Publications

diversity of human anti-d monoclonal antibodies revealed by reactions with chimpanzee red blood cells.	fifty-three human anti-d monoclonal antibodies (mabs) revealed a striking diversity of reactions in tests with panels of chimpanzee red blood cells (rbcs) of various r-c-e-f blood group phenotypes (counterparts of the human rh-hr groups). the reactivities of these antibodies, which depended on the agglutination technique used, could be classified into four main types. these patterns of reactivity of anti-d mabs with chimpanzee rbcs showed only limited correlation with types of reactions observed ...	1992	1441303
apes and apomorphies: the anterior nasal spine as a projection of cladistic conceptions.	projections, tubercles, or spines of bone at the anterior margin of the piriform aperture occur in widely varying forms among catarrhine primates. this paper describes, illustrates, and tabulates the frequencies of such structures by age and sex in a large collection of pan troglodytes verus skulls. in the overall sample of 263 skulls where the region could be observed, these protuberances of bone occur bilaterally in 10.7% of specimens and unilaterally in an additional 3.4%. they increase in fr ...	1992	1441726
manufacture and in vitro characterization of a solvent/detergent-treated human plasma.	we have developed a modified solvent/detergent (s/d) treatment to inactivate viruses in human plasma using 1% w/w final concentration of tri(n-butyl) phosphate (tnbp) and triton x-100 and an incubation period of 4 h at 30 degrees c. the procedure inactivates > or = 10(6) chimpanzee-infectious doses (cid50) of hbv, > or = 10(5) cid50 of hcv, and > or = 10(6.2) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid50) of hiv. after virus inactivation, eleven plasma batches were lyophilized and 12 batches were deep ...	1992	1448962
hepatitis c viral rna in serum of patients with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis: detection by the polymerase chain reaction using multiple primer sets.	the recently introduced antibody test for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has proven to have certain limitations. since hcv itself is usually present in clinical specimens at very low titers, a useful assay for the virus must have very high sensitivity. we have developed a simple, highly sensitive assay for hcv rna based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in this test, rna extracted from hcv infected serum or plasma is used as the template for double pcr with nested primers. sensitivity s ...	1992	1450686
[experimental vaccination against hiv-1 protects the chimpanzee against challenge with injections of infected lymphocytes].	two chimpanzees were immunized against hiv-1 : c-339, using whole inactivated hiv-1 followed by purified recombinant gp160 and a klh-v3 peptide conjugate; and, c-499, using purified recombinant gp160 and p18gag followed by a mixture of uncoupled v3 peptides. the antigens were emulsified prior to use with one volume syntex adjuvant saf-1 containing 1 mg/ml threonyl-mdp. the animals were challenged twice one year apart by the intravenous route, the first time with cell-free virus, using 40 chimpan ...	1992	1464038
shared polymorphism between gorilla and human major histocompatibility complex drb loci.	a high degree of polymorphism and high nucleotide diversity mark the functional genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mbc). alleles at the different mbc loci can be classified into distinct lineages that are shared between species and, therefore, are presumed to have been founded before speciation. we have sequenced the most polymorphic part of 25 gorilla mbc-drb genes from six individuals. (the drb genes code for the beta-polypeptide chain of the alpha beta heterodimer that constitutes ...	1992	1464555
immunization and challenge of chimpanzees with hiv-1.		1992	1466994
nonhuman sources of leprosy.	our findings establish that there are known extrahuman reservoirs of m. leprae in three animal species. there is considerable evidence that the armadillo plays a role in the epidemiology of leprosy in humans in texas and louisiana. the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem (defined by the world health organization as one active patient per 10,000 population) may be attainable by the wide application of current control measures; however, the ultimate eradication of leprosy must take i ...	1992	1474287
junctions between genes in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates.	to investigate the nature of the recombination that generated the haptoglobin three-gene cluster in old world primates, we sequenced the region between the second gene (hpr) and the third gene (hpp) in chimpanzees (15 kb), as well as the region 3' to the cluster in humans (14 kb). comparison to the previously sequenced human haptoglobin (hp) and hpr genes showed that the junction point between hp and hpr in humans (junction 1) was not identical to the junction point between the hpr and hpp genes ...	1992	1478675
orbital bar pressing. a historical note on skinner and the chimpanzees in space.		1992	1482011
relationship of squamosal suture to asterion in pongids (pan): relevance to early hominid brain evolution.	based on 244 measurements of the relationship of the squamosal suture to the landmark asterion in 49 chimpanzee skulls, it is shown that in the normal lateral view the squamosal suture is very rarely inferior to asterion. in hominid crania, the squamosal suture is always well superior to asterion. even in pan, that part of the squamosal suture most homologous with the remnant found on the hadar al 162-28 australopithecus afarensis hominid cranial fragment is very rarely inferior to asterion. suc ...	1992	1485636
evolution of the power ("squeeze") grip and its morphological correlates in hominids.	the "squeeze" form of power grip is investigated for the purposes of clarifying the hand posture and activities associated with the grip, assessing the potential in chimpanzees for using the grip, and identifying morphological correlates of an effective power grip that may be recognized in fossil hominid species. our approaches include: (1) the analysis of the human grip, focusing on both the hand posture involved and hand movements associated with use of the grip in hammering; (2) the analysis ...	1992	1485637
probit and survival analysis of tooth emergence ages in a mixed-longitudinal sample of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	tooth emergence data from a mixed-longitudinal sample of 58 chimpanzees of known age were analyzed using probit and survival techniques to produce median emergence ages, ranges of variability, and emergence sequences for primary and permanent teeth. between-group comparisons were made to test for statistically significant differences in emergence ages. no such differences were found between right and left sides, or between maxilla and mandible, for any primary or permanent teeth. male-female com ...	1992	1485644
characterization of the specificity of the human antibody response to the v3 neutralization domain of hiv-1.	the major neutralization domain of hiv-1, contained in the third variable region (v3) of the external envelope, is highly variable at positions flanking a conserved glycine-proline-glycine sequence. we investigated the relation between v3 sequences of hiv-1 variants circulating in a host and that host's antibody specificity. multiple v3 sequences were obtained directly, via pcr and subsequent cloning, from serum rna or cellular dna from 26 individuals (from 12 around seroconversion). then, speci ...	1992	1489578
