Publications

analysis of a lysozyme gene from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	a genomic dna sequence encoding a basic lysozyme was isolated from the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae by screening a library with a probe prepared by pcr of reverse transcribed adult rna. the sequence consists of an upstream region of about 2 kb, a coding region containing three exons and two introns, and a short 3' untranslated region. the coding region indicates that this mosquito lysozyme consists of a signal peptide of 20 residues followed by an 120 aa mature protein which is very ...	1996	8890741
characterization of intraembryonic freezing in anopheles gambiae embryos.	intraembryonic freezing (ief) in anopheles mosquito embryos has been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry with respect to embryo age, temperature, rate and duration of cooling, and absence or presence of extraembryonic ice. the initial temperatures for intraembryonic ice nucleation were -30.1 +/- 0.3, -28.4 +/- 0.4, and -29.1 +/- 0.2 degree c for embryos incubated for 15 h at 17 degrees c, 15 h at 26 degrees c, and 24 h at 26 degrees c, respectively, after oviposition. the first value ...	1996	8893508
absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission.	the effects of sex, age of the human host, patency of asexual and sexual stages and seasonality on infectiousness of plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes were investigated in a rural village in southern tanzania between 1992 and 1994. villagers from randomized subgroups of households were surveyed for malaria parasites. gametocyte and trophozoite prevalences were age dependent and fluctuated without any clear pattern of seasonality. a sample of 107 participants, selected to include an excess of g ...	1996	8893528
genetics, ecology and behaviour of anophelines.	the efficiency with which mosquitoes transmit malaria is related to how closely associated they are with the human host. for example, the relative vectorial capacity of two species may be determined by differences in their degree of preference for human blood or in their degree of preference for blood-feeding indoors versus outdoors. species complexes, such as anopheles gambiae sensu lato, allow us to investigate how species differences in genetics, ecology and behaviour can lead to significant ...	1996	8894288
olfactory basis of host location by mosquitoes and other haematophagous diptera.	the behavioural role of odours released by mosquito hosts is poorly understood, indeed for many species it is still uncertain whether olfactory cues play a significant part in host location. generalist attractants, such as co2, have found application in mosquito trapping systems, and yet more host-specific attractants, such as l-lactic acid, remain of questionable value. recent work with other haematophagous diptera, notably glossina, has shown that by a co-ordinated multidisciplinary approach i ...	1996	8894291
synthesis and future challenges: the response of mosquitoes to host odours.	there is ample evidence that host seeking in mosquitoes is mediated by semiochemicals emanating from the host. olfactory cues (kairomones) are detected through an intricate pathway, beginning with sensilla located on the antennae (odour) and palpi (co2). age and physiological state of the mosquito determine whether detection of kairomones results in a behavioural response. only a few kairomones have been described so far. co2 is a kairomone for most mosquito species and signifies the presence of ...	1996	8894305
an evaluation of evolutionary constraints on microsatellite loci using null alleles.	a test to evaluate constraints on the evolution of single microsatellite loci is described. the test assumes that microsatellite alleles that share the same flanking sequence constitute a series of alleles with a common descent that is distinct from alleles with a mutation in the flanking sequence. thus two or more different series of alleles at a given locus represent the outcomes of different evolutionary processes. the higher rate of mutations within the repeat region (10(-3) or 10(-4)) compa ...	1996	8913757
identification and characterization of differentially expressed cdnas of the vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	the isolation and study of anopheles gambiae genes that are differentially expressed in development, notably in tissues associated with the maturation and transmission of the malaria parasite, is important for the elucidation of basic molecular mechanisms underlying vector-parasite interactions. we have used the differential display technique to screen for mrnas specifically expressed in adult males, females, and midgut tissues of blood-fed and unfed females. we also screened for mrnas specifica ...	1996	8917545
different response to plasmodium falciparum malaria in west african sympatric ethnic groups.	the comparison of malaria indicators among populations that have different genetic backgrounds and are uniformly exposed to the same parasite strains is one approach to the study of human heterogeneties in the response to the infection. we report the results of comparative surveys on three sympatric west african ethnic groups, fulani, mossi, and rimaibé, living in the same conditions of hyperendemic transmission in a sudan savanna area northeast of ouagadougou, burkina faso. the mossi and rimaib ...	1996	8917569
peritrophic matrix proteins of anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti.	little is known about the composition and function of the mosquito peritrophic matrix (pm), a physical barrier that pathogens must traverse to complete their life cycles. anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti pm proteins induced by blood or by a protein-free meal have been characterized by the use of 2-d gel electrophoresis and lectin-binding affinity assays. more than forty proteins have been identified in both species. over half of the pm proteins of both mosquitoes migrate identically. many pm ...	1996	8933177
estimation of the infectious reservoir of plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size.	a method for determining the infectious reservoir of malaria (k) and vector survival rate (p) by measuring oocyst size and discriminating between the most recent and other infections is described. in the laboratory the mean diameter of 3 d oocysts in anopheles gambiae, kept at 26 degrees c, was 11.5 microns and the mean diameter at day 5 was 24.5 microns. oocyst sizes in wild caught mosquitoes from southern tanzania, that had fed on the occupants of bed nets with holes in the sides, were more va ...	1996	8944253
a shared genetic mechanism for melanotic encapsulation of cm-sephadex beads and a malaria parasite, plasmodium cynomolgi b, in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	a plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles gambiae that melanizes ookinetes and intrathoracically inoculated cm-sephadex beads was mated to a plasmodium-susceptible strain that does not melanize the parasite or the beads. the f1 progeny were then backcrossed to the susceptible strain. backcross progeny were given a blood meal containing infective plasmodium cynomolgi b, and the parasites were allowed to develop for 6-7 days, at which time the infected mosquitoes were injected with cm-sephadex b ...	1996	8948327
anopheles gambiae complex (diptera:culicidae) near bissau city, guinea bissau, west africa.	cytogenetic studies on mosquitoes collected inside bednets near bissau city confirmed the presence of anopheles melas theobald and an. gambiae giles sensu stricto, the latter species prevailing in rainy season samples (approximately 80% in average) and the former in dry season samples (> 90%). seasonal and ecogeographical variations in the frequency of species and chromosomal inversions were analyzed. the analysis of an. gambiae sensu stricto confirmed the existence of the bissau chromosomal for ...	1996	8961643
