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development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was developed. the method used a set of two pairs of primers to amplify the pol gene for detecting rev, showing high specificity and sensitivity. the rev lamp method did not cross-react with common avian dna viruses (marek's disease virus, chicken anaemia virus, avian leucosis virus of subgroup j). additionally, the assay could detect different rev strains and had a detection limit of ...201020435068
microrna-26a-mediated regulation of interleukin-2 expression in transformed avian lymphocyte lines.abstract:201020441582
generation of retroviral particles for the spleen necrosis virus (snv)-based vector system and their use in transduction of various cell types.genetically engineered retroviruses are widely used for gene delivery into human cells. a number of investigators have studied spleen necrosis virus (snv) as a vehicle for gene delivery. vectors developed from snv and its closely associated avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) can be used for gene transfer into a variety of cells, including primary hematopoietic cells and human brain and post-mitotic neuronal cells that are difficult to transduce with other vector systems. snv-base ...201020516173
industrial hygiene assessment of reticuloendotheliosis viruses exposure in the poultry industry.reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) are a group of retroviruses like avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (alsv) that naturally infect and cause cancers in chickens. we recently found that alsv antibody levels were associated with job tasks in the poultry industry. the objectives of this study are to examine whether a similar association can be found with rev antibody levels and to examine the correlation between rev and alsv antibody levels.201020865275
preliminary molecular characterization of a fowl poxvirus isolate in grenada.two 1-mo-old local breed chickens, with gross lesions in the skin of the head region suspected to be fowl poxvirus infection, were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the school of veterinary medicine, grenada, west indies. cutaneous lesions were collected from these birds for virus isolation, histopathologic diagnosis, and molecular analysis. fowl poxvirus infection was confirmed by virus isolation in chicken embryo and by histopathology. molecular characterization of the fowl poxvirus wa ...201020945792
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant of fowl pox vaccines.this study was designed to detect reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) as a contaminant in fowl pox vaccines. a total of 30 fowl pox vaccine samples were examined for the presence of rev using both in vitro and in vivo methods. in in vitro testing, the fowl pox vaccine samples were inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures prepared from specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs, and the cultures were examined using pcr to detect rev. in in vivo testing, each fowl pox vaccine sample w ...201020952701
characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in various geographical regions in the united states.nine reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in three different geographical regions in the usa, and three isolates obtained from known contaminated live-virus vaccines were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) assays. all isolates were propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts obtained from a specific pathogen free breeder flock. pcr analysis of all 12 isolates resulted i ...201020954015
haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma caused by subgroup j avian leukosis virus in a commercial layer flock.an outbreak of simultaneously occurring haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma was observed in a commercial layer flock in china. the sick chickens were extremely thin and dehydrated. scattered haemangiomas were found on the claws, breast and wings. at necropsy, haemangiomas and some other nodular tumours were also found in the internal organs. in addition, diffuse enlargement of the liver and spleen appeared in some birds. histopathologically, haemangiomas were typically cavernous haemangioma ...201021087914
differential mortality and lesion responses to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in marek's disease-resistant and susceptible chicken lines. 197821302071
molecular characteristics of polish field strains of marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens.twenty-nine marek's disease virus (mdv) strains were isolated during a 3 year period (2007-2010) from vaccinated and infected chicken flocks in poland. these strains had caused severe clinical symptoms and lesions. in spite of proper vaccination with mono- or bivalent vaccines against marek's disease (md), the chickens developed symptoms of md with paralysis.because of this we decided to investigate possible changes and mutations in the field strains that could potentially increase their virulen ...201121320336
artificially inserting a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of marek's disease virus (mdv) alters expression of nearby mdv genes.researchers reported that co-cultivating the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in an rev long terminal repeat (ltr) being inserted into the internal repeat short (irs) region of jm/102w. when the resulting recombinant virus was serially passed in cell culture, the initial ltr was duplicated and a second ltr spontaneously appeared in the terminal repeat short (trs) region of the mdv genome. the virus, designated rm1, was significantly at ...201121340512
activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in oncogenic transformation by v-rel.v-rel, encoded by the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, is an acutely transforming member of the rel/nf-?b family of transcription factors. transformation by v-rel is mediated by the aberrant expression of genes that are normally regulated by rel/nf-?b. here, we demonstrate activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in rel transformation. rna and protein levels of key tgf-ß and smad family members (tgf-ß2, -ß3, tgf-ß type ii receptor, and smad3) are upregulated in v-rel transformed cells wi ...201121345476
detection of fowl poxvirus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences from an outbreak in backyard chickens in india.fowl poxvirus (fpv) infection was observed in unvaccinated backyard chickens. a total of 15 birds were affected in a flock of 37. pock lesions were observed on the comb, eyelids, beak and wattles. the birds appeared sick with roughened feathers and stunted growth. no mortality was recorded. dna was isolated from scabs and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to amplify the 4b core protein gene of fpv, the envelope (env) gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the region of fpv fla ...201121706467