selection of the chimpanzee over the baboon as a model for helicobacter pylori infection.	baboons (papio sp.) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were screened for the presence of helicobacter pylori. the gastric mucosae of the baboons were colonized by large spiral bacteria. however, a group of adult chimpanzees were identified that were free of spiral gastric bacteria, with five animals being recruited into an h. pylori challenge study. these animals were inoculated orogastrically with one of four strains of h. pylori and followed for up to 26 weeks. h. pylori was established in one ...	1992	1499934
evolutionary relationships of multiple alpha satellite subfamilies in the centromeres of human chromosomes 13, 14, and 21.	using southern and in situ hybridization analyses, we have earlier defined four different subfamilies of alpha satellite dna (designated ptra-1, -2, -4, and -7), each of which has a unique higher order structure represented almost identically on human chromosomes 13, 14, and 21. here we present the complete sequence of single isolates of these four subfamilies, representing approximately 12 kb of sequence information. sequences of the individual 171-bp monomers that constitute these four subfami ...	1992	1501254
man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial dna genealogy.	molecular biology has resurrected c. darwin and t.h. huxley's question about the origin of humans, but the precise branching pattern and dating remain controversial. to settle this issue, a large amount of sequence information is required. we determined mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences for five hominoids; pygmy and common chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang. the common region compared with the known human sequence is 4759 bp long, encompassing genes for 11 transfer rnas and 6 proteins. ...	1992	1518083
spontaneous inclusion body hepatitis in young tamarins: i. morphological study.	over a period of 4 years approximately 60% of the new born and juvenile animals in a breeding colony of tamarins (saguinus fuscicollis) died a sudden death. histological examination at necropsy revealed interstitial hepatitis in 22 of the 30 young animals of the present study. the hepatocytes contained intranuclear inclusion bodies in 12 of the 22 cases. upon ultrastructural examination, tubulovesicular structures and amorphous material were found in the nuclei. the endoplasmic reticulum had pro ...	1992	1518281
homocarnosinosis patients and great apes have a serum protein that cross-reacts with human serum carnosinase.	a specific polyclonal antiserum to human serum carnosinase was raised in rabbits and was used to prepare an agarose-protein a-antibody matrix. an antigen capture procedure showed that sera from homocarnosinosis patients, which lack carnosinase activity, contain an immunoreactive protein (m(r) 75,000) indistinguishable from the carnosinase band from normal serum. other higher primates have active serum carnosinase and a similar immunoreactive m(r) 75,000 protein. the immunoaffinity matrix was use ...	1992	1521330
tandemly duplicated alpha globin genes of gibbon.	the alpha globin gene locus of the common gibbon (hylobates lar) was isolated, and it contains two closely linked alpha globin genes that share the same arrangement as that found for the homologous genes of other catarrhine primates. the nucleotide sequences of the gibbon alpha globin genes were determined and compared with the alpha globin gene sequences from other primate species (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, baboon, and rhesus); the prosimian primate, galago, alpha a and alpha b globin genes ...	1992	1526980
immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus-respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with adenovirus types 4, 5, and 7 vectors in dogs and a chimpanzee.	recombinant adenovirus type 4, 5, and 7 expressing the fusion glycoprotein (f) gene, the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene, or both f and g genes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was constructed. intratracheal immunization of dogs with ad7f induced moderate titers of rsv-neutralizing antibodies. after booster immunization with ad4f, the dogs developed high titers of rsv-specific antibody. subsequently, three two-dose vaccination regimens, ad4f/ad5f, ad7g/ad4g, and ad7fg/ad4fg, were compared w ...	1992	1527411
reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting.	the homology between hylobatid chromosomes and other primates has long remained elusive. we used chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of all human chromosome-specific dna libraries to "paint" the chromosomes of primates and establish homologies between the human, great ape (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), and gibbon karyotypes (hylobates lar species group, 2n = 44). the hybridization patterns unequivocally demonstrate the high degree of chromosomal homology and synteny of great ape ...	1992	1528869
hormone levels and anogenital swelling of female chimpanzees as a function of estrogen dosage in a combined oral contraceptive.	a combined oral contraceptive consisting of ethinyl estradiol (ee2) in three dosages (50, 100, and 400 micrograms) and norethindrone (0.5 mg) was given to female chimpanzees to determine the effect on endogenous sex hormone levels and anogenital swelling. serum levels of ee2 increased with increasing dosages of ee2, estradiol decreased, and luteinizing hormone, progesterone and testosterone were maintained at approximately midfollicular phase levels. urinary levels of ee2 glucuronide increased w ...	1992	1528911
plantigrady and foot adaptation in african apes: implications for hominid origins.	in living primates, except the great apes and humans, the foot is placed in a heel-elevated or semi-plantigrade position when these animals move upon arboreal or terrestrial substrates. heel placement and bone positions in the non-great ape primate foot are designed to increase mobility and flexibility in the arboreal environment. orangutans have further enhanced foot mobility by adapting their feet for suspension and thus similarly utilize foot positions where the heel does not touch the substr ...	1992	1530061
comparison of instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling methods: a case study of adult male chimpanzee locomotor behavior and substrate use.	currently two methods, instantaneous and locomotor bout sampling, are used most commonly in studies of locomotor behavior. to date, no study has addressed how comparable the results of the two methods are. this paper considers whether different sampling methods of locomotor behavior produce different results. continuous locomotor bout and instantaneous sampling were carried out simultaneously on each focal animal during a seven month study of chimpanzee positional behavior in the tai forest of t ...	1992	1530064
immunity in hepatitis c infection.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and newer serologic assays for hepatitis c virus (hcv) were used to investigate 19 hcv cross-challenge episodes in chimpanzees. in these cross-challenges, 59% showed seroconversion after challenge, 33% showed reappearance of hcv-associated hepatocellular ultrastructural changes, 5 animals not pcr-positive at the time of challenge showed return of pcr positivity, and 26% developed hepatitis after rechallenge. a total of 74% showed at least one of these signs of rei ...	1992	1538149