the tryptophan oxygenase gene of anopheles gambiae.	the anopheles gambiae gene encoding tryptophan oxygenase, a homolog of the drosophila melanogaster vermilion gene, has been molecularly cloned and characterized. unlike drosophila, where it is x-linked, the a. gambiae gene maps to chromosome 2r, subdivision 12e, by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes. of the six introns present, four are positioned identically to those of the drosophila homolog, one is similarly positioned, and one is novel. a 1 955 nt cdna potentially encodes a 39 ...	1996	8969464
pegasus, a small terminal inverted repeat transposable element found in the white gene of anopheles gambiae.	pegasus, a novel transposable element, was discovered as a length polymorphism in the white gene of anopheles gambiae. sequence analysis revealed that this 535 bp element was flanked by 8 bp target site duplications and 8 bp perfect terminal inverted repeats similar to those found in many members of the tc1 family. its small size and lack of long open reading frames preclude protein coding capacity. southern analysis and in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes demonstrated that pegasus occ ...	1996	8976060
heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.	from an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, r0. this is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. the rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. the rule implies that co ...	0	8990210
comparative fecundity and associated factors for two sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex occurring sympatrically in the gambia.	for two sibling species of mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex of malaria vectors, the effects of body size (wing length) and bloodmeal size (haematin excretion) on fecundity of wild females were investigated in the gambia, west africa. freshly blood-fed individuals from sympatric populations of an.arabiensis and an.gambiae sensu stricto were sampled by collection at 07.00-09.00 hours from within bednets during july/august 1993, at the beginning of the rainy season. the possibl ...	1996	8994142
trypsin and aminopeptidase gene expression is affected by age and food composition in anopheles gambiae.	the effects of age and food composition on the expression of trypsin and aminopeptidase genes in the anopheles gambiae gut were investigated. no trypsin mrna was detected in the gut of newly eclosed females, but this mrna accumulated to relatively high levels within the first day of life. in contrast, low, but significant trypsin enzyme activity was observed in newly eclosed females. subcellular fractionation experiments suggested that abdominal distention induces the secretion of the enzyme int ...	1996	8995788
field trial of permethrin impregnated sisal curtains in malaria control in western kenya.	a trial to determine the effectiveness of sisal eaves-curtains impregnated with permethrin for malaria control was conducted in the malaria holoendemic western kenya between 1991 and 1993. indoor resting densities of anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus were reduced by 90.9% and 93.8% respectively in protected houses. the entomological inoculation rate (eir) was reduced by 72% in the intervention village. there was no significant reduction in vector longevity or survival as shown by the ...	1996	8997865
[effects of malaria outbreak in a quarter of the city of bobo-dioulasso (burkina faso)].	weekly malaria attack incidence rate has been studied from june to september 1993 in a cluster of children and adults living in a quarter of the city of bobo-dioulasso (burkina faso). the city is located in the savanna area with an average of 1000 mm rainfall in five months. in this recently built quarter at the outskirts, yearly average malaria transmission was of four infected bites mainly due to anopheles gambiae. the medical team visited each week each included family (28 families, 290 perso ...	1996	8998415
partial sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex.	a 4062-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex was sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for eight trnas and five proteins (atp6, atp8, coii, coiii, nd3) and the partial sequence of coi. in combination with data described previously, approximately 50% of the d. pulex mitochondrial genome has been sequenced. the gene order in this half of the genome is identical to that of drosophila yakuba which differs from that of the other completely se ...	1997	9000380
[the history of malaria in sã tomé. considerations on an epidemic].	using a historical approach of malaria control in the island of são tomé, the author describes the evolution of strategies used with special reference to the last 25 years. from a zero mortality rate in children under 4 years in 1981/83, malaria became the first cause of morbidity and mortality after the epidemic of 1985/86. malaria was introduced in 1493, when the virgin island was populated with individuals of various origins (europe, africa). the problem became more important as the populatio ...	1996	9005707
mosquito hexamerins: characterization during larval development.	we report here the first examination of hexamerins expressed during mosquito larval development. haemolymph proteins from fourth-instar larvae of six species representing the two major subfamilies of mosquitoes were characterized by immunoblotting using antisera to calliphorin, the major hexamerin of the blowfly. calliphora vicina, or to lsp1 or lsp2, the two distinct hexamerins of drosophila melanogaster. in each mosquito species the antisera demonstrated the presence of multiple abundant hexam ...	1997	9013251
cloning and characterization of cdnas preferentially expressed in the ovary of the mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	we used differential screening to isolate from an ovarian cdna library two expressed sequences that are enriched substantially in ovaries of blood-fed female anopheles gambiae, as compared to female carcass and male mosquitoes. one of these clones encodes an isoform of histone h2b, whose transcript is polyadenylated at the 3' end. the other cdna clone encodes a protein that is highly conserved in evolution and has been implicated in growth control although its function is still obscure. both gen ...	1997	9013255
effect of gametocyte sex ratio on infectivity of plasmodium falciparum to anopheles gambiae.	insectary-reared anopheles gambiae were experimentally fed with the blood of 90 naturally infected human volunteers carrying gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum. at least one mosquito was successfully infected in 74% of experiments. the probability that a gametocyte carrier was infective, the probability that a mosquito became infected, and the number of oocysts harboured were related to gametocyte density. the mean proportion of male gametocytes was 0.217 (i.e., 3.6 females for every male). se ...	1996	9015496
lymphatic filariasis on the coast of ghana.	parasitological, clinical and entomological surveys for lymphatic filariasis were carried out in 6 villages and 3 towns on the coast of ghana. few or no filarial infections were observed in the towns or in the villages east of accra. however, wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia was common in the 4 western villages, with overall prevalences of 9.2%-25.4% and overall microfilariae (mf) geometric mean intensities of 321-1172 mf/ml of blood. in the same villages, hydrocele affected 8.5%-27.9% of ad ...	1996	9015499