a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of long terminal repeat regions and envelope protein gene sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian blood samples.the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) group of retroviruses infects a wide range of avian species, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and prairie chickens. the objective of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of rev in whole blood samples. in order to increase the diagnostic sensitivity, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that detects both the envelope protein gene (env) and the long terminal repeat (lt ...201121908350
rapid detection of marek's disease viral genome in chicken feathers by loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) was developed. the method used a set of three pairs of primers to amplify the meq gene for detecting serotype 1 mdv. the mdv lamp method did not cross-react with serotype 2 and serotype 3, nor did the lamp primers have binding sites for the common avian dna viruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus, chicken anemia virus, subgroup j of the avian leucosis virus). additionally, the as ...201122170920
development of taqman real-time pcr assay for detection and quantitation of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a highly sensitive real-time pcr method was developed in this study for reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) detection and quantitation. the real-time pcr method, with a minimum detection limit of 10 proviral dna copies, was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional pcr. it was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other common avian dna viruses. the coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. the chicken β-ac ...201122178653
Development of an indirect ELISA for serological detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus using the gp90 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris.The present study was undertaken to express the gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its potential use as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA. The full-length gp90 gene of REV was cloned into pPIC9k vector and then integrated into the chromosome of P. pastoris for induced expression. SDS-PAGE and western blot assay demonstrated that gp90 protein was expressed and secreted into the culture medium at about 100mg/L of culture under optimized condition. An indi ...201122207082
recombinant gp90 protein expressed in pichia pastoris induces a protective immune response against reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, the gp90 protein of rev was secretory expressed in pichia pastoris with high production level and good antigenicity. to fully utilize the expression potential of the p. pastoris expression system, a panel of pichia clones carrying increasing copies of the gp90 expression cassette was created using an in vitro multimerization approach and the effects of g ...201222314135
construction and characterization of the infectious clone of reticuloendotheliosis virus carrying a genetic marker.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease, which posed substantial threats to the commercial poultry industry. however, researches on the molecular epidemiology and the pathogenic mechanism of rev are still scant. in this study, a full-length genome cdna of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strain hljr0901, which was isolated from layer in china, was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. the genome of hljr0901 was 8284 bp long, and the genbank accession numbe ...201222406324
new pathogenetic characters of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from chinese partridge in specific-pathogen-free chickens.avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can induce a runting syndrome, immunosuppression, acute reticulum cell neoplasia and lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds. to evaluate the pathogenicity and oncogenicity of rev-jx0927 that isolated from chinese partridge, experimental inoculated day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens were examined at regular intervals. the examination procedures included hematology, serology and histopathology; also including imm ...201222579709
differential detection of avian oncogenic viruses in poultry layer farms and turkeys by use of multiplex pcr.avian oncogenic viruses include marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious herpesvirus, as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (alv) subgroups a to j and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). in this study, we examined the incidence of these viruses in suspected samples collected from poultry layer farms of south india, mainly in the namakkal district of tamil nadu, a highly dense poultry-growing area in india. the histopathology-positive tissue sections were identified and furt ...201222675132
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity.co-cultivation of the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in the generation of a recombinant mdv containing the rev long terminal repeat (ltr) named the rm1 strain of mdv, a strain that was highly attenuated for oncogenicity but induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy. we hypothesize that the phenotypic changes were solely due to the ltr insertion. furthermore, we hypothesize that insertion of rev ltr into an analogous location in a diff ...201222702453
malignant lymphoma of t-cell origin in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens).multicentric t-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in two birds from separate zoological collections: one in a 27-year-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and the second in an adult pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). the main clinical sign in the penguin was dysphagia caused by lymphoma formation in the esophagus. besides the esophageal lymphoma, neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, lung, proventriculus, and gizzard. the pelican was foun ...201222872983
probable congenital transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus caused by vaccination with contaminated vaccines.contaminated vaccine is one unexpected and potential origin of virus infection. in order to investigate the most likely cause of disease in a broiler breeder company of shandong province, all 17 batches of live-virus vaccines used in the affected flocks and 478 tissue samples were tested by dot-blot hybridization, nested pcr, and ifa. the results suggested the outbreak of disease was most probably due to the vaccination of rev-contaminated md-cvi988/rispens vaccines and nd-lasota+ib-h120 vaccine ...201222912872
pathogenicity of bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens.multiple infections of bordetella avium (b. avium) with virus, especially immunosuppressive virus, have become more and more severe in chickens in china. the increasing morbidity and mortality of its complications have amplified concerns about the impact of b. avium on animal health. to evaluate the pathogenicity of b. avium under immunosuppression status, we developed four types of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection models. after a comparison of body weight, relative immune organ index ...201322990029
