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Altered transfer of heavy metals from soil to Chinese cabbage with film mulching.The influence of film mulching on the migration of metals from soil to cabbage was investigated. Following a 50-day growth in field plots mulched or unmulched, root-zone soils and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) were sampled for metal analysis. Mulching slightly decreased the soil mobile (acid-extractable) Cd, but increased its transfer from root to the cabbage parts. As an essential element, Cu was readily transferred to the cabbage parts. While mulching decreased the soil mobile Zn, re ...201222036267
turnip yellow mosaic virus forms infectious particles without the native beta-annulus structure and flexible coat protein n-terminus.structural studies have implicated the tymv n-terminal amino acids of the coat protein (cp) in both static (virion stabilization) and dynamic (rna encapsidation and disencapsidation) roles. we have deleted residues 2-5, 2-10 and 2-26 from the n-terminus and expressed the mutant cps in e. coli to assess assembly in the absence of genomic rna and in plant infections to assess infectivity and virion properties. in e. coli, the deletion constructs formed virus-like particles, but in decreased yield. ...201222078163
identification of conserved micrornas and their targets in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis).the micrornas (mirnas) are a new class of small nonprotein-coding rnas that have been identified to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mrnas for degradation or by inhibiting protein translation. until now, thousands of mirnas have been identified in many plants species. however, only 23 mirnas have been reported from the microrna database in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), one of the most widely cultivated vegetables in china and east asia. ...201122111519
[development of molecular markers linked to the resistant qtl for downy mildew in brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis].downy mildew, caused by the oomycete hyaloperonospora parasitica constant. (pers. ex fr.), is one of the most severe diseases in chinese cabbage, leading to reduction of yield and quality of the harvested products. therefore, identifying molecular markers linked to the major qtl for downy mildew resistance will be helpful in breeding resistant varieties of chinese cabbage. here, one highly susceptible line 91-112, one highly resistant line t12-19, and the derived dh population were employed to d ...201122120085
Brief report: genome sequence and construction of an infectious cDNA clone of Ribgrass mosaic virus from Chinese cabbage in Korea.Ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) has severely decreased the production and lowered quality of Chinese cabbage co-infected with Turnip mosaic virus (63.4%) in Korea. The complete genome sequence of RMV isolated from Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis was determined. The full genome consisted of 6,304 nucleotides and showed sequence identities of 91.5-94.2% with the corresponding genome of other RMV strains. Full-length cDNA of RMV-Br was amplified by RT-PCR with a 5'-end primer harboring a T7 promoter sequ ...201122143325
effects of phosphorus amendments and plant growth on the mobility of pb, cu, and zn in a multi-metal-contaminated soil.phosphorus amendments have been widely and successfully used in immobilization of one single metal (e.g., pb) in contaminated soils. however, application of p amendments in the immobilization of multiple metals and particularly investigations about the effects of planting on the stability of the initially p-induced immobilized metals in the contaminated soils are far limited.201222161145
isolation of fertility-related genes of multiple-allele-inherited male sterility in brassica rapa ssp pekinensis by cdna-aflp.to better understand the molecular mechanisms of multiple-allele-inherited male sterility in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp pekinensis), differentially expressed genes in fertile and sterile plants must be isolated. we used cdna-aflp analysis to isolate differentially expressed genes in fertile and sterile buds of the two-type line, ab01. sixteen high-quality sequences were generated, 11 of which were up-regulated in fertile buds, and five of which were up-regulated in sterile buds. based on ...201122180076
Effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides starter cultures on microbial communities and metabolites during kimchi fermentation.Kimchi fermentation usually relies upon the growth of naturally-occurring various heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This sometimes makes it difficult to produce kimchi with uniform quality. The use of Leuconostoc mesenteroides as a starter has been considered to produce commercial fermented kimchi with uniform and good quality in Korea. In this study, a combination of a barcoded pyrosequencing strategy and a (1)H NMR technique was used to investigate the effects of Leu. mesenteroide ...201122189023
molecular and functional properties of three different peroxiredoxin isotypes in chinese cabbage.peroxiredoxins (prxs), which are classified into three isotypes in plants, play important roles in protection systems as peroxidases or molecular chaperones. the three prx isotypes of chinese cabbage, namely c1c-prx, c2c-prx, and c-prxii, have recently been identified and characterized. the present study compares their molecular properties and biochemical functions to gain insights into their concerted roles in plants. the three prx isotype genes were differentially expressed in tissue- and deve ...201222228209
bacterial community analysis during fermentation of ten representative kinds of kimchi with barcoded pyrosequencing.kimchi, a food made of fermented vegetables, is densely populated by indigenous microorganisms that originate from the raw ingredients under normal conditions. most microbiological studies on kimchi have been on the most popular dish, baechu-kimchi (chinese cabbage kimchi). therefore, relatively little is known about the various other kinds of kimchi (depending on the region, season, main ingredient, starter culture inoculation and recipe). in this study, we collected 100 samples periodically du ...201222265301
identification and characterization of stress resistance related genes of brassica rapa.two biotic stress resistance related genes from the full-length cdna library of brassica rapa cv. osome were identified from est analysis and determined to be pathogenesis-related (pr) 12 brassica defensin-like family protein (brdlfp) and pr-10 brassica betv1 allergen family protein (brbetv1afp) after sequence analysis and homology study with other stress resistance related same family genes. in the expression analysis, both genes expressed in different organs and during all developmental growth ...201222286206
[mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in vegetable system by treating soil with dicyandiamide, a nitrification inhibitor].undisturbed soil monolith lysimeter was used to investigate the effectiveness of dcd (dicyandiamide) in reducing n2o emissions in vegetable (chinese cabbage and pepper) field. results showed that dcd significantly reduced total n2o emission in vegetable field. total n2o emissions from the urea treatment without dcd reached 0.215 kg x hm(-2) for chinese cabbage, and it reduced to 0.109 kg x hm(-2), equivalent to a 49.3% reduction. the total n2o emissions for pepper were much higher compared with ...201122295611
enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens by overexpression of a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hcap18/ll-37) in chinese cabbage.the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hcap18, which includes the c-terminal peptide ll-37, is a multifunctional protein. as a possible approach to enhancing the resistance to plant disease, a dna fragment coding for hcap18/ll-37 was fused at the c-terminal end of the leader sequence of endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter region. the construct was then introduced into brassica rapa. ll-37 expression was confirmed in transg ...201122308171
a disposable organophosphorus pesticides enzyme biosensor based on magnetic composite nano-particles modified screen printed carbon electrode.a disposable organophosphorus pesticides (ops) enzyme biosensor based on magnetic composite nanoparticle-modified screen printed carbon electrodes (spce) has been developed. firstly, an acetylcholinesterase (ache)-coated fe(3)o(4)/au (gmp) magnetic nanoparticulate (gmp-ache) was synthesized. then, gmp-ache was absorbed on the surface of a spce modified by carbon nanotubes (cnts)/nano-zro(2)/prussian blue (pb)/nafion (nf) composite membrane by an external magnetic field. thus, the biosensor (spce ...201022315558
cdna-aflp analysis on bolting or flowering of flowering chinese cabbage and molecular characteristics of brcudfr-like/brcuaxs gene.the molecular basis of flower bud differentiation in flowering chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. utilis tsen et lee) was studied in this work. samples were taken from two varieties, the early-blooming "youqin 49" and the late-blooming "youqingtiancaixin 80", at five different developmental stages and studied via cdna-aflp. nineteen expression sequence tags (ests) associated with bolting or flowering were isolated and cloned. blast results indicated that 15 ests were involved ...201222331487
[correlation of bacterial diversity in rot chinese cabbage with the habitat].to investigate the diversity of bacteria in soft rot chinese cabbage and analyze their correlation with rhizosphere bacteria, we analyzed the bacterial population structures of soft rot chinese cabbage and the rhizosphere in different habitat.201122379805
transcriptome analysis of rosette and folding leaves in chinese cabbage using high-throughput rna sequencing.in this study, we report the first use of rna-sequencing to gain insight into the wide range of transcriptional events that are associated with leafy head development in chinese cabbage. we generated 53.5 million sequence reads (90 bp in length) from the rosette and heading leaves. the sequence reads were aligned to the recently sequenced chiifu genome and were analyzed to measure the gene expression levels, to detect alternative splicing events and novel transcripts, to determine the expression ...201222387604
study of matrix-induced effects in multi-residue determination of pesticides by online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.multi-residue determination of pesticides in a complex matrix by online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gpc-gc/ms) is increasingly concerned for its high throughput, efficiency and accuracy. study of matrix-induced suppression or enhancement of the instrument signals is important for the application of this technique.201222396034
the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant defense responses of five vegetable crops to phenanthrene stress.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are global environmental problem. to better understand the growth and physiological responses to atmospheric pahs, we investigated biomass, photosynthetic machinery and antioxidant system in pakchoi, cucumber, flowering chinese cabbage, tomato and lettuce under various levels of phenanthrene (phe) stress. foliar exposure to phe for 14d resulted in a dose dependent decrease in growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents. with few exceptions, antioxidant ...201222401953
immobilizer-assisted management of metal-contaminated agricultural soils for safer food production.production of food crops on metal contaminated agricultural soils is of concern because consumers are potentially exposed to hazardous metals via dietary intake of such crops or crop derived products. therefore, the current study was conducted to develop management protocols for crop cultivation to allow safer food production. metal uptake, as influenced by ph change-induced immobilizing agents (dolomite, steel slag, and agricultural lime) and sorption agents (zeolite and compost), was monitored ...201222446136
agricultural potential of anaerobically digested industrial orange waste with and without aerobic post-treatment.the potential of anaerobically digested orange waste with (aad) and without (ad) aerobic post-treatment for use in agriculture was evaluated through chemical analyses, short-term phytotoxicity and long-term plant assays. chemical analyses showed that ad contained ammonia and organic acids, and aerobic post-treatment did not significantly remove these phytotoxins. the n:p2o5:k2o ratio in ad was 1:0.26:0.96 and aerobic post-treatment did not change the composition in aad except for k2o (1:0.26:1.2 ...201222519091
production and characterization of a single-chain variable fragment linked alkaline phosphatase fusion protein for detection of o,o-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides in a one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.a single-chain variable fragment (scfv) linked alkaline phosphatase (ap) fusion protein for detection of o,o-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides (o,o-diethyl ops) was produced and characterized. the scfv gene was prepared by cloning v(l) and v(h) genes from hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibody with broad specificity for o,o-diethyl ops. the amplified v(l) and v(h) regions were assembled using a linker (gly(4)ser)(3) by means of splicing overlap extension polymerase chain reaction to obt ...201222533788
bcnrt1, a plasma membrane-localized nitrate transporter from non-heading chinese cabbage.a nitrate transporter, bcnrt1, was isolated from non-heading chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp. chinensis makino) cultivar 'suzhouqing'. the full-length cdna was obtained using the rapid amplification of cdna ends technique and contains an open reading frame of 1,770 bp that predicts a protein of 589 acid residues that possesses 12 putative transmembrane domains. using the gus marker gene driven by the bcnrt1 promoter, we found bcnrt1 expression to be concentrated in primary and lateral r ...201222539185
identification of chinese cabbage sentrin as a suppressor of bax-induced cell death in yeast.studies into the cell death program termed apoptosis have resulted in new information regarding how cells control and execute their own demise, including insights into the mechanism by which death-preventing factors can inhibit bax-induced caspase activation. we investigated high temperature stress-induced cell death in brassica rapa. using a yeast functional screening from a brassica rapa cdna library, the bh5-127 est clone encoding an apoptotic suppressor peptide was identified. however, a phy ...201222561852
evaluation of struvite obtained from semiconductor wastewater as a fertilizer in cultivating chinese cabbage.the present work evaluated the fertilizing value of struvite deposit recovered from semiconductor wastewater in cultivating chinese cabbage. the fertilizing effect of struvite deposit was compared with that of commercial fertilizers: complex, organic and compost. laboratory pot test results clearly showed that the growth of chinese cabbage was better promoted when the struvite deposit was used than with organic and compost fertilizers even though complex fertilizer was the most effective in grow ...201222572561
