulated in response to growth conditions, becoming enlarged in the context of infection. we used microarray analysis of cells stimulated to form capsule over a range of growth conditions to identify a transcriptional signature associated with capsule enlargement. the signature contains 880 genes, is enriche ...	2011	22174677
Development of specific SCAR markers for detecting Histoplasma capsulatum in clinical and environmental samples.	Sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, generated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, were developed to detect Histoplasma capsulatum selectively in clinical and environmental samples. A 1200-bp RAPD-PCR-specific band produced with the 1281-1283 primers was cloned, sequenced, and used to design two SCAR markers, 1281-1283(220) and 1281-1283(230). The specificity of these markers was confirmed by Southern hybridization. To evaluate the relevance of the SCAR markers f ...	2011	22189121
Clinico-radiological features of subarachnoid hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images in patients with meningitis.	AIM: To investigate the clinical and radiological features of meningitis with subarachnoid diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) hyperintensity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical features, laboratory data, and radiological findings, including the number and distribution of subarachnoid DWI hyperintense lesions and other radiological abnormalities, of 18 patients seen at five institutions were evaluated. RESULTS: The patients consisted of eight males and 10 females, whose ages ranged from 4 months t ...	2011	22192625
Dithiocarbamates are strong inhibitors of the beta-class fungal carbonic anhydrases from Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.	A series of N-mono- and N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamates have been investigated as inhibitors of three ß-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, that is, Can2, CaNce103 and CgNce103, respectively. These enzymes were inhibited with efficacies between the subnanomolar to the micromolar range, depending on the substitution pattern at the nitrogen atom from the dithiocarbamate zinc-binding group. This new class ...	2011	22209456
therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in children.	voriconazole is an extended-spectrum triazole antifungal with activity against a wide variety of pathogens, including aspergillus, candida, cryptococcus neoformans, fusarium, and scedosporium. it exerts its antifungal activity by blocking the synthesis of fungal cell membranes and is considered the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis. because the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole can demonstrate considerable variability, it has been suggested that monitoring plasma levels of voriconaz ...	2011	22210097
antifungal activity of plumericin and isoplumericin.	this study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of the chloroform extract of plumeria bicolor and its phytoconstituents plumericin and isoplumericin against candida species and cryptococcus neoformans by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum fungicidal concentration (mfc). plumericin's consistently high activity against candida albicans, c. krusei, c. glabrata, c. tropicalis and cryptococcus neoformans was more potent than isoplumericin and the standard antifunga ...	2011	22224260
efficacy of intrathecal administration of liposomal amphotericin b combined with voriconazole in a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis.	meningitis is one of the most fatal manifestations of cryptococcosis, even with specific treatment. combination of a prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy are critical to reduce the fungal load and the inflammatory response effects of the proliferation of yeast into the central nervous system (cns). mice with experimental acute meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans were treated with liposomal amphotericin b (l-amb) administered intrathecally (i.t.c.) at 0.006 mg/kg weekly or intravenou ...	2012	22226648
a case of fluconazole, voriconazole-resistant cryptococcus neoformans isolated from and immunocompetent patient.		2011	22233828
[agents by dimorphic fungi and cryptococcus neoformans infections].		2011	22241269
trivalent ultrashort lipopeptides are potent ph dependent antifungal agents.	the activity of antimicrobial peptides (amps) that contain a large proportion of histidine residues (pk(a) ∼ 6) depends on the physiological ph environment. advantages of these amps include high activity in slightly acidic areas of the human body and relatively low toxicity in other areas. also, many amps are highly active in a multivalent form, but this often increases toxicity. here we designed ph dependent amphiphilic compounds consisting of multiple ultrashort histidine lipopeptides on a tri ...	2012	22243686