transient increases in numbers of infectious cells in an hiv-infected chimpanzee following immune stimulation.	efficient replication and production of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been shown to be influenced greatly not only by the activation state of the infected cell but also by a variety of cytokines. thus, it seems reasonable to assume, as has been hypothesized, that any stimulus to the immune system, whether by intercurrent infection, exposure to new or recall antigens, or injury with inflammation, could enhance hiv expression in infected individuals. to test this hypothesis, we subjected ...	1992	1540418
the evolutionary origin of the hla-dr3 haplotype.	the human hla-dr3 haplotype consists of two functional genes (drb103 and drb301) and one pseudogene (drb2), arranged in the order drb1...drb2...drb3 on the chromosome. to shed light on the origin of the haplotype, we sequenced 1480 nucleotides of the hla-drb2 gene and long stretches of two other genes, gogo-drb2 from a gorilla, "sylvia" and patr-drb2 from a chimpanzee, "hugo". all three sequences (hla-drb2, gogo-drb2, patr-drb2) are pseudogenes. the hla-drb2 and gogo-drb2 pseudogenes lack exon ...	1992	1541486
identification and characterization of an onchocerca volvulus cdna clone encoding a microfilarial surface-associated antigen.	the identification and characterization of a recombinant cdna clone (ov103) expressing a microfilarial surface-associated antigen of onchocerca volvulus is described. ov103 was identified and isolated from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library derived from adult o. volvulus mrna using a chimpanzee antiserum, taken 2 years after infection with third-stage larvae of o. volvulus. the cdna clone encodes a 12.5-kda protein that corresponds to a 15-kda parasite protein present in microfilariae and adu ...	1992	1542318
electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes.	we obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts. in pan troglodytes and pan gorilla, as in homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the ...	1992	1543246
novel human endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	endogenous retrovirus-related sequences exist within the normal genomic dna of all eukaryotes, and these endogenous sequences have been shown to be important to the nature and biology of related exogenous retroviruses and may also play a role in cellular functions. to date, no endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been reported. herein we describe the first report of the presence of nucleotide sequences related to hiv-1 in human, chimpanzee, and rhesus ...	1992	1548756
characterization of a low copy repetitive element s232 involved in the generation of frequent deletions of the distal short arm of the human x chromosome.	there are several copies of related sequences on the distal short arm of the human x chromosome and the proximal long arm of the y chromosome which were originally detected by cross hybridization with a genomic dna clone, cri-s232. recombination between two s232-like sequences flanking the steroid sulfatase locus has been shown to cause frequent deletions in the x chromosome short arm, resulting in steroid sulfatase deficiency. we now report the characterization of several s232-like sequences. r ...	1992	1549475
evolutionary origin of mutations in the primate cytochrome p450c21 gene.	the cyp21 gene codes for the enzyme cytochrome p450c21 (21-hydroxylase), which is critically involved in the synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. standard human haplotypes contain two copies of cyp21--a functional gene and a pseudogene. inactivation of the functional gene leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah). the pseudogene has three main defects: an 8-bp deletion in exon 3, a t insertion in exon 7, and a stop codon in exon 8. to determine the origin of these defects and ...	1992	1550121
statistical method for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages.	a statistical method is developed for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. this method can be easily used for testing whether the length of an interior branch in a reconstructed tree is positive, i.e., whether the topology of the tree is correct. computer simulations indicate that this method is appropriate for a statistical test. as an example, this method is applie ...	1992	1552838
perception of complex geometric figures in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and humans (homo sapiens): analyses of visual similarity on the basis of choice reaction time.	in a conditional-discrimination task (matching-to-sample), we assessed similarities among figures consisting of 2 elemental figures through the choice reaction time, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis data from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and humans (homo sapiens). humans also rated similarities among figures. the results of the 3 experiments clearly indicated that the reaction time data obtained from chimpanzees' performances were useful measures of the simi ...	1992	1555401
evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region: nucleotide sequence of the delta-beta-globin intergenic region of gorilla and phylogenetic relationships between african apes and man.	a 6.0-kb dna fragment from gorilla gorilla including the 5' part of the beta-globin gene and about 4.5 kb of its upstream flanking region was cloned and sequenced. the sequence was compared to the human, chimpanzee, and macaque delta-beta intergenic region. this analysis reveals four tandemly repeated sequences (rs), at the same location in the four species, showing a variable number of repeats generating both intraspecific (polymorphism) and interspecific variability. these tandem arrays delimi ...	1992	1556740
two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution.	urate oxidase was lost in hominoids during primate evolution. the mechanism and biological reason for this loss remain unknown. in an attempt to address these questions, we analyzed the sequence of urate oxidase genes from four species of hominoids: human (homo sapiens), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates). two nonsense mutations at codon positions 33 and 187 and an aberrant splice site were found in the human gene. these three deleterious mutations w ...	1992	1556746
concerted evolution of the primate immunoglobulin alpha-gene through gene conversion.	we determined four nucleotide sequences of the hominoid immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes (chimpanzee c alpha 2, gorilla c alpha 2, and gibbon c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 genes), which made possible the examination of gene conversions in all hominoid c alpha genes. the following three methods were used to detect gene conversions: 1) phenetic tree construction; 2) detection of a dna segment with extremely low variability between duplicated c alpha genes; and 3) a site by site search of shared nucl ...	1992	1559979
