Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [detection of putative periodontal pathogens of periodontitis with type 2 diabetes]. | to detect the putative periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis (cp) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (dm) and to discuss the role of the periodontal pathogens in the cp and type 2 dm patients. | 2010 | 21163008 |
| comparison of two sampling methods for microbiological evaluation of periodontal disease in cats. | periodontal disease in cats is highly prevalent, and its aetiology is associated to bacteria located in the subgingival microbiota, being porphyromonas sp. the most prevalent genus. the conventional technique to sample the subgingival microbiota is the use of cotton swabs over the mucosa and teeth; however the use of subgingival paper points could improve the bacterial recovery. | 2010 | 21168288 |
| examination of maternal gingival crevicular fluid for the presence of selected periodontopathogens implicated in the pre-term delivery of low birthweight infants. | reports show that more than 20 million infants world-wide are born prematurely with 95% of all pre-term births occurring in developing countries. oral colonization of gram-negative anaerobes has been implicated as a risk factor for preterm delivery of low birth weight infants. | 2010 | 21178450 |
| hyaluronan-containing mouthwash as an adjunctive plaque-control agent. | hyaluronan, commonly known as hyaluronic acid, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory action, bacteriostatic effect and antioxidant properties, thus making its use as a long-term anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent an appealing proposition. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.025% hyaluronan-containing mouthwash in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine and a water-based mouthwash and also to evaluate its antibacterial efficacy on isolated strains of periodontopathogen ... | 2010 | 21180677 |
| lps induces greater bone and pdl loss in sparc-null mice. | individuals with periodontal disease have increased risk of tooth loss, particularly in cases with associated loss of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament (pdl). current treatments do not predictably regenerate damaged pdl. collagen i is the primary component of bone and pdl extracellular matrix. sparc/osteonectin (sp/on) is implicated in the regulation of collagen content in healthy pdl. in this study, periodontal disease was induced by injections of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from aggregatibac ... | 2010 | 21191126 |
| invasive infections of aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans. | aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, part of the normal flora of the mouth, is frequently found in human periodontal cultures and is an important pathogen causing various invasive infections, particularly infective endocarditis. in this study, we describe the clinical course and outcome of patients with a. actinomycetemcomitans infection. | 2010 | 21195976 |
| the antiplaque efficacy of pomegranate mouthrinse. | to evaluate the effect of a pomegranate-containing mouthrinse on plaque, determine whether it has any adverse effects, and evaluate its antibacterial properties against selected periodontopathogens in vitro. | 2011 | 21206931 |
| soluble cd14 induces cytokine release by human oral epithelial cells. | the epithelial cell barrier is the first line of host defense against bacterial aggression in periodontal sites. in view of the fact that oral epithelial cells do not express membrane cd14 and that high levels of the soluble form of the cd14 receptor have been detected in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis, we investigated the effects of recombinant soluble cd14 (rscd14), alone and in combination with aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (lps) on the ... | 2010 | 21208208 |
| effect of smoking on subgingival microflora of patients with periodontitis in japan. | smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis. to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontitis, it is essential to assess the relationship between smoking and the subgingival microflora. the aim of this study was to gain an insight into the influence of smoking on the microflora of japanese patients with periodontitis. | 2011 | 21208407 |
| identification of periodontal pathogens and severity of periodontitis in patients with and without chronic kidney disease. | in this study of patients with chronic periodontitis (cp), the severity of the disease and the main periodontal pathogens identified in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) were compared with those detected in individuals without systemic disease. | 2011 | 21211789 |
| the highly leukotoxic jp2 clone of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: evolutionary aspects, epidemiology and etiological role in aggressive periodontitis. | for many years, attention has been given to the oral bacterium aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, as a species possibly implicated in the etiology of aggressive periodontitis in adolescents. one of the major virulence factors of a. actinomycetemcomitans is the leukotoxin which is able to kill important cells of the immune system. as demonstrated in population genetic analyses, the population structure of a. actinomycetemcomitans is mainly clonal with evolutionary lineages corresponding to th ... | 2010 | 21214629 |
| predation of oral pathogens by bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109j. | periodontal diseases are multifactorial infections elicited by a complex of primarily gram-negative bacteria that interact with host tissues and lead to the destruction of the periodontal structures. bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a gram-negative bacterium that preys upon other gram-negative bacteria. it was previously shown that b. bacteriovorus has an ability to attack and remove surface-attached bacteria or biofilms. in this study, we examined the host specificity of b. bacteriovorus strain 10 ... | 2010 | 21214870 |
| microbiological and immunological characteristics of young moroccan patients with aggressive periodontitis with and without detectable aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans jp2 infection. | cross-sectional and longitudinal studies identify the jp2 clone of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological agent of aggressive periodontitis (agp) in adolescents of northwest african descent. to gain information on why a significant part of moroccan adolescents show clinical signs of periodontal disease in the absence of this pathogen we performed comprehensive mapping of the subgingival microbiota of eight young moroccans, four of whom were diagnosed with clinical signs of agp. ... | 2010 | 21214871 |
| killing of anaerobic pathogens by predatory bacteria. | recently, the predation of bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on a periodontal pathogen has been described. the current study explores the potential antimicrobial activity of a range of predatory bacteria against key periodontal pathogens. a number of representatives from the bdellovibrio, bacteriovorax and peredibacter lineages (called 'balos') were tested for their activity towards a group of key periodontal pathogens and an optimal multiplicity of infection was established. as the oral cavity contain ... | 2010 | 21214872 |
