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nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge.after a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (no) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. by considering the recent advances in plant no biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention.201223372921
a novel peroxidase canpod gene of pepper is involved in defense responses to phytophtora capsici infection as well as abiotic stress tolerance.peroxidases are involved in many plant processes including plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. we isolated a novel peroxidase gene canpod from leaves of pepper cultivar a3. the full-length gene has a 1353-bp cdna sequence and contains an open reading frame (orf) of 975-bp, which encodes a putative polypeptide of 324 amino acids with a theoretical protein size of 34.93 kda. canpod showed diverse expression levels in different tissues of pepper plants. to evaluate the role of c ...201323380961
activation of defense mechanisms against pathogens in mosses and flowering plants.during evolution, plants have developed mechanisms to cope with and adapt to different types of stress, including microbial infection. once the stress is sensed, signaling pathways are activated, leading to the induced expression of genes with different roles in defense. mosses (bryophytes) are non-vascular plants that diverged from flowering plants more than 450 million years ago, allowing comparative studies of the evolution of defense-related genes and defensive metabolites produced after mic ...201323380962
the tomato prf complex is a molecular trap for bacterial effectors based on pto transphosphorylation.the major virulence strategy of phytopathogenic bacteria is to secrete effector proteins into the host cell to target the immune machinery. avrpto and avrptob are two such effectors from pseudomonas syringae, which disable an overlapping range of kinases in arabidopsis and tomato. both effectors target surface-localized receptor-kinases to avoid bacterial recognition. in turn, tomato has evolved an intracellular effector-recognition complex composed of the nb-lrr protein prf and the pto kinase. ...201323382672
bifurcation of arabidopsis nlr immune signaling via ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases.nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (nlr) protein complexes sense infections and trigger robust immune responses in plants and humans. activation of plant nlr resistance (r) proteins by pathogen effectors launches convergent immune responses, including programmed cell death (pcd), reactive oxygen species (ros) production and transcriptional reprogramming with elusive mechanisms. functional genomic and biochemical genetic screens identified six closely related arabidopsis ca²⁺-dependent ...201323382673
differential contribution of transcription factors to arabidopsis thaliana defense against spodoptera littoralis.in response to insect herbivory, arabidopsis plants activate the synthesis of the phytohormone jasmonate-isoleucine, which binds to a complex consisting of the receptor coi1 and jaz repressors. upon proteasome-mediated jaz degradation, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (tfs) myc2, myc3, and myc4 become activated and this results in the expression of defense genes. although the jasmonate (ja) pathway is known to be essential for the massive transcriptional reprogramming that follows he ...201323382734
an allele of arabidopsis coi1 with hypo- and hypermorphic phenotypes in plant growth, defence and fertility.resistance to biotrophic pathogens is largely dependent on the hormone salicylic acid (sa) while jasmonic acid (ja) regulates resistance against necrotrophs. ja negatively regulates sa and is, in itself, negatively regulated by sa. a key component of the ja signal transduction pathway is its receptor, the coi1 gene. mutations in this gene can affect all the ja phenotypes, whereas mutations in other genes, either in ja signal transduction or in ja biosynthesis, lack this general effect. to identi ...201323383073
root exudation of phytochemicals in arabidopsis follows specific patterns that are developmentally programmed and correlate with soil microbial functions.plant roots constantly secrete compounds into the soil to interact with neighboring organisms presumably to gain certain functional advantages at different stages of development. accordingly, it has been hypothesized that the phytochemical composition present in the root exudates changes over the course of the lifespan of a plant. here, root exudates of in vitro grown arabidopsis plants were collected at different developmental stages and analyzed using gc-ms. principle component analysis reveal ...201323383346
strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae from pea are phylogenetically and pathogenically diverse.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae causes extensive yield losses in the pea crop worldwide, although there is little information on its host specialization and its interactions with pea. a collection of 88 putative p. syringae pv. syringae strains (including 39 strains isolated from pea) was characterized by repetitive polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and syrb amplification and evaluated for pathogenicity and virulence. rep-pcr data grouped the strains from ...201323384857
profligate biotin synthesis in α-proteobacteria - a developing or degenerating regulatory system?biotin (vitamin h) is a key enzyme cofactor required in all three domains of life. although this cofactor was discovered over 70 years ago and has long been recognized as an essential nutrient for animals, our knowledge of the strategies bacteria use to sense biotin demand is very limited. the paradigm mechanism is that of escherichia coli in which bira protein, the prototypical bi-functional biotin protein ligase, both covalently attaches biotin to the acceptor proteins of central metabolism an ...201323387333
the epiphytic fungus pseudozyma aphidis induces jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid/nonexpressor of pr1-independent local and systemic resistance.pseudozyma spp. are yeast-like fungi, classified in the ustilaginales, which are mostly epiphytic or saprophytic and are not pathogenic to plants. several pseudozyma species have been reported to exhibit biological activity against powdery mildews. however, previous studies have reported that pseudozyma aphidis, which can colonize plant surfaces, is not associated with the collapse of powdery mildew colonies. in this report, we describe a novel p. aphidis strain and study its interactions with i ...201323388119
engineered resistance and hypersusceptibility through functional metabolic studies of 100 genes in soybean to its major pathogen, the soybean cyst nematode.during pathogen attack, the host plant induces genes to ward off the pathogen while the pathogen often produces effector proteins to increase susceptibility of the host. gene expression studies of syncytia formed in soybean root by soybean cyst nematode (heterodera glycines) identified many genes altered in expression in resistant and susceptible roots. however, it is difficult to assess the role and impact of these genes on resistance using gene expression patterns alone. we selected 100 soybea ...201323389673
developmental and environmental regulation of aquaporin gene expression across populus species: divergence or redundancy?aquaporins (aqps) are membrane channels belonging to the major intrinsic proteins family and are known for their ability to facilitate water movement. while in populus trichocarpa, aqp proteins form a large family encompassing fifty-five genes, most of the experimental work focused on a few genes or subfamilies. the current work was undertaken to develop a comprehensive picture of the whole aqp gene family in populus species by delineating gene expression domain and distinguishing responsiveness ...201323393587
