Publications

drought stress acclimation imparts tolerance to sclerotinia sclerotiorum and pseudomonas syringae in nicotiana benthamiana.	acclimation of plants with an abiotic stress can impart tolerance to some biotic stresses. such a priming response has not been widely studied. in particular, little is known about enhanced defense capacity of drought stress acclimated plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens. here we show that prior drought acclimation in nicotiana benthamiana plants imparts tolerance to necrotrophic fungus, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and also to hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. tabac ...	2013	23644883
ubiquitin-specific proteases ubp12 and ubp13 act in circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering regulation in arabidopsis.	protein ubiquitination is involved in most cellular processes. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation regulates the stability of key components of the circadian clock feedback loops and the photoperiodic flowering pathway. here, we identified two ubiquitin-specific proteases, ubp12 and ubp13, involved in circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering regulation. double mutants of ubp12 and ubp13 display pleiotropic phenotypes, including early flowering and sho ...	2013	23645632
genome-wide organization and expression profiling of the nac transcription factor family in potato (solanum tuberosum l.).	nac [no apical meristem (nam), arabidopsis thaliana transcription activation factor [ataf1/2] and cup-shaped cotyledon (cuc2)] proteins belong to one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor (tf) families and play important roles in plant development processes, response to biotic and abiotic cues and hormone signalling. our genome-wide analysis identified 110 stnac genes in potato encoding for 136 proteins, including 14 membrane-bound tfs. the physical map positions of stnac genes on 1 ...	2013	23649897
combined effect of a peptide-morpholino oligonucleotide conjugate and a cell-penetrating peptide as an antibiotic.	a cell-penetrating peptide (cpp)-morpholino oligonucleotide (mo) conjugate (pmo) that has an antibiotic effect in culture had some contaminating cpps in earlier preparations. the mixed conjugate had gene-specific and gene-nonspecific effects. an improved purification procedure separates the pmo from the free cpp and mo. the gene-specific effects are a result of the pmo, and the nonspecific effects are a result of the unlinked, unreacted cpp. the pmo and the cpp can be mixed together, as has been ...	2013	23650357
wrky8 transcription factor functions in the tmv-cg defense response by mediating both abscisic acid and ethylene signaling in arabidopsis.	wrky transcription factors are key players in the plant immune response, but less is known about their involvement in antiviral defense than about their roles in defense against bacterial or fungi pathogens. here, we report that arabidopsis thaliana wrky dna-binding protein 8 (wrky8) has a role in mediating the long-distance movement of crucifer-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (tmv-cg). the expression of wrky8 was inhibited by tmv-cg infection, and mutation of wrky8 accelerated the accumulation o ...	2013	23650359
calcium-dependent protein kinase/nadph oxidase activation circuit is required for rapid defense signal propagation.	in animals and plants, pathogen recognition triggers the local activation of intracellular signaling that is prerequisite for mounting systemic defenses in the whole organism. we identified that arabidopsis thaliana isoform cpk5 of the plant calcium-dependent protein kinase family becomes rapidly biochemically activated in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) stimulation. cpk5 signaling resulted in enhanced salicylic acid-mediated resistance to the bacterial pathogen pst dc30 ...	2013	23650383
expressing the erwinia amylovora type iii effector dspa/e in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae strongly alters cellular trafficking.	erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease of apples and pears. e. amylovora relies on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce disease on host plants. dspa/e belongs to the avre family of type iii effector. effectors of the avre family are injected via the t3ss in plant cell and are important to promote bacterial growth following infection and to suppress plant defense responses. their mode of action in the plant cells is unknown. here we study the physiological ef ...	2011	23650572
cyanuric acid hydrolase: evolutionary innovation by structural concatenation.	the cyanuric acid hydrolase, atzd, is the founding member of a newly identified family of ring-opening amidases. we report the first x-ray structure for this family, which is a novel fold (termed the 'toblerone' fold) that likely evolved via the concatenation of monomers of the trimeric yjgf superfamily and the acquisition of a metal binding site. structures of atzd with bound substrate (cyanuric acid) and inhibitors (phosphate, barbituric acid and melamine), along with mutagenesis studies, allo ...	2013	23651355
induced resistance in tomato by sar activators during predisposing salinity stress.	plant activators are chemicals that induce disease resistance. the phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) is a crucial signal for systemic acquired resistance (sar), and sa-mediated resistance is a target of several commercial plant activators, including actigard (1,2,3-benzothiadiazole-7-thiocarboxylic acid-s-methyl-ester, bth) and tiadinil [n-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide, tdl]. bth and tdl were examined for their impact on abscisic acid (aba)-mediated, salt-indu ...	2013	23653630
create a bacterium: an engaging semester-long assignment.		2010	23653723
the role of arabidopsis heterotrimeric g-protein subunits in mlo2 function and mamp-triggered immunity.	heterotrimeric g-proteins, composed of gα, gβ, and gγ subunits, regulate many fundamental processes in plants. in animals, ligand binding to seven transmembrane (7tm) cell surface receptors designated g-protein coupled receptors (gpcr) leads to heterotrimeric g-protein activation. because the plant g-protein complex is constitutively active, the exact role of plant 7tm proteins in this process is unclear. members of the mildew resistance locus o (mlo) family represent the best-characterized 7tm ...	2013	23656333
cis- and trans-zeatin differentially modulate plant immunity.	phytohormones are essential regulators of various processes in plant growth and development. several phytohormones are also known to regulate plant responses to environmental stress and pathogens. only recently, cytokinins have been demonstrated to play an important role in plant immunity. increased levels of cytokinins such as trans-zeatin, which are considered highly active, induced resistance against mainly (hemi)biotrophic pathogens in different plant species. in contrast, cis-zeatin is comm ...	2013	23656869
effect of external and internal factors on the expression of reporter genes driven by the n resistance gene promoter.	the role of resistance (r) genes in plant pathogen interaction has been studied extensively due to its economical impact on agriculture. interaction between tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and the n protein from tobacco is one of the most widely used models to understand various aspects of pathogen resistance. the transcription activity governed by n gene promoter is one of the least understood elements of the model. in this study, the n gene promoter was cloned and fused with two different reporter ...	2013	23656874