| targeted inhibition of cd133+ cells in oral cancer cell lines. | resistance to treatment and the appearance of secondary tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (hnscc) have been attributed to the presence of cells with stem-cell-like properties in the basal layer of the epithelium at the site of the lesion. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that these putative cancer stem cells (csc) in hnscc could be specifically targeted and inhibited. we found that 9 of 10 head and neck tumor biopsies contained a subpopulation of cells that expressed cd133, ... | 2011 | 21220361 |
| development of an animal model for aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm-mediated oral osteolytic infection: a preliminary study. | biofilm-induced inflammatory osteolytic oral infections, such as periodontitis and peri-implantitis, have complex etiology and pathogenesis. a significant obstacle to research has been the lack of appropriate animal models where the inflammatory response to biofilms can be investigated. the aim of this study is to develop a novel animal model to study the host response to aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)-biofilm colonizing titanium implants. | 2011 | 21222546 |
| identification of hacek clinical isolates by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry is a rapid and accurate tool for the identification of many microorganisms. we assessed this technology for the identification of 103 haemophilus parainfluenzae, aggregatibacter aphrophilus, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cardiobacterium hominis, eikenella corrodens, and kingella kingae (hacek) clinical isolates and 20 haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates. ninety-three percent of hacek organisms ... | 2011 | 21227988 |
| antimicrobial activity of diterpenes from viguiera arenaria against endodontic bacteria. | six pimarane-type diterpenes isolated from viguiera arenaria baker and two semi-synthetic derivatives were evaluated in vitro against a panel of representative microorganisms responsible for dental root canal infections. the microdilution method was used for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) against porphyromonas gingivalis, prevotella nigrescens, prevotella intermedia, prevotella buccae, fusobacterium nucleatum, bacteroi ... | 2011 | 21233793 |
| comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. | the analysis of samplings from periodontal pockets is important in the diagnosis and therapy of periodontitis. in this study, three different sampling techniques were compared to determine whether one method yielded samples suitable for the reproducible and simultaneous determination of bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil elastase, and arginine-specific gingipains (rgps). rgps are an important virulence factor of porphyromonas gingivalis, the exact concentration of which in gingival crevicular ... | 2011 | 21235330 |
| effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on periopathogens and periodontal biofilm: in vitro evaluation. | photodynamic therapy (pdt) is a selective modality of killing targeted cells, mostly known for its application in neoplasms. pdt can be considered to be an alternative method for the elimination of periodontal bacteria from the pocket without harms for the resident tissues. therefore, pdt may replace systemic antibiotics and enhance the effect of mechanical treatments of periodontal defects. this effort focused on the in vitro sensitization of periopathogens (aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan ... | 2010 | 21244761 |
| ccr5 mediates pro-osteoclastic and osteoclastogenic leukocyte chemoattraction. | periodontal disease (pd) progression involves the selective leukocyte infiltration into periodontium, supposedly mediated by the chemokine/chemokine receptor system. in this study, we investigated the role of chemokine receptor ccr5 in the immunoregulation of experimental pd in c57bl/6 (wt) and ccr5ko mice. aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans infection triggered the chemoattraction of distinct ccr5+ leukocyte subpopulations (determined by flow cytometry): ccr5+f4/80+ leukocytes, which co-expr ... | 2011 | 21245464 |
| salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. | the potential of salivary microorganisms to diagnose periodontal disease and to guide periodontal treatment is a research topic of current interest. this study aimed to determine whether the salivary counts of periodontopathic microbes correlated with the periodontal pocket counts of the same infectious agents, and whether the salivary counts of the test infectious agents could distinguish among individuals with periodontal health and various types of periodontal disease. | 2011 | 21261620 |
| structure, viability and bacterial kinetics of an in vitro biofilm model using six bacteria from the subgingival microbiota. | there are few in vitro models available in the scientific literature for study of the structure, formation and development of the subgingival biofilm. the purpose of this study was to develop and validate an in vitro biofilm model, using representative selected bacteria from the subgingival microbiota. | 2011 | 21261622 |
| molecular survey of atheromatous plaques for the presence of dna from periodontal bacterial pathogens, archaea and fungi. | chronic infections, such as periodontitis, have been associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. the mechanisms through which this occurs have yet to be elucidated. this study was carried out to detect periodontopathic bacteria as well as archaea and fungi in atheromatous plaques and search for factors associated with their occurrence in atheromas. | 2011 | 21261623 |
| [association between clinical parameters and the presence of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with progressive periodontal lesions]. | background/aim: periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues with consequential is bone loss as a result of host immunological reactions caused by periopathogens. the aim of the study was to investigate if there is a correlation between clinical parameters and the presence of two most aggressive periopathogens (aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans--aa and porphyromonas gingivalis--pg) in patients with progressive periodontal lesions. | 2010 | 21268925 |
| evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of dentifrices on human oral bacteria. | in vitro testing of antimicrobial agents is an important tool in the testing hierarchy, and may provide interesting insights into their potential clinical efficacy. agents with demonstrable in vitro antimicrobial activity may be effective against the same microorganisms in vivo, whereas agents without demonstrable in vitro antimicrobial activity are unlikely to exhibit in vivo antimicrobial activity. in addition, these methods may also be useful in screening antimicrobial agents in product formu ... | 2010 | 21269037 |