pseudomonas hopu1 modulates plant immune receptor levels by blocking the interaction of their mrnas with grp7.pathogens target important components of host immunity to cause disease. the pseudomonas syringae type iii-secreted effector hopu1 is a mono-adp-ribosyltransferase required for full virulence on arabidopsis thaliana. hopu1 targets several rna-binding proteins including grp7, whose role in immunity is still unclear. here, we show that grp7 associates with translational components, as well as with the pattern recognition receptors fls2 and efr. moreover, grp7 binds specifically fls2 and efr transc ...201323395902
most rnas regulating ribosomal protein biosynthesis in escherichia coli are narrowly distributed to gammaproteobacteria.in escherichia coli, 12 distinct rna structures within the transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins interact with specific ribosomal proteins to allow autogenous regulation of expression from large multi-gene operons, thus coordinating ribosomal protein biosynthesis across multiple operons. however, these rna structures are typically not represented in the rna families database or annotated in genomic sequences databases, and their phylogenetic distribution is largely unknown. to investigate the ...201323396277
phosphorylation of hopq1, a type iii effector from pseudomonas syringae, creates a binding site for host 14-3-3 proteins.hopq1 (for hrp outer protein q), a type iii effector secreted by pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola, is widely conserved among diverse genera of plant bacteria. it promotes the development of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris). however, when this same effector is injected into nicotiana benthamiana cells, it is recognized by the immune system and prevents infection. although the ability to synthesize hopq1 determines host specificity, the role it plays inside plant cells remains u ...201323396834
the anticipation of danger: microbe-associated molecular pattern perception enhances atpep-triggered oxidative burst.the endogenous arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) peptides, atpeps, elicit an innate immune response reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity. detection of various danger signals, including microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), leads to elevated transcription of propeps, the atpep precursors, and peprs, the atpep receptors. it has been hypothesized that atpeps are involved in enhancing pattern-triggered immunity. following this idea, we analyzed the relationship between mamp- and atpep ...201323400703
description of plant trna-derived rna fragments (trfs) associated with argonaute and identification of their putative targets.trna-derived rna fragments (trfs) are 19mer small rnas that associate with argonaute (ago) proteins in humans. however, in plants, it is unknown if trfs bind with ago proteins. here, using public deep sequencing libraries of immunoprecipitated argonaute proteins (ago-ip) and bioinformatics approaches, we identified the arabidopsis thaliana ago-ip trfs. moreover, using three degradome deep sequencing libraries, we identified four putative trf targets. the expression pattern of trfs, based on deep ...201323402430
acclimation responses of arabidopsis thaliana to sustained phosphite treatments.phosphite (h₂po⁻₃) induces a range of physiological and developmental responses in plants by disturbing the homeostasis of the macronutrient phosphate. because of its close structural resemblance to phosphate, phosphite impairs the sensing, membrane transport, and subcellular compartmentation of phosphate. in addition, phosphite induces plant defence responses by an as yet unknown mode of action. in this study, the acclimation of arabidopsis thaliana plants to a sustained phosphite supply in the ...201323404904
the rab gtpase rabg3b positively regulates autophagy and immunity-associated hypersensitive cell death in arabidopsis.a central component of the plant defense response to pathogens is the hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death (pcd). rapid and localized induction of hr pcd ensures that pathogen invasion is prevented. autophagy has been implicated in the regulation of hr cell death, but the functional relationship between autophagy and hr pcd and the regulation of these processes during the plant immune response remain controversial. here, we show that a small gtp-binding protein, rabg3b, ...201323404918
enhanced botrytis cinerea resistance of arabidopsis plants grown in compost may be explained by increased expression of defense-related genes, as revealed by microarray analysis.composts are the products obtained after the aerobic degradation of different types of organic matter waste and can be used as substrates or substrate/soil amendments for plant cultivation. there is a small but increasing number of reports that suggest that foliar diseases may be reduced when using compost, rather than standard substrates, as growing medium. the purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression alteration produced by the compost to gain knowledge of the mechanisms involve ...201323405252
whole-genome shotgun sequence of pseudomonas viridiflava, a bacterium species pathogenic to ararabidopsis thaliana.we report here the first whole-genome shotgun sequence of pseudomonas viridiflava strain uasws38, a bacterium species pathogenic to the biological model plant ararabidopsis thaliana but also usable as a biological control agent and thus of great scientific interest for understanding the genetics of plant-microbe interactions.201323405356
the cytoskeleton is disrupted by the bacterial effector hrpz, but not by the bacterial pamp flg22, in tobacco by-2 cells.plant innate immunity is composed of two layers. basal immunity is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as the flagellin-peptide flg22 and is termed pamp-triggered immunity (pti). in addition, effector-triggered immunity (eti) linked with programmed cell death and cytoskeletal reorganization can be induced by pathogen-derived factors, such as the harpin proteins originating from phytopathogenic bacteria. to get insight into the link between cytoskeleton and pti or eti ...201323408828
dna methylation mediated control of gene expression is critical for development of crown gall tumors.crown gall tumors develop after integration of the t-dna of virulent agrobacterium tumefaciens strains into the plant genome. expression of the t-dna-encoded oncogenes triggers proliferation and differentiation of transformed plant cells. crown gall development is known to be accompanied by global changes in transcription, metabolite levels, and physiological processes. high levels of abscisic acid (aba) in crown galls regulate expression of drought stress responsive genes and mediate drought st ...201323408907
comparative genomics of 12 strains of erwinia amylovora identifies a pan-genome with a large conserved core.the plant pathogen erwinia amylovora can be divided into two host-specific groupings; strains infecting a broad range of hosts within the rosaceae subfamily spiraeoideae (e.g., malus, pyrus, crataegus, sorbus) and strains infecting rubus (raspberries and blackberries). comparative genomic analysis of 12 strains representing distinct populations (e.g., geographic, temporal, host origin) of e. amylovora was used to describe the pan-genome of this major pathogen. the pan-genome contains 5751 coding ...201323409014