complete genomic sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus from china.the complete proviral sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) associated with spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease in 2011 in zhejiang province, china, was determined. comparative sequence analyses indicate that the present rev is most closely related to the chicken-origin rev isolate hljr0901 and the goose-origin isolate goose/3410/06. these findings suggest that chickens or geese may transmit the rev to muscovy ducks.201223118464
complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert.marek's disease virus (mdv) chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant mdv field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. gx0101 belongs to very virulent mdv (vvmdv) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvmdv strain md5. the complete genome sequence of gx0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one rev-ltr insert at a site 267 nt u ...201223166235
identification of a conserved b-cell epitope on reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library.the gp90 protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. b-cell epitopes on the gp90 protein of rev have not been well studied and reported.201223185456
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus by dna prime-protein boost vaccination.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, an optimal vaccination strategy was developed to enhance the immune responses against rev infection. chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with plasmid pcaggp90 encoding gp90 protein of rev, or with recombinant gp90 protein, or vaccinated with plasmid pcaggp90 and then boosted with recombinant gp90 protein. the humoral immune responses were moni ...201323422145
avian leukosis virus subgroup j associated with the outbreak of erythroblastosis in chickens in china.emaciation, depression and lethargy were observed in two flocks of chinese local breed and one flock of commercial layer chicken infected naturally from 2010 to 2011. the aims of this study were to diagnose.201323521848
sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek's disease virus strain, gx0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.marek's disease virus chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. we constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of gx0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. using the gx0101 bac clone, the complete genome of gx0101 was sequenced and analyzed. ...201323553452
detection of anti-reticuloendotheliosis virus antibody by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with expression envelope protein.the current reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) antibody detection kit that uses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) needs concentrated virus, which is difficult to obtain due to its poor propagation in cells. in addition, this kit detects only chicken antibody but not other species. to overcome these disadvantages, we cloned and expressed rev env gene to develop monoclonal antibodies (mabs), which we used for antibody detection in elisa. three mabs were prepared from mice. these three mabs ...201323678732
protection of chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection by dna vaccination.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of dna vaccination to protect chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection and to determine whether codon optimization and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wpre) could improve the immunogenicity of the dna vaccines. the wild-type and codon-optimized gp90 genes of rev were cloned into pcaggs vector, and designated as pcaggp90 and pcagoptigp90, respectively. plasmids pcagwgp90 and pcagwopt ...201323764274
a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido).recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ...201323805542
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in northeast china.to analyze the status of reticuloendotheliosis (re) infection of wild birds in china, 585 samples from wild birds collected in liaoning, jilin and heilongjiang provinces china were investigated and analyzed. the sampled birds represent 3 orders and more than 40 species. virus isolation and pcr amplification showed that some of the wild birds were infected with rev, and 10 rev strains were isolated. the gp90 gene from each of the 10 rev strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. sequence analy ...201323845736
latency and tumorigenesis in marek's disease.despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of marek's disease (md) and the causative marek's disease virus (mdv) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in mdv-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despit ...201323901747
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into the genome of cvi988 strain of marek's disease virus results in enhanced growth and protection.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by serotype 1 md virus (mdv). vaccination of commercial poultry has drastically reduced losses from md, and the poultry industry cannot be sustained without the use of vaccines. retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus genomes is an efficient process that alters the biological properties of herpesviruses. rm1, a virus derived from the virulent jm strain of mdv, by insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis (rev) long terminal repe ...201323901756
mixed infections of marek's disease and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in layer flocks in argentina.the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was examined in flocks affected with marek's disease (md). sera were positive to rev antibodies by agar gel precipitation. however, these findings were not conclusive since fowlpox vaccines can have rev fragments or the whole genome inserted. frozen sections from tumors were positive for md virus (mdv) but negative for rev. chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) and chicken kidney cell (ckc) culture inoculated with buffy coat cells or blood from the aff ...201323901777
enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas in a commercial layer flock.this paper reports an enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas among adult layer hens with lesions on the skin of the legs. the observations were performed in a flock of 55,000 commercial layers (50,000 lohmann white and 5,000 lohmann brown). at the age of 30 weeks, lohmann white layers exhibited a number of growths (at an average of 60 hens per week, representing 0.1% of the flock) in the region of leg toes on a daily basis over 28 weeks that regressed during the remaini ...201323921348