| chitosan coatings deliver antimicrobials from titanium implants: a preliminary study. | chitosan was investigated as a coating for local delivery of antimicrobials for prevention of acute implant infection. the objectives of this study were to (1) measure the release of 2 antimicrobials from chitosan coatings, (2) determine efficacy of eluted antimicrobials against bacteria, in vitro, and (3) evaluate toxicity of eluted drugs to host cells/tissues. | 2011 | 21278528 |
| real-time mapping of a hydrogen peroxide concentration profile across a polymicrobial bacterial biofilm using scanning electrochemical microscopy. | quantitative detection of hydrogen peroxide in solution above a streptococcus gordonii (sg) bacterial biofilm was studied in real time by scanning electrochemical microscopy (secm). the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 0.7 mm to 1.6 mm in the presence of 10 mm glucose over a period of 2 to 8 h. the hydrogen peroxide production measured was higher near the biofilm surface in comparison to sg grown planktonically. differential hydrogen peroxide production was observed both b ... | 2011 | 21282623 |
| effect of ozone on periodontopathogenic species-an in vitro study. | the in vitro study was aimed to determine the effect of ozone on periodontopathogenic microorganisms. ozone was generated for 6 s-2?×?24 s (corresponding to 0.56 mg-2?×?2.24 mg of ozone) against 23 mainly anaerobic periodontopathogenic species. agar diffusion test was used as a screening method. then, the killing activity was tested in a serum-free environment and with 25% v/v inactivated serum. further, the effect of ozone on bactericidal activity of native serum was analyzed against fusobacter ... | 2011 | 21287208 |
| an in vitro comparative study determining bactericidal activity of stabilized chlorine dioxide and other oral rinses. | the study was conducted to determine the bactericidal activity of a stabilized chlorine dioxide oral rinse (closys oral rinse) compared to products currently available on the market. | 2011 | 21290979 |
| impact of systemic antimicrobials combined with anti-infective mechanical debridement on the microbiota of generalized aggressive periodontitis: a 6-month rct. | to compare the effects of systemic amoxicillin (amx) plus metronidazole (met) or placebos combined with anti-infective mechanical debridement on the sub-gingival microbiota of generalized aggressive periodontitis (gap). | 2011 | 21303403 |
| functional implications of an intermeshing cogwheel-like interaction between tolc and maca in the action of macrolide-specific efflux pump macab-tolc. | macrolide-specific efflux pump macab-tolc has been identified in diverse gram-negative bacteria including escherichia coli. the inner membrane transporter macb requires the outer membrane factor tolc and the periplasmic adaptor protein maca to form a functional tripartite complex. in this study, we used a chimeric protein containing the tip region of the tolc a-barrel to investigate the role of the tolc a-barrel tip region with regard to its interaction with maca. the chimeric protein formed a s ... | 2011 | 21325274 |
| prevalence of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in sudanese patients with aggressive periodontitis: a case-control study. | aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is considered a possible etiological agent for aggressive periodontitis. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the jp2 clone and non-jp2 genotypes of a. actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque of patients with aggressive periodontitis and controls among sudanese high-school students. | 2011 | 21332472 |
| short- and medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity for oral microorganisms. | this study assessed the antibacterial activity of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids against various oral microorganisms. | 2011 | 21333271 |
| analysis of genotypic variation in genes associated with virulence in aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans clinical isolates. | although certain serotypes of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are associated more with aggressive periodontitis than are other serotypes, the correlation between distinct lineages and virulence traits in this species is poorly understood. this study aimed to evaluate the polymorphism of genes encoding putative virulence factors of clinical isolates, and to correlate these findings with a. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, genotypes and periodontal status of the hosts. | 2011 | 21338357 |
| effect of teenage smoking on the prevalence of periodontal bacteria. | the aim of our study was to investigate how teenage smoking affects the prevalence of periodontal bacteria and periodontal health with the hypothesis that smoking increases the prevalence of the bacteria. oral health of 264 adolescents (15- to 16-year-olds) was clinically examined, and their smoking history was recorded. the participants also filled in a structured questionnaire recording their general health and health habits. pooled subgingival plaque samples were taken for polymerase chain re ... | 2011 | 21340603 |
| antibody responses to periodontopathic bacteria in relation to rheumatoid arthritis in japanese adults. | background: periodontopathic bacteria have been implicated as contributory to the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ccp) antibodies and rheumatoid factor (rf) were shown to be associated with ra. this study was undertaken to examine whether serum levels of antibodies to periodontopathic bacteria may affect clinical and laboratory profiles of ra. methods: the study subjects consisted of 80 patients with ra and 38 age-, gender-, smoking status-, and periodon ... | 2011 | 21342003 |
| [efficient, minimally invasive periodontal therapy. an evidence based treatment concept]. | a large number of reports indicate beneficial effects of systemic antibiotics for patients with periodontal diseases. although these advantages are clear in general, the specific relationship of benefit and risk in various clinical situations remains a subject of debate. uncertainties persist regarding the individual prescription and combination with other procedures. since the early 1990s it has been pointed out that systemic antibiotics given in the context of non-surgical subgingival debridem ... | 2011 | 21344327 |
| topical application of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin induces cell cycle arrest in the rat gingival epithelium in vivo. | aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is one of the etiological pathogens implicated in the onset of periodontal disease. this pathogen produces cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) that acts as a genotoxin to induce cell cycle arrest and cellular distension in cultured cell lines. therefore, cdt is a possible virulence factor; however, the in vivo activity of cdt on periodontal tissue has not been explored. here, cdt was topically applied into the rat molar gingival sulcus; and the periodontal tis ... | 2011 | 21361960 |
| periodontal pathogen carriage, rather than periodontitis, determines the serum antibody levels. | we investigated in a nationally representative sample, how periodontitis modifies the association between the carriage of periodontal pathogens and serology. | 2011 | 21362013 |