in vitro antifungal activities of longan (dimocarpus longan lour.) seed extract.	longan, dimocarpus longan lour., contains polyphenolic compounds which exhibit several pharmacological properties. this study aims to evaluate antifungal activities of longan fruit extract in comparison to its active compounds. the results showed that longan seed exhibited antifungal activity against the opportunistic yeasts (candida species and cryptococcus neoformans). in contrast, longan pulp and whole fruit did not demonstrate any inhibitory effects. ellagic acid showed the most potent antif ...	2012	22245574
intra-abdominal cryptococcosis by cryptococcus gattii: case report and review.	although abdominal cryptococcomas and visceral cryptococcal lymphadenitis as part of disseminated fungal infection have been reported mostly in hiv-infected patients, localized intra-abdominal involvement due to cryptococcus gattii has not been previously described in non-hiv-infected patients. in general, a smaller proportion of cryptococcosis is caused by c. gattii. we report here on a type ii diabetic hiv-negative patient who presented with a localized intra-abdominal cryptococcal mass due to ...	2012	22246960
rapd analysis with the primer l15996 of brazilian clinical and environmental cryptococcus neoformans isolates.	different methods have been used to perform the molecular characterization of cryptococcus neoformans. among them, rapd analysis is able to separate isolates of the same species and genotypes. this study aimed to evaluate clinical and environmental c. neoformans isolates from minas gerais, brazil by rapd and correlate the genetic profiles with the ones obtained by ura5-rflp, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility patterns. forty-five environmental (31 from areas surrounding hospital and ...	2012	22249603
analysis of cell cycle and replication of mouse macrophages after in vivo and in vitro cryptococcus neoformans infection using laser scanning cytometry.	we investigated the outcome of the interaction of cryptococcus neoformans (cn) with murine macrophages using laser scanning cytometry (lsc). previous results in our lab had shown that phagocytosis of cn promoted cell cycle progression. lsc allowed us to simultaneously measure the phagocytic index, macrophage dna content and 5-ethynyl-2' -deoxyuridine (edu) incorporation such that it was possible to study host cell division as a function of phagocytosis. lsc proved to be robust, reliable and high ...	2012	22252872
capsules from pathogenic and non-pathogenic cryptococcus spp. manifest significant differences in structure and ability to protect against phagocytic cells.	capsule production is common among bacterial species, but relatively rare in eukaryotic microorganisms. members of the fungal cryptococcus genus are known to produce capsules, which are major determinants of virulence in the highly pathogenic species cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. although the lack of virulence of many species of the cryptococcus genus can be explained solely by the lack of mammalian thermotolerance, it is uncertain whether the capsules from these organisms are ...	2012	22253734
antibacterial effect and cytotoxicity of beta-1,3-1, 4-glucanase from endophytic bacillus subtilis swb8.	we studied the antibiotic activity and selective cytotoxicity of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from endophytic bacillus subtilis swb8.	2011	22260051
antifungal activity of eugenol analogues. influence of different substituents and studies on mechanism of action.	twenty one phenylpropanoids (including eugenol and safrole) and synthetic analogues, thirteen of them new compounds, were evaluated for antifungal properties, first with non-targeted assays against a panel of human opportunistic pathogenic fungi. some structure-activity relationships could be observed, mainly related to the influence of an allyl substituent at c-4, an oh group at c-1 and an och(3) at c-2 or the presence of one or two no(2) groups in different positions of the benzene ring. all a ...	2012	22262200
in vitro measurement of phagocytosis and killing of cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages.	macrophages are pivotal cells in immunity against a wide range of pathogens. their most important property, as suggested by their name, is to ingest pathogens, leading to their killing, the release of inflammatory mediators and antigen processing. on the other hand, macrophages can also be exploited by microbes as a niche for survival in the host, as exemplified by cryptococcus neoformans. this encapsulated yeast is an important cause of meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised people, particula ...	2012	22262444