the mongoose, the pheasant, the pox, and the retrovirus.paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses. the existence of a paleovirus can sometimes be detected by virtue of its accidental insertion into the germline of different animal species, which allows one to date when the virus actually existed. however, the ancient and the modern often connect, as modern viruses have unexpected origins that can be traced to ancient infections. the genomes of two species of mongooses and an egg-laying mammal called an echidna show that a virus currently present ...201324013523
complete genome sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain md-2, isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus vaccine.here, we present the complete genomic sequence of a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine. this report will be helpful for epidemiological studies on rev infection in avian flocks.201324092783
biochemical characterization of novel retroviral integrase proteins.integrase is an essential retroviral enzyme, catalyzing the stable integration of reverse transcribed dna into cellular dna. several aspects of the integration mechanism, including the length of host dna sequence duplication flanking the integrated provirus, which can be from 4 to 6 bp, and the nucleotide preferences at the site of integration, are thought to cluster among the different retroviral genera. to date only the spumavirus prototype foamy virus integrase has provided diffractable cryst ...201324124581
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection on cytokine production in spf chickens.infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a gammaretrovirus in the retroviridae family, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. the effects of rev infection on expression of mrna for cytokine genes in chickens have not been completely elucidated. in this study, using multiplex branched dna (bdna) technology, we identified molecular mediators that participated in the regulation of the immune response during rev infection in chickens ...201324358317
existence of variant strains fowlpox virus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in its genome in field isolates in tanzania.fowlpox virus (fpv) is one example of poultry viruses which undergoes recombination with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). trepidation had been raised, and it was well established on augmented pathogenicity of the fpv upon integration of the full intact rev. in this study, we therefore intended at assessing the integration of rev into fpv genome of the field isolates obtained in samples collected from different regions of tanzania. dna extraction of 85 samples (scabs) was performed, and fpv-spe ...201424557589
skin involvement in lymphomas caused by marek's disease virus infection in silkie chickens.the silkie is a typical chinese breed of chicken. in 2012, batches of silkies were found to have diffuse tumor-like nodules on their skin after feather removal, when they were slaughtered at about 60 days old. gross examination showed no visible neoplastic lesions on the visceral organs and peripheral nerves, except slight splenomegaly in individual chickens. the disease was prevalent, with high condemnation rates for skin lesions, which caused great economic losses to the company. tissues, incl ...201424583947
an outbreak of lymphomas in a layer chicken flock previously infected with fowlpox virus containing integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus.visceral lymphomas occurred in a 236-day-old layer flock previously diagnosed with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-integrated fowlpox virus (fpv) infection at the age of 77 days. common pathologic lesions were multiple neoplastic nodules of homogeneous lymphocytes in the livers and spleens of all submitted chickens. all neoplastic tissues were positive for the rev envelope (env) gene by pcr. in a retrospective molecular study of fpv-infected 77-day-old chickens from the same flock, we identifi ...201324597128
first isolation of reticuloendotheliosis virus from mallards in china.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in many avian hosts worldwide. rev infection has never been reported in mallard ducks, however. to identify rev infection in mallards, we collected 40 mallard duck samples from jilin province of china. in this study, the rev strain, dbyr1102, was first isolated from a mallard in china and identified by pcr, indirect immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. the gp90 gene and complete ltr of dbyr ...201424643331
highly pathogenic fowlpox virus in cutaneously infected chickens, china.we investigated an acute outbreak of the cutaneous form of fowlpox among chickens in china in november 2009. using pathologic and virologic methods, we identified a novel type of fowlpox virus that carried an integrated genomic sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus. this highly pathogenic virus could lead to severe ecologic effects and economic losses.201424963887
[immunogenicity of co-expressed p30-gp90 against reticuloendotheliosis virus].to study the immunogenicity of co-expression of p30, one of a group specific antigens, and glycoprotein gp90 genes of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev).201424984528
synergetic effects of subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus co-infection on growth retardation and immunosuppression in spf chickens.to further understand the effect of co-infection of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens, the experiment was made to study the pathogenicity, the weight of body and immune organs, response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus subtype h9 (aiv-h9) vaccination. chickens were randomly divided into four groups, which includes injection groups (rev, alv-j, rev plus alv-j), and negative ...201425042879
[isolation and characterization of a non-pathogenic marek's disease virus with a naturally inserted rev ltr sequence].marek's disease virus (mdv), gd06 strain, was isolated from healthy three-yellow chickens without md vaccine. in this study, we characterized gd06 strain.201425272816
avian oncogenic virus differential diagnosis in chickens using oligonucleotide microarray.avian oncogenic viruses include the avian leukosis virus (alv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and marek's disease virus (mdv). multiple oncogenic viral infections are frequently seen, with even marek's disease vaccines reported to be contaminated with alv and rev. the gross lesions caused by avian oncogenic viruses often overlap, making differentiation diagnosis based on histopathology difficult. the objective of this study is to develop a rapid approach to simultaneously differentiate, subg ...201425286179
immunomodulatory effects of taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide and propolis on immunosuppressed chickens.co-infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), which can cause suppressed immunity and vaccination failure, frequently occurs in chicken flocks in china. taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (tppps) and propolis (pp) have been proven to possess immune modulatory effects and improve the immune effects of vaccines. this study aimed to investigate the immune modulatory ability of tppps and pp on chickens co-infected with immunosuppressive vi ...201525450885