| prevalence of systemic immunoreactivity to aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in relation to the incidence of myocardial infarction. | chronic infections and associated inflammatory markers are suggested risk factors for cardiovascular disease (cvd). the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (il)-1ß, is suggested to play a role in the regulation of local inflammatory responses in both cvd and periodontitis. the leukotoxin from the periodontal pathogen aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has recently been shown to cause abundant secretion of il-1ß from macrophages. the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of ... | 2011 | 21362180 |
| bacterial adhesion and colonization differences between zirconium oxide and titanium alloys: an in vivo human study. | the purpose of this study was to compare zirconium oxide and titanium alloys with respect to their tendency to adhesion and colonization of two periodontal pathogens on both hard surfaces and on soft tissues in vivo. | 2011 | 21365044 |
| isolation of a novel aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b bacteriophage capable of lysing bacteria within a biofilm. | a bacteriophage specific for aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, able to kill the bacterium within a biofilm, was isolated. random mutagenesis of this phage rendered a bacteriophage able to kill 99% of the bacteria within a biofilm. this is the first report of a biocontrol experiment against a. actinomycetemcomitans. | 2011 | 21378052 |
| cytokine production by leukocytes of papillon-lef+¿vre syndrome patients in whole blood cultures. | papillon-lef+¿vre syndrome (pls) is characterised by aggressively progressive periodontitis combined with palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis. it is caused by "loss of function" mutations in the cathepsin c gene. the hypothesis behind this study is that pls patients' polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) produce more proinflammatory cytokines to compensate for their reduced capacity to neutralize leukotoxin and to eliminate aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. production of more interleukin (il)-8 woul ... | 2011 | 21380503 |
| in vitro and in vivo effects of a composition containing lactoperoxidase on oral bacteria and breath odor. | the antimicrobial activity of a composition containing bovine lactoperoxidase (lpo), glucose oxidase, glucose and buffer salts was tested against oral bacteria in vitro. a preliminary in vivo study was conducted to test the effect on breath odor of the tablets containing this composition. suspension of the composition in filter-sterilized saliva or phosphate-buffered saline containing sodium thiocyanate (nascn) at a physiological concentration showed bactericidal activity against aggregatibacter ... | 2008 | 21386158 |
| cellular and molecular response of human macrophages exposed to aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. | aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacterium associated with severe forms of periodontitis. a leukotoxin, which belongs to the repeats-in-toxin family, is believed to be one of its virulence factors and to have an important role in the bacterium's pathogenicity. this toxin selectively kills human leukocytes by inducing apoptosis and lysis. here, we report that leukotoxin-induced cell death of macrophages proceeded through a process tha ... | 2011 | 21390060 |
| detection of specific periodontal microorganisms from bacteraemia samples after periodontal therapy using molecular-based diagnostics. | the aim of this study was to assess the presence of subgingival pathogens in peripheral blood samples from periodontitis patients before and after scaling and root planing (sc/rp) using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr). | 2011 | 21392048 |
| association of red complex, a. actinomycetemcomitans and non-oral bacteria with periodontal diseases. | pathogens related to systemic infections have been detected in the periodontal microbiota. the relationship amongst these pathogens, periodontal bacteria and periodontal clinical status is poorly understood. this study evaluated the association amongst red complex, a. actinomycetemcomitans (a.a) and non-oral pathogenic bacteria in subjects with good periodontal health (ph), gingivitis (g), chronic (cp) and aggressive (ap) periodontitis. | 2011 | 21397893 |
| prunus mume extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against pathogenic oral bacteria. | prunus mume is a common fruit in asia, which has been used in traditional chinese medicine. in this study, we focused on the antimicrobial properties of prunus mume extract against oral pathogens related to dental caries and periodontal diseases. | 2011 | 21401748 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of cocultures in polymicrobial infections such as peri-implantitis or periodontitis: an in vitro model. | background: although polymicrobial infections, such as peri-implantitis or periodontitis, were postulated in the literature to be caused by synergistic effects of bacteria, these effects remain unclear looking at antibiotic susceptibility. the aim of this study is to compare the antibiotic susceptibilities of pure cultures and definite cocultures. methods: laboratory strains of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aa) (previously actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), capnocytophaga ochracea ( ... | 2011 | 21405933 |
| clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. | background: a limited number of studies suggest the prevalence of periodontal pathogens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra); however, results are inconsistent. the aim of this study was to investigate clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with ra. methods: 66 patients with ra aged 49.5±8.4 years participated in the study. the periodontal situation was assessed with the periodontal screening index (psr(®)/psi); allocated to: healthy, gingivitis (psr(®)/psi score 0-2 ... | 2011 | 21405936 |
| clustering of subgingival microbial species in adolescents with periodontitis. | it has become increasingly recognized that groups of microorganisms interact within the subgingival plaque of adult subjects with periodontitis. it is much less clear, however, whether the consortia of microorganisms associated with periodontitis are different in early and more advanced cases of periodontitis. to investigate this point further, subgingival plaque was collected from six sites in 87 adolescents with periodontitis and 73 controls and the samples were analyzed for the detection of 1 ... | 2011 | 21410554 |
| azithromycin may inhibit interleukin-8 through the suppression of rac1 and a nuclear factor kappab pathway in kb cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. | background: recent studies have shown that the 15-member macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (azm) not only has antibacterial activity, but also results in the role of immunomodulators. interleukin-8 (il-8) is an important inflammatory mediator in periodontal disease. however, there have been no reports on the effects of azm on il-8 production from human oral epithelium. therefore, we investigated the effects of azm on il-8 production in an oral epithelial cell line. methods: kb cells were stimula ... | 2011 | 21417583 |