the pseudomonas syringae effector hopq1 promotes bacterial virulence and interacts with tomato 14-3-3 proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.a key virulence strategy of bacterial pathogens is the delivery of multiple pathogen effector proteins into host cells during infection. the hrp outer protein q (hopq1) effector from pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pto) strain dc3000 is conserved across multiple bacterial plant pathogens. here, we investigated the virulence function and host targets of hopq1 in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). transgenic tomato lines expressing dexamethasone-inducible hopq1 exhibited enhanced disease susceptibilit ...201323417089
a highly-conserved single-stranded dna-binding protein in xanthomonas functions as a harpin-like protein to trigger plant immunity.harpins are produced by gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria and typically elicit hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plants. the characterization of harpins in xanthomonas species is largely unexplored. here we demonstrate that xanthomonas produce a highly conserved single-stranded dna-binding protein (ssb(x)) that elicits hr in tobacco as by harpin hpa1. ssb(x), like hpa1, is an acidic, glycine-rich, heat-stable protein that lacks cysteine residues. ssb(x)-triggered hr in tobacco, as by ...201323418541
sugars, the clock and transition to flowering.sugars do not only act as source of energy, but they also act as signals in plants. this mini review summarizes the emerging links between sucrose-mediated signaling and the cellular networks involved in flowering time control and defense. cross-talks with gibberellin and jasmonate signaling pathways are highlighted. the circadian clock fulfills a crucial role at the heart of cellular networks and the bilateral relation between sugar signaling and the clock is discussed. it is proposed that impo ...201323420760
oligonucleotide recombination enabled site-specific mutagenesis in bacteria.recombineering refers to a strategy for engineering dna sequences using a specialized mode of homologous recombination. this technology can be used for rapidly constructing precise changes in bacterial genome sequences in vivo. oligonucleotide recombination is one type of recombineering that uses ssdna oligonucleotides to direct chromosomal mutations. oligo recombination occurs without addition of any exogenous functions, making this approach potentially useful in many different bacteria. here w ...201323423893
heterotrimeric g proteins serve as a converging point in plant defense signaling activated by multiple receptor-like kinases.in fungi and metazoans, extracellular signals are often perceived by g-protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) and transduced through heterotrimeric g-protein complexes to downstream targets. plant heterotrimeric g proteins are also involved in diverse biological processes, but little is known about their upstream receptors. moreover, the presence of bona fide gpcrs in plants is yet to be established. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), heterotrimeric g protein consists of one gα subunit (g protein ...201323424249
epidemiological study of hazelnut bacterial blight in central italy by using laboratory analysis and geostatistics.incidence of xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, the causal agent of hazelnut bacterial blight, was analyzed spatially in relation to the pedoclimatic factors. hazelnut grown in twelve municipalities situated in the province of viterbo, central italy was studied. a consistent number of bacterial isolates were obtained from the infected tissues of hazelnut collected in three years (2010-2012). the isolates, characterized by phenotypic tests, did not show any difference among them. spatial patter ...201323424654
from the root to the stem: interaction between the biocontrol root endophyte pseudomonas fluorescens picf7 and the pathogen pseudomonas savastanoi ncppb 3335 in olive knots.olive knot disease, caused by pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, is one of the most important biotic constraints for olive cultivation. pseudomonas fluorescens picf7, a natural colonizer of olive roots and effective biological control agent (bca) against verticillium wilt of olive, was examined as potential bca against olive knot disease. bioassays using in vitro-propagated olive plants were carried out to assess whether strain picf7 controlled knot development either when co-inoculated with ...201323425069
plant-associated bacteria and their role in the success or failure of metal phytoextraction projects: first observations of a field-related experiment.phytoextraction has been reported as an economically and ecologically sound alternative for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. willow is a metal phytoextractor of interest because it allows to combine a gradual contaminant removal with production of biomass that can be valorized in different ways. in this work two willow clones growing on a metal-contaminated site were selected: 'belgisch rood' (br) with a moderate metal extraction capacity and 'tora' (to) with a twice as high metal ac ...201323425076
nuclear dynamics of arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinases in effector-triggered immunity.plants have evolved sophisticated innate immune systems to protect themselves from potential microbial invasions. recognition of pathogen-derived virulence effector proteins is mediated by plant resistance (r) proteins and elicits potent defense responses, collectively termed as effector-triggered immunity (eti). it has long been known that eti is often accompanied with the increase of cytosolic ca(2+) levels. we recently identified six closely related calcium-dependent protein kinases (cpks) in ...201323425856
pseudomonas fluorescens nzi7 repels grazing by c. elegans, a natural predator.the bacteriovorous nematode caenorhabditis elegans has been used to investigate many aspects of animal biology, including interactions with pathogenic bacteria. however, studies examining c. elegans interactions with bacteria isolated from environments in which it is found naturally are relatively scarce. c. elegans is frequently associated with cultivation of the edible mushroom agaricus bisporus, and has been reported to increase the severity of bacterial blotch of mushrooms, a disease caused ...201323426012
online, real-time detection of volatile emissions from plant tissue.trace gas monitoring plays an important role in many areas of life sciences ranging from agrotechnology, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and phytopathology. in plants, many processes can be followed by their low-concentration gas emission, for compounds such as ethylene, nitric oxide, ethanol or other volatile organic compounds (vocs). for this, numerous gas-sensing devices are currently available based on various methods. among them are the online trace gas detection methods; these ...201323429357
layered pattern receptor signaling via ethylene and endogenous elicitor peptides during arabidopsis immunity to bacterial infection.recognition of molecular patterns characteristic of microbes or altered-self leads to immune activation in multicellular eukaryotes. in arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinases flagellin-sensing2 (fls2) and ef-tu receptor (efr) recognize bacterial flagellin and elongation factor ef-tu (and their elicitor-active epitopes flg22 and elf18), respectively. likewise, pep1 receptor1 (pepr1) and pepr2 recognize the elicitor-active pep epitopes conserved in arabidopsis elicitor pept ...201323431187