microtubule and male sterility in a gene-cytoplasmic male sterile line of non-heading chinese cabbage.microtubules are the basic components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells and are made up of 13 parallel protofilaments, each composed of α- and β-tubulin unit molecules aligned along the longitudinal axis of the microtubule.201222581783
high-throughput sequencing discovery of conserved and novel micrornas in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis).micrornas (mirnas) are a class of 21-24 nucleotide non-coding rnas that down-regulate gene expression by cleaving or inhibiting the translation of target gene transcripts. mirnas have been extensively analyzed in a few model plant species such as arabidopsis, rice and populus, and partially investigated in other non-model plant species. however, only a few conserved mirnas have been identified in chinese cabbage, a common and economically important crop in asia. to identify novel and conserved m ...201222643909
determination of streptomycin residue in cucumber and chinese cabbage by high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatization and fluorometric detection.a sensitive and accurate method was developed for the determination of streptomycin using hplc followed by postcolumn derivatization and fluorometric detection. the analyte was extracted, using aqueous solution from cucumber and chinese cabbage, by a two-step spe procedure. the extraction, cleanup, and chromatography conditions were optimized, and the performance of the analysis method was evaluated. the conditions of chromatography were as follows: the separation was performed on a c18 column; ...201322649941
antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected commercially available cruciferous vegetables.antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity and phenolic content of red cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata rubra), chinese cabbage (brassica rapa pekinensis var cylindrica), green cabbage (brassica oleracea var capitata), mustard cabbage (brassica juncea var rugosa) and chinese white cabbage (brassica rapa var chinensis), grown in malaysia, were evaluated. red cabbage had the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content compared to the other cruciferous vegetables studied ( ...200722692190
over-expression of rice leucine-rich repeat protein results in activation of defense response, thereby enhancing resistance to bacterial soft rot in chinese cabbage.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum causes soft rot disease in various plants, including chinese cabbage. the simple extracellular leucine-rich repeat (elrr) domain proteins have been implicated in disease resistance. rice leucine-rich repeat protein (oslrp), a rice simple elrr domain protein, is induced by pathogens, phytohormones, and salt. to see whether oslrp enhances disease resistance to bacterial soft rot, oslrp was introduced into chinese cabbage by agrobacterium-mediated trans ...201222717673
isolation and expression of glucosinolate synthesis genes cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 in pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. communis (n. tsen & s.h. lee) hanelt).cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 are two key synthesis genes in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway. cyp83a1 mainly metabolizes the aliphatic oximes to form aliphatic glucosinolate and cyp83b1 mostly catalyzes aromatic oximes to synthesis corresponding substrates for aromatic and indolic glucosinolates. in this study, two cyp83a1 genes named bccyp83a1-1 (jq289997), bccyp83a1-2 (jq289996) respectively and one cyp83b1 (bccyp83b1, hm347235) gene were cloned from the leaves of pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. ...201222754334
rhizonin a from burkholderia sp. kctc11096 and its growth promoting role in lettuce seed germination.we isolated and identified a gibberellin-producing burkholderia sp. kctc 11096 from agricultural field soils. the culture filtrate of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) significantly increased the germination and growth of lettuce and chinese cabbage seeds. the ethyl acetate extract of the pgpr culture showed significantly higher rate of lettuce seed germination and growth as compared to the distilled water treated control. the ethyl acetate fraction of the burkholderia sp. was subjecte ...201222759911
differences in the activity and concentration of elements of the antioxidant system in different layers of brassica pekinensis head.differences in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase (cat) and ascorbate peroxidase (apx) as well as in the concentration of ascorbate, tocopherol and hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂) were found in leaves from different layers of the chinese cabbage (brassica pekinensis (lour.) rupr.) head. the youngest chlorophyll-deficient leaves from the most inner layers of the cabbage head were characterized by a high concentration of ascorbate, high activity of iron superoxide dismutase (fesod), cooper/zi ...201222762792
in vitro suppression of growth of murine wehi-3 leukemia cells and in vivo promotion of phagocytosis in a leukemia mice model by indole-3-carbinol.indole-3-carbinol (i3c), a potential anticancer substance, can be found in cruciferous (cabbage family) vegetables, mainly cauliflower and chinese cabbage. however, the bioactivity of i3c on the apoptotic effects of murine leukemia wehi-3 cells and promotion of immune responses in leukemia mice model are unclear. in this study, we investigated the effect of i3c on cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and immunomodulation in vivo. i3c decreased the viable wehi-3 cells and caused morphological ...201222775144
molecular characterization of stress resistance-related chitinase genes of brassica rapa.brassica is an important vegetable group worldwide that is impacted by biotic and abiotic stresses. molecular biology techniques offer the most efficient approach to address these concerns. inducible plant defense responses include the production of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins, and chitinases are very important pr proteins. we collected 30 chitinase like genes, three from our full-length cdna library of brassica rapa cv. osome and 27 from brassica databases. sequence analysis and comparis ...201222796900
[epigenetics of plant vernalization regulated by non-coding rnas].many higher plants must experience a period of winter cold to accomplish the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. this biological process is called vernalization. some crops such as wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and oilseed rape (brassica napus l.) produce seeds as edible organs, and therefore special measures of rotation and cultivation are necessary for plants to go through an early vernalization for flower differentiation and development, whereas the other crops such as chinese c ...201222805208
glutathione reductase from brassica rapa affects tolerance and the redox state but not fermentation ability in response to oxidative stress in genetically modified saccharomyces cerevisiae.to determine whether the exogenous expression of glutathione reductase (gr) from brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (brgr) can reduce the deleterious effects of unfavorable conditions, we constructed a transgenic saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing the gr gene cloned into the yeast expression vector, pvtu260. brgr expression was confirmed by semi reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) analysis, immunoblotting analysis and an enzyme assay. ectopic brgr-expression improved cellu ...201222806013