synergistic pathogenic effects of co-infection of subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in broiler chickens.to study interactions between avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the effects of co-infection on pathogenicity of these viruses, 1-day-old broiler chicks were infected with alv-j, rev or both alv-j and rev. the results indicated that co-infection of alv-j and rev induced more growth retardation and higher mortality rate than alv-j or rev single infection (p < 0.05). chickens co-infected with alv-j and rev also showed more severe immunosuppression tha ...201525484188
lack of evidence that avian oncogenic viruses are infectious for humans: a review.chickens may be infected with three different oncogenic viruses: avian leukosis virus (alv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and marek's disease herpesvirus (mdv). several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between these viruses and different types of cancer in people working in poultry processing plants and with multiple sclerosis. in this article, we analyze the epidemiological evidence that these viruses are causative agents for human cancer, followed by description of the relev ...201425518427
a recombinant field strain of marek's disease (md) virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert lacking the meq gene as a vaccine against md.marek's disease virus (mdv) gx0101, which is a field strain with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) fragment, shows distinct biological activities. deletion of the meq gene in gx0101 contributes to its complete loss of pathogenicity and oncogenicity in spf chickens, but this virus has a kanamycin resistance gene (kan(r)) residual at the site of meq gene. in the present study, the kan(r) was knocked out and a meq-null virus with a g ...201525562789
common occurrence of gallid herpesvirus-2 with reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens caused by possible contamination of vaccine stocks.the aim of this study was to investigate the common occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) among gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) infected chickens. the possible cause of this co-occurrence may be linked to contaminated vaccine stocks, which were also examined.201525641090
serologic survey of wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and evidence of exposure to avian encephalomyelitis virus in georgia and florida, usa.wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) are susceptible to many of the same diseases as domestic turkeys. before 2005, most wild turkeys in southern georgia, us, had little or no exposure to commercial poultry operations. as part of a pathogen survey examining the effects of commercial poultry on wild turkeys, samples were collected from wild turkeys from march 2005 through may 2008. the turkeys were collected from 13 counties in southern georgia and madison county, florida, and tested for antibodies ...201525647602
isolation, identification, and whole genome sequencing of reticuloendotheliosis virus from a vaccine against marek's disease.according to the requirements of the ministry of agriculture of china, all vaccines must be screened for exogenous virus contamination before commercialization. a freeze-dried vaccine against marek's disease was used to inoculate specific pathogen-free chickens, from which serum samples were collected after 42 days. the results were positive for reticuloendotheliosis virus antibody, which was indicative of reticuloendotheliosis virus contamination. after neutralization with serum positive for ma ...201525725074
isolation and full-genome sequence of two reticuloendotheliosis virus strains from mixed infections with marek's disease virus in china.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), classified as a gammaretrovirus, has a variety of hosts, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and wild birds. rev causes a series of pathological syndromes, especially the immunosuppression of the host, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to other pathogens, thus greatly damaging the poultry industry. mixed infections of rev and marek's disease virus (mdv) have been reported in many countries, including china. previous reports revealed that mdv ...201525850423
key determinants of target dna recognition by retroviral intasomes.retroviral integration favors weakly conserved palindrome sequences at the sites of viral dna joining and generates a short (4-6 bp) duplication of host dna flanking the provirus. we previously determined two key parameters that underlie the target dna preference for prototype foamy virus (pfv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integration: flexible pyrimidine (y)/purine (r) dinucleotide steps at the centers of the integration sites, and base contacts with specific integrase residu ...201525924943
transcriptional profiling of host gene expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus strain ha1101.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a member of the gammaretrovirus genus in the retroviridae family, causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic and runting-stunting syndrome in multiple avian hosts. to better understand the host interactions at the transcriptional level, microarray data analysis was performed in chicken embryo fibroblast cells at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after infection with rev. this study identified 1,785 differentially expressed genes that were classified into several functional group ...201525973612
[development of monoclonal antibodies against the gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus and mapping of their recognition regions].in order to develop monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against the gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), the his-tagged gp90 protein of rev was used to immunize balb/c mice. hybridomas were generated by fusing mouse myeloma cells sp2/0 with the splenocytes from the immunized mice. after screening and 3 rounds of cloning process, 3 hybridomas (3g5-b8, 3g5-a10 and 1g12) that stably secreted mcabs against the rev-gp90 were obtained. the isotypes of the mcabs were determined to be igg1, igg1 ...201526021081
soluble expression and enzymatic activity evaluation of protease from reticuloendotheliosis virus.the protease (pr) encoded by most retroviruses is deeply involved in the lifecycle and infection process of retroviruses by possessing the specificity necessary to correctly cleave the viral polyproteins and host cell proteins. however, as an important representative of avian retroviruses, the enzymatic properties of pr from reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) have not been clearly documented. the recombinant pr, its mutant fused with a his-tag, and its substrate p18-p30 fused with a gst-tag were ...201526102339