phytopathogen type iii effectors as probes of biological systems.bacterial phytopathogens utilize a myriad of virulence factors to modulate their plant hosts in order to promote successful pathogenesis. one potent virulence strategy is to inject these virulence proteins into plant cells via the type iii secretion system. characterizing the host targets and the molecular mechanisms of type iii secreted proteins, known as effectors, has illuminated our understanding of eukaryotic cell biology. as a result, these effectors can serve as molecular probes to aid in ...201323433088
the arabidopsis elongator complex subunit2 epigenetically regulates plant immune responses.the arabidopsis thaliana elongator complex subunit2 (elp2) genetically interacts with nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 (npr1), a key transcription coactivator of plant immunity, and regulates the induction kinetics of defense genes. however, the mechanistic relationship between elp2 and npr1 and how elp2 regulates the kinetics of defense gene induction are unclear. here, we demonstrate that elp2 is an epigenetic regulator required for pathogen-induced rapid transcriptome reprogramming ...201323435660
salicylic acid suppresses jasmonic acid signaling downstream of scfcoi1-jaz by targeting gcc promoter motifs via transcription factor ora59.antagonism between the defense hormones salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) plays a central role in the modulation of the plant immune signaling network, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. here, we demonstrate that suppression of the ja pathway by sa functions downstream of the e3 ubiquitin-ligase skip-cullin-f-box complex scf(coi1), which targets jasmonate zim-domain transcriptional repressor proteins (jazs) for proteasome-mediated degradation. i ...201323435661
characterization of the achromobactin iron acquisition operon in sodalis glossinidius.sodalis glossinidius is a facultative, extra- and intracellular symbiont found in most tissues of the tsetse fly (glossinia sp.). sodalis has a putative achromobactin siderophore iron acquisition system on the psg1 plasmid. reverse transcription (rt)-pcr analysis revealed that the achromobactin operon is transcribed as a single polycistronic molecule and is expressed when sodalis is within the tsetse fly. expression of the achromobactin operon was repressed under iron-replete conditions; in a mu ...201323435882
effect of tannic acid on the transcriptome of the soil bacterium pseudomonas protegens pf-5.tannins are a diverse group of plant-produced, polyphenolic compounds with metal-chelating and antimicrobial properties that are prevalent in many soils. using transcriptomics, we determined that tannic acid, a form of hydrolysable tannin, broadly affects the expression of genes involved in iron and zinc homeostases, sulfur metabolism, biofilm formation, motility, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in the soil- and rhizosphere-inhabiting bacterium pseudomonas protegens pf-5.201323435890
using fundamental knowledge of induced resistance to develop control strategies for bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. 201323437017
interfamily transfer of dual nb-lrr genes confers resistance to multiple pathogens.a major class of disease resistance (r) genes which encode nucleotide binding and leucine rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins have been used in traditional breeding programs for crop protection. however, it has been difficult to functionally transfer nb-lrr-type r genes in taxonomically distinct families. here we demonstrate that a pair of arabidopsis (brassicaceae) nb-lrr-type r genes, rps4 and rrs1, properly function in two other brassicaceae, brassica rapa and brassica napus, but also in two solana ...201323437080
using weakly conserved motifs hidden in secretion signals to identify type-iii effectors from bacterial pathogen genomes.as one of the most important virulence factor types in gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, type-iii effectors (ttes) play a crucial role in pathogen-host interactions by directly influencing immune signaling pathways within host cells. based on the hypothesis that type-iii secretion signals may be comprised of some weakly conserved sequence motifs, here we used profile-based amino acid pair information to develop an accurate tte predictor.201323437191
a substrate-inspired probe monitors translocation, activation, and subcellular targeting of bacterial type iii effector protease avrpphb.the avrpphb effector of pseudomonas syringae is a papain-like protease that is injected into the host plant cell and cleaves specific kinases to disrupt immune signaling. here, we used the unique substrate specificity of avrpphb to generate a specific activity-based probe. this probe displays various avrpphb isoforms in bacterial extracts, upon secretion and inside the host plant. we show that avrpphb is secreted as a proprotease and that secretion requires the prodomain, but probably does not i ...201323438746
the deinococcus radiodurans dr1245 protein, a ddrb partner homologous to ybjn proteins and reminiscent of type iii secretion system chaperones.the bacterium deinococcus radiodurans exhibits an extreme resistance to ionizing radiation. a small subset of deinococcus genus-specific genes were shown to be up-regulated upon exposure to ionizing radiation and to play a role in genome reconstitution. these genes include an ssb-like protein called ddrb. here, we identified a novel protein encoded by the dr1245 gene as an interacting partner of ddrb. a strain devoid of the dr1245 protein is impaired in growth, exhibiting a generation time appro ...201323441204
functional interplay between arabidopsis nadph oxidases and heterotrimeric g protein.the plant nadph oxidases produce reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to pathogens that have diverse functions in different cellular contexts. distinct phenotypic outcomes may derive from the interaction of nadph oxidase-dependent ros with other signaling components that mediate defense activation. we analyze the interaction between nadph oxidases atrbohd and atrbohf and the arabidopsis heterotrimeric g protein. the gβ subunit (agb1) of the heterotrimeric g protein is required for full dise ...201323441575
optimization of the bacterial cytochrome p450 bm3 system for the production of human drug metabolites.drug metabolism in human liver is a process involving many different enzymes. among them, a number of cytochromes p450 isoforms catalyze the oxidation of most of the drugs commercially available. each p450 isoform acts on more than one drug, and one drug may be oxidized by more than one enzyme. as a result, multiple products may be obtained from the same drug, and as the metabolites can be biologically active and may cause adverse drug reactions (adrs), the metabolic profile of a new drug has to ...201223443101
proteomic insights into intra- and intercellular plant-bacteria symbiotic association during root nodule formation.over the last several decades, there have been a large number of studies done on the all aspects of legumes and bacteria which participate in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. the analysis of legume-bacteria interaction is not just a matter of numerical complexity in terms of variants of gene products that can arise from a single gene. bacteria regulate their quorum-sensing genes to enhance their ability to induce conjugation of plasmids and symbiotic islands, and various protein secretion mechanisms; ...201323443347