epidemiology of bloodstream infections and predictive factors of mortality among hiv-infected adult patients in thailand in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.	few studies have described the pattern of bloodstream infections (bsi) among hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era, particularly in resource-limited settings. a retrospective cohort study was conducted among 140 hiv-infected patients who had a positive blood culture from 2004-2008. of the 140 patients, 91 (65%) were male with a mean (sd) age of 38 (9.1) years and a median (iqr) cd4 cell count of 32 (9-112) cells/mm(3). community-acquired infection was ...	2012	22274154
radioimmunotherapy of fungal diseases: the therapeutic potential of cytocidal radiation delivered by antibody targeting fungal cell surface antigens.	radioimmunotherapy is the targeted delivery of cytocidal radiation to cells via specific antibody. although mature for the treatment of cancer, rit of infectious diseases is in pre-clinical development. however, as there is an obvious and urgent need for novel approaches to treat infectious diseases, rit can provide us with a powerful approach to combat serious diseases, including invasive fungal infections. for example, rit has proven more effective than standard amphotericin b for the treatmen ...	2011	22275913
primay cutaneous cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient.	the authors report a primary cutaneous cryptococcosis, caused by cryptococcus neoformans in immunocompetent patient, a farmer who developed extensive lesions at the site of an injury caused by one of the chickens on his right forearm, while he was cleaning out his barn. oral treatment with fluconazole was totally successful. a review of the literature showed the rarity of cutaneous cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients and in contrast, that skin lesions frequently occur in immunocompromised ...	2011	22281908
the additive and synergistic antimicrobial effects of select frankincense and myrrh oils--a combination from the pharaonic pharmacopoeia.	the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three essential oil samples of frankincense (boswellia rivae, boswellia neglecta and boswellia papyrifera) and two essential oil samples of myrrh and sweet myrrh (commiphora guidotti and commiphora myrrha), collected from different regions of ethiopia, was investigated independently and in combination to determine their anti-infective properties.	2012	22288378
serum albumin disrupts cryptococcus neoformans and bacillus anthracis extracellular vesicles.	for both pathogenic fungi and bacteria, extracellular vesicles have been shown to contain many microbial components associated with virulence, suggesting a role in pathogenesis. however, there are many unresolved issues regarding vesicle synthesis and stability, including the fact that vesicular packaging for extracellular factors involved in virulence must also have a mechanism for vesicle unloading. consequently, we studied the kinetics of vesicle production and stability using [1-(14) c] palm ...	2012	22289081
a proteomic interrogation of cryptococcus neoformans: interaction networks for calcineurin in a heated environment.	calcineurin (cn) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase that consists of a catalytic subunit (calcineurin a [cna]) and a calcium-binding, regulatory subunit (calcineurin b [cnb]). calcineurin has been shown to be involved in a number of cellular processes, and aberrant signaling has been linked to multiple human diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy and diabetes. recent studies demonstrated that cn was involved in the survival of cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen tha ...	2012	22292819
essential oil of juniperus communis subsp. alpina (suter) čelak needles: chemical composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity.	essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. in the present work the composition and the antifungal activity of the oils of juniperus communis subsp. alpina (suter) čelak were evaluated. moreover, the skin cytotoxicity, at concentrations showing significant antifungal activity, was also evaluated. the oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. minimal inhibitory ...	2012	22294341
use of 18s ribosomal dna polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to study composition of fungal community in 2 patients with intestinal transplants.	fungi form a diverse microbial community in the human intestine. little is known about the succession of species after intestinal transplantation. we investigated the alterations of the gut fungal population in 2 patients with intestinal allografts. the ileal effluent and feces were fingerprinted using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, with confirmation by dna sequencing. analysis of 18s ribosomal dna indicated that the phylogenetic diversity of the fungal communities was higher soon afte ...	2012	22305239
transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the aspergillus fumigatus hypoxia response using an oxygen-controlled fermenter.	aspergillus fumigatus is a mold responsible for the majority of cases of aspergillosis in humans. to survive in the human body, a. fumigatus must adapt to microenvironments that are often characterized by low nutrient and oxygen availability. recent research suggests that the ability of a. fumigatus and other pathogenic fungi to adapt to hypoxia contributes to their virulence. however, molecular mechanisms of a. fumigatus hypoxia adaptation are poorly understood. thus, to better understand how a ...	2012	22309491
capsular material of cryptococcus neoformans: virulence and much more.	the capsule is generally considered one of the more powerful virulence factors of microorganisms, driving research in the field of microbial pathogenesis and in the development of vaccines. cryptococcus neoformans is unique among the most common human fungal pathogens in that it possesses a complex polysaccharide capsule. this review focuses on the cryptococcus neoformans capsule from the viewpoint of fungal pathogenesis, and the effective immune response target of the capsule's main component, ...	2012	22314939
isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis in immunocompetent patient.	cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in aids patients. almost all cases present with meningitis with or without fungaemia. cryptococcal osteomyelitis occurs as part of a disseminated infection. isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis is rare and more so in immunocompetent patients. a case of isolated osteomyelitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans in an immunocompetent patient is reported here. a female patient of 60 years old presented with pain and swelling of left clavicle. the hist ...	2011	22315871
lipid raft/caveolae signaling is required for cryptococcus neoformans invasion into human brain microvascular endothelial cells.	cryptococcus neoformans has a predilection for central nervous system infection. c. neoformans traversal of the blood brain barrier, composed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec), is the crucial step in brain infection. however, the molecular mechanism of the interaction between cryptococcus neoformans and hbmec, relevant to its brain invasion, is still largely unknown.	2012	22316086
measurement of antifungal drug levels in cerebrospinal fluid for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.	we report a rare case of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in which antifungal therapy was monitored by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) levels of the antifungal drugs. a 78-year-old man with diabetes mellitus being treated with oral agents. he had no history of human immunodeficiency virus infection. the patient showed abnormal behavior and fever (>38°c) on november 20, 2009, and was admitted for disturbance of consciousness on november 24. csf examination showed an increased cell count, ...	2012	22318291
active pharmaceutical ingredient (api) from an estuarine fungus, microdochium nivale (fr.).	various marine habitats sustain variety of bio-sources of ecological and biotech potentials. pharmaceutical potential compound cyclosporine a was reported from marine fungus microdochium nivale associated with porteresia coarctata, a marine salt marsh grass from mangrove environment distributed along the central west coast (cwc) of india. this study involves association of m. nivale with p. coarctata plant, fermentation conditions, purification of cyclosporine a, chemical characterization etc. i ...	2011	22319884
cryptococcus neoformans: the model organism for yeast antifungal drug susceptibility testing.	we describe an approach to antifungal susceptibility testing of the yeast cryptococcus neoformans that shows promise for predicting the mycological response in patients to treatment. quantitative cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid provide a direct measure of the patient's mycological response to treatment and have been used in multiple studies to identify the most promising antifungal drugs for subsequent testing in larger clinical studies. using these quantitative measures of response, a modif ...	2012	22322619
wsp1 is downstream of cin1 and regulates vesicle transport and actin cytoskeleton as an effector of cdc42 and rac1 in cryptococcus neoformans.	human wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) is a scaffold linking upstream signals to the actin cytoskeleton. in response to intersectin itsn1 and rho gtpase cdc42, wasp activates the arp2/3 complex to promote actin polymerization. the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans contains the itsn1 homolog cin1 and the wasp homolog wsp1, which share more homology with human proteins than those of other fungi. here we demonstrate that cin1, cdc42/rac1, and wsp1 function in an effector pathway similar ...	2012	22327008
