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an outbreak of type 2 dengue fever in the seychelles, probably transmitted by aedes albopictus (skuse).between december 1976 and september 1977 the seychelles group of islands in the indian ocean was struck by an extensive epidemic of dengue fever. the peak of the epidemic was in the last week of february. type 2 dengue virus was isolated from patients and mosquitos. aedes albopictus was the sole vector. the clinical picture was that of classical dengue. haemorrhagic fever and the shock syndrome were not observed.absenteeism from schools and offices, anamnestic questioning, and prevalence of anti ...19806971192
the location of san angelo virus in developing ovaries of transovarially infected aedes albopictus mosquitoes as revealed by fluorescent antibody technique.aedes albopictus adult female mosquitoes, transovarially infected with san angelo (sa) virus, were examined by fluorescent antibody technique during various stages of ovarian development to determine how the virus enters the egg. upon emergence from the day of adulthood, it was visible in the follicular epithelium, oocytes and nurse cells of the primary follicles. in the 72-hour period between the ingestion of blood and oviposition, there was a marked increase in the amount of viral antigen in t ...19817011067
a comparison of indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy for the diagnosis of some haemorrhagic viruses in cell cultures.yellow fever, dengue (types 1, 2 and 4), chikungunya, rift valley fever, ebola, marburg, and lassa viruses were inoculated into susceptible cell cultures and daily investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) and electron microscopy (em) with a view to achieve an early detection-identification of these agents. compared to the other cell lines tested (vero, bhk-21 and aedes albopictus), cv-1 cells were found to be more sensitive. viral antigens were detected by ifa from a few hours post inoc ...19817024293
transient enhanced synthesis of a cellular protein following infection of aedes albopictus cells with sindbis virus. 19827039090
mutant identifying a third recombination group in a bunyavirus.only two recombination groups have been reported in genetic analyses of ts mutants of 10 different bunyaviruses from the bunyamwera and california encephalitis serogroups, although three groups are expected from the tripartite structure of the genome of all members of the family bunyaviridae. we describe now a ts mutant of maguari virus, magts23(iii), which recombined in both vertebrate (bhk-21) and invertebrate (aedes albopictus) cells with mutants representing recombination groups i and ii of ...19827097862
isolation and characterization of puromycin-resistant clones from cultured mosquito cells.we have isolated from an established aedes albopictus (mosquito) cell line clones which are resistant to the antibiotic puromycin. on the basis of growth and plating efficiency, clones pur-8026 and pur-8612 were five- and seven-fold more resistant, respectively, to puromycin than wild-type cells. in vitro protein synthesis was resistant to puromycin only in extracts prepared from pur-8612 cells. measurements of puromycin transport, cross-resistance to colchicine, and sensitivity to tween-80 indi ...19827123454
aedes albopictus cells resistant to adenosine because of a defect in nucleoside transport.by growing aedes albopictus mosquito cells in media containing increasing concentrations of adenosine and subsequently plating low numbers of cells in the presence of ehna (an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase), three clones were obtained which were resistant to adenosine. the adenosine-resistant clones contained level of adenosine and thymidine kinase similar to those in the parental cells, but were unable to incorporate labeled nucleotides (adenosine, uridine, thymidine, or guanosine) into tca- ...19827135163
isolation and characterization of cycloheximide-resistant mosquito cell clones.following treatment of cultured mosquito cells (aedes albopictus line of singh) with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, we were able to isolate three cycloheximide-resistant clones. on the basis of growth kinetics, plating efficiency, and protein synthesis, these clones are 10- to 30-fold more resistant to cycloheximide than the parent cells. cell-free lysates made from these cells retained 30-65% of their endogenous protein synthesizing ability in the presence of cycloheximide concent ...19827144797
manipulation with aëdes albopictus cells ii. changes in the karyotype after long-term in vitro cultivation, the effect of the serum concentration, and the influence of baculoviruses (autographa californica). 19827148262