| azithromycin concentrations in blood and gingival crevicular fluid after systemic administration. | background: azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is active against several periodontal pathogens. macrolides are taken up and concentrated inside gingival fibroblasts, which could influence their pharmacokinetics. this study tested the hypothesis that steady-state levels of azithromycin are higher and more sustained in gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) than in serum. methods: four healthy subjects received an initial dose of 500 mg azithromycin followed by 250 mg doses on each of the next 2 ... | 2011 | 21417585 |
| microbiologic results after non-surgical erbium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet laser or air-abrasive treatment of peri-implantitis: a randomized clinical trial. | background: the purpose of this study is to assess clinical and microbiologic effects of the non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis lesions using either an erbium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (er:yag) laser or an air-abrasive subgingival polishing method. methods: in a 6-month clinical trial, 42 patients with peri-implantitis were treated at one time with an er:yag laser or an air-abrasive device. routine clinical methods were used to monitor clinical conditions. baseline and 6-month ... | 2011 | 21417591 |
| influence of different biomaterials on the viability of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. | the aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different biomaterials used for regenerative periodontal surgery on the growth of the periodontopathogen aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. | 2011 | 21420071 |
| the effect of proatherogenic microbes on macrophage cholesterol homeostasis in apoe-deficient mice. | pathogens such as aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aa) and chlamydia pneumoniae (cpn) associate with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases by inducing inflammation. we hypothesized that the pathogens affect the vascular wall by disturbing cholesterol homeostasis and endothelial function. | 2011 | 21421042 |
| vitamin d-mediated induction of innate immunity in gingival epithelial cells. | human gingival epithelial cells (gec) produce peptides, such as ß-defensins and the cathelicidin ll-37, that are both antimicrobial and that modulate the innate immune response. in myeloid and airway epithelial cells, the active form of vitamin d(3) [1,25(oh)(2)d(3)] increases the expression and antibacterial activity of ll-37. to examine the activity of vitamin d on the innate immune defense of the gingival epithelium, cultured epithelial cells were treated with either 10(-8) m 1,25(oh)(2)d(3) ... | 2011 | 21422187 |
| decreased phosphorylation of platelet vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in periodontitis--a role of periodontal pathogens. | epidemiological studies indicate an association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp) in its phosphorylated form represents a regulator of platelet function and an indicator for the sensitivity of platelets towards physiologically relevant antagonists of platelet function. as platelets and their activation state play a central role in the development of cardiovascular disease, this study ... | 2011 | 21435699 |
| facial cellulitis because of aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans and capnocytophaga species in an immunocompetent patient. | the species of capnocytophaga and aggregatibacter are normal flora and mostly cause periodontal diseases. the soft tissue infection caused by aggregatibacter often is associated with actinomyces species. beside, most capnocytophaga infections are described in immunocompromised patients. we identified facial cellulitis caused by capnocytophaga spp and aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in a 16-year-old immunocompetent female. | 2011 | 21439519 |
| antimicrobial activity of bifidobacterium spp. isolated from healthy adult koreans against cariogenic microflora. | objective: dental caries is the main common infectious disease in the human oral cavity. streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus were reported to be the most important etiological factors in human dental caries. thus, we examined the inhibitory effects of bifidobacterium spp. cells and culture supernatants against s. mutans and s. sobrinus, including streptococcus gordonii, and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which is associated with periodontal disease. methods: mutans streptococ ... | 2011 | 21439550 |
| detection of periodontal bacteria in atheromatous plaques by nested polymerase chain reaction. | background. in recent years, increasing evidence regarding the potential association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases has been elicited. the available evidence underlines the importance of detecting periodontal pathogens on atheromatous plaques as the first step in demonstrating the causal relationship between both entities. it is the main aim of this investigation to detect periodontitis-associated bacteria from carotid artery atheromatous plaques recovered from patients ... | 2011 | 21453047 |
| cytolethal distending toxin damages the oral epithelium of gingival explants. | the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), expressed by the periodontal pathogen aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, inhibits the proliferation of cultured epithelial cells by arresting the cell cycle. the gingival epithelium is an early line of defense against microbial assault. when damaged, bacteria collectively gain entry into underlying connective tissue where microbial products can affect infiltrating inflammatory cells, leading to the destruction of the attachment apparatus. histological e ... | 2011 | 21471326 |
| synthesis of β-(1→6)-linked n-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligosaccharide substrates and their hydrolysis by dispersin b. | dispersin b (dspb) from aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a β-hexosaminidase exhibiting biofilm detachment activity. a series of β-(1→6)-linked n-acetyl-d-glucosamine thiophenyl glycosides with degree of polymerisation (dp) of 2, 3, 4 and 5 were synthesized, and substrate specificity of dspb was studied on the obtained oligosaccharides. for oligomer synthesis a 1+2, 2+2, 1+4 coupling strategy was applied, using bromo-sugars as glycosyl donors. the formation of 1,2-trans interglycosidic bo ... | 2011 | 21482420 |
| metabolite cross-feeding enhances virulence in a model polymicrobial infection. | microbes within polymicrobial infections often display synergistic interactions resulting in enhanced pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms governing these interactions are not well understood. development of model systems that allow detailed mechanistic studies of polymicrobial synergy is a critical step towards a comprehensive understanding of these infections in vivo. in this study, we used a model polymicrobial infection including the opportunistic pathogen aggregatibacter actinomy ... | 2011 | 21483753 |