glutamate receptor-like channel3.3 is involved in mediating glutathione-triggered cytosolic calcium transients, transcriptional changes, and innate immunity responses in arabidopsis.	the tripeptide reduced glutathione (gsh; γ-glutamate [glu]-cysteine [cys]-glycine) is a major endogenous antioxidant in both animal and plant cells. it also functions as a neurotransmitter mediating communication among neurons in the central nervous system of animals through modulating specific ionotropic glu receptors (glrs) in the membrane. little is known about such signaling roles in plant cells. here, we report that transient rises in cytosolic calcium triggered by exogenous gsh in arabidop ...	2013	23656893
structural determinants at the interface of the arc2 and leucine-rich repeat domains control the activation of the plant immune receptors rx1 and gpa2.	many plant and animal immune receptors have a modular nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) architecture in which a nucleotide-binding switch domain, nb-arc, is tethered to a lrr sensor domain. the cooperation between the switch and sensor domains, which regulates the activation of these proteins, is poorly understood. here, we report structural determinants governing the interaction between the nb-arc and lrr in the highly homologous plant immune receptors gpa2 and rx1, which recogniz ...	2013	23660837
requirement of vesicle-associated membrane protein 721 and 722 for sustained growth during immune responses in arabidopsis.	extracellular immune responses to ascomycete and oomycete pathogens in arabidopsis are dependent on vesicle-associated secretion mediated by the snare proteins pen1 syntaxin, snap33 and endomembrane-resident vamp721/722. continuous movement of functional gfp-vamp722 to and from the plasma membrane in non-stimulated cells reflects the second proposed function of vamp721/722 in constitutive secretion during plant growth and development. application of the bacterium-derived elicitor flg22 stabilize ...	2013	23661365
genome sequences of pseudomonas spp. isolated from cereal crops.	compared to those of dicot-infecting bacteria, the available genome sequences of bacteria that infect wheat and barley are limited. herein, we report the draft genome sequences of four pseudomonads originally isolated from these cereals. these genome sequences provide a useful resource for comparative analyses within the genus and for cross-kingdom analyses of plant pathogenesis.	2013	23661484
the life history of pseudomonas syringae: linking agriculture to earth system processes.	the description of the ecology of pseudomonas syringae is moving away from that of a ubiquitous epiphytic plant pathogen to one of a multifaceted bacterium sans frontières in fresh water and other ecosystems linked to the water cycle. discovery of the aquatic facet of its ecology has led to a vision of its life history that integrates spatial and temporal scales spanning billions of years and traversing catchment basins, continents, and the planet and that confronts the implication of roles that ...	2013	23663005
identification of ta-sirnas and cis-nat-sirnas in cassava and their roles in response to cassava bacterial blight.	trans-acting small interfering rnas (ta-sirnas) and natural cis-antisense sirnas (cis-nat-sirnas) are recently discovered small rnas (srnas) involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. ta-sirnas are transcribed from genomic loci and require processing by micrornas (mirnas). cis-nat-sirnas are derived from antisense rnas produced by the simultaneous transcription of overlapping antisense genes. their roles in many plant processes, including pathogen response, are mostly unknown. in this work ...	2013	23665476
the moss physcomitrella patens reproductive organ development is highly organized, affected by the two shi/sty genes and by the level of active auxin in the shi/sty expression domain.	in order to establish a reference for analysis of the function of auxin and the auxin biosynthesis regulators short internode/stylish (shi/sty) during physcomitrella patens reproductive development, we have described male (antheridial) and female(archegonial) development in detail, including temporal and positional information of organ initiation. this has allowed us to define discrete stages of organ morphogenesis and to show that reproductive organ development in p. patens is highly organized ...	2013	23669745
cyclophilin 20-3 relays a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid signal during stress responsive regulation of cellular redox homeostasis.	the jasmonate family of phytohormones plays central roles in plant development and stress acclimation. however, the architecture of their signaling circuits remains largely unknown. here we describe a jasmonate family binding protein, cyclophilin 20-3 (cyp20-3), which regulates stress-responsive cellular redox homeostasis. (+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (opda) binding promotes cyp20-3 to form a complex with serine acetyltransferase 1, which triggers the formation of a hetero-oligomeric cysteine sy ...	2013	23671085
the role of noi-domain containing proteins in plant immune signaling.	here we present an overview of our existing knowledge on the function of rin4 as a regulator of plant defense and as a guardee of multiple plant r-proteins. domain analysis of rin4 reveals two noi domains. the noi domain was originally identified in a screen for nitrate induced genes. the domain is comprised of approximately 30 amino acids and contains 2 conserved motifs (pxfgxw and y/ftxxf). the noi gene family contains members exclusively from the plant lineage as far back as moss. in addition ...	2013	23672422
the cell morphogenesis angustifolia (an) gene, a plant homolog of ctbp/bars, is involved in abiotic and biotic stress response in higher plants.	angustifolia (an), one of the ctbp family proteins, plays a major role in microtubule-dependent cell morphogenesis. microarray analysis of mammalian an homologs suggests that an might function as a transcriptional activator and regulator of a wide range of genes. genetic characterization of an mutants suggests that an might be involved in multiple biological processes beyond cell morphology regulation.	2013	23672620
nicotiana attenuata mpk4 suppresses a novel jasmonic acid (ja) signaling-independent defense pathway against the specialist insect manduca sexta, but is not required for the resistance to the generalist spodoptera littoralis.	how plants tailor their defense responses to attack from different insects remains largely unknown. here, we studied the role of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), mpk4, in the resistance of a wild tobacco nicotiana attenuata to two herbivores, the specialist manduca sexta and the generalist spodoptera littoralis. stably transformed n. attenuata plants silenced in mpk4 (irmpk4) were generated and characterized for traits important for defense against herbivores. only the oral secretions ...	2013	23672856
lym2-dependent chitin perception limits molecular flux via plasmodesmata.	chitin acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern from fungal pathogens whose perception triggers a range of defense responses. we show that lysin motif domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein 2 (lym2), the arabidopsis homolog of a rice chitin receptor-like protein, mediates a reduction in molecular flux via plasmodesmata in the presence of chitin. for this response, lym2-1 mutants are insensitive to the presence of chitin, but not to the flagellin derivative flg22. ...	2013	23674687
lectin receptor kinases in plant innate immunity.	a key feature of innate immunity is the ability to recognize and respond to potential pathogens in a highly sensitive and specific manner. in plants, the first layer of defense is induced after recognition by pattern recognition receptors of microbe-associated molecular patterns. this recognition elicits a defense program known as pattern-triggered immunity. pathogen entry into host tissue is a critical early step in causing infection. for foliar bacterial pathogens, natural surface openings suc ...	2013	23675375