neutralization characteristics of dengue viruses isolated in mosquito cell culture and suckling mouse brain from a case of laboratory dengue infection.one of the authors (y.o.) of this paper was accidentally infected in the laboratory with dengue type 4 virus, isolated in thailand in 1978 using the c6/36 clone of singh's aedes albopictus cells (sa). two strains of the virus were isolated from y.o.'s serum on the first day of illness using sa and suckling mouse brain (smb). the sa-isolate and the infecting virus were neutralized with high efficiency by y.o.'s convalescent sera, but the smb-isolate was neutralized much less efficiently by the sa ...19827165688
multiple glucose phosphate isomerase alleles in aedes albopictus (diptera:culicidae) from peninsular malaysia.1. three natural populations and a laboratory strain of aedes albopictus were analysed for glucose phosphate isomerase by means of horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. the electrophoretic phenotypes were governed by five codominant gpi alleles. 3. the commonest allele in all the four population samples was gpic which encoded an electrophoretic band with intermediate mobility. 4. the distributions of gpi phenotypes were in accordance with hardy-weinberg expectations. 5. the four population s ...19827172625
distribution and density of aedes aegypti (l) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in sarawak. 19827176997
[isolation of type iii dengue fever virus from aedes albopictus collected at hainan island]. 19827185456
[preliminary observation of aedes albopictus in relation to its multiple blood sucking]. 19827185457
aedes albopictus in the solomon and santa cruz islands, south pacific.surveys of mosquitoes in the south pacific up until 1977 have shown the presence of aedes albopictus only as far east as papua new guinea. during the visit to the solomon islands in 1978 to collect members of the aedes (stegomyia) scutellaris complex, ae. albopictus was found in large numbers on guadalcanal and was also present in the santa cruz islands. this species has been incriminated as a vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever.19807210128
semliki forest virus multiplication in clones of aedes albopictus cells.a total of 115 clones of aedes albopictus cells were examined for their response to infection with semliki forest virus. virus yield and cytopathology showed a bimodal distribution. more than 68% of the clones gave low yields of virus (between 8 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(8) pfu/ml) with no discernable cytopathology, and 30% gave high yields of virus (between 1 x 10(9) and 8 x 10(9) pfu/ml) and showed moderate to severe cytopathology. to determine the level at which restriction in virus growth occurs in ...19817218433
isolation of viruses from female culex tritaeniorhynchus in aedes albopictus cell cultures.isolation of viruses from female culex tritaeniorhynchus was performed by inoculation of specimens into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells as well as into suckling mouse brains (smb). altogether, 32,812 mosquitoes in 349 pools were processed from the specimens collected in osaka prefecture during the summer of 1978. thirty-nine strains of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) were isolated in c6/36 cells in contrast to 27 strains in smb. twenty-four pools yielded jev both in cell cultures and in smb ...19817235135
bunyamwera virus replication in cultured aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells: establishment of a persistent viral infection.bunyamwera virus replication was examined in aedes albopictus (mosquito) cell cultures in which a persistent infection is established and in cytopathically infected bhk cells. during primary infection of a. albopictus cells, bunyamwera virus reached relatively high titers ( approximately 10(7) pfu/ml), and autointerference was not observed. three virus-specific rnas (l, m, and s) and two virion proteins (n and g1) were detected in infected cells. maximum rates of viral rna synthesis and viral pr ...19817241667
selective disappearance of two secreted host proteins in the course of semliki forest virus infection of aedes albopictus cells.one secreted host protein of molecular weight 54,000 (sp 54) disappeared (from 24 to 48 h after infection) in semliki forest virus-infected aedes albopictus cell clone c6/36 grown in both mitsuhashi-maramorosch basal medium and tissue culture medium 199 and reappeared when cells went into the permanently infected state. c6/36 is a high virus producer showing a cytopathic effect. a second secreted host protein of molecular weight 62,000 (sp 62) was prominent if cell clone c6/36 was grown in tissu ...19817277579