systematics of mosquito disease vectors (diptera, culicidae): impact of molecular biology and cladistic analysis.	the field of medical entomology, by nature of its association with problems of human health, has been conservative in its application of molecular and computer technologies to systematic research. recently, however, these methods have opened new interpretations for systematics of disease vectors. medically important insects, particularly mosquitoes, are among those more thoroughly described by conventional taxonomy, and thereby provide a secure framework for testing congruencies with molecular d ...	1997	9017898
cloning and localization of a glutathione s-transferase class i gene from anopheles gambiae.	1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt) resistance in both adults and larvae of anopheles gambiae is mediated by stage-specific glutathione s-transferases (gsts). on the basis of their biochemical characteristics the larval resistance-associated gsts are likely to be insect class i gsts. aggst1-2, a class i gst gene, which is expressed in larvae, has been cloned from the malaria vector a. gambiae. the gene was inserted into a bacterial expression system, and the detection of 1-chloro ...	1997	9038148
[impact of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets on the transmission of malaria in the coastal lagoon area, benin].	we have measured the entomological impact of insecticide treated nets on malaria transmission at ganvie, a village in the coastal and lagoon area of benin. the nets we have impregnated belong to the population of this village. men and women of ganvie used the nets everyday against nuisance biting. then, the nets we have impregnated are not experimental nets introduced in the village. we have treated 3,230 nets, that means 79% of the nets of this village which counts 20,000 inhabitants. after tre ...	1996	9053053
growth of anopheles mosquito larvae on dietary microbiota in aquatic surface microlayers.	hydrophobic organic matter accumulates under the surface film of water bodies to form the surface microlayers. heterotrophic microorganisms use this organic matter for growth, and they, in turn, are fed upon by anopheles mosquito larvae and other animals. from laboratory experiments we show that two species of mosquito larvae, anopheles gambiae and an.quadrimaculatus, grew most rapidly where surface microlayers were present and, especially, where labile dissolved organic matter was added to prom ...	1997	9061679
anopheles gambiae gonotrophic cycle duration, biting and exiting behaviour unaffected by permethrin-impregnated bednets in the gambia.	permethrin-impregnated bednets protect children against malaria in the gambia, where anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes are the main vectors of malaria. however, no effect has been found on mosquito density, parous rates or sporozoite rates in an.gambiae sensu lato populations; only a reduction in the numbers of mosquitoes resting indoors in rooms with treated bednets. a possible explanation for this paradox is that exposure to treated bednets leads to changed vector behaviour such as a shift ...	1997	9061680
effects of community-wide use of lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors in rural sierra leone.	the effect of community-wide use of bednets treated with lambdacyhalothrin 10 mg/m2 on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae (forest form) was evaluated in sierra leone. sixteen similar villages near the town of bo were randomly allocated either to remain without nets or to receive treated bednets for all inhabitants, with effect from june 1992. mosquitoes were sampled using human biting catches on verandas, light-trap catch (beside an occupied untreated bednet), window exit-trap catch and pyreth ...	1997	9061681
microgeographic structure of anopheles gambiae in western kenya based on mtdna and microsatellite loci.	the population genetic structure of the anopheles gambiae in western kenya was studied using length variation at five microsatellite loci and sequence variation in a 648-nt mtdna fragment. mosquitoes were collected from houses in villages spanning up to 50 km distance. the following questions were answered. (i) are mosquitoes in a house more related genetically to each other than mosquitoes between houses? (ii) what degree of genetic differentiation occurs on these geographical scales? (iii) how ...	1997	9076979
detection of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in naturally infected anopheline species using a fluorescein-labelled dna probe.	a dot blot hybridization method was developed to detect plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in naturally infected mosquitoes. a fluorescein-labelled oligomer was used as a probe. initial non-specific hybridization was found to correlate with the presence of blood in the mosquitoes. this was eliminated by allowing digestion of the engorged blood by keeping the mosquitoes in cages for 48 h before processing. the limit of detection of the hybridization assay was estimated to be about 500 sporozoites. ...	1997	9083583
a glutathione s-transferase gene of the vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	a cdna (d7-8b) 1456 nucleotides in length was isolated from an adult, female-specific anopheles gambiae library and identified as a member of the glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene family by virtue of the inferred amino acid sequence. the gene, aggst2-1, specifies a protein that is 57% identical to the drosophila melanogaster gene, dmgst-2. the conceptual translation product also shows similarity to the pi family of vertebrate gsts. northern analysis reveals multiple and abundant transcription ...	1993	9087540
the mitochondrial genome of the mosquito anopheles gambiae: dna sequence, genome organization, and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects.	the entire 15,363 bp mitochondrial genome was cloned and sequenced from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. with respect to the protein-coding genes, rrna genes and the control region, the gene order was identical to that reported for other insects. there were significant differences, however, in the position and orientation of specific trna loci. the overall nucleotide composition was heavily biased towards adenine and thymine, which accounted for 77.6% of all nucleotides. comparisons were made wit ...	1993	9087549
the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal dna in five members of the anopheles gambiae species complex.	the primary and secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal dna (its1 and its2) and their utility for phylogenetic analysis of closely related species were examined using the anopheles gambiae complex as a model. restriction mapping revealed an unusual architectural feature in the its1 of several members of an an. gambiae cryptic species complex. multiple spacer lengths are prevalent in an. merus and an. melas and are due to variable numbers of a repeated 250 bp sequence ...	1993	9087562
quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of anopheles gambiae to plasmodium cynomolgi b.	the severity of the malaria pandemic in the tropics is aggravated by the ongoing spread of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and mosquito resistance to insecticides. a strain of anopheles gambiae, normally a major vector for human malaria in africa, can encapsulate and kill the malaria parasites within a melanin-rich capsule in the mosquito midgut. genetic mapping revealed one major and two minor quantitative trait loci (qtls) for this encapsulation reaction. understanding such antiparas ...	1997	9103203