plant defense against insect herbivores.	plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. some defenses are constitutive while others are induced, although the insecticidal defense compound or protein classes are often similar. insect herbivory induce several internal signals from the wounded tissues, including calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades and systemic- and jasmonate signaling. these are perceived in undamaged ti ...	2013	23681010
introns of plant pri-mirnas enhance mirna biogenesis.	plant mir genes are independent transcription units that encode long primary mirna precursors, which usually contain introns. for two mirna genes, mir163 and mir161, we show that introns are crucial for the accumulation of proper levels of mature mirna. removal of the intron in both cases led to a drop-off in the level of mature mirnas. we demonstrate that the stimulating effects of the intron mostly reside in the 5'ss rather than on a genuine splicing event. our findings are biologically signif ...	2013	23681439
pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25 produces furanomycin, a non-proteinogenic amino acid with selective antimicrobial properties.	pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25 has been extensively studied because of its plant growth promoting properties and potential as a biocontrol agent. the genome of sbw25 has been sequenced, and among sequenced strains of pseudomonads, sbw25 appears to be most closely related to p. fluorescens wh6. in the authors' laboratories, wh6 was previously shown to produce and secrete 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine (fvg), a non-proteinogenic amino acid with selective herbicidal and antimicrobial activity. althoug ...	2013	23688329
regulation of transcription of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-encoding genes snc1 and rpp4 via h3k4 trimethylation.	plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins serve as intracellular sensors to detect pathogen effectors and trigger immune responses. transcription of the nb-lrr-encoding resistance (r) genes needs to be tightly controlled to avoid inappropriate defense activation. how the expression of the nb-lrr r genes is regulated is poorly understood. the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1) mutant carries a gain-of-function mutation in a toll/int ...	2013	23690534
nonagricultural reservoirs contribute to emergence and evolution of pseudomonas syringae crop pathogens.	while the existence of environmental reservoirs of human pathogens is well established, less is known about the role of nonagricultural environments in emergence, evolution, and spread of crop pathogens. here, we analyzed phylogeny, virulence genes, host range, and aggressiveness of pseudomonas syringae strains closely related to the tomato pathogen p. syringae pv. tomato (pto), including strains isolated from snowpack and streams. the population of pto relatives in nonagricultural environments ...	2013	23692644
comparative analysis of flagellin glycans among pathovars of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae.	flagellin is a principal component of the flagellum filament. previously, we reported that the flagellin of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (pta6605) was glycosylated by oligosaccharides composed of two or three l-rhamnosyl (l-rha) residues and a terminal 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-hydroxybutanamide)-2-o-methylglucopyranosyl residue. in this study, we characterized the chemical structure of flagellin glycans in p. syringae pathovars glycinea race 4 (pgl4), phaseolicola 1448a (pph1448a), tomato dc3000 ...	2013	23694710
structure of 2-haloacid dehalogenase from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	2-haloacid dehalogenases (2-hads) catalyse the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 2-haloalkanoic acids, cleaving the carbon-halide bond at the c(α)-atom position and releasing a halogen atom. these enzymes are of interest for their potential use in bioremediation and in the synthesis of industrial chemicals. here, the crystal structure of 2-had from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (ps-2-had) at 1.98 å resolution solved using the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method is reported. the ps- ...	2013	23695255
deletion of a tandem gene family in arabidopsis: increased mekk2 abundance triggers autoimmunity when the mekk1-mkk1/2-mpk4 signaling cascade is disrupted.	an arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascade composed of mekk1, mkk1/mkk2, and mpk4 was previously described as a negative regulator of defense response. mekk1 encodes a map kinase kinase kinase and is a member of a tandemly duplicated gene family with mekk2 and mekk3. using t-dna insertion lines, we isolated a novel deletion mutant disrupting this gene family and found it to be phenotypically wild-type, in contrast with the mekk1 dwarf phenotype. follow-up genetic anal ...	2013	23695980
glutathione and tryptophan metabolism are required for arabidopsis immunity during the hypersensitive response to hemibiotrophs.	the hypersensitive response (hr) is a type of strong immune response found in plants that is accompanied by localized cell death. however, it is unclear how hr can block a broad range of pathogens with different infective modes. in this study, we report that γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase gsh1, which is critical for glutathione biosynthesis, and tryptophan (trp) metabolism contribute to hr and block development of fungal pathogens with hemibiotrophic infective modes. we found that gsh1 is involve ...	2013	23696664
multiple classes of immune-related proteases associated with the cell death response in pepper plants.	proteases regulate a large number of biological processes in plants, such as metabolism, physiology, growth, and defense. in this study, we carried out virus-induced gene silencing assays with pepper cdna clones to elucidate the biological roles of protease superfamilies. a total of 153 representative protease genes from pepper cdna were selected and cloned into a tobacco rattle virus-ligation independent cloning vector in a loss-of-function study. silencing of 61 proteases resulted in altered p ...	2013	23696830
two volatile organic compounds trigger plant self-defense against a bacterial pathogen and a sucking insect in cucumber under open field conditions.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a plant self-defense mechanism against a broad-range of pathogens and insect pests. among chemical sar triggers, plant and bacterial volatiles are promising candidates for use in pest management, as these volatiles are highly effective, inexpensive, and can be employed at relatively low concentrations compared with agrochemicals. however, such volatiles have some drawbacks, including the high evaporation rate of these compounds after application in the open ...	2013	23698768
root exudates from grafted-root watermelon showed a certain contribution in inhibiting fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum.	grafting watermelon onto bottle gourd rootstock is commonly used method to generate resistance to fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (fon), but knowledge of the effect of the root exudates of grafted watermelon on this soil-borne pathogen in rhizosphere remains limited. to investigate the root exudate profiles of the own-root bottle gourd, grafted-root watermelon and own-root watermelon, recirculating hydroponic culture system was developed to continuously trap these root exudates. both conidial g ...	2013	23700421