educational attainment and differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among middle-aged adults in the korean national health and nutrition examination survey iv.we investigated whether socioeconomic differences affect fruit and vegetable (fv) consumption with respect to total intake and intake of various fv subgroups. our study included 6667 adults aged 40-64 years who completed a dietary survey in the fourth korean nhanes (2007-2009). fv intake was estimated from 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires. differences in fv consumption related to educational attainment were analyzed according to different nutritional categories of fv. both men a ...201222808352
[a novel method for extracting leaf-level solar-induced fluorescence of typical crops under cu stress].the leaf-level solar-induced fluorescence changes when the typical crops are under cu stress, which can be considered as a sensitive indicator to estimate the stress level. in the present study, wheat (triticum aestivum l.), pea (pisum sativum l.) and chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l.) were selected and cultured with copper solutions or copper polluted soil with different cu stress. the apparent reflectance of leaves was measured by an asd fieldspec spectrometer and an integrating sphere. ...201222827073
the role of a dark septate endophytic fungus, veronaeopsis simplex y34, in fusarium disease suppression in chinese cabbage.the soil-inhabiting fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum has been an increasing threat to chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l.). a dark septate endophytic fungus, veronaeopsis simplex y34, isolated from yaku island, japan, was evaluated in vitro for the ability to suppress fusarium disease. seedlings grown in the presence of the endophyte showed a 71% reduction in fusarium wilt disease and still had good growth. the disease control was achieved through a synergetic effect involving a mechanical ...201222923110
lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum c29 protects scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice.in the preliminary study, kimchi, a traditional food fermented with chinese cabbage, protected scopolamine-induced mouse memory deficit in passive avoidance test. therefore, we screened protective ingredients, particularly lactic acid bacteria, from chinese cabbage kimchi against scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice.201222925033
biotoxicity assessment of pyrene in soil using a battery of biological assays.a test battery, composed of a range of biological assays, was applied to evaluate the ecological health of soil aged for 69 days and spiked with a range of pyrene levels (1.04, 8.99, 41.5, 72.6, 136, and 399 μg g(-1) dry soil; soxhlet-extracted concentrations after 69 days of aging). chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), earthworm (eisenia fetida), and bacteria (vibrio fischeri) were used as test organisms to represent different trophic levels. among the acute ecotoxicity bioassays used, the v. fisch ...201222941450
enantioselective behavior of malathion enantiomers in toxicity to beneficial organisms and their dissipation in vegetables and crops.the dissipation behavior of the two enantiomers of malathion was elucidated in five plant species using enantioselective high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), and the acute toxicity of the individual enantiomers toward earthworms and honeybees was studied. the calculated lc(50) values of the r-, s- and rac-malathion to earthworms were 0.3869, 25.17, and 19.19 μg/cm(2), respectively, while the calculated lc(50) values of r-, s- and rac-malathion to bees were 2.15, 36.67, and 7.11 μg/ml, ...201222964386
determining the geographical origin of chinese cabbages using multielement composition and strontium isotope ratio analyses.recently, the korean market has seen many cases of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) that have been imported from china, yet are sold as a korean product to illegally benefit from the price difference between the two products. this study aims to establish a method of distinguishing the geographical origin of chinese cabbage. one hundred chinese cabbage heads from korea and 60 cabbage heads from china were subjected to multielement composition and strontium isotope ratio ((87)sr/(86 ...201222980856
mapping and candidate-gene screening of the novel turnip mosaic virus resistance gene retr02 in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.).the extreme resistance to turnip mosaic virus observed in the chinese cabbage (brassica rapa) line, bp8407, is monogenic and recessive. bulked segregant analysis was carried out to identify simple sequence repeat and indel markers linked to this recessive resistance gene, termed recessive turnip mosaic virus resistance 02 (retr02). mapping of pcr-specific indel markers on 239 individuals of a bp8407 × ji zao chun f(2) population, located this resistance gene to a 0.9-cm interval between two inde ...201322996569
batch anaerobic co-digestion of kimchi factory waste silage and swine manure under mesophilic conditions.the objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of kimchi factory waste silage (kfws) with swine manure (sm). chinese cabbage (cc) is the major waste generated by a kimchi factory and kfws was prepared by mixing cc and rice bran (rb) (70:30 on a dry matter basis). in experiment i, the biogas potential of cc and rb were measured and, in experiment ii, the test was conducted with different ratios of kfws and sm (kfws: sm=0:100; 33:67; 67:33; 100:0 by% volat ...201223021949
uptake of human pharmaceuticals and personal care products by cabbage (brassica campestris) from fortified and biosolids-amended soils.human pharmaceuticals and personal care products (ppcps) are routinely found in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants (wwtps). once land applied, the ppcps in biosolids are potentially available for plant uptake and bioaccumulation. this study used a greenhouse model to investigate uptake of ppcps commonly detected in biosolids by the agricultural plant chinese cabbage (brassica campestris). two series of greenhouse experiments were conducted as part of this project. in the first set of exp ...201223051741
genome-wide identification, classification and expression analysis of genes encoding putative fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.).fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (flas), a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (agps), have both predicted agp-like glycosylated regions and putative fasciclin (fas) domains, which may function in cell adhesion and communication. previous studies have identified 21, 27, and 34 flas in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), rice (oryza sativa), and wheat (triticum aestivum), respectively. in this study, we identified 33 flas in the annotated genome of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. peki ...201223053954
molecular characterization of the cra gene conferring clubroot resistance in brassica rapa.clubroot disease is one of the major diseases affecting brassicaceae crops, and a number of these crops grown commercially, such as chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis), are known to be highly susceptible to clubroot disease. to provide protection from this disease, plant breeders have introduced genes for resistance to clubroot from the european turnip into susceptible lines. the cra gene confers specific resistance to the clubroot pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae isolate m85. fi ...201223054353
bcmf11, a novel non-coding rna gene from brassica campestris, is required for pollen development and male fertility.key message : bcmf11 as a non-coding rna gene has an essential role in pollen development, and might be useful for regulating the pollen fertility of crops by antisense rna technology. we previously identified a 828-bp full-length cdna of bcmf11, a novel pollen-specific non-coding mrna-like gene from chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. chinensis makino). however, little information is known about the function of bcmf11 in pollen development. to investigate its exact biological roles in ...201323064614