strain-related differences in antibody-mediated changes in gene expression are associated with differences in capsule and location of binding.	we recently established that antibody (ab)-binding can induce gene expression changes in a serotype a strain (h99) of the pathogenic yeast, cryptococcus neoformans. that study showed that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) differing in epitope specificity and protective efficacy elicited differences in gene expression. because many mabs bind to serotypes a and d strains differently, we now investigate the binding of one mab to two strains representing these serotypes. cells of the serotype a strain h9 ...	2012	22327012
targeted gene disruption in cryptococcus neoformans using double-joint pcr with split dominant selectable markers.	cryptococcus neoformans causes fatal meningoencephalitis if not timely treated. targeted gene disruption for functional analysis of a gene involves overlap pcr for the production of gene disruption cassettes carrying dominant selectable markers, followed by biolistic transformation. however, the conventional overlap pcr method between two flanking regions of the target gene and selectable marker is often inefficient due to the long length of the pcr product and the presence of multiple templates ...	2012	22328368
multiple gene deletion in cryptococcus neoformans using the cre-lox system.	reverse genetics is commonly used to identify and characterize genes involved in a variety of cellular processes. there is a limited set of positive selectable markers available for use in making gene deletions or other genetic manipulations in cryptococcus neoformans. here, we describe the adaptation of the bacteriophage p1 cre-loxp system for use in c. neoformans, and its application in the excision and reuse of the geneticin drug marker. this tool will allow investigators to make multiple, se ...	2012	22328369
rna interference in cryptococcus neoformans.	rna interference (rnai) is an experimental technique used to suppress individual gene expression in eukaryotic cells in a sequence-dependent manner. the process relies on double-stranded rna (dsrna) to target complementary messenger rna for degradation. here, we describe two plasmid-based strategies we have developed for rnai in cryptococcus neoformans. the pframe vector utilizes the act1 promoter to enable the constitutive synthesis of hairpin rna (hprna), the stem of which constitutes the dsrn ...	2012	22328374
galactose-inducible promoters in cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii.	inducible promoters are invaluable tools for modulating gene expression (turning transcription on or off) and have been a key approach for ascertaining gene essentiality in cryptococcus neoformans. galactose-inducible promoters have been successfully used in saccharomyces cerevisiae to manipulate heterologous gene expression. utilizing s. cerevisiae galactose-inducible genes in a blast search of the sequenced c. neoformans var. grubii genome, we found three potential galactose-inducible promoter ...	2012	22328377
microevolution of cryptococcus neoformans driven by massive tandem gene amplification.	the subtelomeric regions of organisms ranging from protists to fungi undergo a much higher rate of rearrangement than is observed in the rest of the genome. while characterizing these ~40-kb regions of the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, we have identified a recent gene amplification event near the right telomere of chromosome 3 that involves a gene encoding an arsenite efflux transporter (arr3). the 3,177-bp amplicon exists in a tandem array of 2-15 copies and is present exclusiv ...	2012	22334577
endobronchial pulmonary cryptococcosis and tuberculosis in an immunocompetent host.	pulmonary cryptococcosis presenting as an endobronchial tumour-like growth has rarely been described. we report the case of a male patient with normal immune function who presented with a right upper lobe mass lesion. bronchoscopy revealed a tumour-like growth that completely occluded the anterior segment of the right upper lobe bronchus. bronchial biopsy and computed tomography-guided lung biopsy revealed cryptococcus, and culture of lung biopsy specimen grew cryptococcus neoformans and mycobac ...	2012	22337198
involvement of pdk1, pkc and tor signalling pathways in basal fluconazole tolerance in cryptococcus neoformans.	this study shows the importance of pdk1, tor and pkc signalling pathways to the basal tolerance of cryptococcus neoformans towards fluconazole, the widely used drug for treatment of cryptococcosis. mutations in genes integral to these pathway resulted in hypersensitivity to the drug. upon fluconazole treatment, mpk1, the downstream target of pkc was phosphorylated and its phosphorylation required pdk1. we show genetically that the pdk1 and tor phosphorylation sites in ypk1 as well as the kinase ...	2012	22339665
il-23 dampens the allergic response to cryptococcus neoformans through il-17-independent and -dependent mechanisms.	the cytokines il-23 and il-17 have been implicated in resistance to cryptococcal disease, but it is not clear whether il-23-mediated production of il-17 promotes fungal containment following pulmonary challenge with cryptococcus neoformans. we used mice lacking il-23 (il-23p19(-/-)) or il-17ra (il-17ra(-/-)), and wild type (wt) c57bl/6 mice to examine the il-23/il-17 axis after intranasal infection with the c. neoformans strain 52d. the absence of il-23 or il-17ra had no effect on pulmonary or b ...	2012	22342846