pathotyping of recent indian field isolates of marek's disease virus serotype 1.a study was undertaken to assess the virulence of marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 field isolates obtained from poultry flocks of southern part of india. five representative mdv serotype 1 strains were isolated from eighty-six blood samples collected from fifteen farms. three out of five isolates which were free from avian leukosis virus (alv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) were adapted in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) culture and designated as ind/tn/11/01, ind/ka/12/02 and ind/t ...201526104332
construction and characterization of a recombinant reticuloendotheliosis virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease in chickens and other birds. in this study, based on an infectious clone of rev, named hljr0901, a recombinant virus containing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (egfp) gene was constructed by inserting the egfp expression cassette downstream of the 3' terminus of the viral env gene. an egfp-tagged rev that stably expresses egfp was rescued. this visible recombinant rev could contribute to the further under ...201526112763
influence of avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat on biological activities of marek's disease virus.gx0101 was the first reported field strain of recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) that contained a long terminal repeat (ltr) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). it is a very virulent mdv strain, with relatively high horizontal transmission ability. the rev ltr in gx0101 genome was proved to decrease the pathogenicity but increase the potential for horizontal transmission of the virus. here we constructed a recombinant mdv gx0101-alv-ltr to study stability of avian leukosis virus (al ...201526274570
the "complex" rna post-transcriptional element of a "simple" retrovirus.replication of retroviruses and transposition of endogenous retroelements exploits a unique mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation as a means of exporting their incompletely-spliced mrnas (which serve as both the genomic rna and the template for protein synthesis). following discovery of the rev response element (rre) that mediates nucleocytoplasmic export of the full-length and singly-spliced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) genome, equivalent cis-acting regulatory elements hav ...201726442179
development, characterization and optimization of a new suspension chicken-induced pluripotent cell line for the production of newcastle disease vaccine.traditionally, substrates for production of viral poultry vaccines have been embryonated eggs or adherent primary cell cultures. the difficulties and cost involved in scaling up these substrates in cases of increased demand have been a limitation for vaccine production. here, we assess the ability of a newly developed chicken-induced pluripotent cell line, ba3, to support replication and growth of newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota vaccine strain. the characteristics and growth profile of the ...201626586283
simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken viruses using a gexp analyser-based multiplex pcr assay.immunosuppressive viruses are frequently found as co-infections in the chicken industry, potentially causing serious economic losses. because traditional molecular biology methods have limited detection ability, a rapid, high-throughput method for the differential diagnosis of these viruses is needed. the objective of this study is to develop a genomelab gene expression profiler analyser-based multiplex pcr method (gexp-multiplex pcr) for simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken ...201526715327
duck lymphocytes. viii. t-lymphoblastoid cell lines from reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumours.the t strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-t) obtained, along with the helper chicken syncytia virus (csv), from the cso4 cell line was highly oncogenic and rapidly fatal in ducks. tumours were mainly seen in spleen, but neoplastic cells were observed microscopically in many organs. in vitro rev transformation of duck lymphocytes failed to yield stable cell lines, so cells from organs (blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, bursa of fabricius) of infected birds were used to establish cell ...199926911503
deletion of the bac sequences from recombinant meq-null marek's disease (md) virus increases immunosuppression while maintaining protective efficacy against md.marek's disease virus (mdv) gx0101 is a field strain of mdv with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) fragment. both copies of the meq gene were knocked out in the gx0101 bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone to construct the recombinant virus sc9-1, resulting in a complete lack of pathogenicity and providing better protection against md than cvi988/rispens. in the present study, the bac sequences in sc9-1 were removed using a ...201626957626
isolation and pathogenic analysis of virulent marek's disease virus field strain in china.marek's disease (md) has become increasingly common in china, resulting in considerable economic loss. the etiological agent is unclear. in this study, we isolated a field md virus (mdv) strain, designated sx1301, from cvi988/rispens-vaccinated chickens with tumors. co-infection of avian leukosis virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, and chicken infectious anemia virus was excluded by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, dna blotting hybridization, and indirect immunofluor ...201626976907
emergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus in pigeons in guangdong province, southern china.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an important immunosuppressive pathogen, has many hosts, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and wild birds. clinically, rev may lead to increased susceptibility to other pathogens, resulting in serious tissue damage (especially tumors) and the death of its host. in this study, we encountered a disease outbreak resulting in a large number of deaths of pigeons in guangdong province, southern china. histopathological analysis revealed apparent tumor-like l ...201627120185
development of a real-time quantitative rt-pcr to detect rev contamination in live vaccine.based on the published avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) whole genome sequence, primers and taqman probes were designed and synthesized, and the taqman probe fluorescence real-time quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) method for detecting the rev pol gene was established by optimizing the reaction conditions. sensitivity analysis showed that the qrt-pcr method had a sensitivity that was 1,000-fold higher than conventional pcr. additionally, no amplification signals were obtained when we attempted ...201627122388