| multispecies communities: interspecies interactions influence growth on saliva as sole nutritional source. | human oral bacteria live in multispecies communities in the biofilm called dental plaque. this review focuses on the interactions of seven species and the ability of each species individually and together with other species to grow on saliva as the sole source of nutrient. community formation in biofilms in flow cells is monitored using species-specific fluorophore-conjugated immunoglobulin g, and images are captured by confocal microscopy. early colonizing veillonellae emerge from this review o ... | 2011 | 21485308 |
| evaluation of 2 siblings with papillon-lefèvre syndrome 5 years after treatment of periodontitis in primary and mixed dentition(jop-10-r2). | nickles k, schacher b, schuster g, valesky e, eickholz p. evaluation of 2 siblings with papillon-lefèvre syndrome 5 years after treatment of periodontitis in primary and mixed dentition background: this case report describes the clinical and microbiological long-term outcome 5 years after periodontal therapy of 2 siblings diagnosed with papillon-lefèvre syndrome (pls) and tinea capitis. methods: in 2005, two brothers diagnosed with pls and tinea capitis, began periodontal treatment. both of them ... | 2011 | 21486178 |
| microbial changes after full-mouth tooth extraction, followed by 2-stage implant placement. | quirynen m, van assche n. microbial changes after full-mouth tooth extraction, followed by 2-stage implant placement. j clin peridontol 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01728.x. abstract: background: recent studies showed that qpcr could detect bacteria related to periodontitis and peri-implantitis in a low concentration after full-mouth tooth extraction. this study monitored the microbiota from tooth extraction, over 9 months of full edentulism, up to 1 year after abutment connection. materi ... | 2011 | 21488934 |
| a novel approach in the use of subgingival controlled-release delivery of chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. | background: we aimed to analyze clinical, microbiological, and serological effects of chlorhexidine (chx) chips used as subgingival controlled-release-delivery-device before and immediately after scaling and root-planing (srp). methods: 24 patients presenting with at least 12 teeth with ppd ≥5 mm and bop were assigned in test or control groups. after prophylaxis, chx chips (test) or placebo chips (control) were placed in pockets with ppd ≥5mm. ten days later srp was performed in all teeth with p ... | 2011 | 21491990 |
| influence of topography and hydrophilicity on initial oral biofilm formation on microstructured titanium surfaces in vitro. | objectives: the aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the microtopography and hydrophilicity of titanium (ti) substrates on initial oral biofilm formation. materials and methods: nine bacterial species belonging to the normal oral microbiota, including: aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, actinomyces israelii, campylobacter rectus, eikenella corrodens, fusobacterium nucleatum, parvimonas micra, porphyromonas gingivalis, prevotella intermedia, and streptococcus sanguinis were teste ... | 2011 | 21492236 |
| selective killing of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by ciprofloxacin during development of a dual species biofilm with streptococcus sanguinis. | objectives: periodontal disease is associated with a pathogen-induced transition to a chronic destructive inflammatory response. since commensals may either passively or actively contribute to immune homeostasis, therapies aimed at selectively reducing the competitive advantage of pathogens may be effective supplements to traditional methods. we developed an in vitro system to grow biofilms composed of the pathogen (aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) and the commensal (streptococcus sanguini ... | 2011 | 21507381 |
| tracking of plasma antibodies against aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and porphyromonas gingivalis during 15 years. | plasma antibody measurements of antibody levels to periodontal pathogens may be used to support diagnosis, disease activity, classification, and prognosis of periodontitis. | 2009 | 21523211 |
| analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implantitis using 16s rrna gene clone library. | peri-implantitis (pi) is an inflammatory disease which leads to the destruction of soft and hard tissues around osseointegrated implants. the subgingival microbiota appears to be responsible for peri-implant lesions and although the complexity of the microbiota has been reported in pi, the microbiota responsible for pi has not been identified. | 2010 | 21523229 |
| differential effects of periopathogens on host protease inhibitors slpi, elafin, scca1, and scca2. | secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitors (slpi), elafin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 and 2 (scca1 and scca2) are specific endogenous serine protease inhibitors expressed by epithelial cells that prevent tissue damage from excessive proteolytic enzyme activity due to inflammation. to determine the effects of various periopathogens on these protease inhibitors, we utilized human gingival epithelial cells (gecs) challenged with cell-free bacteria supernatants of various periopathogens porphyr ... | 2010 | 21523231 |
| spiramycin resistance in human periodontitis microbiota. | purpose: the occurrence of in vitro resistance to therapeutic concentrations of spiramycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole was determined for putative periodontal pathogens isolated in the united states. materials and methods: subgingival plaque specimens from 37 consecutive adults with untreated severe periodontitis were anaerobically cultured, and isolated putative periodontal pathogens were identified to a species level. in vitro resistance to spiramycin at 4 μg/ml, amoxicillin at 8 μg/ml, an ... | 2011 | 21524712 |
| periodontal conditions and prevalence of putative periodontopathogens and candida spp. in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis-a pilot study. | objectives: the aims of this study were to evaluate periodontal conditions and identify the presence of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, porphyromonas gingivalis and tannerella forsythia, and four different species of candida (c. albicans, c. dubliniensis, c. glabrata and c. tropicalis) in periodontal pockets and furcation sites of insulin-dependent type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with generalised chronic periodontitis. design: clinical parameters, including oral status assessed ... | 2011 | 21529777 |