sequences of primate insulin genes support the hypothesis of a slower rate of molecular evolution in humans and apes than in monkeys.	the chimpanzee and african green monkey insulin genes have been cloned and sequenced. these two sequences together with the previously reported sequences for the human and owl monkey insulin genes provide additional support for the hominoid-rate-slowdown hypothesis, i.e., a slower rate of nucleotide substitution in humans and apes than in monkeys. when these sequences and other primate sequences available for the relative-rate test were considered together, the substitution rate in the old world ...	1992	1560757
immortalization of chimpanzee hepatocytes with an amphoteric retrovirus encoding simian virus 40 t antigen.	primary chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) hepatocyte cultures were maintained in a serum-free medium containing hormones and growth factors and exhibited the de novo synthesis and secretion of numerous liver-specific plasma proteins for over 3 weeks in vitro. the long-term maintenance of differentiated, primate hepatocytes in this serum-free medium allowed for subsequent immortalization events to occur after infection with the amphoteric retrovirus u19, which encodes the simian virus 40 large t antig ...	1992	1563488
evolutionarily different alphoid repeat dna on homologous chromosomes in human and chimpanzee.	centromeric alphoid dna in primates represents a class of evolving repeat dna. in humans, chromosomes 13 and 21 share one subfamily of alphoid dna while chromosomes 14 and 22 share another subfamily. we show that similar pairwise homogenizations occur in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), where chromosomes 14 and 22, homologous to human chromosomes 13 and 21, share one partially homogenized alphoid dna subfamily and chromosomes 15 and 23, homologous to human chromosomes 14 and 22, share another e ...	1992	1565621
genetic alterations in the gene encoding the major hbsag: dna and immunological analysis of recurrent hbsag derived from monoclonal antibody-treated liver transplant patients.	a gene region encoding a segment of the major surface protein, hbsag, of hepatitis b virus was analyzed from serum samples after orthotopic liver transplantation of three hepatitis b virus chronic carrier patients treated with a human anti-hepatitis b virus monoclonal antibody (sdz ost 577). each of these three patients became hbsag negative after transplantation and therapy with the human anti-hepatitis b virus monoclonal antibody but returned to hbsag positivity (first detected 143,251 and 252 ...	1992	1568715
detection of hepatitis delta virus rna by a nonradioactive in situ hybridization procedure.	a digoxigenin-tailed, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide was used to detect genomic hepatitis delta virus (hdv) rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections by a nonisotopic in situ hybridization (nish) procedure. twenty-three liver samples from chronically hdv-infected patients were studied. eight liver specimens from humans and chimpanzees without markers of active hdv infection served as negative controls. in three samples, the nish findings were compared with characteristic nuclear fe ...	1992	1568750
nasal capsule shape changes following septopremaxillary ligament resection in a chimpanzee animal model.	recent human data suggest a relationship between the disruption of the septopremaxillary ligament (spl) attachment and lack of anterior midfacial growth in cleft lip and palate (clp) individuals. early spl resection in chimpanzees resulted in premaxillary growth deficits through 1200 days. since the spl is also continuous with the nasal bones, the present study was undertaken to investigate compensatory nasal capsule shape changes following spl resection in a chimpanzee animal model. the study u ...	1992	1571346
a comparative study of mandibular growth patterns in seven animal models.	the use of nonhuman primate experimental models has helped make significant contributions toward the clinical and surgical management of patients with craniofacial disorders. with concerns such as increasing cost, however, alternative models will have to be identified. the present comparative study describes baseline, age-related changes in mandibular growth patterns for seven commonly used animal models. the data was obtained from 144 serial and cross-sectional lateral head radiographs of unope ...	1992	1573484
immunoglobulin ch gene family in hominoids and its evolutionary history.	the organization of the human immunoglobulin ch gene suggests that a gene duplication involving the c gamma-c gamma-c epsilon-c alpha region has occurred during evolution. we previously showed that both chimpanzee and gorilla have two 5'-c epsilon-c alpha-3', as in human, and that orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys have one c epsilon gene and one, two, and one c alpha gene(s), respectively. in addition to these clustered ch genes, there is one processed c epsilon pseudogene in each species ...	1992	1577482
onchocerca volvulus: immunization of chimpanzees with x-irradiated third-stage (l3) larvae.	to provide a theoretical basis for the potential development of vaccines against onchocerca volvulus (ov) a trial has been conducted to assess the protective efficacy of immunization of chimpanzees with x-irradiated l3 larvae. approximately 1000 larvae were injected at 0, 1, and 7 months. the immunized animals, and unimmunized controls, were then challenged with 250 live l3. in order to provide possibly protective exposure to the immunologically distinct l4 epicuticle, a radiation dose (45 krad) ...	1992	1582477
association of hepatitis e virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan: serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion.	hepatitis e virus (hev), a positive-strand rna agent, has been associated with enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in asia, africa, and mexico. to evaluate the role of hev in an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan, we used immune electron microscopy to detect 1) antibody to hev, for evidence of infection, and 2) virus, to determine the pattern of hev excretion. paired sera from 2 patients were assayed for antibody by using reference hev: one seroconverted, an atypical finding for hev in ...	1992	1583470
major-histocompatibility-complex drb genes of a new-world monkey, the cottontop tamarin (saguinus oedipus).	the drb region of the human and great-ape major histocompatibility complex displays not only gene but also haplotype polymorphism. the number of genes in the human drb region can vary from one to four, and even greater variability exists among the drb haplotypes of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. accumulating evidence indicates that, like gene polymorphism, part of the haplotype polymorphism predates speciation. in an effort to determine when the gene haplotype polymorphisms emerged in th ...	1992	1584011
vaccination against hiv.	the spread of aids progresses unrelentingly despite all efforts of public education and the only real hope of epidemiological control lies in the development of an effective vaccine. the very nature of the aids virus (hiv) and the manner with which it interacts with the host makes development of a practical vaccine very difficult. recent successes using whole inactivated virus as immunogen in the sivmac animal model system now show that it is possible to protect against infection. however, due t ...	1992	1587543