molecular characterization of the brassica rapa auxin-repressed, superfamily genes, brarp1 and brdrm1.two auxin-repressed superfamily genes, auxin-repressed protein 1 (arp1) and dormancy-associated protein 1 (drm1), are highly expressed in both the dormant buds and non-growing tissues of several plant species. to further identify the function of these proteins in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis), we examined comprehensive expression patterns of brarp1 and brdrm1 under various developmental and stress conditions. we also examined these same genes in transgenic arabidopsis plants ...201323065269
an improved plant leaf protein extraction method for high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and comparative proteomics.we report here a simple and universally applicable protocol for extracting high quality proteins from plant leaf tissues. the protocol provides improved resolution and reproducibility of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-de) and reduces the time required to analyze samples. partitioning rubisco by polyethylene glycol (peg) fractionation provides clearer detection of low-abundance proteins. co-extraction of interfering substances increases the sample conductivity, which result ...201323072551
the pollen wall and tapetum are altered in the cytoplasmic male sterile line rc₇ of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp pekinensis).cytoplasmic male sterile line rc(7) of chinese cabbage produces mature anthers without pollen. to understand the mechanisms involved, we examined the ultrastructural changes during development of the microspores. development of microspores was not affected at the early tetrad stage. during the ring-vacuolated period, some large vacuoles appeared in the tapetum cells, making them larger, extending to the anther sac center during the monocyte period. at the same time, the tapetum degenerated as th ...201223079967
genome sequence of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain pcc21, a pathogen causing soft rot in chinese cabbage.pectobacterium carotovorum is a plant-pathogenic enterobacterium responsible for soft rot in various commercially important plants. here we report the complete genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain pcc21.201223105077
control of postharvest soft rot caused by erwinia carotovora of vegetables by a strain of bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its potential modes of action.erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc), the causal agent of bacterial soft rot, is one of the destructive pathogens of postharvest vegetables. in this study, a bacterial isolate (bgp20) from the vegetable farm soil showed strong antagonistic activity against ecc in vitro, and its twofold cell-free culture filtrate showed excellent biocontrol effect in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of potatoes at 25 °c. the anti-ecc metabolites produced by the isolate bgp20 had a high resista ...201323117674
influence of pericarp, cotyledon and inhibitory substances on sharp tooth oak (quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) germination.in order to explore the mechanism of delayed and uneven germination in sharp tooth oak (quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) (sto), mechanical scarification techniques were used to study sto root and shoot germination and growth. the techniques used were: removing cup scar (rs), removing the pericarp (rp), and cutting off 1/2 (hc) and 2/3 (tc) cotyledons. germination percentage and root and shoot length for chinese cabbage (beassica pekinensis) seeds (ccs) were also investigated for ccs cultivated ...201223133517
development and bioassay of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene.lepidopteran larvae are the most injurious pests of chinese cabbage production. we attempted the development of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing the potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene (pinii) and bioassayed the pest-repelling ability of these transgenic plants. cotyledons with petioles from aseptic seedlings were used as explants for agrobacterium-mediated in vitro transformation. agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 contained the binary vector pbbbasta-pinii-bar comprising pinii and bar genes. p ...201223136521
evaluation of antioxidant activity of leafy vegetables and beans with myoglobin method.key message : antioxidant activity of seven leafy vegetables and four beans against five reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species was clearly characterized with a protocol using myoglobin as a reporter probe. antioxidant activity of seven leafy vegetables and four beans against peroxyl radical, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite ion, and peroxynitrite ion has been measured using myoglobin as a reporter probe (myoglobin method). conventional dpph method was also used to evaluate antioxid ...201323160640
[rapid determination of pesticide multiresidues in vegetables and fruits by accelerated solvent extraction coupled with online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].a novel method was developed for the rapid determination of 22 representative pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits based on accelerated solvent extraction (ase) coupled with online gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gpc-gc-ms). the sample was extracted by accelerated solvent extraction with dichloromethane-acetone (1:1, v/v) and purified with a carbon/nh2 column, evaporated to dryness by nitrogen, then dissolved in cyclohexane-acetone (7:3, v/v), and final ...201223189658
discrimination of cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) cultivars grown in different geographical areas using ¹h nmr-based metabolomics.cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most popular foods in asia and is widely cultivated in many countries for the production of lightly fermented vegetables. in this study, metabolomic analysis was performed to distinguish two cultivars of cabbage grown in different geographical areas, korea and china, using ¹h nmr spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. principal component analysis (pca) showed clear discrimination between extracts of cabbage grown in kore ...201323199992
overexpression of a chinese cabbage brerf11 transcription factor enhances disease resistance to ralstonia solanacearum in tobacco.ethylene-responsive factors (erfs) play diverse roles in plant growth, developmental processes and stress responses. however, the roles and underlying mechanism of erfs remain poorly understood, especially in non-model plants. in this study, a full length cdna of erf gene was isolated from the cdna library of chinese cabbage. according to sequence alignment, we found a highly conservative ap2/erf domain, two nuclear localization signals, and an erf-associated amphiphilic repression (ear) motif i ...201323201563
genetic analysis of hybrid seed formation ability of brassica rapa in intergeneric crossings with raphanus sativus.a hybridization barrier leads to the inability of seed formation after intergeneric crossings between brassica rapa and raphanus sativus. most b. rapa lines cannot set intergeneric hybrid seeds because of embryo breakdown, but a b. rapa line obtained from turnip cultivar 'shogoin-kabu' is able to produce a large number of hybrid seeds as a maternal parent by crossings with r. sativus. in 'shogoin-kabu' crossed with r. sativus, developments of embryos and endosperms were slower than those in intr ...201323203221