two cation transporters ena1 and nha1 cooperatively modulate ion homeostasis, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence of cryptococcus neoformans via the hog pathway.	maintenance of cation homeostasis is essential for survival of all living organisms in their biological niches. it is also important for the survival of human pathogenic fungi in the host, where cation concentrations and ph will vary depending on different anatomical sites. however, the exact role of diverse cation transporters and ion channels in virulence of fungal pathogens remains elusive. in this study we functionally characterized ena1 and nha1, encoding a putative na(+)/atpase and na(+)/h ...	2012	22343280
cryptococcal cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection treated with fluconazole.	a 37-year-old woman with a cadaveric renal allotransplantation required intra-cranial shunting devices after a presumptive episode of tuberculous meningitis. six months later, she developed a culture-proven cryptococcal meningitis. without having her ventriculo-auricular shunt removed, she was successfully treated with a short course of amphotericin b (335 mg) and flucytosine (nine days) followed by prolonged therapy with oral fluconazole (400 mg daily for 72 days). three years post treatment sh ...	1993	22346454
comparative analysis of the vitek 2 antifungal susceptibility system and e-test with the clsi m27-a3 broth microdilution method for susceptibility testing of indian clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans.	the emergence of antifungal resistance among cryptococcus neoformans isolates is a matter of great concern. the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution reference method (bmd) for antifungal susceptibility testing of c. neoformans is tedious and time-consuming. consequently, there is a greater need for a reproducible in vitro susceptibility testing method for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis, the 62 indian clini ...	2012	22354778
a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is required for membrane localization but dispensable for cell wall association of chitin deacetylase 2 in cryptococcus neoformans.	cell wall proteins (cwps) mediate important cellular processes in fungi, including adhesion, invasion, biofilm formation, and flocculation. the current model of fungal cell wall organization includes a major class of cwps covalently bound to β-1,6-glucan via a remnant of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor. this model was established by studies of ascomycetes more than a decade ago, and relatively little work has been done with other fungi, although the presumption has been that proteins ...	2012	22354955
discovery of a modified tetrapolar sexual cycle in cryptococcus amylolentus and the evolution of mat in the cryptococcus species complex.	sexual reproduction in fungi is governed by a specialized genomic region called the mating-type locus (mat). the human fungal pathogenic and basidiomycetous yeast cryptococcus neoformans has evolved a bipolar mating system (a, α) in which the mat locus is unusually large (>100 kb) and encodes >20 genes including homeodomain (hd) and pheromone/receptor (p/r) genes. to understand how this unique bipolar mating system evolved, we investigated mat in the closely related species tsuchiyaea wingfieldi ...	2012	22359516
fungal melanins differ in planar stacking distances.	melanins are notoriously difficult to study because they are amorphous, insoluble and often associated with other biological materials. consequently, there is a dearth of structural techniques to study this enigmatic pigment. current models of melanin structure envision the stacking of planar structures. x ray diffraction has historically been used to deduce stacking parameters. in this study we used x ray diffraction to analyze melanins derived from cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus niger, w ...	2012	22359541
molecular characterisation of the causative agents of cryptococcosis in patients of a tertiary healthcare facility in the state of amazonas-brazil.	as there are four major molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans (vni, vnii, vniii and vniv) and four molecular types of cryptococcus gattii (vgi, vgii, vgiii and vgiv), it is important to identify the specific groups causing cryptococcosis in different geographical regions. here, we investigated the molecular types of 57 cryptococcal isolates from patients in a tertiary care hospital in the state of amazonas, brazil, between 2006 and 2010. the isolates were characterised by pcr fingerprinting ...	2012	22360142