evidence on antimicrobial properties and mode of action of a chitosan obtained from crustacean exoskeletons on pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) causes bacterial speck of tomato, a widely spread disease that causes significant economical losses worldwide. it is representative of many bacterial plant diseases for which effective controls are still needed. despite the antimicrobial properties of chitosan has been previously described in phytopathogenic fungi, its action on bacteria is still poorly explored. in this work, we report that the chitosan isolated from shrimp exoskeletons (70 kd ...	2013	23703326
enzyme action in the regulation of plant hormone responses.	plants synthesize a chemically diverse range of hormones that regulate growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. the major classes of plant hormones are specialized metabolites with exquisitely tailored perception and signaling systems, but equally important are the enzymes that control the dose and exposure to the bioactive forms of these molecules. here, we review new insights into the role of enzyme families, including the sabath methyltransferases, the methylesterases, th ...	2013	23709222
plant immune responses against viruses: how does a virus cause disease?	plants respond to pathogens using elaborate networks of genetic interactions. recently, significant progress has been made in understanding rna silencing and how viruses counter this apparently ubiquitous antiviral defense. in addition, plants also induce hypersensitive and systemic acquired resistance responses, which together limit the virus to infected cells and impart resistance to the noninfected tissues. molecular processes such as the ubiquitin proteasome system and dna methylation are al ...	2013	23709626
exo70a1-mediated vesicle trafficking is critical for tracheary element development in arabidopsis.	exocysts are highly conserved octameric complexes that play an essential role in the tethering of golgi-derived vesicles to target membranes in eukaryotic organisms. genes encoding the exo70 subunit are highly duplicated in plants. based on expression analyses, we proposed previously that individual exo70 members may provide the exocyst with functional specificity to regulate cell type- or cargo-specific exocytosis, although direct evidence is not available. here, we show that, as a gene express ...	2013	23709627
comprehensive investigation of micrornas enhanced by analysis of sequence variants, expression patterns, argonaute loading, and target cleavage.	micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small rnas that typically function by guiding the cleavage of target messenger rnas. they have been shown to play major roles in a variety of plant processes, including development, and responses to pathogens and environmental stresses. to identify new mirnas and regulation in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), 27 small rna libraries were constructed and sequenced from various tissues, stresses, and small rna biogenesis mutants, resulting in 95 million genome-m ...	2013	23709668
big roles of small kinases: the complex functions of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in plant immunity and development.	plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) that often functionally and physically associate with receptor-like kinases (rlks) to modulate plant growth, development and immune responses. without any apparent extracellular domain, rlcks relay intracellular signaling often via rlk complex-mediated transphosphorylation events. recent advances have suggested essential roles of diverse rlcks in concert with rlks in regulating various cellular and physiological resp ...	2013	23710768
complete sequence of poz176, a 500-kilobase incp-2 plasmid encoding imp-9-mediated carbapenem resistance, from outbreak isolate pseudomonas aeruginosa 96.	pseudomonas aeruginosa 96 (pa96) was isolated during a multicenter surveillance study in guangzhou, china, in 2000. whole-genome sequencing of this outbreak strain facilitated analysis of its incp-2 carbapenem-resistant plasmid, poz176. the plasmid had a length of 500,839 bp and an average percent g+c content of 57%. of the 618 predicted open reading frames, 65% encode hypothetical proteins. the poz176 backbone is not closely related to any plasmids thus far sequenced, but some similarity to pqb ...	2013	23716048
isr meets sar outside: additive action of the endophyte bacillus pumilus inr7 and the chemical inducer, benzothiadiazole, on induced resistance against bacterial spot in field-grown pepper.	induced resistance has been recognized as an attractive tool for plant disease management in modern agriculture. during the last two decades, studies on chemically- and biologically elicited induced resistance have revealed previously unknown features of the plant defense response including defense priming. as a biological trigger for induced resistance, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) are a group of root-associated bacteria that can reduce plant disease severity and incidence, and a ...	2013	23717313
nitric oxide-based protein modification: formation and site-specificity of protein s-nitrosylation.	nitric oxide (no) is a reactive free radical with pleiotropic functions that participates in diverse biological processes in plants, such as germination, root development, stomatal closing, abiotic stress, and defense responses. it acts mainly through redox-based modification of cysteine residue(s) of target proteins, called protein s-nitrosylation.in this way no regulates numerous cellular functions and signaling events in plants. identification of s-nitrosylated substrates and their exact targ ...	2013	23717319
tomato transcriptome and mutant analyses suggest a role for plant stress hormones in the interaction between fruit and botrytis cinerea.	fruit-pathogen interactions are a valuable biological system to study the role of plant development in the transition from resistance to susceptibility. in general, unripe fruit are resistant to pathogen infection but become increasingly more susceptible as they ripen. during ripening, fruit undergo significant physiological and biochemical changes that are coordinated by complex regulatory and hormonal signaling networks. the interplay between multiple plant stress hormones in the interaction b ...	2013	23717322
members of the xb3 family from diverse plant species induce programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana.	programmed cell death has been associated with plant immunity and senescence. the receptor kinase xa21 confers resistance to bacterial blight disease of rice (oryza sativa) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). here we show that the xa21 binding protein 3 (xb3) is capable of inducing cell death when overexpressed in nicotiana benthamiana. xb3 is a ring finger-containing e3 ubiquitin ligase that has been positively implicated in xa21-mediated resistance. mutation abolishing the xb3 e3 ac ...	2013	23717500
fatty acid-and retinol-binding protein, mj-far-1 induces tomato host susceptibility to root-knot nematodes.	plant-parasitic nematodes produce at least one structurally unique class of small helix-rich retinol- and fatty-acid-binding proteins that have no counterparts in their plant hosts. herein we describe a protein of the plant-parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica, which is a member of the nematode-specific fatty-acid- and retinol-binding (mj-far-1) family of proteins. the mj-far-1 mrna was detected through m. javanica pre-parasitic j2s, migratory and sedentary parasitic stages by quant ...	2013	23717636