protein tyrosine nitration in higher plants grown under natural and stress conditions.protein tyrosine nitration is a post-translational modification (ptm) mediated by reactive nitrogen species (rns) that is linked to nitro-oxidative damages in plant cells. during the last decade, the identification of proteins undergoing this ptm under adverse environmental conditions has increased. however, there is also a basal endogenous nitration which seems to have a regulatory function. the technological advances in proteome analysis have allowed identifying these modified proteins and hav ...201323444154
current understanding on micro rnas and its regulation in response to mycobacterial infections.micrornas (mirnas) are evolutionarily conserved, naturally abundant, small, regulatory non-coding rnas that inhibit gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner. due to involvement in a broad range of biological processes and diseases, mirnas are now commanding considerable attention. although much of the focus has been on the role of mirnas in different types of cancer, recent evidence also points to a critical role of mirnas in infectious disease, including t ...201323448104
genetic and genomic analysis of rhizoctonia solani interactions with arabidopsis; evidence of resistance mediated through nadph oxidases.rhizoctonia solani is an important soil-borne necrotrophic fungal pathogen, with a broad host range and little effective resistance in crop plants. arabidopsis is resistant to r. solani ag8 but susceptible to r. solani ag2-1. a screen of 36 arabidopsis ecotypes and mutants affected in the auxin, camalexin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and ethylene/jasmonic acid pathways did not reveal any variation in response to r. solani and demonstrated that resistance to ag8 was independent of these defense ...201323451091
deployment of the burkholderia glumae type iii secretion system as an efficient tool for translocating pathogen effectors to monocot cells.genome sequences of plant fungal pathogens have enabled the identification of effectors that cooperatively modulate the cellular environment for successful fungal growth and suppress host defense. identification and characterization of novel effector proteins are crucial for understanding pathogen virulence and host-plant defense mechanisms. previous reports indicate that the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 type iii secretion system (t3ss) can be used to study how non-bacterial effectors ...201323451734
ketyl radical cyclization of β-disubstituted acrylates: formal syntheses of (+)-secosyrin 1 and longianone and the total synthesis of (+)-4-epi-secosyrin 1.a novel approach to the synthesis of a series of 1,7-dioxaspirononanes that applies a ketyl radical cyclization strategy is described. radical cyclization of the β-disubstituted acrylate 23, prepared in five steps from (r)-1,2-isopropylideneglycerol, gives both 2,3-syn- and 2,3-anti-furan products. the densely functionalized furan heterocycles are used to complete a concise formal synthesis of secosyrin 1, a metabolite of pseudomonas syringae, and the total synthesis of 4-epi-secosyrin 1.201323452126
arabidopsis and brachypodium distachyon transgenic plants expressing aspergillus nidulans acetylesterases have decreased degree of polysaccharide acetylation and increased resistance to pathogens.the plant cell wall has many significant structural and physiological roles, but the contributions of the various components to these roles remain unclear. modification of cell wall properties can affect key agronomic traits such as disease resistance and plant growth. the plant cell wall is composed of diverse polysaccharides often decorated with methyl, acetyl, and feruloyl groups linked to the sugar subunits. in this study, we examined the effect of perturbing cell wall acetylation by making ...201323463782
pseudomonas fluorescens-like bacteria from the stomach: a microbiological and molecular study.to characterize oxidase- and urease-producing bacterial isolates, grown aerobically, that originated from antral biopsies of patients suffering from acid peptic diseases.201323466902
structural determinants for activity and specificity of the bacterial toxin llpa.lectin-like bacteriotoxic proteins, identified in several plant-associated bacteria, are able to selectively kill closely related species, including several phytopathogens, such as pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas species, but so far their mode of action remains unrevealed. the crystal structure of llpabw, the prototype lectin-like bacteriocin from pseudomonas putida, reveals an architecture of two monocot mannose-binding lectin (mmbl) domains and a c-terminal β-hairpin extension. the c-term ...201323468636
mutualistic co-evolution of type iii effector genes in sinorhizobium fredii and bradyrhizobium japonicum.two diametric paradigms have been proposed to model the molecular co-evolution of microbial mutualists and their eukaryotic hosts. in one, mutualist and host exhibit an antagonistic arms race and each partner evolves rapidly to maximize their own fitness from the interaction at potential expense of the other. in the opposing model, conflicts between mutualist and host are largely resolved and the interaction is characterized by evolutionary stasis. we tested these opposing frameworks in two line ...201323468637
a genome-wide analysis of the lbd (lateral organ boundaries domain) gene family in malus domestica with a functional characterization of mdlbd11.the plant-specific lbd (lateral organ boundaries domain) genes belong to a major family of transcription factor that encode a zinc finger-like domain. it has been shown that lbd genes play crucial roles in the growth and development of arabidopsis and other plant species. however, no detailed information concerning this family is available for apple. in the present study, we analyzed the apple (malus domestica) genome and identified 58 lbd genes. this gene family was tested for its phylogenetic ...201323468909
the shigella type three secretion system effector ospg directly and specifically binds to host ubiquitin for activation.the genus shigella infects human gut epithelial cells to cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal disorders. like many other gram-negative bacterial pathogens, the virulence of shigella spp. relies on a conserved type three secretion system that delivers a handful of effector proteins into host cells to manipulate various host cell physiology. however, many of the shigella type iii effectors remain functionally uncharacterized. here we observe that ospg, one of the shigella effectors, interacted with ...201323469023
pskr1 and psy1r-mediated regulation of plant defense responses.plant peptide signaling is an upcoming topic in many areas of plant research. our recent findings show that the tyrosine sulfated peptide receptors pskr1 and psy1r are not only involved in growth and development but also in plant defense. they modulate salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways in an antagonistic manner and this phenomenon might be dependent on the age and developmental stage of the plant. here we discuss how the endogenous peptides might integrate growth, wounding, se ...201323470723
defects in d-rhamnosyl residue biosynthetic genes affect lipopolysaccharide structure, motility, and cell-surface hydrophobicity in pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea race 4.d-rhamnose (d-rha) residue is a major component of lipopolysaccharides (lpss) in strains of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea. to investigate the effects of a deficiency in gdp-d-rhamnose biosynthetic genes on lps structure and pathogenicity, we generated three mutants defective in d-rha biosynthetic genes, encoding proteins gdp-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (gmd), gdp-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose reductase (rmd), and a putative α-d-rhamnosyltransferase (wbpz) in p. syringae pv. g ...201323470736