growth patterns of temperature-sensitive mutants of western equine encephalitis virus in cultured aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells.several temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of western equine encephalitis virus (weev) have been isolated previously from persistently infected cultures of mosquito cells and divided into three groups: early passage rna- mutants, early passage rna+ mutants and late passage rna- mutants (maeda et al., 1979(. the growth patterns of these groups, as well as of several ts mutants isolated after chemical mutagenesis and of wild-type (wt) weev, have been compared in bhk cells and in two strains of mos ...19817310379
studies on the breeding habitats and seasonal prevalence of larval population of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in dacca city.an one-year study was conducted on the outdoor breeding habitats and seasonal prevalence of larval populations of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in ten different locations of dacca city. nine locations were found infested with larvae of either one or both species during the rainy season (may to october) of the year. a total of 1898 containers/sites were surveyed out of which 86 (4.53%) were infested with either one or both species. out of then different kinds of artificial containers and nat ...19807325925
insect chromosome isolation: a method for metaphase chromosome harvest from cultured cells of the mosquito aedes albopictus. 19817332874
neutralization antibody responses induced by japanese encephalitis virus vaccine.single doses of japanese encephalitis (je) vaccine of the nakayama strain were given to members of the staffs of a hospital and 99 paired-sera were obtained. neutralization antibody titers of the sera were determined against the nakayama strain and e-50 strain, isolated from wild culex tritaeniorhynchus using clone c6/36 of singh's aedes albopictus mosquito cell culture. post-vaccination sera showed a significant neutralizing antibody response against both the nakayama and e-50 strain. the geome ...19817346039
polypeptide synthesis in alphavirus-infected aedes albopictus cells during the establishment of persistent infection.polypeptide synthesis was examined in mosquito cells during the establishment of a persistent infection with two alphaviruses, ross river virus (rrv) and semliki forest virus (sfv), and in vertebrate cells cytopathically-infected with the same viruses. in aedes albopictus cell, rrv reached peak titres at 34--48 hours p.i. at 12 hours 85 per cent of cells assayed as infected by infective centre assay; by 48 hours when persistence was established, virus production was reduced and less than 5 per c ...19807356398
inhibition of sindbis virus replication in aedes albopictus cells by virazole (ribavirin) and its reversal by actinomycin: a correction. 19807368572
effect of rearing temperature on transovarial transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus in mosquitoes.female aedes albopictus and aedes epactius infected by inoculation with st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus transmitted virus transovarially to their f1 progeny. with ae. epactius, minimal infection rates (mir) in f1 larvae were similar for progeny reared at 18 (+/- 1) degree c or 27 (+/- 1) degree c, whereas, mir's were significantly higher in f1 adults reared at 18 degrees c, than they were in f1 adults reared at 27 degrees c. use of different strains of sle virus appeared to influence transova ...19807435796
the presence of oviposition attractants of aedes albopictus larval holding water on aedes aegypti. 19807444586
the mechanism of arbovirus transovarial transmission in mosquitoes: san angelo virus in aedes albopictùs.the mechanism of transovarial transmission of san angelo (sa) virus in aedes albopictus was investigated.a mosquito line with sa virus filial infection rates of almost 100% was developed by selection. results of crosses and back-crosses between this transovarial transmission-efficient line and noninfected mosquitoes indicated that sa virus was transmitted in ae. albopictus by maternal inheritance. the infection status of the male parent was of no consequence; the virus was passed from generation ...19807446826
serological and virological studies on patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) in chanthaburi province, thailand. ii. serological characteristics of viruses isolated from dhf patients using a clone of singh's aedes albopictus cells.four strains of dengue (den) virus were isolated using c6/36 cells, a clone of singh's aedes albopictus cells, from acute phase sera of dhf patients in thailand in 1978. the isolates grown and passaged in c6/36 cells were not neutralized appreciably by standard rabbit antisera against each of the 4 types of den virus, but their serotypes could be identified by complement fixation (cf) tests. after the 4th or 10th passage in suckling mouse brain (smb), however, three of the four strains showed ty ...19807458895