the effects of natural plasmodium falciparum infection on the fecundity and mortality of anopheles gambiae s. l. in north east tanzania.	rodent and avian malaria parasites have been reported to have an adverse affect upon the reproductive fitness of mosquitoes. in order to determine whether fecundity reduction occurs in anopheles gambiae s. l. infected with human malaria a study of wild-caught mosquitoes was undertaken in the muheza district of north east tanzania. fully engorged, indoor resting females were collected daily for 4 months and maintained for 5 days. a sporozoite rate of 11.5% was detected for the whole collection an ...	1997	9107019
rescue of drosophila engrailed mutants with a highly divergent mosquito engrailed cdna using a homing, enhancer-trapping transposon.	specific fragments of drosophila regulatory dna can alter the insertional specificity of transposable elements causing them to 'home' to their parent gene. we used this property to insert a transposon-encoded functional coding region near a defective one and rescue a null mutation. this approach differs from homologous recombination in that the endogenous defective coding region is left in place and the genomic dna is altered by the addition of the therapeutic transposon. we constructed a p-elem ...	1997	9108369
high annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in dielmo, a holoendemic area in senegal.	we conducted a three-year entomologic study in dielmo, a village of 250 inhabitants in a holoendemic area for malaria in senegal. anophelines were captured on human bait and by pyrethrum spray collections. the mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction. malaria vectors captured were an. funestus, an. arabiensis, and an. gambiae. anopheles funestus was the most abundant mosquito captured the first year, an. arabiensis in the following ...	1997	9129525
selective introgression of paracentric inversions between two sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex.	the anopheles gambiae complex includes the major vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa where > 80% of all world-wide cases occur. these mosquitoes are characterized by chromosomal inversions associated to the speciation process and to intraspecific ecological and behavioral flexibility. it has been postulated that introgressive hybridization has selectively transferred inversions on the second chromosome between a. gambiae and a. arabiensis, the two most important vectors of malaria. here we ...	1997	9136013
indoor resting by outdoor biting females of anopheles gambiae complex (diptera:culicidae) in the sahel of northern senegal.	three villages in the senegal river basin were selected to study the biting and resting behavior of anopheles gambiae s.l. in relation to human habits, rainfalls, and rice culture irrigation. all inhabitants sleep outside throughout the year, mainly under poor quality bednets. mosquitoes were collected host-seeking during the night on human bait outside and resting during the day inside and outside in pit shelters. an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis fed mainly outside, the only place where host ...	1997	9151491
lack of malaria parasite transmission between apes and humans in gabon.	the international center for medical research (cirmf) is located in an area highly endemic for malaria in southeastern gabon, where humans and apes (gorillas and chimpanzees) are living in the same geographic area. the presence of the cirmf primate center housing apes (59 chimpanzees and nine gorillas in 1994) within the city of franceville provided an opportunity to investigate the capability of cross-transmission of malaria species from humans to apes. the main vector of human malaria, anophel ...	1997	9158055
a genetic study of a melanization response to sephadex beads in plasmodium-refractory and -susceptible strains of anopheles gambiae.	a previously selected plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles gambiae melanotically encapsulates many species of plasmodium. genetic studies of this strain have shown that this refractory phenotype is controlled by a limited number of genes, and the existence of two such genes, pif-b and pif-c, has been demonstrated. further work to determine the molecular basis for this mode of refractoriness led to the discovery that the host-parasite interaction is mimicked by the mosquito's response to car ...	1997	9158056
cloning and characterization of two glutathione s-transferases from a ddt-resistant strain of anopheles gambiae.	two cdna species, aggst1-5 and aggst1-6, comprising the entire coding region of two distinct glutathione s-transferases (gsts) have been isolated from a 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt) resistant strain (zands) of anopheles gambiae. the nucleotide sequences of these cdna species share 80.2% identity and their derived amino acid sequences are 82.3% similar. they have been classified as insect class i gsts on the basis of their high sequence similarity to class i gsts from dros ...	1997	9164846
dynamics of malaria transmission near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya.	entomological and malario-metric measurements were made near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya in order to determine the prevalence and seasonality of malaria and the relative importance of two local anopheline mosquitoes as malaria vectors. the breeding sites studied were the perkerra irrigation scheme and the loboi swamp, whereas the mosquito species involved were anopheles gambiae giles (sensu lato) and anopheles funestus giles. malaria accounted for 54 per cent of annua ...	1997	9183076
analysis of molecular forms and pharmacological properties of acetylcholinesterase in several mosquito species.	two acetylcholinesterases (ache1 and ache2) have recently been characterized in the common mosquito culex pipiens. this situation appeared to be an exception among insects, where only one acetylcholinesterase gene had previously been repeatedly reported. in the present study, acetylcholinesterase was studied in five mosquito species: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, culiseta longeareolata and culex hortensis, in order to test whether or not two different acetylcholinesteras ...	1997	9185166
malaria in mvumi, central tanzania and the in vivo response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulphadoxine pyrimethamine.	a study on the prevalence of malaria and the response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was conducted in mvumi area of central tanzania. splenomegaly was observed at a rate of 62% and 36% in children and adults respectively. crude malaria parasite rate was 55.4% in children and 32% in adults. plasmodium falciparum accounted for the highest proportion (62.7%) of the malaria parasites in the area. this malaria parasite was sensitive to standard dosage of either ...	1997	9185387
three novel families of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements are associated with genes of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	three novel families of transposable elements, wukong, wujin, and wuneng, are described in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. their copy numbers range from 2,100 to 3,000 per haploid genome. there are high degrees of sequence similarity within each family, and many structural but not sequence similarities between families. the common structural characteristics include small size, no coding potential, terminal inverted repeats, potential to form a stable secondary structure, a+t richness, ...	1997	9207116