allelic diversity at the primate major histocompatibility complex drb6 locus.	the hla-drb6 gene (also called drb sigma/v1) has been found only in about 26% of human hla haplotypes, i.e.; dr1, drw10, and dr2-bearing ones (corell et al. 1991). in contrast, exon-2 drb6 sequences have been obtained from all tested primates: nine chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), three gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and three orangutans (pongo pygmaeus); other apes which had already been sequenced (one gorilla and one chimpanzee) also had the drb6 gene. thus, all apes tested from three different spec ...	1992	1587552
trans-species evolution of mhc-drb haplotype polymorphism in primates: organization of drb genes in the chimpanzee.	the drb region of the human major histocompatibility complex displays length polymorphism: five major haplotypes differing in the number and type of genes they contain have been identified, each at appreciable frequency. in an attempt to determine whether this haplotype polymorphism, like the allelic polymorphism, predates the divergence of humans from great apes, we have worked out the organization of the drb region of the chimpanzee hugo using a combination of chromosome walking, pulsed-field ...	1992	1587553
isolation and identification of hepatitis e virus in xinjiang, china.	this paper describes isolation and identification of a virus (termed strain 87a) which has the cytopathic effect and haemagglutination properties of hepatitis e virus (hev). this virus was isolated by tissue culture from the faeces of a patient with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis in xinjiang, china. the isolated virus was neutralized by acute phase sera obtained from other patients with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis. the virus particles also could be specifically aggregated with acu ...	1992	1588318
experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. antibody response and antigen recognition after primary infection with onchocerca volvulus.	nine of 18 chimpanzees inoculated with 250 infective third-stage larvae (l3) each developed patent (i.e., positive for microfilariae) onchocerca volvulus infection. four of 6 infected chimpanzees that received 200 micrograms/kg ivermectin at 28 days postinfection (pi) became patent, whereas, when ivermectin was given concurrently with l3 challenge only 1 of 6 infected animals developed patent infection. the antibody response to o. volvulus adult worm-derived antigens (ovag) showed clear differen ...	1992	1592090
chimpanzees immunized with recombinant soluble cd4 develop anti-self cd4 antibody responses with anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity.	in view of the efficiency with which human immunodeficiency virus replication can be blocked in vitro with anti-cd4 antibodies, the elicitation of an anti-cd4 antibody response through active immunization might represent a useful therapeutic strategy for aids. here we demonstrate that immunization of chimpanzees with recombinant soluble human cd4 elicited an anti-cd4 antibody response. the elicited antibody bound self cd4 on digitonin-treated but not freshly isolated lymphocytes. nevertheless, t ...	1992	1594618
serum concentrations of relaxin, chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone during the reproductive cycle of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	levels of serum relaxin were measured by a specific ria and correlated with serum patterns of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, lh, or ccg during a single menstrual cycle in each of 10 female chimpanzees, and throughout 24 pregnancies in 21 chimpanzees. significant concentrations of relaxin, higher than those reported for the human being, were detected in serum of nonpregnant chimpanzees during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. during pregnancy in the chimpanzee, serum relaxin concent ...	1992	1597157
development of a polymorphic strain of plasmodium vivax in monkeys.	a strain of plasmodium vivax from thailand with a polymorphic repeat unit of the circumsporozoite protein was established in saimiri sciureus boliviensis and 3 species of aotus monkeys. all 11 attempts to transmit infection via sporozoite inoculation, 4 times to splenectomized s. sciureus boliviensis, 2 times to splenectomized aotus nancymai, and 5 times to intact saimiri monkeys, were successful. anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were in ...	1992	1597793
primate responses to a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.	over the past decade, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant vaccine virus has been developed for the potential control of wildlife rabies through oral immunization via baits. prior to widespread field applications in varying ecological settings, extensive laboratory safety testing is necessary in a number of target and non-target species to quantify real or perceived risks and to monitor potential adverse health effects. moreover, in order to mitigate concerns over inadvertent human ...	1992	1598786
human immunodeficiency virus.	a successful aids vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of an hiv-1 persistent infection. this is a unique and difficult goal for a vaccine. most vaccines elicit or prime for immune responses that prevent or attenuate the expression of clinical disease following infection with the pathogen. however, current evidence suggest that, following persistent infection with hiv-1, antiviral immune responses do not prevent the long-term progression to disease. hence, it s ...	1992	1600383
development of self-recognition in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) demonstrate the ability to recognize themselves in mirrors, yet investigations of the development of self-recognition in chimpanzees are sparse. twelve young chimpanzees, grouped by age, were given mirror exposure and tested for self-recognition and contingent movement. all 6 juveniles, 4 and 5 years old, exhibited mirror-guided, mark-directed behavior and clear evidence of self-recognition. in contrast, among the infants, only the oldest group of 2 1/2-year-olds ex ...	1992	1600719
spondyloarthropathy as an old world phenomenon.	the presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy in the great apes (gorilla and pan [chimpanzee]), the lesser ape (hylobates), and old world monkeys (theropithecus, papio, cercopithecus, macaca, colobus, presbytis, and erythrocebus). analysis of lesional character, distribution, radiological appearance, and sex ratios showed a picture indistinguishable from human spondyloarthropathy. this contr ...	1992	1604326
functional classification of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a chimpanzee by transactivators.	in reporter-based transient expression systems, we characterized simian immunodeficiency virus from a chimpanzee (sivcpz), with special reference to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). sivcpz was not equally activated by tat and rev transactivators derived from representative primate lentiviruses. hiv-1 alone activated sivcpz to the full extent in both tat and rev assays. the tat and rev gene products of sivcpz, as well as those of hiv-1, efficiently transactivated the other viruses ...	1992	1604820
categorical replies to categorical questions by cross-fostered chimpanzees.	the chimpanzees washoe, moja, tatu, and dar were reared under human cross-fostering conditions that included the use of american sign language (asl) as the medium of two-way communication. in the course of everyday conversation they were asked, in signs, the wh-questions that are typically asked of young children. in earlier studies, extensive samples showed a pattern of replies, most significantly a developmental sequence, that closely matched the pattern found in the replies of young children. ...	1992	1605324