the putative phytocyanin genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.): genome-wide identification, classification and expression analysis.phytocyanins (pcs) are a plant-specific family of small copper-containing electron transfer proteins. pcs may bind with a single copper atom to function as electron transporters in various biological systems, such as copper trafficking and plant photosynthesis. evidence indicates that pcs may also be involved in plant developmental processes and stress responses. many pcs possess arabinogalactan protein-like regions and are therefore termed chimeric arabinogalactan proteins (cagps). previously, ...201323212439
identificaiton of a clubroot resistance locus conferring resistance to a plasmodiophora brassicae classified into pathotype group 3 in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.).in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), the clubroot resistance (cr) genes crr1 and crr2 are effective against the mild plasmodiophora brassicae isolate ano-01 and the more virulent isolate wakayama-01, but not against isolate no. 14, classified into pathotype group 3. 'akiriso', a clubroot-resistant f(1) cultivar, showed resistance to isolate no. 14. to increase the durability of resistance, we attempted to identify the cr locus in 'akiriso'. cr in 'akiriso' segregated as a single dominant gene and ...201223226089
[plant traits and quality evaluation of different cultivation forms of isatis].to lay a foundation for the study on good variety selection of isatis indigotica, comparison of plant traits and quality evaluation of isatis germplasm resources from different production area was conducted.201223234133
effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality and bioactive compounds of chinese cabbage (brasicca rapa l. ssp. chinensis).the perishability of brassica chinensis poses a major challenge to distribution and marketing. the aim of this work was to select a suitable modified atmosphere packaging to retain the overall quality and bioactive compounds during storage.201323254451
ogura-cms in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) causes delayed expression of many nuclear genes.we investigated the mechanism regulating cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) in brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis using floral bud transcriptome analyses of ogura-cms chinese cabbage and its maintainer line in b. rapa 300-k oligomeric probe (br300k) microarrays. ogura-cms chinese cabbage produced few and infertile pollen grains on indehiscent anthers. compared to the maintainer line, cms plants had shorter filaments and plant growth, and delayed flowering and pollen development. in microarray analysis, ...201323265314
an online database for genome information of agricultural plants.the integration-based genome database provides useful information through a user-friendly web interface that allows analysis of comparative genome for agricultural plants. we have concentrated on the functional bioinformatics of major agricultural resources, such as rice, chinese cabbage, rice mutant lines, and microorganisms. the major functions are focused on functional genome analysis, including genome projects, gene expression analysis, gene markers with genetic map, analysis tools for compa ...201223275706
production and characterization of a somatic hybrid of chinese cabbage and cabbage.in order to broaden chinese cabbage gene pool, we conducted interspecific somatic hybridization between chinese cabbage (brassica campestris, 2n=20, aa) and cabbage (b. oleracea, 2n=18, cc). protoplasts were isolated from 10-day-old cotyledons and hypocotyls of young seedlings, and fused by 40% polyethylene glycol (peg). fused cells were cultured in modified k8p liquid medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. fusion products were characterized by their morphological, cytological an ...201223289310
effects of red pepper powder on microbial communities and metabolites during kimchi fermentation.to investigate the effects of red pepper powder on kimchi fermentation, baechu (chinese cabbage) and mu (radish) kimchi, with and without red pepper powder, were prepared and their characteristics, including ph, colony-forming units (cfu), microbial communities, and metabolites, were periodically monitored for 40days. measurements of ph and cfu showed that the lag phases of kimchi fermentation were clearly extended by the addition of red pepper powder. microbial community analysis using a barcod ...201323290232
development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and an immunochromatographic assay for detection of organophosphorus pesticides in different agricultural products.organophosphorus (op) pesticides are considered hazardous substances because of their high toxicity to nontarget species and their persistence in the environment and agricultural products. therefore, it is important to develop a rapid, sensitive, and economical method for detecting op pesticides and their residues in food and the environment.201223300869
[degradation and bioaccumulation characteristics of ciprofloxacin in soil-vegetable system].a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of applying ciprofloxacin (cip) on the growth of flowering chinese cabbage (brassica campestris), radish (raphanus sativus), tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and long bean (vigna unguiculata), the bioaccumation of cip in the vegetables, and the degradation of the antibiotics in soil. the results showed that applying 5, 30 and 75 mg x kg(-1) of cip had no significant effects on the plant biomass of flowering chinese cabbage, tomato and long b ...201223359930
identification of gene expression profile during fertilization in brassica campestris subsp. chinensis.fertilization is controlled by a complex gene regulatory network. to study the fertilization mechanism, we determined time courses of the four developmental stages of fertilization in chinese cabbage pak-choi (brassica campestris subsp. chinensis) by cytological observation. we then used the arabidopsis ath1 microarray to characterize the gene expression profiles of pollinated and unpollinated pistils in b. campestris subsp. chinensis. the result showed 44 up-regulated genes and 33 down-regulate ...201323379337
pedobacter namyangjuensis sp. nov. isolated from soil and reclassification of nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens asker et al. 2008 as pedobacter zeaxanthinifaciens comb. nov.a gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 5g38(t), was isolated from a field cultivated with chinese cabbage in korea. the strain grew at 5-40°c and at ph 6.0-8.0. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis revealed that strain 5g38(t) represented a distinct lineage within the family sphingobacteriaceae and showed the highest 16s rrna gene sequence similarity of 95.2% with pedobacter koreensis wpcb189(t), followed by pedobacter agri pb92(t) (94.6%), ...201323456708
influence of stress hormones on the auxin homeostasis in brassica rapa seedlings.key message : stress hormones, particularly jasmonic acid, influenced root growth, auxin levels, and transcription of auxin amidohydrolase briar3 in brassica rapa seedlings, while auxin conjugate synthetases brgh3.1 and brgh3.9 were down-regulated by all treatments. the influence of stress hormones: jasmonic acid (ja), salicylic acid (sa), and abscisic acid (aba) on 1-day-old seedlings of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) was investigated with particular focus on auxin levels an ...201323508255