mapping a quantitative trait locus involved in melanotic encapsulation of foreign bodies in the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.	a plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles gambiae melanotically encapsulates many species of plasmodium, whereas wild-type mosquitoes are usually susceptible. this encapsulation trait can also be observed by studying the response of refractory and susceptible strains to intrathoracically injected cm-sephadex beads. we report the results of broad-scale quantitative trait locus (qtl) mapping of the encapsulation trait using the bead model system. interval mapping using the method of maximum like ...	1997	9215900
molecular cloning and expression of a hexamerin cdna from the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	during the last larval instar, dipteran insects synthesize two hexamerins rich in aromatic residues, typified by the larval serum proteins 1 and 2 (lsp-1 and lsp-2) of drosophila melanogaster. we report here the characterization of a complete cdna sequence encoding a lsp-1-like protein from a lower dipteran insect, the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. the cdna encodes the subunit of a homohexamer, a. gambiae hexamerin-1.1 (aghex-1.1), which is a major pupal protein but only a minor constituen ...	1997	9219531
comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis (diptera:culicidae) in barkedji, a sahelian area of senegal.	the ecology, population dynamics, and malaria vector efficiency of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis were studied for 2 yr in a sahelian village of senegal. anophelines were captured at human bait and resting indoors by pyrethrum spray. mosquitoes belonging to the an. gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction. of 26,973 females, an. arabiensis represented 79% of the mosquitoes captured and remained in the study area longer than an. gambiae after the rains terminated. there ...	1997	9220672
mixed-species plasmodium infections of anopheles (diptera:culicidae)	mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. a review of published reports shows that many anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent sp ...	1997	9220675
efficacy of a granular formulation of bacillus sphaericus against culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae in west african countries.	the efficacy of a sustained released granular formulation of bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 was compared to a flowable concentrate in containers, cesspools, and water ponds. duration of control was dependent on formulation, dosage, exposure to sun, site, recycling, and target mosquito larvae. in a series of container tests with repeated additions of fourth-instar culex quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to 0.3 or 3.0 g/m2 when cadavers were not removed, more than 95 percent control was obtained fo ...	1997	9221738
[role of culex quinquefasciatus in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis in the federal islamic republic of comoros (indian ocean)].	in october 1988-january 1989, as a part of a malaria and filariasis control programme in federal islamic republic of comoros an entomological survey was carried out in 19 rural and urban localities of grande comore. anjouan and moheli islands. the potential breeding places were examined and pyrethrum spray catches were made to evaluate the indoor resting densities of mosquitos. a total of 14.578 adult mosquitos potential vectors of filariasis was collected: 94.5% culex quinquefasciatus, 3.5% ano ...	1994	9235195
induction of ige antibody responses by glutathione s-transferase from the german cockroach (blattella germanica).	we report that a major 23-kda allergen from german cockroach (blattella germanica) is a glutathione s-transferase (ec 2.5.1.18; gst). natural b. germanica gst, purified from cockroach body extracts by glutathione affinity chromatography, and recombinant protein expressed in escherichia coli using the pet21a vector, showed excellent ige antibody binding activity. b. germanica gst caused positive immediate skin tests in cockroach-allergic patients using as little as 3 pg of recombinant protein. th ...	1997	9252418
resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large scale agricultural areas of western kenya.	in kenya indoor and outdoor resting densities of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus at the ahero rice irrigation scheme, and anopheles gambiae s.s., an. arabiensis and an. funestus at the miwani sugar belt were assessed for 13 months by pyrethrum spray collections in houses and granaries. the vector's house leaving behaviour was evaluated with exit traps and it was noted that early exophily (i.e., deliberate) was not detected in any of the vectors. assortative indoor/outdoor resting beh ...	1996	9257337
studies on a primaquine-tolerant strain of plasmodium vivax from brazil in aotus and saimiri monkeys.	a nonimmune american acquired an infection of plasmodium vivax type 1 malaria in brazil in 1994. after returning to the u.s.a., he had a primary attack followed by 3 relapses. the primary attack and first 2 relapses were treated with a standard regimen of chloroquine, followed by 14 days of primaquine (15 mg/day). following the third relapse, the primaquine treatment was extended to 28 days. no further relapses occurred. the lack of response to primaquine by this strain may recommend it as a sui ...	1997	9267419
insect repellents. what really works?	deet remains one of the most effective repellents against a wide variety of insects. although adverse reactions have been reported in the medical literature and magnified in the press, the compound is remarkably safe and has been used by hundreds of millions of people over the past 40 years. permethrin is a better deterrent of ticks and, like deet, is remarkably safe. concomitant use of these two agents provides superior protection. citronella and a bath oil, avon skin-so-soft, also provide limi ...	1997	9270701
chromosome end elongation by recombination in the mosquito anopheles gambiae.	one of the functions of telomeres is to counteract the terminal nucleotide loss associated with dna replication. while the vast majority of eukaryotic organisms maintain their chromosome ends via telomerase, an enzyme system that generates short, tandem repeats on the ends of chromosomes, other mechanisms such as the transposition of retrotransposons or recombination can also be used in some species. chromosome end regression and extension were studied in a medically important mosquito, the mala ...	1997	9271395
the white gene from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	we report the cloning and primary characterization of both cdna and genomic fragments from the white gene of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. comparisons of the conceptual translation product with white genes from four other species within the order diptera show that the ae. aegypti gene is most similar to the white gene of the mosquito vector of human malaria, anopheles gambiae (86% identity and 92% similarity). the analysis of the primary sequence of genomic dna at the 5'-end of the c ...	1997	9272447
binding kinetics of bacillus sphaericus binary toxin to midgut brush-border membranes of anopheles and culex sp. mosquito larvae.	direct-binding assays and homologous-competition assays were used to identify specific binding between the radiolabelled toxin of bacillus sphaericus and brush-border membrane fractions (bbmf) from anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi, obtained from whole larvae preparations. in both species, the toxin bound to a single class of receptors. bbmf of a. gambiae had the highest binding affinity for the toxin of the species tested, with a dissociation constant (kd) of 30 +/- 15 nm and a maximum ...	1997	9288894