amino acid requirements for the growth of aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells and for the production of dengue and chikungunya viruses in the infected cells.amino acid requirements for the growth of aedes albopictus, clone c6/36, cells and for the production of dengue (den) and chikungunya (chik) viruses were examined by growing the cells or the viruses in media which were deprived of one of the 20 amino acids. cell growth was markedly inhibited when cystine was omitted from the medium, and to a lesser extent by arginine deprivation. on the other hand, omission of alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid at the same time did not affect ...19807464570
aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) eggs: field survivorship during northern indiana winters.aedes albopictus (skuse) is an asian mosquito that recently has colonized north america via used tire transport. temperate ae. albopictus populations overwinter as diapausing eggs, but tropical populations cannot diapause. eggs of tropical (sabah) and temperate (indy) ae. albopictus were obtained in diapause-inducing conditions and placed inside a scrap tire to monitor overwintering survival in northern indiana during the winters of 1989-1990 and 1990-1991. diapause eggs of ae. triseriatus (say) ...19957473614
prey density effect on cannibalism by toxorhynchites towadensis (diptera: culicidae).the effect of prey density on cannibalism by the larvae of toxorhynchites towadensis (matsumura) was studied in the laboratory. frequency of cannibalism was compared among pairs of all possible instar combinations of tx. towadensis in the presence and absence of aedes albopictus (skuse). cannibalism occurred despite the presence of prey larvae, but more frequently between different instars than the same instars. cannibalized larvae were always younger than or the same age as their attackers. six ...19957473620
dirofilaria (filarioidea: onchocercidae) infection in aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) collected in louisiana.first-stage dirofilaria larvae were found infecting the malpighian tubules in 3 of 163 aedes albopictus collected from new orleans, la, during june-july 1994. further studies will be necessary to provide definitive identification of the parasite species, and to better describe the vectorial status of ae. albopictus.19957473630
isolation and identification of novel toxins from a new mosquitocidal isolate from malaysia, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan.a new mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis subsp., jegathesan, has recently been isolated from malaysia. parasporal crystal inclusions were purified from this strain and bioassayed against fourth-instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, aedes togoi, aedes albopictus, anopheles maculatus, and mansonia uniformis. the 50% lethal concentration of crystal inclusions for each species was 0.34, 8.08, 0.34, 17.59, 3.91, and 120 ng/ml, respectively. these values show that parasporal inclus ...19957487029
geographic spread of aedes albopictus in europe and the concern among public health authorities. report and recommendations of a workshop, held in rome, december 1994. 19957493669
wolbachia pipientis: bacterial density and unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between infected populations of aedes albopictus.unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility is seen when certain wolbachia-infected insect populations are crossed. two hypotheses might explain this phenomenon: superinfections with mutually incompatible strains of wolbachia producing incompatibility when crossed to individuals infected with only a single bacterial strain or, alternatively, a bacterial dosage model, with differences in wolbachia densities responsible for the incompatibility. a quantitative pcr assay was set up as a general metho ...19957498425
the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mosquitoes and mosquito cells using a packaged sindbis replicon system.sindbis (sin) replicon virus was used to express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) in aedes albopictus (c6/36) cells and aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. rna transcribed in vitro from a sin replicon plasmid (psinrep5/cat) and from sin virus helper constructs (pdh-eb or pdh(26s)5'sin) was coelectroporated into bhk-21 cells to generate replicon viruses, designated rep5/cat/eb and rep5/cat/26s. c6/36 cells infected with rep5/cat/eb or rep5/cat/26s virus at a multiplicity of infection of 3, expre ...19957498436
an integrated target sequence and signal amplification assay, reverse transcriptase-pcr-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to detect and characterize flaviviruses.we previously described a reverse transcriptase-pcr using flavivirus genus-conserved and virus species-specific amplimers (d. w. trent and g. j. chang, p. 355-371, in y. becker and c. darai; ed., frontiers of virology, vol. 1, 1992). target amplification was improved by redesigning the amplimers, and a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique has been developed to detect amplified digoxigenin (dig)-modified dna. a single biotin motif and multiple dig motifs were incorporated ...19947512096