the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid elicits induced resistance against cucumber mosaic virus and xanthomonas axonopodis.the use of vitamins including vitamin b1, b2 and k3 for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (sar) to protect crops against plant pathogens has been evaluated previously. the use of vitamins is beneficial because it is cost effective and safe for the environment. the use of folate precursors, including ortho-aminobenzoic acid, to induce sar against a soft-rot pathogen in tobacco has been reported previously.201323471007
exploiting quorum sensing to confuse bacterial pathogens.cell-cell communication, or quorum sensing, is a widespread phenomenon in bacteria that is used to coordinate gene expression among local populations. its use by bacterial pathogens to regulate genes that promote invasion, defense, and spread has been particularly well documented. with the ongoing emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, there is a current need for development of alternative therapeutic strategies. an antivirulence approach by which quorum sensing is impeded has caught on as ...201323471618
peln is a new pectate lyase of dickeya dadantii with unusual characteristics.the plant-pathogenic bacterium dickeya dadantii produces several pectinolytic enzymes that play a major role in the soft-rot disease. eight characterized endopectate lyases are secreted in the extracellular medium by the type ii secretion system, out. they cleave internal glycosidic bonds of pectin, leading to plant tissue maceration. the d. dadantii pectate lyases belong to different families, namely, pl1, pl2, pl3, and pl9. analysis of the d. dadantii 3937 genome revealed a gene encoding a new ...201323475966
characterization of the phd-doc and ccd toxin-antitoxin cassettes from vibrio superintegrons.toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have been reported in the genomes of most bacterial species, and their role when located on the chromosome is still debated. ta systems are particularly abundant in the massive cassette arrays associated with chromosomal superintegrons (si). here, we describe the characterization of two superintegron cassettes encoding putative ta systems. the first is the phd-doc(si) system identified in vibrio cholerae n16961. we determined its distribution in 36 v. cholerae strain ...201323475970
discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning.toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules, composed of a toxic protein and a counteracting antitoxin, play important roles in bacterial physiology. we examined the experimental insertion of 1.5 million genes from 388 microbial genomes into an escherichia coli host using more than 8.5 million random clones. this revealed hundreds of genes (toxins) that could only be cloned when the neighboring gene (antitoxin) was present on the same clone. clustering of these genes revealed ta families widespread in bacteria ...201323478446
della proteins and their interacting ring finger proteins repress gibberellin responses by binding to the promoters of a subset of gibberellin-responsive genes in arabidopsis.della proteins, consisting of ga insensitive, repressor of ga1-3, rga-like1 (rgl1), rgl2, and rgl3, are central repressors of gibberellin (ga) responses, but their molecular functions are not fully understood. we isolated four della-interacting ring domain proteins, previously designated as botrytis susceptible1 interactor (boi), boi-related gene1 (brg1), brg2, and brg3 (collectively referred to as bois). single mutants of each boi gene failed to significantly alter ga responses, but the boi qua ...201323482857
transcriptomic analysis of the role of carboxylic acids in metabolite signaling in arabidopsis leaves.the transcriptional response to metabolites is an important mechanism by which plants integrate information about cellular energy and nutrient status. although some carboxylic acids have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression for select transcripts, it is unclear whether all carboxylic acids have the same effect, how many transcripts are affected, and how carboxylic acid signaling is integrated with other metabolite signals. in this study, we demonstrate that perturbations in cellu ...201323487434
oxylipin biosynthesis genes positively regulate programmed cell death during compatible infections with the synergistic pair potato virus x-potato virus y and tomato spotted wilt virus.one of the most severe symptoms caused by compatible plant-virus interactions is systemic necrosis, which shares common attributes with the hypersensitive response to incompatible pathogens. although several studies have identified viral symptom determinants responsible for systemic necrosis, mechanistic models of how they contribute to necrosis in infected plants remain scarce. here, we examined the involvement of different branches of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in the systemic necrosis ...201323487466
contribution of small rna pathway components in plant immunity.small rnas regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including development, stress responses, metabolism, and maintenance of genome integrity, in a sequence-specific manner. accumulating evidence reveals that host endogenous small rnas and small rna pathway components play important roles in plant immune responses against various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and viruses. small-rna-mediated defense responses are regulated through diverse pathways and the components of these ...201323489060
specialized roles of the conserved subunit ost3/6 of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex in innate immunity and tolerance to abiotic stresses.asparagine-linked glycosylation of proteins is an essential cotranslational and posttranslational protein modification in plants. the central step in this process is the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide to nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by the oligosaccharyltransferase (ost) complex. despite the importance of the catalyzed reaction, the composition and the function of individual ost subunits are still ill defined in plants. here, we report the function of the highly cons ...201323493405
advances in biotechnology and informatics to link variation in the genome to phenotypes in plants and animals.advances in our understanding of genome structure provide consistent evidence for the existence of a core genome representing species classically defined by phenotype, as well as conditionally dispensable components of the genome that shows extensive variation between individuals of a given species. generally, conservation of phenotypic features between species reflects conserved features of the genome; however, this is evidently not necessarily always the case as demonstrated by the analysis of ...201323494190
de-novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of metschnikowia fructicola reveals differences in gene expression following interaction with penicillium digitatum and grapefruit peel.the yeast metschnikowia fructicola is an antagonist with biological control activity against postharvest diseases of several fruits. we performed a transcriptome analysis, using rna-seq technology, to examine the response of m. fructicola with citrus fruit and with the postharvest pathogen, penicillium digitatum.201323496978