antimicrobial metabolites from the paracel islands sponge agelas mauritiana.	four new alkaloids, (-)-8'-oxo-agelasine d (2), ageloxime b (3), (+)-2-oxo-agelasidine c (4), and 4-bromo-n-(butoxymethyl)-1h-pyrrole-2-carboxamide (5), and the known compound (-)-ageloxime d (1) were isolated from the marine sponge agelas mauritiana. their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. compounds 1 and 3 both showed antifungal activity against cryptococcus neoformans and antileishmanial activity against leishmania donovani in vitro. compound 3 also ...	2012	22360686
aurantoside k, a new antifungal tetramic acid glycoside from a fijian marine sponge of the genus melophlus.	a new tetramic acid glycoside, aurantoside k, was isolated from a marine sponge belonging to the genus melophlus. the structure of the compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis (¹h nmr, ¹h-¹h cosy, hsqc, and hmbc, as well as high-resolution esilcms). aurantoside k did not show any significant activity in antimalarial, antibacterial, or hct-116 cytotoxicity assays, but exhibited a wide spectrum of antifungal activity against wild type candida albicans, amphotericin-resistant ...	2012	22363230
experimental methodologies and evaluations of computer-aided drug design methodologies applied to a series of 2-aminothiophene derivatives with antifungal activities.	fifty 2-[(arylidene)amino]-4,5-cycloalkyl[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile derivatives were screened for their in vitro antifungal activities against candida krusei and cryptococcus neoformans. based on experimentally determined minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values, we conducted computer-aided drug design studies [molecular modelling, chemometric tools (cpca, pca, pls) and qsar-3d] that enable the prediction of three-dimensional structural characteristics that influence the antifungal activit ...	2012	22367025
transplacental transmission of cryptococcus neoformans to an hiv-exposed premature neonate.	cryptococcosis during pregnancy is well documented, but transmission of infection to the fetus is rare. we describe a premature neonate born to a mother with congenitally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and active cryptococcosis. histological examination of the placenta revealed cryptococcus neoformans within the maternal intervillous space with focal invasion into the chorionic villi. a positive serum cryptococcal antigen (1:2) was detected on days 1 and 5 of life. the neonate had n ...	2012	22370896
a unique chromosomal rearrangement in the cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii type strain enhances key phenotypes associated with virulence.	the accumulation of genomic structural variation between closely related populations over time can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation. the fungal pathogen cryptococcus is thought to have recently diversified, forming a species complex containing members with distinct morphologies, distributions, and pathologies of infection. we have investigated structural changes in genomic architecture such as inversions and translocations that distinguish the most pathogenic variety, cryptococcus n ...	2012	22375073
a murine model of cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis.	meningoencephalitis caused by cryptococcus gattii is associated with significant morbidity and the need for aggressive therapy, and often necessitates neurosurgical intervention. we adapted a previously described murine model of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis due to cryptococcus neoformans to that caused by c. gattii.	2012	22378683
[fungal infection induced by cryptococcus neoformans aerosol inhalation in immunosuppressed balb/c mice].	to explore the feasibility of inducing fungal infection by cryptococcus neoformans aerosol inhalation in immunosuppressed balb/c mice.	2012	22381750
antimicrobial polyacetylenes from panax ginseng hairy root culture.	two new polyacetylenes, 1-hydroxydihydropanaxacol (3) and 17-hydroxypanaxacol (4), were isolated from panax ginseng hairy root culture, along with dihydropanaxacol (1), panaxacol (2) and ginsenoyne d (5). highly hydroxylated compounds 1-4 were isolated from the medium and compound 5, which was a biosynthetic precursor of compound 1, was isolated from the roots. compounds 1-4 showed antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fu ...	2012	22382419
population genetic analyses reveal the african origin and strain variation of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii.		2012	22383873
genetic diversity and genomic plasticity of cryptococcus neoformans ad hybrid strains.	natural hybridization between two strains, varieties, or species is a common phenomenon in both plants and animals. although hybridization may skew established gene pools, it generates population diversity efficiently and sometimes results in the emergence of newly adapted genotypes. cryptococcus neoformans, which causes the most frequent opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts, has three serotypes: a, d, and ad. serotype-specific multilocus sequence typing and serotype-specifi ...	2012	22384385