homoeologous gsl-elong gene replacement for manipulation of aliphatic glucosinolates in brassica rapa l. by marker assisted selection.aliphatic glucosinolates are the predominant sulfur-rich plant secondary metabolites in economically important brassica crops. glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products are involved in plant-microbe, plant-insect, plant-animal, and plant-human interactions. it is, therefore, important to manipulate glucosinolate profiles and contents in brassica species. in this study, aliphatic glucosinolates were genetically manipulated through homoeologous recombination in backcross lines followed by marke ...201323532458
characterization and expression analysis of dirigent family genes related to stresses in brassica.the dirigent (dir) genes are playing a vital role in enhancing stress resistance in different crop plants. in this study, we collected 29 dir like genes, two from a brassica rapa cv. osome full length cdna library and 27 from the b. rapa database designated as b. rapa dirigent (brdir) like genes. sequence analysis and a comparison study of these genes confirmed that seven were dirigent and the remaining 22 were dirigent like genes. expression analysis revealed an organ specific expression of the ...201323562798
identification of differentially accumulating pistil proteins associated with self-incompatibility of non-heading chinese cabbage.non-heading chinese cabbage (brassica campestris l. ssp. chinensis makino), an important vegetable crop in china, exhibits a typical sporophytic self-incompatibility (si) system. to better understand the mechanism of si response and identify potential candidate proteins involved in the si system of this vegetable crop, the proteomic approach was taken to identify differential accumulating pistil proteins. pistils were collected at 0 h and 2 h after self-pollination at anthesis in self-incompatib ...201423581423
fine mapping of the clubroot resistance gene crb and development of a useful selectable marker in brassica rapa.in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), the clubroot resistance (cr) gene crb is effective against plasmodiophora brassicae isolate no. 14, which is classified as pathotype group 3. although markers linked to crb have been reported, an accurate position in the genome and the gene structure are unknown. to determine the genomic location and estimate the structure of crb, we developed 28 markers (average distance, 20.4 kb) around crb and constructed a high-density partial map. the precise position of ...201323641188
copper toxicity in chinese cabbage is not influenced by plant sulphur status, but affects sulphur metabolism-related gene expression and the suggested regulatory metabolites.the toxicity of high copper (cu) concentrations in the root environment of chinese cabbage (brassica pekinensis) was little influenced by the sulphur nutritional status of the plant. however, cu toxicity removed the correlation between sulphur metabolism-related gene expression and the suggested regulatory metabolites. at high tissue cu levels, there was no relation between sulphur metabolite levels viz. total sulphur, sulphate and water-soluble non-protein thiols, and the expression and activit ...201423648043
deciphering the diploid ancestral genome of the mesohexaploid brassica rapa.the genus brassica includes several important agricultural and horticultural crops. their current genome structures were shaped by whole-genome triplication followed by extensive diploidization. the availability of several crucifer genome sequences, especially that of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), enables study of the evolution of the mesohexaploid brassica genomes from their diploid progenitors. we reconstructed three ancestral subgenomes of b. rapa (n = 10) by comparing its whole-genome seq ...201323653472
[phytoavailability and chemical speciation of cadmium in different cd-contaminated soils with crop root return].pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate the effects of crop root return on succeeding crops growth, cd uptake and soil cd speciation in cd-contaminated soil and artificial cd-contaminated soil. the results showed that the amount of root residue returned to soil by corn and kidney bean growth successive for 3 times was 0.4%-1.1%. the cd returned to soil by root residue was 1.3%-3.5% to the total soil cd. there was no significant difference in the shoot dry weights ...201323668141
characterization of genes required for the pathogenicity of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pcc21 in chinese cabbage.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a well-known plant pathogen that causes severe soft rot disease in various crops, resulting in considerable economic loss. to identify pathogenicity-related factors, chinese cabbage was inoculated with 5314 transposon mutants of p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pcc21 derived using tn5 transposon mutagenesis. a total of 35 reduced-virulence or avirulent mutants were isolated, and 14 loci were identified. the 14 loci could be functionally grouped i ...201323676432
biocontrol of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum using bacteriophage pp1.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (formerly erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) is a plant pathogen that causes soft rot and stem rot diseases in several crops, including chinese cabbage, potato, and tomato. to control this bacterium, we isolated a bacteriophage, pp1, with lytic activity against p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. transmission electron microscopy revealed that the pp1 phage belongs to the podoviridae family of the order caudovirales, which exhibit icosahedral heads ...201323727798
identification of lactic acid bacteria in salted chinese cabbage by sds-page and pcr-dgge.lactic acid bacteria (lab) in salted chinese cabbage, the main ingredient of kimchi, were analyzed by culture-dependent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), followed by sequencing of the 16s rrna gene and by culture-independent polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge), followed by sequencing of the v3 region of the 16s rrna gene. the results were compared to those of lab that had previously been found in kimchi.201423749756
hurdle enhancement of slightly acidic electrolyzed water antimicrobial efficacy on chinese cabbage, lettuce, sesame leaf and spinach using ultrasonication and water wash.slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew) is well known as a good sanitizer against foodborne pathogens on fresh vegetables. however, microbial reductions from saew treatment are not enough to ensure produce safety. therefore, it is necessary to improve its antimicrobial efficiency by combining it with other appropriate approaches. this study examined the microbicidal activity of saew (ph 5.2-5.5, oxidation reduction potential 500-600 mv, available chlorine concentration 21-22 mg/l) on chinese c ...201323764218
genotypic differences in nitrate uptake, translocation and assimilation of two chinese cabbage cultivars [brassica campestris l. ssp. chinensis (l.)].a hydroponic trial was conducted to investigate genotypic differences in nitrate uptake, translocation and assimilation between low nitrate accumulator l18 and high accumulator h96 of chinese cabbage [brassica campestris l. ssp. chinensis (l.)]. the results suggested that h96 could uptake more nitrate than l18 in the root but lower transport inside leaf cells and assimilation in the leaf. it was showed that root morphology parameters - length, surface area and volume of h96 were 18.0%, 31.6% and ...201323770590