control of aedes albopictus larvae using time-release larvicide formulations in louisiana.the ability of time-release formulations of larvicides and insect growth regulators (igrs) to provide long-term control of aedes albopictus was investigated in the field. larvicides used in the study were bactimos pellets (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, active ingredient) and abate pellets (temephos, active ingredient). the igr altosid (methoprene, active ingredient) was used in pellet and sand formulations. application rates were higher than label recommendations. in a preliminary tes ...19947516963
phylogeny of sibling species of simulium venustum and s. verecundum (diptera: simuliidae) based on sequences of the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene.the phylogeny of four sibling species of simulium venustum (cc, cc3, cc4, and ac(gb)) and two sibling species of s. verecundum (aa and acd = s. rostratum) was reconstructed using nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial large subunit rrna gene. separate phylogenetic analyses were performed by dividing the sequence data into: (1) helices of a computer-generated secondary structure of the rdna; (2) loops of the computer-generated structure; (3) helices of a consensus secondary structure (deduced ...19937519520
voltage-dependent gating of single gap junction channels in an insect cell line.de novo formation of cell pairs was used to examine the gating properties of single gap junction channels. two separate cells of an insect cell line (clone c6/36, derived from the mosquito aedes albopictus) were pushed against each other to provoke formation of gap junction channels. a dual voltage-clamp method was used to control the voltage gradient between the cells (vj) and measure the intercellular current (ij). the first sign of channel activity was apparent 4.7 min after cell contact. ste ...07524710
identification of damaged adult female specimens of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in the new world.two introduced species of aedes (stegomyia), aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, occur in the new world. three characters, easily and simultaneously observed from an anteroventral view, allow for rapid and reliable specific identification of most specimens that lack the characteristic scutal scale patterns. these 3 characters are the presence or absence of pale scales on the clypeus; the presence or absence of a narrow, median line of pale scales on the anterior face of the midfemora; and the pa ...19947528784
requirement for the g1 protein of california encephalitis virus in infection in vitro and in vivo.a role for the large glycoprotein (g1) of california encephalitis (ce) virus was examined in the infection of baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) and aedes albopictus (c6/36) cell lines and the mosquito ae. dorsalis using g1 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and selective protein cleavage. five mabs neutralized ce viral infectivity in both cell lines. one mab, 7d4.5, efficiently neutralized the peroral infection of ae. dorsalis females fed ce virus in artificial bloodmeals. to determine if mabs to g1 neutra ...19957531919
evaluation of a viral thymidine kinase gene for suicide selection in transfected mosquito cells.an aedes albopictus cell line previously shown to be deficient in thymidine kinase activity was transfected with a thymidine kinase gene (tk) from herpes simplex virus. survival of the transfected lines in a 'tk+ selective medium' indicated that the viral gene was actively expressed at a level sufficient to rescue the tk-deficient phenotype of the parent line. unlike the parental cells, tk+ transformants (tk6:hsv cells) were sensitive to 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and contained dna corresponding to th ...19957551194
serum concentration and increased temperature alter mayaro virus rna and protein synthesis in aedes albopictus (mosquito)-infected cells.we have previously shown the inhibition of mayaro virus multiplication in aedes albopictus-infected cells maintained at a supraoptimal temperature for growth (37 degrees c) and a stimulation of virus production in response to high serum concentrations in the incubation medium. in the present study, we addressed the question of how the effect of continuous heat stress and high serum concentration soon after infection interfere with virus macromolecule synthesis. cells maintained at 28 degrees c i ...19957581023