system-wide hypersensitive response-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato.	the hypersensitive response (hr) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. to study hr-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. in these plants, massive reprogramming occurred, and we found that the hr and associated processes are highly energy demanding. ubiquitin-dependent protein de ...	2013	23719893
mamp (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants.	plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. they rely on both preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens. preformed defences include for example the cell wall and cuticle, which act as physical barriers to microbial colonization. the plant immune system is composed of surveillance systems that perceive several general microbe elicitors, which allow plants to switch from growth and development into a defense mode, rejecting ...	2013	23720666
the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora requires the rpon gene for pathogenicity in apple.	rpon is a σ(54) factor regulating essential virulence gene expression in several plant pathogenic bacteria, including pseudomonas syringae and pectobacterium carotovorum. in this study, we found that mutation of rpon in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora caused a nonpathogenic phenotype. the e. amylovora rpon tn5 transposon mutant rpon1250::tn5 did not cause fire blight disease symptoms on shoots of mature apple trees. in detached immature apple fruits, the rpon1250::tn5 mutant failed to ...	2013	23721085
sequence determination and analysis of three plasmids of pseudomonas sp. gle121, a psychrophile isolated from surface ice of ecology glacier (antarctica).	pseudomonas sp. gle121 (a psychrophilic antarctic strain) carries three plasmids: pgle121p1 (6899 bp), pgle121p2 (8330 bp) and pgle121p3 (39,583 bp). plasmids pgle121p1 and pgle121p2 show significant sequence similarity to members of the incp-9 and incp-7 incompatibility groups, respectively, while the largest replicon, pgle121p3, is highly related to plasmid pncppb880-40 of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato ncppb880. all three plasmids have a narrow host range, limited to members of the genu ...	2013	23721858
battle through signaling between wheat and the fungal pathogen septoria tritici revealed by proteomics and phosphoproteomics.	the fungus septoria tritici causes the disease septoria tritici blotch in wheat, one of the most economically devastating foliar diseases in this crop. to investigate signaling events and defense responses in the wheat-s. tritici interaction, we performed a time-course study of s. tritici infection in resistant and susceptible wheat using quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics, with special emphasis on the initial biotrophic phase of interactions. our study revealed an accumulation of def ...	2013	23722186
the floral transition is not the developmental switch that confers competence for the arabidopsis age-related resistance response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.	age-related resistance (arr) is a plant defense response characterized by enhanced resistance to certain pathogens in mature plants relative to young plants. in arabidopsis thaliana the transition to flowering is associated with arr competence, suggesting that this developmental event is the switch that initiates arr competence in mature plants (rusterucci et al. in physiol mol plant pathol 66:222-231, 2005). the association of arr and the floral transition was examined using flowering-time muta ...	2013	23722504
chromosomal arrangement of ahl-driven quorum sensing circuits in pseudomonas.	pseudomonas spp. are able to colonize a large variety of environments due to their wide adaptability which is also associated with an n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) gene regulation mechanism called quorum sensing (qs). in this article we present a systematic overview of the genomic arrangement patterns of quorum sensing genes found in pseudomonas and compare the topologies with those found in other bacterial genomes. we find that the topological arrangement of qs genes is more variable than pre ...	2012	23724324
quantitative trait loci for partial resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in arabidopsis thaliana.	segregation of partial resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (psm) es4326 was studied in the recombinant inbred population created from accessions (ecotypes) columbia (col-4), the more susceptible parent, and landsberg (ler-0). plants were spray inoculated with lux-transformed bacteria in experiments to measure susceptibility. the amount of disease produced on a range of col × ler lines by spray inoculation was highly correlated with that produced by pressure infiltration of bacteria ...	2013	23724899
mutational analysis of conserved regions harboring catalytic triad residues of the levansucrase protein encoded by the lsc-3 gene (lsc3) of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	levansucrase encoded by the lsc-3 (lsc3) gene at genomic locus psptoa0032 of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 was mutationally analyzed. altogether, 18 single-amino-acid mutants of 13 positions of lsc3 were studied for catalytic properties, including production of fructooligosaccharides (fos). asp62, asp219, and glu303 were proved as members of the catalytic triad. respective alanine replacement mutants were practically inactive with their kcat values reduced up to ∼130,000 times. addition ...	2014	23725335
synthesis of redox-active molecules and their signaling functions during the expression of plant disease resistance.	activation of immune responses in plants is associated with a parallel burst of both reactive oxygen intermediates (rois) and nitric oxide (no). the mechanisms by which these small redox-active molecules are synthesized and their signaling functions are critical for plants to defend themselves against pathogen infection.	2013	23725342
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000: a model pathogen for probing disease susceptibility and hormone signaling in plants.	since the early 1980s, various strains of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae have been used as models for understanding plant-bacterial interactions. in 1991, a p. syringae pathovar tomato (pst) strain, dc3000, was reported to infect not only its natural host tomato but also arabidopsis in the laboratory, a finding that spurred intensive efforts in the subsequent two decades to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which this strain causes disease in plants. genomic ana ...	2013	23725467
manipulation of host proteasomes as a virulence mechanism of plant pathogens.	the ubiquitin-26s proteasome degradation system (ups) in plants is involved in the signal transduction of many cellular processes, including host immune responses triggered by pathogen attack. attacking pathogens produce effectors that are translocated into host cells, where they interfere with the host's defense signaling in very specific ways. perhaps not surprising in view of the broad involvement of the host proteasome in plant immunity, certain bacterial effectors exploit or require the hos ...	2013	23725468
pseudomonas asturiensis sp. nov., isolated from soybean and weeds.	five strains of gram negative bacteria, isolated from soybean (lppa 221(t), 222 and 223) and weeds (lppa 816 and 1442), were analyzed by a polyphasic approach. the isolates showed variation in their phenotypic traits and were placed in the pseudomonas fluorescens lineage, based on 16s rrna gene sequence phylogeny, as a single but well separated cluster. mlsa analysis based on gyrb and rpod sequences clustered the strains in a single branch in the pseudomonas syringae group, and revealed p. virid ...	2013	23727430