vaccine protection of chimpanzees against challenge with hiv-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	because human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can be transmitted as cell-free virus or as infected cells (cell-associated virus), vaccines must protect against infection by both viral forms. vaccine-mediated protection of nonhuman primates against low doses of cell-free hiv-1, hiv-2, or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated. it is now shown that multiple immunizations of chimpanzees with hiv-1 antigens protected against infection with cell-associated virus. protection can persis ...	1992	1609280
metabolism of [14c]benzene by cynomolgus monkeys and chimpanzees.	rodent bioassays indicate that b6c3f1 mice are more sensitive to the carcinogenicity of benzene than are rats. the urinary profile of benzene metabolites is different in rats vs mice. mice produce higher proportions of hydroquinone conjugates and muconic acid, indicators of metabolism via pathways leading to putative toxic metabolites, than do rats. in both species, metabolism to hydroquinone and muconic acid is favored at low concentrations of benzene, indicating that these pathways are easily ...	1992	1609420
a human moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence is evolutionarily conserved in the y chromosome of the great apes.	evolutionary conservation of the human-derived moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence y-190 (dyz5) was investigated in the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla. southern blot analysis showed the presence of the sequence in the y chromosome of all great apes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization revealed that the repeat is organized in one major block and confined to a small region of the y chromosome of the three species. dyz5 was assigned to the proximal short arm of th ...	1992	1612595
hemispheric priming by meaningful and nonmeaningful symbols in language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): further evidence of a left hemisphere advantage.	hemispheric priming was examined in 3 language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) using a simple reaction time paradigm. subjects were required to hold down a response button until the occurrence of a response cue. a warning stimulus was presented to either the left visual field (lvf) or the right visual field (rvf) before the response cue occurred. no warning stimulus was presented on control trials. the warning stimuli were geometric communicative symbols from two semantic categories: foods ...	1992	1616621
isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus (simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant) from a wild-captured chimpanzee.	to assess the prevalence of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolate cpz, a lentivirus closely related to hiv-1, in chimpanzees, and to obtain new sivcpz isolates.	1992	1616649
organization of c4 and cyp21 loci in gorilla and orangutan.	the standard human haplotype contains two c4 and two cyp21 loci arranged in the order c4a ... cyp21p ... c4b ... cyp21 and intercalated between the class i and class ii loci of the hla complex. the c4a gene is 22 kilobases (kb) long; the c4b gene is either 22 kb or 16 kb long. the cyp21p is a pseudogene characterized by an eight base pair (bp) deletion in exon 3 and other defects; the cyp21 is a functional gene. the standard chimpanzee haplotype is arranged in the same way as the standard human ...	1992	1618655
higher rate of evolution of x chromosome alpha-repeat dna in human than in the great apes.	the rate of introduction of neutral mutations is lower in man than in other primates, including the chimpanzee. this species is generally regarded as our closest relative among the great apes. we present here an analysis of sequences of x chromosomal alphoid repetitive dna from man and the great apes, which supports the closer relationship between man and chimpanzee and indicates a considerably increased rate of recombination in the human repeat dna. these results indicate that the 'molecular cl ...	1992	1628610
gibbon and marmoset c-myc nucleotide sequences.	the nucleotide sequences of the gibbon and marmoset myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy ribomethod. the number of mutations which occurred during evolution and the branches affected were deduced according to the principle of maximum parsimony, from a comparison with known mammal sequences. as previously observed for the human and chimpanzee myc genes, an alu repeat belonging to subclass iii was observed in the second intron of the gibbon myc gene. in contrast, no such element was found ...	1992	1634119
[balanced translocation t(17p--; 23p+) in the chimpanzee].	a chimpanzee family was studied, in which the father had a balanced translocation t(17p--; 23p+). the mother showed the normal female chromosome complement. their daughter had also the normal female karyotype, but with heteromorphic chromosomes 23. a cytogenetic analysis was made using g- and q-banding techniques and in addition an alkaline silver method for nor staining. a mechanism of the translocation inheritance is discussed.	1992	1641910
erosive arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in old world primates.	presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of the erosive lesions allow definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy. thus, spondyloarthropathy was identified in theropithecus, papio, cercopithecus, macaca, colobus, presbytis, and hylobates. only monarticular erosive disease was present in prosimians, precluding a diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy for that group. the distribution of erosive disease and axial joint involvement in 1,349 non-prosimian old world prima ...	1992	1642323
a long-term study of hepatitis c virus replication in non-a, non-b hepatitis.	although antibodies to the hepatitis c virus (hcv) are known to be associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis, little is known about the pattern of hcv replication, its relation to antibody levels, and the clinical course of non-a, non-b hepatitis.	1991	1646962
hepatitis c viral rna in serum of patients with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis: detection by the polymerase chain reaction using multiple primer sets.	the recently introduced antibody test for hepatitis c virus infection has already proved to be valuable in many situations such as screening blood donors and diagnosing chronically infected patients, but this antibody assay has certain limitations. hepatitis c virus itself is usually present in clinical specimens at very low titers; therefore a useful assay for the virus must have very high sensitivity. we have developed a simple, highly sensitive assay for hepatitis c virus rna based on the pol ...	1991	1648539
evaluation of bovine, cold-adapted human, and wild-type human parainfluenza type 3 viruses in adult volunteers and in chimpanzees.	in an attempt to evaluate the level of attenuation of live parainfluenza type 3 virus (piv3) vaccine candidates, we compared the responses of partially immune adult volunteers inoculated intranasally with 10(6) to 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) of bovine piv3 (n = 18) or cold-adapted (ca) piv3 (n = 37) with those of 28 adults administered 10(6) to 10(7) tcid50 of wild-type piv3. the candidate vaccine viruses and the wild-type virus were avirulent and poorly infectious for these ...	1991	1650789