| the extra-membranous domains of the competence protein hofq show dna binding, flexibility and a shared fold with type i kh domains. | secretins form large oligomeric assemblies in the membrane that control both macromolecular secretion and uptake. several pasteurellaceae are naturally competent for transformation, but the mechanism for dna assimilation is largely unknown. in haemophilus influenzae, the secretin come has been demonstrated to be essential for dna uptake. in closely related aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, an opportunistic pathogen in periodontitis, the come homolog hofq is believed to be the outer membrane ... | 2011 | 21530539 |
| can oral pathogens influence allergic disease? | the hygiene hypothesis contends that fewer opportunities for infections and microbial exposures have resulted in more widespread asthma and atopic disease. consistent with that hypothesis, decreases in infectious oral diseases over the past half century have coincided with increases in the prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases. this observation has led some researchers to speculate that exposures to oral bacteria, including pathogens associated with periodontal diseases, such as gingi ... | 2011 | 21531254 |
| dendritic cells, antibodies reactive with oxldl, and inflammation. | periodontitis appears to promote chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, but relevant mechanisms need clarification. oral bacteria induce antibodies that bind not only bacteria, but also oxldl. porphyromonas gingivalis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induce remarkable igg responses that are dominated by igg2, and igg2 is ifn-γ-dependent and is promoted by dendritic cells (dcs). ldl-reactive antibodies induced by p. gingivalis and a. actinomycetemcomitans include anti- ... | 2011 | 21531918 |
| trimeric form of intracellular atp synthase subunit β of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans binds human interleukin-1β. | bacterial biofilms resist host defenses and antibiotics partly because of their decreased metabolism. some bacteria use proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (il)-1β, as cues to promote biofilm formation and to alter virulence. although one potential bacterial il-1β receptor has been identified, current knowledge of the bacterial il-1β sensing mechanism is limited. in chronic biofilm infection, periodontitis, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans requires tight adherence (tad)-locus to ... | 2011 | 21533109 |
| inhibitory effect of lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. | the interaction between lactobacillus reuteri, a probiotic bacterium, and oral pathogenic bacteria have not been studied adequately. this study examined the effects of l. reuteri on the proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria including aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, fusobacterium nucleatum, porphyromonas gingivalis, and tannerella forsythia, and on the formation of streptococcus mutans biofilms. human-derived l. reuteri strains (kctc 3594 and kctc 3678) and rat-derived l. reuteri kctc ... | 2011 | 21538238 |
| brain abscess associated with aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: case report and review of literature. | rahamat-langendoen jc, van vonderen mga, engström lj, manson wl, van winkelhoff aj, mooi-kokenberg eanm. brain abscess associated with aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: case report and review of literature. j clin periodontol 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01737.x. abstract: introduction: aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major pathogen in localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis. a. actinomycetemcomitans has been found in various extra oral infections and ... | 2011 | 21539594 |
| interaction of oral bacteria with gingival epithelial cell multilayers. | primary gingival epithelial cells were cultured in multilayers as a model for the study of interactions with oral bacteria associated with health and periodontal disease. multilayers maintained at an air-liquid interface in low-calcium medium displayed differentiation and cytokeratin properties characteristic of junctional epithelium. multilayers were infected with fluorescently labeled porphyromonas gingivalis, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, fusobacterium nucleatum or streptococcus gord ... | 2011 | 21545698 |
| antibacterial compounds from siraitia grosvenorii leaves. | luo han guo (lhg) fruits (siraitia grosvenorii swingle) have been used as traditional medicine in china for centuries to treat sore throats and coughs. however, lhg leaves are seldom used and minimal scientific information is available on them. in our recent study on the leaves of s. grosvenorii, the bioactive compounds β-amyrin (2), aloe emodin (5), aloe-emodin acetate (6), 5α,8α-epidioxy-24(r)-methylcholesta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (7) and p-hydroxyl benzyl acid (8), accompanied by n-hexadecaoic acid ... | 2011 | 21547839 |
| garlic allicin as a potential agent for controlling oral pathogens. | abstract garlic has been used medicinally throughout human history. allicin is considered the most therapeutic constituent of garlic. this study tested the antimicrobial activity of garlic allicin on oral pathogens associated with dental caries and periodontitis. allicin was found effective against all the tested bacteria. the broth dilution method revealed that planktonic growth of the cariogenic, gram-positive species streptococcus mutans, s. sobrinus, and actinomyces oris was inhibited by an ... | 2011 | 21548800 |
| aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans omp29 is associated with bacterial entry to gingival epithelial cells by f-actin rearrangement. | the onset and progressive pathogenesis of periodontal disease is thought to be initiated by the entry of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aa) into periodontal tissue, especially gingival epithelium. nonetheless, the mechanism underlying such bacterial entry remains to be clarified. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible role of aa outer membrane protein 29 kd (omp29), a homologue of e. coli ompa, in promoting bacterial entry into gingival epithelial cells. to accomplish th ... | 2011 | 21559515 |
| effectiveness of ozone against periodontal pathogenic microorganisms. | huth kc, quirling m, lenzke s, paschos e, kamereck k, brand k, hickel r, ilie n. effectiveness of ozone against periodontal pathogenic microorganisms. eur j oral sci 2011; 119: 204-210. ©2011 eur j oral sci ozone has been proposed as an adjunct antiseptic in periodontitis therapy. the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of gaseous/aqueous ozone, in comparison with that of the established antiseptic chlorhexidine digluconate (chx), against periodontal microorganis ... | 2011 | 21564314 |