involvement of the salicylic acid signaling pathway in the systemic resistance induced in arabidopsis by plant growth-promoting fungus fusarium equiseti gf19-1.	plant growth-promoting fungi (pgpf) are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soil-borne diseases and are known for their ability to trigger induced systemic resistance (isr). in this study, we investigated the mechanisms triggered by pgpf fusarium equiseti gf19-1, which is known to increase pathogen resistance in plants, by using gf19-1 spores and the culture filtrate (cf) to treat the roots of arabidopsis thaliana. subsequently, the leaves were challenged with pseudomonas syringae pv tom ...	2013	23728333
nonproteinogenic amino acid building blocks for nonribosomal peptide and hybrid polyketide scaffolds.	freestanding nonproteinogenic amino acids have long been recognized for their antimetabolite properties and tendency to be uncovered to reactive functionalities by the catalytic action of target enzymes. by installing them regiospecifically into biogenic peptides and proteins, it may be possible to usher a new era at the interface between small molecule and large molecule medicinal chemistry. site-selective protein functionalization offers uniquely attractive strategies for posttranslational mod ...	2013	23729217
bsk1, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, involved in both br signaling and innate immunity in arabidopsis.	molecular interaction between powdery mildew fungi and arabidopsis has been widely used as a model system to study plant immunity. arabidopsis edr2 (enhanced disease resistance 2) is a well characterized negative regulator in powdery mildew resistance and mildew-induced cell death. recently, we showed that a mutation in bsk1 (br-signaling kinase 1), suppressed edr2-mediated disease resistance. (1) and the bsk1-1 single mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to multiple pathogens, indicating th ...	2013	23733062
in planta effector competition assays detect hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effectors that contribute to virulence and localize to different plant subcellular compartments.	the genome of the pathogenic oomycete hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is predicted to encode at least 134 high-confidence effectors (harxl) carrying the rxlr motif implicated in their translocation into plant cells. however, only four avirulence genes (atr1, atr13, atr5, and atr39) have been isolated. this indicates that identification of harxl effectors based on avirulence is low throughput. we aimed at rapidly identifying h. arabidopsidis effectors that contribute to virulence by developing met ...	2013	23734779
the role of tir-nbs and tir-x proteins in plant basal defense responses.	toll/interleukin receptor (tir) domain-containing proteins encoded in the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) genome include the tir-nucleotide binding site (tn) and tir-unknown site/domain (tx) families. we investigated the function of these proteins. transient overexpression of five tx and tn genes in tobacco (nicotiana benthamiana) induced chlorosis. this induced chlorosis was dependent on enhanced disease resistance1, a dependency conserved in both tobacco and arabidopsis. stable overexpressi ...	2013	23735504
when outgroups fail; phylogenomics of rooting the emerging pathogen, coxiella burnetii.	rooting phylogenies is critical for understanding evolution, yet the importance, intricacies and difficulties of rooting are often overlooked. for rooting, polymorphic characters among the group of interest (ingroup) must be compared to those of a relative (outgroup) that diverged before the last common ancestor (lca) of the ingroup. problems arise if an outgroup does not exist, is unknown, or is so distant that few characters are shared, in which case duplicated genes originating before the lca ...	2013	23736103
natural genetic variation of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathogenicity on arabidopsis revealed by association and reverse genetics.	abstract the pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot of brassicaceae, manipulates the physiology and the innate immunity of its hosts. association genetic and reverse-genetic analyses of a world panel of 45 x. campestris pv. campestris strains were used to gain understanding of the genetic basis of the bacterium's pathogenicity to arabidopsis thaliana. we found that the compositions of the minimal predicted type iii secretome varied extensively, ...	2013	23736288
identification of a functional type vi secretion system in campylobacter jejuni conferring capsule polysaccharide sensitive cytotoxicity.	the pathogen campylobacter jejuni is the principal cause of bacterial food-borne infections. the mechanism(s) that contribute to bacterial survival and disease are still poorly understood. in other bacterial species, type vi secretion systems (t6ss) are increasingly recognized to contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by toxic effects on host cells or competing bacterial species. here we report the presence of a functional type vi secretion system in c. jejuni. proteome and genetic analyses reveal ...	2013	23737749
multilocus variable-number-tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) distinguishes a clonal complex of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated from recent outbreaks of bacterial wilt and canker in belgium.	clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker in tomato. cmm is present nearly in all european countries. during the last three years several local outbreaks were detected in belgium. the lack of a convenient high-resolution strain-typing method has hampered the study of the routes of transmission of cmm and epidemiology in tomato cultivation. in this study the genetic relatedness among a worldwide collection of cmm strains and their relatives was approach ...	2013	23738754
combining hexanoic acid plant priming with bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity against colorado potato beetle.	interaction between insect herbivores and host plants can be modulated by endogenous and exogenous compounds present in the source of food and might be successfully exploited in colorado potato beetle (cpb) pest management. feeding tests with cpb larvae reared on three solanaceous plants (potato, eggplant and tomato) resulted in variable larval growth rates and differential susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa toxin as a function of the host plant. an inverse correlation with toxicity ...	2013	23743826
effect of gaba, a bacterial metabolite, on pseudomonas fluorescens surface properties and cytotoxicity.	different bacterial species and, particularly pseudomonas fluorescens, can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and express gaba-binding proteins. in this study, we investigated the effect of gaba on the virulence and biofilm formation activity of different strains of p. fluorescens. exposure of a psychotropic strain of p. fluorescens (mf37) to gaba (10-5 m) increased its necrotic-like activity on eukaryotic (glial) cells, but reduced its apoptotic effect. conversely, muscimol and bicuculline, ...	2013	23743829
disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs.	plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones. the plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (sa) play a central role in the regulation of plant immune responses. in addition, other plant hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid (aba), cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, that have been thoroughly described to regulate plant development and growth, have recently emerged as key regulators of plant immunity. plant hormones interact ...	2013	23745126