[anopheles species and the transmission of malaria in the forest/savannah transition zone in central cameroon].	a longitudinal study on malaria vectors and transmission was carried out in a forest-savannah transitional area in cameroon. indoor all night mosquito collections on human bait were performed during one year in two villages: nditam and ngoume. nditam was located in a secondary forest block surrounded by savannah, while ngoume was situated in an ancient forest block. the results showed that at nditam, only one anopheline species was collected, that was anopheles gambiae s.l.. the average daily bi ...	1997	9289252
simplified methodology for pcr investigation of midguts from mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex, in which the vector and plasmodium species can both be identified.		1997	9307664
a land filled with mosquitoes: fred l. soper, the rockefeller foundation, and the anopheles gambiae invasion of brazil.	the success of fred soper and the rockefeller foundation's international health division in eradicating the anopheles gambiae mosquito from northeast brazil was a significant watershed in the history of malaria control. it revived faith in vector control strategies and paved the way for the application of eradication methods in the fight against malaria following world war ii. yet soper's achievement needs to be re-examined from a wider analytical perspective that takes account of the longer epi ...	1997	9311224
plasmodium activates the innate immune response of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.	innate immune-related gene expression in the major disease vector mosquito anopheles gambiae has been analyzed following infection by the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. substantially increased levels of mrnas encoding the antibacterial peptide defensin and a putative gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (gnbp) are observed 20-30 h after ingestion of an infected blood-meal, at a time which indicates that this induction is a response to parasite invasion of the midgut epithelium. the indu ...	1997	9321391
immune responsiveness in vector insects.		1997	9326575
midgut-specific immune molecules are produced by the blood-sucking insect stomoxys calcitrans.	we have cloned and sequenced two defensins, smd1 and smd2, from anterior midgut tissue of the blood-sucking fly stomoxys calcitrans. the dna and n-terminal protein sequences suggest both are produced as prepropeptides. smd1 differs from the classic defensin pattern in having an unusual six-amino acid-long n-terminal sequence. both smd1 and smd2 have lower pi points and charge than insect defensins derived from fat body/hemocytes. northern analysis shows both of these defensin molecules are tissu ...	1997	9326639
molecular immune responses of the mosquito anopheles gambiae to bacteria and malaria parasites.	immune responses of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae were monitored systematically by the induced expression of five rna markers after infection challenge. one newly isolated marker encodes a homologue of the moth gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (gnbp), and another corresponds to a serine protease-like molecule. additional previously described markers that respond to immune challenge encode the antimicrobial peptide defensin, a putative galactose lectin, and a putative serine ...	1997	9326640
progress in the map-based cloning of the anopheles gambiae genes responsible for the encapsulation of malarial parasites.	a genetically selected strain of the mosquito anopheles gambiae, the major vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa, is able to encapsulate and kill plasmodium ookinetes after they have penetrated the midgut cells and come to rest between the midgut epithelial cells and the surrounding basal lamina. the genetic basis of this phenotype has now been examined by high-resolution mapping using microsatellite loci. results of this mapping indicate that three genes contribute to this phenotype, with one ...	1997	9329988
mosquito vectors of bancroftian filariasis in kwale district, kenya.	a total of 2,906 female mosquitoes were collected over a period of one year using pyrethrum spray-sheet and human bait methods, and dissected for filaria larvae in three hinterland villages of coastal kenya. the dominant species, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus were also found to be the main vectors. from the spray catch collections 0,9 and 1 cx. quinquefasciatus, an. gambiae and an. funestus out of 491, 708 and 403 respectively were infective. in the same order, 4, 2 and 2 out of 512, ...	1997	9337005
the white gene of the tephritid fruit fly bactrocera tryoni is characterized by a long untranslated 5' leader and a 12kb first intron.	a 300 bp fragment from exon 6 of the white gene of bactrocera tryoni was used to screen a b. tryoni genomic library. one positive (approximately 14 kb) insert contained exons 2-6 of white by nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity to the white genes of d. melanogaster (o'hare et al., 1984; pepling & mount, 1990). lucilia cuprina (garcia et al., 1996). ceratitis capitata (zwiebel et al., 1995) and anopheles gambiae (besansky et al., 1995). a white 5' cdna fragment containing exons 1, 2 and ...	1997	9359576
molecular identification of sympatric chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae and further evidence of their reproductive isolation.	three chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae s.s., designated as bamako, mopti and savanna, were studied for diagnostic pcr assays based on the analysis of the x-linked ribosomal dna (rdna). the study was performed on a 1.3 kb fragment containing part of the 28s coding region and part of the intergenic spacer region. the amplified material was cut with fourteen restriction enzymes to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps). the enzymes tru9i and hhai produced patterns of dna ban ...	1997	9359579
cloning and characterization of a serine protease from the human malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.	the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a serine protease (agsp24d) from the human malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, is presented. the gene product is a 271 amino acid protein that contains the conserved serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues found in serine proteases, and has the highest identity to a serine protease of unknown function from drosophila melanogaster. in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes detects a single band at 24d. northern analysis reveals only lo ...	1997	9359580
characterization of a novel gut-specific chitinase gene from the human malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	chitinases that function in the molting of the larval exoskeleton have been characterized previously. however, chitinase expression in an adult insect gut has not been described. here we report on the initial characterization and cloning of a novel chitinase gene that is expressed specifically in the midgut of adult anopheles gambiae females. upon feeding, chitinase is secreted into the gut lumen as an inactive pro-enzyme that is later activated by trypsin. thus, temporal regulation of chitinase ...	1997	9360958