bioactive flavanoids from glycosmis arborea.glycosmis is a genus of evergreen glabrous shrub and distributed all over india. it possesses various medicinal properties and is used in indigenous medicine for cough, rheumatism, anemia, and jaundice. glycosmis arborea is a rich source of alkaloids, terpenoids, coumarins, as well as flavonoids.201323497605
genomic era analyses of rna secondary structure and rna-binding proteins reveal their significance to post-transcriptional regulation in plants.the eukaryotic transcriptome is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. transcriptional control was the major focus of early research efforts, while more recently post-transcriptional mechanisms have gained recognition for their significant regulatory importance. at the heart of post-transcriptional regulatory pathways are cis- and trans-acting features and factors including rna secondary structure as well as rna-binding proteins and their recognition sites on target rnas. r ...201323498863
higher order asymptotics for negative binomial regression inferences from rna-sequencing data.rna sequencing (rna-seq) is the current method of choice for characterizing transcriptomes and quantifying gene expression changes. this next generation sequencing-based method provides unprecedented depth and resolution. the negative binomial (nb) probability distribution has been shown to be a useful model for frequencies of mapped rna-seq reads and consequently provides a basis for statistical analysis of gene expression. negative binomial exact tests are available for two-group comparisons b ...201323502340
mechanisms of small rna generation from cis-nats in response to environmental and developmental cues.a large proportion of eukaryotic genomes is transcribed from both positive and negative strands of dna and thus may generate overlapping sense and antisense transcripts. some of these so-called natural antisense transcripts (nats) are possibly co-regulated. when the overlapping sense and antisense transcripts are expressed at the same time in the same cell in response to various developmental and environmental cues; they may form double-stranded rnas, which could be recognized by the small rna b ...201323505223
evolutionary history of the plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas axonopodis.deciphering mechanisms shaping bacterial diversity should help to build tools to predict the emergence of infectious diseases. xanthomonads are plant pathogenic bacteria found worldwide. xanthomonas axonopodis is a genetically heterogeneous species clustering, into six groups, strains that are collectively pathogenic on a large number of plants. however, each strain displays a narrow host range. we address the question of the nature of the evolutionary processes--geographical and ecological spec ...201323505513
resident bacteria on leaves enhance survival of immigrant cells of salmonella enterica.although salmonella enterica apparently has comparatively low epiphytic fitness on plants, external factors that would influence its ability to survive on plants after contamination would be of significance in the epidemiology of human diseases caused by this human pathogen. viable population sizes of s. enterica applied to plants preinoculated with pseudomonas syringae or either of two erwinia herbicola strains was ≥10-fold higher than that on control plants that were not precolonized by such i ...201323506362
cloning and heterologous overexpression of three gap genes encoding different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000.the gammaproteobacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 is the causal agent of bacterial speck, a common disease of tomato. the mode of infection of this pathogen is not well understood, but according to molecular biological, genomic and proteomic data it produces a number of proteins that may promote infection and draw nutrients from the plant. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) is a major enzyme of carbon metabolism that was reported to be a surface antigen and virulence ...201323507306
the role of canonical and noncanonical pre-mrna splicing in plant stress responses.plants are sessile organisms capable of adapting to various environmental constraints, such as high or low temperatures, drought, soil salinity, or pathogen attack. to survive the unfavorable conditions, plants actively employ pre-mrna splicing as a mechanism to regulate expression of stress-responsive genes and reprogram intracellular regulatory networks. there is a growing evidence that various stresses strongly affect the frequency and diversity of alternative splicing events in the stress-re ...201223509698
the role of canonical and noncanonical pre-mrna splicing in plant stress responses.plants are sessile organisms capable of adapting to various environmental constraints, such as high or low temperatures, drought, soil salinity, or pathogen attack. to survive the unfavorable conditions, plants actively employ pre-mrna splicing as a mechanism to regulate expression of stress-responsive genes and reprogram intracellular regulatory networks. there is a growing evidence that various stresses strongly affect the frequency and diversity of alternative splicing events in the stress-re ...201223509698
transcriptional profiling of canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase gene.citrus canker disease caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the citrus industry worldwide. in our previous study, the canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) plants were produced via constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase. to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying xcc resistance of the transgenic plants, in the present study global transcriptional profiling was compared between untransformed li ...201223509803
transcriptional profiling of canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase gene.citrus canker disease caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the citrus industry worldwide. in our previous study, the canker-resistant transgenic sweet orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) plants were produced via constitutively overexpressing a spermidine synthase. to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying xcc resistance of the transgenic plants, in the present study global transcriptional profiling was compared between untransformed li ...201223509803
overexpression of the transcription factor rap2.6 leads to enhanced callose deposition in syncytia and enhanced resistance against the beet cyst nematode heterodera schachtii in arabidopsis roots.cyst nematodes invade the roots of their host plants as second stage juveniles and induce a syncytium which is their source of nutrients throughout their life. a transcriptome analysis of syncytia induced by the beet cyst nematode heterodera schachtii in arabidopsis roots has shown that gene expression in the syncytium is different from that of the root with thousands of genes upregulated or downregulated. among the downregulated genes are many which code for defense-related proteins. one gene w ...201323510309
drimendiol, a drimane sesquiterpene with quorum sensing inhibition activity.quorum sensing (qs) is a regulatory mechanism that enables bacteria to make collective decisions such as an increase in virulence factors and biofilm production. inhibitors of qs are important research tools in the discovery of new potential anti-bacterial agents. polygodial, drimenol and drimendiol are drimane sesquiterpenoids isolated from drimys winteri, a chilean native tree. their qs activity, when tested on chromobacterium violaceum atcc 12472, showed that drimendiol is an inhibitor of qs, ...201323513712