control of adrenal androgen secretion.	the human adrenal gland secretes large amounts of androgens and androgenic precursors as compared with the adrenal glands of other species. in part, this pattern of secretion is regulated by acth, analogous to the control of cortisol. however, in many instances, including adrenarche, puberty, aging, and severe illness, secretion of adrenal androgens and cortisol diverge for reasons which are not clear. factors endogenous to the adrenal gland may have a role in the modulation of adrenal androgen ...	1991	1652437
on the taste of umami in chimpanzee.	whole and single fiber chorda tympani nerve recordings were obtained in 5 chimpanzees to stimulation with msg (monosodium phosphate) and gmp (guanosine 5'-monophosphate, disodium salt) alone and in combination. the overall chorda tympani nerve activity was recorded to 5 concentrations of msg, ranging from 1 to 100 mm with and without 0.3 mm gmp, and to 5 concentrations of gmp, ranging from 0.1 to 10 mm, with and without 30 mm msg. a synergistic effect was recorded between msg and gmp in 3 out of ...	1991	1653434
a papillomavirus related to hpv type 13 in oral focal epithelial hyperplasia in the pygmy chimpanzee.	an epizootic of focal epithelial hyperplasia (feh) or morbus heck in a pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) colony is described. papovavirus-like particles were observed in the nuclei of epithelial cells. analysis of the dna of the lesions revealed an episomal papillomavirus-specific band with a molecular size of approximately 8,000 bp. in situ hybridization under high stringency conditions showed cross-hybridization between the chimpanzee papillomavirus dna and human papillomavirus (hpv) type 13. th ...	1991	1654423
use of conserved sequences from hepatitis c virus for the detection of viral rna in infected sera by polymerase chain reaction.	three oligonucleotide primer combinations selected from the 5' noncoding, the nucleocapsid and the putative nonstructural regions of the hepatitis c virus genome were compared in a nested polymerase chain reaction assay with respect to sensitivity and specificity for the detection of viral rna in chimpanzee-infected and human-infected sera. sera from both the acute and the chronic phase of the infection were obtained from 13 animals inoculated with five different non-a, non-b hepatitis strains a ...	1991	1655606
detection of the hepatitis c virus genome in acute and chronic experimental infection in chimpanzees.	in order to gain an understanding of the relationship of various markers of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in acute and chronic cases of the disease, serial blood samples obtained from chimpanzees before and after infection with hcv were analyzed for the presence of the hcv genome by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of cdna (cdna pcr) synthesized from plasma- and serum-derived rna. in a chimpanzee with acute hepatitis c, signals detectable by cdna pcr appeared 1 week before ...	1991	1658034
hepatitis c virus.	hepcv is the major cause of nanb pt hepatitis and is also implicated as the cause in a large proportion of sporadic cases of nanbh. chronic infection with hepcv has also been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. chimpanzees and marmosets are the only animals found to be experimentally infectable and the virus has not been propagated in any cell culture system. hepcv is an enveloped virus with a diameter of 30-60 nm and a 10-kb positive-stranded rna genome. its genome organizati ...	1991	1659796
organ specificity of the antigens reacting with the 48-1 and s-1 antibodies in chimpanzees infected with hepatitis c virus.	48-1 and s-1 antibodies produced by lymphoblastoid cells transformed with epstein-barr virus were reported to be associated with infection by not only the hepatitis non-a, non-b (nanb) virus but also hepatitis delta virus. appearance of the antigens reacting with these antibodies in the liver of chimpanzees was recently found to be a host response to alpha-interferon induced by infections of both viruses. to investigate organ specificity of these antigens, various organs obtained from chimpanzee ...	1991	1660298
soft tissue sarcoma with complex membranous and microtubular inclusions.	cytoplasmic inclusions of great complexity are encountered in an undifferentiated sarcoma of a 67-year-old woman. the tumor arising in adipose tissue between muscles of the parspinous musculature contains inclusions in most tumor cells represented by four different morphologic types. two are intracisternal, designated microtubular reticular structure (trs) and tubular confronting cisternae (tcc). two others are cytoplasmic and consist of crystalline microtubular arrays and of confronting cistern ...	1991	1664196
in vitro and in vivo replication capacity of the precore region defective hepatitis b virus variants.	although the precore region defective hepatitis b virus variants have been implicated in chronic liver disease and fulminant hepatitis, our knowledge on the molecular biology of these variants is still limited. using an in vitro transfection assay, we confirmed the replication competent but hbeag-negative nature of the major variants containing a tag stop codon in the distal precore region associated with one or two point mutations. transfection of the two-point-mutated variant into a chimpanzee ...	1991	1668333
prolonged cd4+ lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in a chimpanzee persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	the immunologic and virologic status of a chimpanzee inoculated with multiple isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were assessed over 57 months to determine whether prolonged thrombocytopenia and cd4+ lymphocytopenia observed in the animal might be associated with long-term hiv infection. although the chimpanzee showed no signs of disease, it lost both cd4+ (as low as 134 cells/microliter) and cd8+ lymphocytes approximately 30 months after initial infection, followed by th ...	1991	1671679
conservation of the most jh proximal ig vh gene segment (vhvi) throughout primate evolution.	the human vhvi gene segment, the sole member of the vhvi gene family, is remarkable in that it is the most d-proximal vh gene segment and is apparently nonpolymorphic. here we report that the vhvi gene segment has been remarkably preserved in primate evolution. we were unable to detect rflp among several primates, and nucleotide sequences of several vhvi gene segments showed remarkable conservation. no differences were detected in the nucleotide sequences of the vhvi gene segment from three unre ...	1991	1672349
a chimpanzee-passaged human immunodeficiency virus isolate is cytopathic for chimpanzee cells but does not induce disease.	the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) readily infects both humans and chimpanzees, but the pathologic outcomes of infection in these two species differ greatly. in attempts to identify virus-cell interactions that might account for this differential pathogenicity, chimpanzee peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow macrophages were assessed in vitro for their ability to support the replication of several hiv-1 isolates. although the iiib, rf, and mn isolates did not readily infect ...	1991	1674550