binding of the 51- and 42-kda individual components from the bacillus sphaericus crystal toxin to mosquito larval midgut membranes from culex and anopheles sp. (diptera: culicidae).	individual components (p51 and p42) from the crystal toxin (bin) of bacillus sphaericus were used for in vitro binding competition experiments with brush border membranes (bbmfs) from culex pipiens and anopheles gambiae larval midguts. p51 competed for the bin binding site with a similar affinity to the bin toxin, on both bbmfs. for c. pipiens, p42 bound non-specifically until p51 was added with maximum binding of p42 at a molar ratio of each component. the binding of p42 was much greater on a. ...	1997	9368375
ribosomal dna-polymerase chain reaction assay discriminates between anopheles quadriannulatus and an. merus (diptera: culicidae).	a ribosomal dna polymerase chain reaction technique (rdna-pcr) that distinguishes the 5 more common and widespread members of the anopheles gambiae complex failed to consistently identify specimens of anopheles merus dönitz collected in south africa and tanzania. when the original rdna-pcr assay was applied to field-collected specimens or specimens from laboratory colonies established from these populations, bands diagnostic of both an. merus and an. quadriannulatus (theobald) were amplified fro ...	1997	9379465
sporozoite loads of naturally infected anopheles in kilifi district, kenya.	the number of salivary gland malaria sporozoites (sporozoite load) was determined by hemacytometer counts for 2,055 field-collected anopheles mosquitoes from kilifi district, kenya. of 48 gland-positive anopheles gambiae s.l., sporozoite loads ranged from 125 to 79,875, with a geometric mean of 1,743 sporozoites per infected mosquito. about half of the infected mosquitoes had sporozoite loads < 1,000. following hemacytometer examination of salivary gland samples, the same samples were subsequent ...	1997	9383768
antisense suppression of the putative ribosomal protein s3a gene disrupts ovarian development in drosophila melanogaster.	the drosophila melanogaster homologue of the anopheles gambiae c3 cdna has been isolated and characterized by sequence analysis. the encoded protein was localized by immunochemical and immunocytochemical methods. the drosophila c3 protein is highly similar to homologues of disputed function, which have previously been identified in fungi, plants and animals. the protein is ubiquitous and localized in the cytoplasm. cell fractionation followed by detection with a specific antibody preparation sho ...	1997	9393444
molecular cloning of cdnas for two pro-phenol oxidase subunits from the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.	phenol oxidase exists in insect hemolymph as a zymogen, pro-phenol oxidase (pro-po), which is activated by specific proteolysis in response to infection or wounding. phenol oxidase catalyses the synthesis of quinones that polymerize to form melanin deposits, which encapsulate parasites and help to seal wounds. antibodies to pro-po from manduca sexta bound to 76, 72, and 71 kda polypeptide bands from hemolymph of anopheles gambiae larvae. this antiserum was used to screen a cdna library from a. g ...	1997	9404013
patterns of mitochondrial variation within and between african malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis, suggest extensive gene flow.	anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis are mosquito species responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa. they are also closely related sibling species that share chromosomal and molecular polymorphisms as a consequence of incomplete lineage sorting or introgressive hybridization. to help resolve these processes, this study examined the partitioning of mtdna sequence variation within and between species across africa, from both population genetic and phylogeographic perspectives ...	1997	9409838
universally conserved translation initiation factors.	the process by which translation is initiated has long been considered similar in bacteria and eukarya but accomplished by a different unrelated set of factors in the two cases. this not only implies separate evolutionary histories for the two but also implies that at the universal ancestor stage, a translation initiation mechanism either did not exist or was of a different nature than the extant processes. we demonstrate herein that (i) the "analogous" translation initiation factors if-1 and ei ...	1998	9419357
a moloney murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vector pseudotyped by the insect retroviral gypsy envelope can infect drosophila cells.	the gypsy element of drosophila melanogaster is the first retrovirus identified so far in invertebrates. previous data suggest that gypsy env-like orf3 mediates viral infectivity. we have produced in the 293gp/lnhsp701ucl.3 human cell line a moloney murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vector pseudotyped by the gypsy env-like protein. we have shown by immunostaining that the gypsy envelope protein is produced in 293gp/lnhsp701ucl.3 cells and that vector particles collected from these cells can ...	1998	9420299
use of rdna-pcr to investigate the ecological distribution of anopheles bwambae in relation to other members of the an.gambiae complex of mosquitoes in bwamba county, uganda.	environmental relationships were investigated among three species of the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes associated with the geothermal springs located in bwamba county, uganda. the degree of ecological isolation between an.gambiae and an.bwambae, a sibling species known only from the geothermal springs environment, was assessed on the basis of adult distribution and abundance as well as differences in larval habitats. field data were gathered during june 1995 without knowing which of th ...	1997	9430111
the anopheles gambiae tryptophan oxygenase gene expressed from a baculovirus promoter complements drosophila melanogaster vermilion.	an anopheles gambiae cdna encoding tryptophan oxygenase was placed under the control of the constitutive baculovirus promoter, ie-1. the chimeric construct, expressed transiently in vermilion (tryptophan oxygenase) mutants of drosophila melanogaster, partially rescued adult eye color. the successful genetic complementation by this construct demonstrated both the proper function of the tryptophan oxygenase product and the effectiveness of the ie-1 promoter in directing expression of foreign genes ...	1997	9443379
odor-mediated host preferences of west african mosquitoes, with particular reference to malaria vectors.	the role of odors in mosquito host preferences was studied in a village near ouagadougou, burkina faso. two odor-baited entry-traps were put beside one another and a choice of host odor-laden air was blown out of them. odors of a human and a calf (of similar mass) were drawn from two tents in which each was separately concealed. allowances were made for trap position, differences in human-subject attractiveness, co2 levels, and trap contamination with alternative host odors. choices for the huma ...	1998	9452293
microgeographic genetic differentiation of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from asembo bay, western kenya: a comparison with kilifi in coastal kenya.	microgeographic differentiation in anopheles gambiae from seven villages less than 10 km apart in asembo bay, western kenya was estimated by analysis of variability in seven microsatellite loci. results from the asembo bay villages were compared with specimens collected in kilifi, coastal kenya, 700 km to the east. allele frequency distribution was very similar in all villages in asembo bay, but differed for the kilifi population. genetic differentiation among villages was low with loci-specific ...	1998	9452294