transcriptional and bioinformatic analysis provide a relationship between host response changes to marek's disease viruses infection and an integrated long terminal repeat.gx0101, marek's disease virus (mdv) strain with a long terminal repeat (ltr) insert of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), was isolated from cvi988/rispens vaccinated birds showing tumors. we have constructed a ltr deleted strain gx0101δltr in our previous study. to compare the host responses to gx0101 and gx0101δltr, chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) cells were infected with two mdv strains and a gene-chip containing chicken genome was employed to examine gene transcription changes in host cells ...201627200301
protective efficacy of a recombinant bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus containing a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat.marek's disease virus (mdv), an alphaherpesvirus, causes marek's disease (md), a lymphoproliferative disease in poultry characterized by t-cell lymphomas, nerve lesions, and mortality. vaccination is used worldwide to control md, but increasingly virulent field strains can overcome this protection, driving a need to create new vaccines. previous studies revealed that insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) into a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of a ...201627258614
impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. these transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. there is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as marek's disease viru ...201627359320
genome analysis and pathogenicity of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from a contaminated vaccine seed against infectious bursal disease virus: first report in china.specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens were inoculated with the virus seed of an infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv)-attenuated vaccine, and positive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) antibody levels were subsequently detected in the chicken sera, indicating potential rev contamination of the vaccine. after neutralization with ibdv-positive blood serum, the vaccine was inoculated into df-1 cells for rev isolation and identification. an rev strain, designated ibd-c1605, was identified using an ...201627609617
expression patterns of endogenous avian retrovirus alve1 and its response to infection with exogenous avian tumour viruses.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) are genomic elements that are present in a wide range of vertebrates and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. however, the characteristic expression patterns of ervs, particularly in virus-induced tumours, is not fully clear. dna methylation was analysed by bisulfite pyrosequencing, and gene expression was analysed by rt-qpcr. in this study, we first found that the endogenous avian retrovirus alve1 was highly expressed in some chic ...201727686071
gp85 genetic diversity of avian leukosis virus subgroup j among different individual chickens from a native flock.to compare the genetic diversity and quasispecies evolution of avian leukosis virus (alv) among different individuals, 5 chickens, raised in shandong provice of china, were randomly selected from a local chicken flock associated with serious tumor cases. blood samples were collected and inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast and df-1 cell lines for virus isolation and identification, respectively, of marek's disease virus (mdv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and alv. five strains of alv ...201627794054
analysis of microrna expression profile in specific pathogen-free chickens in response to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is an avian retrovirus that causes immunosuppression, growth retardation, and oncogenesis in a variety of birds. rev infection is epidemic in many countries. in this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to identify micrornas (mirnas) associated with rev infection. a total of 88 differentially expressed mirnas were identified in samples collected on days 21 and 28 post-rev infection. possible target genes of the differentially expressed mirnas were analyzed. ...201728032193
analysis of the spleen proteome of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a gammaretrovirus in the family retroviridae, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. in the present study, we identified differentially expressed proteins in the spleens of chickens infected with the rev-a hlj07i strain, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis on samples from time points coinciding with different phases of the rev life cycle. differentially expressed proteins were identi ...201728097424
activation of gga-mir-155 by reticuloendotheliosis virus t strain and its contribution to transformation.the v-rel oncoprotein encoded by reticuloendotheliosis virus t strain (rev-t) is a member of the rel/nf-κb family of transcription factors capable of transformation of primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. rapid transformation of avian haematopoietic cells by v-rel occurs through a process of deregulation of multiple protein-encoding genes through its direct effect on their promoters. more recently, upregulation of oncogenic mir-155 and its precursor pre-mir-155 were demonstrated in rev- ...201728113043
wild birds, a source of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection for the endangered attwater's prairie-chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri)?reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infects a wide range of avian species. since 1998, when it was first reported in a captive flock of the endangered attwater's prairie-chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri; apc), rev has plagued apc recovery efforts. while rev frequently occurs in captive bird flocks throughout the world, including commercial poultry, the reservoir for initial infection of flocks is poorly understood. from 2008-2016, 412 blood samples and 216 liver samples collected from 32 spe ...201728192047
characterization of a gallid herpesvirus 2 strain with novel reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat inserts.a bacterial artificial chromosome clone, designated lcy, was constructed from a gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) isolate from a gahv-2 and reticuloendotheliosis virus co-infected clinical sample. the lcy gahv-2 insert was sequenced and found to consist of 175,319 nucleotides. lcy gahv-2 open reading frames (orfs) had a high sequence identity to those of reference strains. the major difference was that two rev long terminal repeats (ltrs), in the same direction, were inserted at the internal repeat ...201728194622
genomic characterization of two novel pathogenic avipoxviruses isolated from pacific shearwaters (ardenna spp.).over the past 20 years, many marine seabird populations have been gradually declining and the factors driving this ongoing deterioration are not always well understood. avipoxvirus infections have been found in a wide range of bird species worldwide, however, very little is known about the disease ecology of avian poxviruses in seabirds. here we present two novel avipoxviruses from pacific shearwaters (ardenna spp), one from a flesh-footed shearwater (a. carneipes) (swpv-1) and the other from a ...201728407753