the inability of human immunodeficiency virus to infect chimpanzee monocytes can be overcome by serial viral passage in vivo.	studies of lentivirus infection in ruminants, nonhuman primates, and humans suggest that virus infection of macrophages plays a central role in the disease process. to investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) can infect chimpanzee macrophages, we recovered monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hiv-1-negative animals and inoculated these and control human monocytes with a panel of four human-passaged monocytotropic virus strains and one chimpanzee-passaged is ...	1991	1674968
suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by cd8+ cells from infected and uninfected chimpanzees.	over a 4-year period, infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been recovered from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of virus-infected animals only intermittently and at relatively low titers. in examining the possible mechanism for this observation, cd4+ cells or cd8+ cells were removed by panning from the pmbc before culture. a dramatic increase in frequency of hiv-1 recovery as well as in the level of virus replication was observed in the cd4+ cell-enriched ...	1991	1676614
polymorphism of c4 and cyp21 genes in various primate species.	to study the genetic heterogeneity of the c4 and cyp21 genes in selected primate species we used the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). genomic dna was digested using several restriction endonucleases and filters were hybridized with a 500 bp bamhi/kpni fragment derived from the 5' section of a human c4-cdna and with a 1700 bp bamhi obtained from a human cyp21 gene. abundant rflp heterogeneity was observed for the c4 genes within a rhesus monkey population but not for ...	1991	1681597
comparative mapping of zfy in the hominoid apes.	within our project of comparative mapping of candidate genes for sex-determination/testis differentiation, we used a cloned probe from the human zfy locus for comparative hybridization studies in hominoids. as in the human, the zfy probe detects x- and y-specific restriction fragments in the chimpanzee, the gorilla, the orangutan, and the gibbon. furthermore, the x-specific hybridization site in the great apes resides in xp21.3, the same locus defining zfx in the human. the y-specific locus of z ...	1991	1683646
the significance of fibrous foods for kibale forest chimpanzees.	four categories of plant food dominated the diet of chimpanzees in kibale forest, uganda: non-fig tree fruits, fig tree fruits, herbaceous piths and terrestrial leaves. fruit abundance varied unpredictably, more among non-figs than figs. pith intake was correlated negatively with fruit abundance and positively with rainfall, whereas leaf intake was not influenced by fruit abundance. piths typically have low sugar and protein levels. compared with fruits and leaves they are consistently high in h ...	1991	1685575
foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the lopé reserve, gabon.	comparison of the diets of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees allows an analysis of niche separation between these two closely related species. qualitatively, their diets are similar, being dominated by an equally diverse array of fruit species complemented with vegetative plant parts, seeds and insects. gorillas eat more vegetative plant parts than do chimpanzees, but niche separation is most obvious in periods of fruit scarcity when the two species show different strategies that reduce competi ...	1991	1685576
hominoid dietary evolution.	during the later palaeocene and early miocene, catarrhine primates and the evolving hominoids had adaptations for frugivorous diets, with the emphasis on soft foods. early in the middle miocene the hominoids underwent a major shift, both in morphology and in habitat, with the morphology characterized by thickened enamel on the molars, enlarged incisors and massive jaws. the diet indicated by this morphology is interpreted as still mainly frugivorous but with changed emphasis, possibly towards ha ...	1991	1685578
protein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: unresolved issues.	during seasonal or inter-annual periods of food shortage and restricted total calorie intake, ethnographically and ethnohistorically documented human foragers, when possible, under-utilize foods that are high in protein, such as lean meat, in favour of foods with higher lipid or carbohydrate content. nutritional studies suggest that one reason for this behaviour stems from the fact that pregnant women, particularly at times when their total calorie intake is marginal, may be constrained in the a ...	1991	1685584
administration of noninternal image monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies induces idiotype-restricted responses specific for human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein epitopes.	a mouse monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-id), designated mc1, was generated against chimpanzee antibodies specific for a synthetic peptide corresponding to a native epitope associated with gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this anti-id recognized a shared idiotope/idiotype (id) on a second chimpanzee anti-gp41 peptide preparation but failed to detect this id on rabbit and mouse anti-gp41 peptide antibodies induced by immunization with the gp41 synthetic peptide. the chimpanzee ...	1990	1688476
identification of virus components in circulating immune complexes isolated during hepatitis a virus infection.	circulating immune complexes were isolated by conglutinin affinity chromatography during the course of hepatitis a virus infection in a chimpanzee. characterization of circulating immune complexes showed that most of the hepatitis a virus-specific antibody was igm, that igg was present and that c3d and fibronectin were also present. hepatitis a virus capsid polypeptides were identified in the circulating immune complexes and polypeptides in the molecular weight range of 63 to 67 kda having immun ...	1990	1688544
receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells.	the types of receptors on the surfaces of human and other mammalian cells for 13 c-type and 7 d-type retrovirus strains were determined by interference to the formation of syncytia and the plating of viral pseudotypes. all the d-type simian retroviruses (srv-1-5, smrv, po-1-lu) share a common receptor which is also utilized by the baboon and cat endogenous c-type viruses (baev, rd114). syncytial cross-interference was also observed in human cells between the gibbon ape leukemia/simian sarcoma as ...	1990	1691887
a cdna clone closely associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis.	a lambda gt11 cdna library was constructed from rna purified from hepatitis b viral surface antigen-negative human plasma with high alanine aminotransferase activity. a cdna clone, designated as c8-2, was isolated by immunoscreening with mixed sera from non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) carrier and convalescent chimpanzees. the recombinant protein produced by c8-2 reacted specifically with sera of patients in the chronic phase of nanbh. the sequence of c8-2, 269 bp, did not hybridized with any huma ...	1990	1692613