an improved method for orit-directed cloning and functionalization of large bacterial genomic regions.	we have made significant improvements to a broad-host-range system for the cloning and manipulation of large bacterial genomic regions based on site-specific recombination between directly repeated orit sites during conjugation. using two suicide capture vectors carrying flanking homology regions, orit sites are recombined on either side of the target region. using a broad-host-range conjugation helper plasmid, the region between the orit sites is conjugated into an escherichia coli recipient st ...	2013	23747708
nitrate reductase is required for the transcriptional modulation and bactericidal activity of nitric oxide during the defense response of arabidopsis thaliana against pseudomonas syringae.	nitrate reductase (nr) has emerged as a potential no source in plants. indeed, the arabidopsis thaliana nr double-deficient mutant (nia1 nia2) produces low no and develops abnormal susceptibility to bacterial infection. we have employed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions to analyze the effects of no gas on the expression of defense-related genes in wild-type and nia1 nia2 a. thaliana plants that were inoculated with an avirulent strain of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. the patho ...	2013	23748675
salicylic acid regulates plasmodesmata closure during innate immune responses in arabidopsis.	in plants, mounting an effective innate immune strategy against microbial pathogens involves triggering local cell death within infected cells as well as boosting the immunity of the uninfected neighboring and systemically located cells. although not much is known about this, it is evident that well-coordinated cell-cell signaling is critical in this process to confine infection to local tissue while allowing for the spread of systemic immune signals throughout the whole plant. in support of thi ...	2013	23749844
there's more to the picture than meets the eye: nitric oxide cross talk with ca2+ signaling.	calcium and nitric oxide (no) are two important biological messengers. increasing evidence indicates that ca(2+) and no work together in mediating responses to pathogenic microorganisms and microbe-associated molecular patterns. ca(2+) fluxes were recognized to account for no production, whereas evidence gathered from a number of studies highlights that no is one of the key messengers mediating ca(2+) signaling. here, we present a concise description of the current understanding of the molecular ...	2013	23749853
simultaneous application of heat, drought, and virus to arabidopsis plants reveals significant shifts in signaling networks.	considering global climate change, the incidence of combined drought and heat stress is likely to increase in the future and will considerably influence plant-pathogen interactions. until now, little has been known about plants exposed to simultaneously occurring abiotic and biotic stresses. to shed some light on molecular plant responses to multiple stress factors, a versatile multifactorial test system, allowing simultaneous application of heat, drought, and virus stress, was developed in arab ...	2013	23753177
crosstalk between the circadian clock and innate immunity in arabidopsis.	the circadian clock integrates temporal information with environmental cues in regulating plant development and physiology. recently, the circadian clock has been shown to affect plant responses to biotic cues. to further examine this role of the circadian clock, we tested disease resistance in mutants disrupted in cca1 and lhy, which act synergistically to regulate clock activity. we found that cca1 and lhy mutants also synergistically affect basal and resistance gene-mediated defense against p ...	2013	23754942
the type iii secreted effector dspe is required early in solanum tuberosum leaf infection by pectobacterium carotovorum to cause cell death, and requires wx(3-6)d/e motifs.	pectobacterium species are enterobacterial plant-pathogens that cause soft rot disease in diverse plant species. unlike hemi-biotrophic plant pathogenic bacteria, the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (p. carotovorum) appears to secrete only one effector protein, dspe. previously, we found that the t3ss regulator hrpl and the effector dspe are required for p. carotovorum pathogenesis on leaves. here, we identified genes up-regulated by hrpl, visual ...	2013	23755246
isolation and characterization of dehydration-responsive element-binding factor 2c (msdreb2c) from malus sieversii roem.	dreb2 (dehydration-responsive element-binding factor 2)-type transcription factors play a critical role in the stress-related regulation network in plants. in this study, we isolated and characterized a dreb2 homolog from malus sieversii roem., designated msdreb2c (genbank accession no. jq790526). msdreb2c localized to the nucleus and transactivated reporter genes in yeast strain ygr-2. quantitative real-time pcr analysis demonstrated that msdreb2c was constitutively expressed and significantly ...	2013	23757363
export of salicylic acid from the chloroplast requires the multidrug and toxin extrusion-like transporter eds5.	salicylic acid (sa) is central for the defense of plants to pathogens and abiotic stress. sa is synthesized in chloroplasts from chorismic acid by an isochorismate synthase (ics1); sa biosynthesis is negatively regulated by autoinhibitory feedback at ics1. genetic studies indicated that the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter enhanced disease susceptibility5 (eds5) of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) is necessary for sa accumulation after biotic and abiotic stress, but so far it is not u ...	2013	23757404
uncoupling of reactive oxygen species accumulation and defence signalling in the metal hyperaccumulator plant noccaea caerulescens.	the metal hyperaccumulator plant noccaea caerulescens is protected from disease by the accumulation of high concentrations of metals in its aerial tissues, which are toxic to many pathogens. as these metals can lead to the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ros), metal hyperaccumulator plants have developed highly effective ros tolerance mechanisms, which might quench ros-based signals. we therefore investigated whether metal accumulation alters defence signalling via ros in this pl ...	2013	23758201
high throughput quantitative phenotyping of plant resistance using chlorophyll fluorescence image analysis.	in order to select for quantitative plant resistance to pathogens, high throughput approaches that can precisely quantify disease severity are needed. automation and use of calibrated image analysis should provide more accurate, objective and faster analyses than visual assessments. in contrast to conventional visible imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is not sensitive to environmental light variations and provides single-channel images prone to a segmentation analysis by simple threshold ...	2013	23758798
inferring ancient metabolism using ancestral core metabolic models of enterobacteria.	enterobacteriaceae diversified from an ancestral lineage ~300-500 million years ago (mya) into a wide variety of free-living and host-associated lifestyles. nutrient availability varies across niches, and evolution of metabolic networks likely played a key role in adaptation.	2013	23758866
identification and analysis of mkk and mpk gene families in canola (brassica napus l.).	eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk/mpk) signaling cascades transduce and amplify environmental signals via three types of reversibly phosphorylated kinases to activate defense gene expression. canola (oilseed rape, brassica napus) is a major crop in temperate regions. identification and characterization of mapk and mapk kinases (mapkk/mkk) of canola will help to elucidate their role in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.	2013	23758924