cryptococcus-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome(iris): pathogenesis and its clinical implications.	this review provides an overview of cryptococcus neoformans immunology and focuses on the pathogenesis of cryptococcus-related paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). cryptococcal iris has three phases: (1) before antiretroviral therapy (art), with a paucity of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) inflammation and defects in antigen clearance; (2) during initial art immune recovery, with pro-inflammatory signaling by antigen-presenting cells without an effector response; and (3) at ...	2011	22389746
cryptococcus neoformans-cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin b and flucytosine.	clinical breakpoints (cbps) are not available for the cryptococcus neoformans-cryptococcus gattii species complex. mic distributions were constructed for the wild type (wt) to establish epidemiologic cutoff values (ecvs) for c. neoformans and c. gattii versus amphotericin b and flucytosine. a total of 3,590 amphotericin b and 3,045 flucytosine clsi mics for c. neoformans (including 1,002 vni isolates and 8 to 39 vnii, vniii, and vniv isolates) and 985 and 853 mics for c. gattii, respectively (in ...	2012	22391546
[neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in mali].	cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fatal central nervous system infection in aids patients in sub-saharan africa. the purpose of this prospective study conducted from march 2003 to february 2004 in the internal medicine and infectious diseases departments of the point g university hospital center was to investigate the clinical, prognostic and epidemiological profile of cryptococcus neoformans infection in patients hospitalized for brain and meningeale infection (bmi). diagnosis of neuro ...	2011	22393627
research trends on pathogenic cryptococcus species in the last 20 years: a global analysis with focus on brazil.	recent data demonstrates that cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans or cryptococcus gattii kills approximately 600,000 people per year in the world. in brazil, cryptococcosis has recently been identified as the most fatal mycosis in aids patients. in this study, we aimed to map research into c. neoformans and c. gattii in the world, with a focus on the brazilian contribution to this area.	2012	22393887
fungal-induced cell cycle impairment, chromosome instability and apoptosis via differential activation of nf-κb.	microbial pathogens have developed efficient strategies to compromise host immune responses. cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen, recognised as the most common cause of systemic fungal infections leading to severe meningoencephalitis, mainly in immunocompromised patients. this yeast is characterized by a polysaccharide capsule, which inhibits its phagocytosis. whereas phagocytosis escape and macrophage intracellular survival have been intensively studied, extracellula ...	2012	22396644
semisynthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel guttiferone-a derivatives.	six derivatives of guttiferone-a (lfqm-79, 80, 81, 82, 113 and 114) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic or pathogenic fungi candida albicans (atcc 09548), candida glabrata (atcc 90030), candida krusei (atcc 6258), candida parapsilosis (atcc 69548), candida tropicalis (atcc 750), cryptococcus neoformans (atcc 90012), trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum gypseum and also against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria staphylococ ...	2012	22401914
isolated biliary cryptococcosis manifesting as obstructive jaundice in an immunocompetent adult.	cryptococcosis is a symptomatic fungal infection caused by cryptococcus, which frequently occurs in patients who are immunologically compromised or chronically ill. localized involvement of the hepatobiliary system in an immunocompetent adult is extremely rare. we report a unique case of isolated biliary cryptococcosis manifesting as obstructive jaundice and mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma in an immunocompetent woman. by integrating surgical and antifungal drug therapy, the disease was effect ...	2012	22408568
characterization of the chromosome 4 genes that affect fluconazole-induced disomy formation in cryptococcus neoformans.	heteroresistance in cryptococcus neoformans is an intrinsic adaptive resistance to azoles and the heteroresistant phenotype is associated with disomic chromosomes. two chromosome 1 (chr1) genes, erg11, the fluconazole target, and afr1, a drug transporter, were reported as major factors in the emergence of chr1 disomy. in the present study, we show chr4 to be the second most frequently formed disomy at high concentrations of fluconazole (flc) and characterize the importance of resident genes cont ...	2012	22412978