intraspecific isozyme polymorphism of anopheles gambiae in relation to environment, behavior, and malaria transmission in southwestern burkina faso.	a cellulose acetate electrophoresis system was used to study the isozyme polymorphism of the anopheles gambiae complex in a rural village and a city in southwestern burkina faso. in both areas a. gambiae giles was the dominant species (95%) whereas a. arabiensis patton represented only 5%. both species were separated readily by octanol dehydrogenase odh and mannose phosphate isomerase (mpi) even if they shared some alleles at these two loci. polymorphism analysis (13 loci) at the intraspecific l ...	1998	9452295
ikirara, a novel transposon family from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	members of a novel transposon family, ikirara, were found in the genome of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. they are most abundant in a. gambiae sensu stricto, but related sequences were found in all four other tested members of this species complex. no relatives were found in a. funestus or a. stephensi. ikirara1, the first isolated family member, was found between two of the tandem vitellogenin (vg) genes. because it was found at this location in g3 and only one of nine other a. gambiae s ...	1998	9459424
molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a prophenoloxidase cdna from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	a cdna clone for prophenoloxidase was isolated from the most important human malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. the clone encoded a polypeptide of 79341 da that contains the two copper binding domains common to all invertebrate prophenoloxidases and haemocyanins. expression of the prophenoloxidase gene was detected throughout all life stages from egg to imago in two strains of a. gambiae; however, the strongest expression was observed in developing embryos in eggs. the prophenoloxidase gene was ...	1998	9459428
dna organization and length polymorphism at the 2l telomeric region of anopheles gambiae.	the molecular structure of the telomeric region at the left arm of the second chromosome of the mosquito anopheles gambiae has been determined in the transformed strain g418 that contains a puchsneo transgene attached at the 2l chromosome end, and in the pink eye laboratory strain (pe). both strains contain the same complex satellite positioned distal to a unique region. fige mapping of the telomeric region of the pe strain revealed distinct dna fragment lengths that segregated with individual c ...	1998	9459432
differential accumulation and tissue distribution of mosquito hexamerins during metamorphosis.	the pupal hexamerins were characterized for two mosquitoes representative of the culicine and anopheline families, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. like higher diptera, both mosquito species express two types of hexamerins, hex-1 and hex-2, whose subunits are distinguished by different levels of methionine and aromatic amino acids. in a. aegypti there are two heterohexamers, aahex-1 and aahex-2. in a. gambiae there are two homohexamers, aghex-1.1 and aghex-1.2, and one heterohexamer, aghex-2 ...	1997	9474778
the early sporogonic cycle of plasmodium falciparum in laboratory-infected anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy.	this study investigated the successive losses in the parasite densities of plasmodium falciparum stages during the early sporogony in laboratory-reared anopheles gambiae infected by membrane feeding with blood from naturally infected gametocyte carriers (>50 gametocytes/mm3). the developmental stages of p. falciparum in the mosquito were studied from zygote to oocyst, by immunofluorescent method using monoclonal antibodies against the pfs25 protein present on the surface of newly formed gametes. ...	1998	9484964
an evaluation of surveillance of malaria at primary health care level in kenya.	as less than twenty five per cent of persons suffering from malaria seek formal treatment in most of sub-saharan africa, facility-based morbidity statistics are inadequate for monitoring malaria control programmes. this explorative study assessed whether a health centre equipped with a microscope and trained personnel could monitor malaria transmission within its catchment area. the study was conducted at chemase health centre in nandi district in kenya, an area holoendemic for malaria with anop ...	1997	9487433
parasite antigens on the infected red cell surface are targets for naturally acquired immunity to malaria.	the feasibility of a malaria vaccine is supported by the fact that children in endemic areas develop naturally acquired immunity to disease. development of disease immunity is characterized by a decrease in the frequency and severity of disease episodes over several years despite almost continuous infection, suggesting that immunity may develop through the acquisition of a repertoire of specific, protective antibodies directed against polymorphic target antigens. plasmodium falciparum erythrocyt ...	1998	9500614
the effective population size of anopheles gambiae in kenya: implications for population structure.	we estimated current and long-term effective population size (ne) of two anopheles gambiae (savanna cytotype) populations in kenya. temporal variation at nine microsatellite loci in each population sampled 7 and 9 years apart and genetic diversity in each sample were analyzed to answer the following questions. (1) do bottlenecks occur in kenyan populations of a. gambiae? (2) how variable are different populations with respect to their current and long-term ne values? (3) what are the implication ...	1998	9501493
four years' entomological study of the transmission of seasonal malaria in senegal and the bionomics of anopheles gambiae and a. arabiensis.	from 1993 to 1996, an entomological survey was conducted in the village of ndiop, senegal, as part of a research programme on malaria epidemiology and the mechanisms of protective immunity. mosquitoes were captured on human bait and by indoor spraying. species from the anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction, and plasmodium falciparum infections were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circumsporozoite protein. the vector species identified wer ...	1997	9509170
permethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behaviour of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in kenya.	the impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on resting and feeding behaviour of mosquito vectors of wuchereria bancrofti, causing human lymphatic filariasis was studied in six pairs of villages (treated and untreated) before and after intervention. the study villages were in kwale district, near the coast of kenya, where bancroftian filariasis is highly endemic, transmitted by a combination of both anopheline and culicine mosquito vectors. mosquitoes were collected weekly in each village, indoo ...	1998	9513939
comparison of bednets treated with alphacypermethrin, permethrin or lambdacyhalothrin against anopheles gambiae in the gambia.	in the gambian village of saruja, where malaria is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex, a trial was undertaken of the acceptability and efficacy of bednets treated with one of three pyrethroid insecticides--alphacypermethrin 40 mg/m2, permethrin 500 mg/m2 and lambdacyhalothrin 10 mg/ m2. fewer mosquitoes were found alive under nets treated with insecticide than under control nets. significantly more dead mosquitoes were found under nets treated with alphacypermethri ...	1998	9513940