silicon era of carbon-based life: application of genomics and bioinformatics in crop stress research.	abiotic and biotic stresses lead to massive reprogramming of different life processes and are the major limiting factors hampering crop productivity. omics-based research platforms allow for a holistic and comprehensive survey on crop stress responses and hence may bring forth better crop improvement strategies. since high-throughput approaches generate considerable amounts of data, bioinformatics tools will play an essential role in storing, retrieving, sharing, processing, and analyzing them. ...	2013	23759993
light regulation of swarming motility in pseudomonas syringae integrates signaling pathways mediated by a bacteriophytochrome and a lov protein.	the biological and regulatory roles of photosensory proteins are poorly understood for nonphotosynthetic bacteria. the foliar bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae has three photosensory protein-encoding genes that are predicted to encode the blue-light-sensing lov (light, oxygen, or voltage) histidine kinase (lov-hk) and two red/far-red-light-sensing bacteriophytochromes, bphp1 and bphp2. we provide evidence that lov-hk and bphp1 form an integrated network that regulates swarming motility in ...	2013	23760465
plant lectin-like antibacterial proteins from phytopathogens pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas citri.	the genomes of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 642 and xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum lmg 761 each carry a putative homologue of the plant lectin-like bacteriocin (llpa) genes previously identified in the rhizosphere isolate pseudomonas putida bw11m1 and the biocontrol strain pseudomonas fluorescens pf-5. the respective purified recombinant proteins, llpapss642 and llpaxcm761 , display genus-specific antibacterial activity across species boundaries. the inhibitory spectrum of the p. syringa ...	2012	23760822
overexpression of a citrus ndr1 ortholog increases disease resistance in arabidopsis.	emerging devastating diseases, such as huanglongbing (hlb) and citrus canker, have caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry worldwide. genetic engineering is a powerful approach that could allow us to increase citrus resistance against these diseases. the key to the success of this approach relies on a thorough understanding of defense mechanisms of citrus. studies of arabidopsis and other plants have provided a framework for us to better understand defense mechanisms of citrus. salicylic ...	2013	23761797
are we biologically safe with snow precipitation? a case study in beijing.	in this study, the bacterial and fungal abundances, diversities, conductance levels as well as total organic carbon (toc) were investigated in the snow samples collected from five different snow occurrences in beijing between january and march, 2010. the collected snow samples were melted and cultured at three different temperatures (4, 26 and 37°c). the culturable bacterial concentrations were manually counted and the resulting colony forming units (cfus) at 26°c were further studied using v3 r ...	2013	23762327
the widespread plant-colonizing bacterial species pseudomonas syringae detects and exploits an extracellular pool of choline in hosts.	the quaternary ammonium compound (qac) choline is a major component of membrane lipids in eukaryotes and, if available to microbial colonists of plants, could provide benefits for growth and protection from stress. free choline is found in homogenized plant tissues, but its subcellular location and availability to plant microbes are not known. whole-cell bacterial bioreporters of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae were constructed that couple a qac-responsive transcriptional fusion with well ...	2013	23763788
identification of another module involved in the horizontal transfer of the haemophilus genomic island icehin1056.	a significant part of horizontal gene transfer is facilitated by genomic islands. haemophilus influenzae genomic island icehin1056 is an archetype of a genomic island that accounts for pandemic spread of antibiotics resistance. icehin1056 has modular structure and harbors modules involved in type iv secretion and integration. previous studies have shown that icehin1056 encodes a functional type iv secretion system; however, other modules have not been characterized yet. here we show that the mod ...	2013	23764277
the pathochip, a functional gene array for assessing pathogenic properties of diverse microbial communities.	pathogens present in the environment pose a serious threat to human, plant and animal health as evidenced by recent outbreaks. as many pathogens can survive and proliferate in the environment, it is important to understand their population dynamics and pathogenic potential in the environment. to assess pathogenic potential in diverse habitats, we developed a functional gene array, the pathochip, constructed with key virulence genes related to major virulence factors, such as adherence, colonizat ...	2013	23765101
pseudomonas putida kt2440 causes induced systemic resistance and changes in arabidopsis root exudation.	pseudomonas putida kt2440 is an efficient colonizer of the rhizosphere of plants of agronomical and basic interest. we have demonstrated that kt2440 can protect the model plant arabidopsis thaliana against infection by the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. p. putida extracellular haem-peroxidase (pp2561) was found to be important for competitive colonization and essential for the induction of plant systemic resistance. root exudates of plants elicited by kt2440 exhibited dist ...	2010	23766110
the acute transcriptional response of the coral acropora millepora to immune challenge: expression of gimap/ian genes links the innate immune responses of corals with those of mammals and plants.	as a step towards understanding coral immunity we present the first whole transcriptome analysis of the acute responses of acropora millepora to challenge with the bacterial cell wall derivative mdp and the viral mimic poly i:c, defined immunogens provoking distinct but well characterised responses in higher animals.	2013	23768317
l-amino acid ligase from pseudomonas syringae producing tabtoxin can be used for enzymatic synthesis of various functional peptides.	functional peptides are expected to be beneficial compounds that improve our quality of life. to address the growing need for functional peptides, we have examined peptide synthesis by using microbial enzymes. l-amino acid ligase (lal) catalyzes the condensation of unprotected amino acids in an atp-dependent manner and is applicable to fermentative production. hence, lal is a promising enzyme to achieve cost-effective synthesis. to obtain a lal with novel substrate specificity, we focused on the ...	2013	23770908
discovery of plant phenolic compounds that act as type iii secretion system inhibitors or inducers of the fire blight pathogen, erwinia amylovora.	erwinia amylovora causes a devastating disease called fire blight in rosaceous plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is one of the important virulence factors utilized by e. amylovora in order to successfully infect its hosts. by using a green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter construct combined with a high-throughput flow cytometry assay, a library of phenolic compounds and their derivatives was studied for their ability to alter the expression of the t3ss. based on the effectiveness of ...	2013	23770912