| antimicrobial effect of adjunctive use of chlorhexidine mouthrinse in untreated gingivitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. | becerik s, türkoğlu o, emingil g, vural c, özdemir g, atilla g. anti-microbial effect of adjunctive use of chlorhexidine mouthrinse in untreated gingivitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. apmis 2011; 119: 364-72. the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine mouthrinse (chx) in addition to daily plaque control on subgingival microbiota in patients with untreated gingivitis. fifty gingivitis patients were randomized to chx or placebo groups. chx group rinsed wit ... | 2011 | 21569094 |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors attenuate the antigen presentation from dendritic cells to effector t lymphocytes. | fluoxetine, one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris), has been found to possess immune modulation effects, in addition to its antidepressant effects. however, it remains unclear if ssris can suppress the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells (dcs). therefore, fluoxetine was applied to a co-culture of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aa)-reactive t cells (×aa-t) isolated from aa-immunized mice and dcs. this resulted in the suppressed proliferation of ×aa-t stimula ... | 2011 | 21569123 |
| periodontopathogen and epstein-barr virus contamination affects transplanted bone volume in sinus augmentation. | background: bone microbial contamination can impair osteogenesis. human herpesviruses-associated vasculitis can cause vascular damage within the osseous graft and host. this study was conducted to substantiate specific contamination and assess the impact six months after sinus augmentation. methods: culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based identification were done on harvested bone particles and unstimulated whole saliva in a group of 30 patients undergoing maxillary sinus augmentation. ... | 2011 | 21574831 |
| the cyclic-amp receptor protein (crp) regulon in aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans includes leukotoxin. | the cyclic-amp receptor protein (crp) acts as a global regulatory protein among bacteria. here, the crp regulon has been defined in aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using microarray analysis of a. actinomycetemcomitans strain jp2 wild type cells compared to an isogenic crp deletion mutant. genes whose expression levels changed at least 2-fold with p≤0.05 were considered significant. of the 300 genes identified as being crp-regulated, 139 were crp-activated, including leukotoxin, with the re ... | 2011 | 21575705 |
| broad spectrum biofilm inhibition by kingella kingae exopolysaccharide. | cell-free extracts prepared from kingella kingae colony biofilms were found to inhibit biofilm formation by aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, candida albicans and k. kingae. the extracts evidently inhibited biofilm formation by modifying the physicochemical properties of the cell surface, the biofilm matrix, and the substrate. chemical and biochemical analyses indicated that the biofilm inhibition activity in the k. kingae extrac ... | 2011 | 21602333 |
| efficacy of taurolidine against periodontopathic species-an in vitro study. | the antimicrobial effect of taurolidine was tested against periodontopathic species in comparison to chlorhexidine digluconate in the presence or absence of serum. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic), microbiocidal concentrations (mbc), as well as killing were determined against 32 different microbial strains including 3 porphyromonas gingivalis, 3 aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and 15 potentially superinfecting species with and without 25% v/v human serum. the mic(50) of taurolidine ... | 2011 | 21607568 |
| identification of periodontal pathogens in healthy periimplant sites. | : the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of periodontopathogens in subgingival periimplant sites in partially edentulous patients using polymerase chain reaction procedures, with regard to areas with clinical and radiographic signs of health and areas presenting periimplant disease. | 2011 | 21613949 |
| the evaluation of bacterial flora in progress of peri-implant disease. | background: cumulative interceptive supportive therapy (cist) is currently used as a guideline for treating peri-implant diseases. the objectives of this study were to determine the detection rate and measure the number of periodontopathic bacteria in lesions of different cist levels and thereby characterize peri-implant disease from a bacteriological viewpoint. methods: this study included 105 patients who had both residual natural teeth and implants with peri-implant disease. a total of 105 ... | 2011 | 21623813 |
| the pathogenic persona of community-associated oral streptococci. | the mitis group streptococci (mgs) are widespread in the oral cavity and are traditionally associated with oral health. however, these organisms have many attributes that contribute to the development of pathogenic oral communities. mgs adhere rapidly to saliva-coated tooth surfaces, thereby providing an attachment substratum for more overtly pathogenic organisms such as porphyromonas gingivalis, and the two species assemble into heterotypic communities. close physical association facilitates ph ... | 2011 | 21635580 |
| periodontopathogen- and host-derived immune response in acute coronary syndrome. | background: due to molecular mimicry, periodontal pathogen carriage may result in a systemic cross-reactive immune response with the host. objective: the analyses were performed to investigate if serum antibody levels to human heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) are associated with the antibody levels and salivary carriage of two periodontal pathogens, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as with the dental status in patients with acute coronary syndrome (acs). ... | 2011 | 21645027 |
| modulation of connexin signaling by bacterial pathogens and their toxins. | inherent to their pivotal tasks in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, gap junctions, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin hemichannels are frequently involved in the dysregulation of this critical balance. the present paper specifically focuses on their roles in bacterial infection and disease. in particular, the reported biological outcome of clinically important bacteria including escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica, helicobacter pylori, bordetella pertussis, aggr ... | 2011 | 21656255 |
| neutrophil-derived resistin release induced by aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. | resistin is an adipokine that induces insulin resistance in mice. in humans, resistin is not produced in adipocytes, but in various leukocytes instead, and it acts as a proinflammatory molecule. the present investigation demonstrated high levels of resistin in culture supernatants of neutrophils that are stimulated by a highly leukotoxic strain of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. in contrast, the level of resistin was remarkably low when neutrophils were exposed to two other strains that p ... | 2011 | 21658109 |
| association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. | platelet factor 4 (pf4) and heparin (h) form pf4/h complexes, the target of the immune reaction in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (hit). hit seems to be a secondary immune response as anti-pf4/h-igg antibodies occur as early as day 4 of heparin treatment. this study investigated whether prevalent infections such as periodontitis may induce the pf4/h immune response as: (1) natural anti-pf4/h abs are present in the normal population; (2) pf4 bound to bacteria exposes the same antigen(s) as pf4/ ... | 2011 | 21659541 |