immunoprotection induced by cpg-odn/poly(i:c) combined with recombinant gp90 protein in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection.the present study is focused on investigating the immunoprotective effects of cpg-odn/poly(i:c) combined with the viral glycoprotein gp90 protein against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection in chickens. rev's gp90 gene was amplified from the rev-infected cells and expressed in escherichia coli (e.coli). the expressed products, upon purification, were inoculated into 7-day-old chickens with pbs, cpg-odn or poly(i:c) adjuvant; two booster inoculations were then conducted, and then each chi ...201728465147
co-infection with marek's disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus increases illness severity and reduces marek's disease vaccine efficacy.marek's disease virus (mdv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) cause marek's disease (md) and reticuloendotheliosis (re), respectively. co-infection with mdv and rev is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. however, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. in this study, chinese field strains of mdv (zw/15) and rev (jlr1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of md vaccination in chickens. ...201728635675
molecular epidemiology of avian poxvirus in the oriental turtle dove (streptopelia orientalis) and the biting midge (culicoides arakawae) in the republic of korea.a total of 600 wild birds were analyzed for the causes of mortality in the republic of korea (rok) from 2011 to 2013. avian poxvirus (apv) infections were identified as the primary cause of mortality in 39% (29/74) oriental turtle doves (streptopelia orientalis). at necropsy, all 29 s. orientalis birds, of which, 76% (22/29) were juveniles, had severe diphtheritic lesions in their oral and nasal cavities and on their eyelids, which were the lesions of apv that resulted in mortality. we detected ...201728700322
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a virulent marek's disease virus field strain in broiler chickens in japan.marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative disease causing a serious threat in poultry production. field strains of marek's disease virus (mdvs) are continuously re-emerging, causing great economical losses to the poultry industry worldwide in spite of the intensive vaccination and restrictive management policy used. histopathological and molecular characterizations of mdvs are essential for monitoring the changes of viruses and evaluating the effectiveness of existing vaccines. during 2016, 190 v ...201728762757
epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infections in commercial chickens in china.one hundred and five fowl adenovirus (fadv) strains were isolated in china from 2015 to 2016 from poultry with inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) and hydropericardium syndrome (hps). polymerase chain reactions determined that 68 were fadv species c, five were fadv species d, two were fadv species e, and 30 contained two or more different fadv strains. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated fadv strains clustered into three major groups: fadv-c, fadv-d and fadv-e. based on a hexon gene sequ ...201728804982
serological survey of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in chickens in china in 2005 to 2015.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic, and runting syndrome in many avian hosts worldwide. the immunosuppression caused by rev can decrease the antibody levels of vaccines and subsequent increase susceptibility to secondary infections. there are no commercial vaccines or effective drugs to control rev infections at present. to investigate the rev infection status in chickens in china, 25,224 sera from 573 chicken flocks, collected between 2005 and 2015, were me ...201729050414
the experimental transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus by cock semen.following artificial insemination, the egg-laying rate of a large-scale breeder chicken flock declined by10-15 %. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analysis detected the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in semen from the breeder cocks used. six rev strains were successfully isolated from semen randomly extracted from those cocks. additionally, the whole sequence of sdaur-s1 was sequenced and analysed. cock models with continuous production of rev-positive semen ...201829256850
allicin alleviates reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced immunosuppressionviaerk/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in specific pathogen-free chickens.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a gammaretrovirus in theretroviridaefamily, causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic, and runting-stunting syndrome in multiple avian hosts. allicin, the main effective component of garlic, has a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. the hypothesis that allicin could relieve rev-induced immune dysfunction was investigatedin vivoandin vitroin the present study. the results showed that dietary allicin supplementation ameliorated rev-induced dysplasia and im ...201729312337
reticuloendotheliosis virus inhibits the immune response acting on lymphocytes from peripheral blood of chicken.chicken reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression. the pathogenic mechanisms of rev are poorly understood. the aim of this study was to use rna sequencing to analyse the effect of rev on immunity and cell proliferation in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral bloodin vitro. overall, 2977 differentially expressed genes (degs) were examined from cells between infected with rev or no; 56 degs related to cell proliferation and 130 degs related to immu ...201829410628
loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four immunosuppressive viruses in chicken.loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) methods to detect chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and marek's disease virus (mdv), and a reverse transcription (rt)-lamp assay to detect infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), were developed. the ciav-lamp, rev-lamp, mdv-lamp, and ibdv-rt-lamp methods were performed using four sets of six primers targeting the vp1 gene of ciav, the gp90 gene of rev, the meq gene of mdv, and the vp2 gene of ibdv. the results ...201829476761
protection induced by a gp90 protein-based vaccine derived from a reticuloendotheliosis virus strain isolated from a contaminated ibd vaccine.reticuloendotheliosis is an immunosuppressive disease caused by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). it is commonly found in poultry farms and has caused a notable economic loss worldwide. despite this, there is currently no effective vaccine available to protect against rev infection.201829530099
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