pperf3b, a transcriptional repressor from peach, contributes to disease susceptibility and side branching in ear-dependent and -independent fashions.peach erf3b is a potent transcriptional repressor for defense-related genes even in the presence of similar levels of transcriptional activators and can interfere with plant development through pathways independent of the ear motif. ethylene response factors (erfs) are a major group of plant transcription factors with either activation or repression capabilities on gene transcription. repressor-type erfs are characterised by an intrinsic motif, namely the erf-associated amphiphilic repression mo ...201323515898
jasmonates trigger prey-induced formation of 'outer stomach' in carnivorous sundew plants.it has been widely accepted that the growth-related phytohormone auxin is the endogenous signal that initiates bending movements of plant organs. in 1875, charles darwin described how the bending movement of leaves in carnivorous sundew species formed an 'outer stomach' that allowed the plants to enclose and digest captured insect prey. about 100 years later, auxin was suggested to be the factor responsible for this movement. we report that prey capture induces both leaf bending and the accumula ...201323516244
trichoderma-plant root colonization: escaping early plant defense responses and activation of the antioxidant machinery for saline stress tolerance.trichoderma spp. are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts which can colonize the apoplast of plant roots. microarrays analysis of arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with trichoderma asperelloides t203, coupled with qpcr analysis of 137 stress responsive genes and transcription factors, revealed wide gene transcript reprogramming, proceeded by a transient repression of the plant immune responses supposedly to allow root colonization. enhancement in the expression of wrky18 and wrky40, which ...201323516362
novel positive regulatory role for the spl6 transcription factor in the n tir-nb-lrr receptor-mediated plant innate immunity.following the recognition of pathogen-encoded effectors, plant tir-nb-lrr immune receptors induce defense signaling by a largely unknown mechanism. we identify a novel and conserved role for the squamosa promoter binding protein (sbp)-domain transcription factor spl6 in enabling the activation of the defense transcriptome following its association with a nuclear-localized immune receptor. during an active immune response, the nicotiana tir-nb-lrr n immune receptor associates with nbspl6 within d ...201323516366
characterization of five ecf sigma factors in the genome of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a, a bacterial pathogen of bean, utilizes large surface populations and extracellular signaling to initiate a fundamental change from an epiphytic to a pathogenic lifestyle. extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma (σ) factors serve as important regulatory factors in responding to various environmental signals. bioinformatic analysis of the b728a genome revealed 10 ecf sigma factors. this study analyzed deletion mutants of five previously uncharacterized ecf si ...201323516563
salmonella colonization activates the plant immune system and benefits from association with plant pathogenic bacteria.despite increasing incidences of human salmonellosis caused by consumption of contaminated vegetables, relatively little is known about how the plant immune system responds to and may inhibit salmonella colonization. here we show that salmonella typhimurium activates the plant immune system primarily due to its recognition of the flg22 region in salmonella flagellin. several previously identified plant genes that play a role in immunity were found to affect the host response to salmonella. the s ...201323517029
xrn 5'→3' exoribonucleases: structure, mechanisms and functions.the xrn family of 5'→3' exoribonucleases is critical for ensuring the fidelity of cellular rna turnover in eukaryotes. highly conserved across species, the family is typically represented by one cytoplasmic enzyme (xrn1/pacman or xrn4) and one or more nuclear enzymes (xrn2/rat1 and xrn3). cytoplasmic and/or nuclear xrns have proven to be essential in all organisms tested, and deficiencies can have severe developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that xrns are indispensable in fungi, plants and ani ...201323517755
breaking restricted taxonomic functionality by dual resistance genes.nb-lrr-type disease resistance (r) genes have been used in traditional breeding programs for crop protection. however, functional transfer of nb-lrr-type r genes to plants in taxonomically distinct families to establish pathogen resistance has not been successful. here we demonstrate that a pair of arabidopsis (brassicaceae) nb-lrr-type r genes, rps4 and rrs1, properly function in two other brassicaceae, brassica rapa and b. napus, but also in two solanaceae, nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (so ...201323518587
structure of ldtmt2, an l,d-transpeptidase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.the transpeptidase ltdmt2 catalyzes the formation of the (3-3) cross-links characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in the mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall. bioinformatics analysis suggests that the extramembrane part of the enzyme consists of three domains: two smaller domains (denoted as a and b domains) and a transpeptidase domain (the c domain) at the c-terminus. the crystal structures of two fragments comprising the ab domains and the bc domains have been determined. the structure of t ...201323519418
context-dependent protein folding of a virulence peptide in the bacterial and host environments: structure of an sych-yoph chaperone-effector complex.yersinia pestis injects numerous bacterial proteins into host cells through an organic nanomachine called the type 3 secretion system. one such substrate is the tyrosine phosphatase yoph, which requires an interaction with a cognate chaperone in order to be effectively injected. here, the first crystal structure of a sych-yoph complex is reported, determined to 1.9 å resolution. the structure reveals the presence of (i) a nonglobular polypeptide in yoph, (ii) a so-called β-motif in yoph and (iii ...201323519663
auxin promotes susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae via a mechanism independent of suppression of salicylic acid-mediated defenses.auxin is a key plant growth regulator that also impacts plant-pathogen interactions. several lines of evidence suggest that the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae manipulates auxin physiology in arabidopsis thaliana to promote pathogenesis. pseudomonas syringae strategies to alter host auxin biology include synthesis of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and production of virulence factors that alter auxin responses in host cells. the application of exogenous auxin enhances disease ...201323521356
proteomic survey of the streptomyces coelicolor nucleoid.nucleoid-associated proteins (naps) are small, highly abundant transcriptional regulators with low sequence specificity which are involved in multiple dna-related processes including gene expression, dna protection, recombination/repair and nucleoid structuring. through these functions they are able to regulate important phenotypic properties including virulence, secondary metabolism and stress resistance. however the set of naps known within the actinobacteria is small and incomplete. the missi ...201323523638
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