quantification of alternaria brassicicola infection in the arabidopsis thaliana and brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis.black spot caused by alternaria brassicicola is an important fungal disease affecting cruciferous crops, including korean cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis). the interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and alt. brassicicola is a representative model system, and objective estimation of disease progression is indispensable for accurate functional analyses. five strains caused black spot symptom progression on korean cabbage and ara. thaliana ecotype col-0. in particular, challenge with the ...201323842466
ectopic expression of brayab1-702, a member of yabby gene family in chinese cabbage, causes leaf curling, inhibition of development of shoot apical meristem and flowering stage delaying in arabidopsis thaliana.yabby gene family plays an important role in the polarity development of lateral organs. we isolated the brayab1-702 gene, a member of the yabby gene family, from young leaves of chinese cabbage line 06j45. the full-length gene has a 937 bp cdna sequence and contains an open reading frame (orf) of 702 bp. the subcellular localization analysis showed that the expression product of the gene was localized in the nucleus. ectopic expression of brayab1-702 in arabidopsis thaliana caused leaf curling ...201323863694
myb transcription factors regulate glucosinolate biosynthesis in different organs of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).in this study, we investigated the expression of seven myb transcription factors (a total of 17 genes that included dof1.1, iqd1-1, myb28, myb29, myb34, myb51, and myb122 and their isoforms) involved in aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate (gsl) biosynthesis and analyzed the aliphatic and indolic gsl content in different organs of chinese cabbage (brassica rapassp. pekinensis). myb28 and myb29 expression in the stem was dramatically different when compared with the levels in the other organs. myb ...201323881053
gene ontology based characterization of expressed sequence tags (ests) of brassica rapa cv. osome.chinese cabbage (brassica rapa) is widely recognized for its economic importance and contribution to human nutrition but abiotic and biotic stresses are main obstacle for its quality, nutritional status and production. in this study, 3,429 express sequence tag (est) sequences were generated from b. rapa cv. osome cdna library and the unique transcripts were classified functionally using a gene ontology (go) hierarchy, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (kegg). kegg orthology and the structu ...201323898551
[accumulation law of epigoitrin in roots of isatis indigotica of different breed types].to study the distribution law of epigoitrin in roots of isatis indigotica of different breed types and provide a scientific basis for screening of high-quality isatis indigotica breed.201323901642
chemical stabilization of cadmium in acidic soil using alkaline agronomic and industrial by-products.in situ immobilization of heavy metals using reactive or stabilizing materials is a promising solution for soil remediation. therefore, four agronomic and industrial by-products [wood biochar (wb), crushed oyster shell (os), blast furnace slag (bfs), and fluidized-bed crystallized calcium (fbcc)] and caco3 were added to acidic soil (cd = 8.71 mg kg(-1)) at the rates of 1%, 2%, and 4% and incubated for 90 d. chinese cabbage (brassica chinensis l.) was then planted in the soil to test the cd uptak ...201323947715
occurrence of stiretrus decastigmus (herrich-schaeffer) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) preying on microtheca semilaevis stal (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).microtheca semilaevis stal is a phythophagous insect associated to brassicaceae, and frequently occurs with other species of beetles, such as microtheca ochroloma stal. despite its importance to organic farmers, there is no information in the brazilian literature about its natural enemies. stiretrus decastigmus (herrich-schaeffer) was first found and here reported preying an adult of m. semilaevis in chinese cabbage in santa maria, rs, brazil (29°43'28″s, 53°43'19″w).201223950015
genome-wide analysis of the ap2/erf transcription factor superfamily in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is a member of one of the most important leaf vegetables grown worldwide, which has experienced thousands of years in cultivation and artificial selection. the entire chinese cabbage genome sequence, and more than forty thousand proteins have been obtained to date. the genome has undergone triplication events since its divergence from arabidopsis thaliana (13 to 17 mya), however a high degree of sequence similarity and conserved genome structure re ...201323972083
chinese cabbage clubroot pathogen, plasmodiophora brassicae, is genetically stable.single spore isolates of plasmodiophora brassicae e4 and e9 obtained from diseased chinese cabbage were identified as race 4 and race 9, respectively, by the williams' differential variety set. to confirm the possibility of variation in same generation and progeny of a single spore isolate of p. brassicae, random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis was conducted using the urp 3, 6 and opa 7 primers. there was no difference in band type at each part of the gall of chinese cabbage obtained b ...200923983538
identification, expression, and comparative genomic analysis of the ipt and ckx gene families in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).cytokinins (cks) have significant roles in various aspects of plant growth and development, and they are also involved in plant stress adaptations. the fine-tuning of the controlled ck levels in individual tissues, cells, and organelles is properly maintained by isopentenyl transferases (ipts) and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases (ckxs). chinese cabbage is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide. the whole genome sequencing of brassica rapa enables us to perform the geno ...201324001366
pseudosigmoidea ibarakiensis sp. nov., a dark septate endophytic fungus from a cedar forest in ibaraki, japan.a dark septate fungus of pseudosigmoidea, hyphomycetes, was recovered from forest soil in ibaraki prefecture, japan. the isolate is characterized by pale to brown conidia with up to 8 septa measuring 68-132 × 4-7.9 mm. it is also unique in producing conidia borne by long conidogenious cells in agar medium with or without water, compared to p. cranei, which must be immersed in water to sporulate. morphological analysis indicated that the isolate is distinct from p. cranei and is described as a ne ...201324005845
the maturation zone is an important target of piriformospora indica in chinese cabbage roots.the mutualistic symbiont piriformospora indica exhibits a great potential in agriculture. the interaction between p. indica and chinese cabbage (brassica campestris cv. chinensis) results in growth and biomass promotion of the host plant and in particular in root hair development. the resulting highly bushy root phenotype of colonized chinese cabbage seedlings differs substantially from reports of other plant species, which prompted the more detailed study of this symbiosis. a large-scale expres ...201324006423
disarming the jasmonate-dependent plant defense makes nonhost arabidopsis plants accessible to the american serpentine leafminer.here, we analyzed the interaction between arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and the american serpentine leafminer (liriomyza trifolii), an important and intractable herbivore of many cultivated plants. we examined the role of the immunity-related plant hormone jasmonate (ja) in the plant response and resistance to leafminer feeding to determine whether ja affects host suitability for leafminers. the expression of marker genes for the ja-dependent plant defense was induced by leafminer feeding o ...201324022267
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