prostaglandin a1 inhibits replication of mayaro virus in aedes albopictus cells.prostaglandin a1 (pga1) reduced mayaro virus replication in aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells in culture. the highest nontoxic dose of pga1, 7.5 microm, decreased virus production by 90%. in mayaro virus-infected cells, pga1 inhibited virus-specific protein synthesis. however, in mock-infected cells the presence of pga1 stimulated the synthesis of several proteins with molecular masses of 70, 57 and 23 kda, respectively. the data obtained from this study show that pga1 plays a role in the metabo ...19957581025
repellent action of neem cream against mosquitoes.neem cream was used as mosquito repellent to provide protection against aedes albopictus, ae. aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles culicifacies and an. subpictus mosquitoes. the application of neem cream on exposed body parts @2.0 gm/person showed 78 (range 65-95), 89 (range 66-100) and 94.4 (range 66-100) per cent protection against aedes, culex and anopheles mosquitoes respectively. significant difference was observed between neem cream treated and untreated group of population for aedes ...19957589727
isolation of potosi virus from aedes albopictus in north carolina.a total of 4,169 adult mosquitoes were aspirated from 3 tire disposal sites in north carolina for virus assays. aedes albopictus was the dominant species, with a relative abundance of approximately 99%. potosi virus was isolated from one pool of 68 female ae. albopictus. priorities for future potosi virus research and the implications of the north carolina isolate are discussed.19957595449
aedes albopictus and other aedes (stegomyia) species in fiji.during an assessment of the dengue situation in fiji in early 1992, a house-to-house survey of container-breeding aedes was made. discarded tires and water drums were identified as key breeding sites for the 4 potential dengue vectors: aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoscutellaris, and aedes polynesiensis. aedes albopictus were detected on viti levu, vanua levu, and on taveuni. examination of early records and of used tire importation suggests entry into fiji after july 1985 but well ...19957595450
distribution of aedes albopictus in georgia, usa.a statewide survey was conducted for aedes albopictus in georgia during the summers of 1991-94. all 159 counties in georgia were determined to be infested. aedes albopictus was widely distributed throughout all ecological regions in the survey area.19957595452
absolute configuration of a new mosquito repellent, (+)-eucamalol and the repellent activity of its epimer.(+)-eucamalol (1) and (-)-1-epi-eucamalol (2) were synthesized from (s)-(-)-perillaldehyde to determine the absolute configuration of 1, the structure of natural (+)-eucamalol being determined to be (1r,6r)-(+)-3-formyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol. (+)-eucamolol (1) and its 1-epimer (2) exhibited significant repellent activity against aedes albopictus, and inhibited its feeding as well as deet.19957613002
oviposition site preference of aedes albopictus in the laboratory.several parameters on the oviposition site preference of aedes albopictus were studied, including color, container type, salinity, and water type. dark-colored glass jars, especially black, blue, and red ones were preferred over light-colored jars. the black-colored ovitrap with a paper strip performed better than other types of containers. seasoned tap water had the highest egg count when compared with a saline water series. in addition, water that had previously been used for the culture of ae ...19957616179
relationship between cold hardiness and supercooling point in aedes albopictus eggs.for many insects, low temperatures are not lethal unless their tissues freeze. to determine whether freezing is the cause of low temperature mortality of aedes albopictus eggs, we measured their lower lethal temperature, the temperature that causes 50% mortality in a population, and supercooling point, the temperature at which the tissues freeze. tropical and temperate ae. albopictus eggs were tested under different diapause and cold acclimation conditions. temperate ae. albopictus eggs had a lo ...19957616187
influence of body size and age of aedes albopictus on human host attack rates and the repellency of deet.human host attack rates and the repellency of deet (25% in ethanol) to nulliparous aedes albopictus in the laboratory were significantly influenced (p = 0.05) by mosquito age and body size and by the interaction of age and body size. host attack rates were higher for 20-day- (24.5%) and 15-day-old females (22.9%) than for 10- (15.1%) and 5-day-old females (11.0%), regardless of body size, and for large females (22.2%) compared with small females (16.6%), regardless of mosquito age. deet on human ...19957616190
field evaluation of alphacypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in malaysia.alphacypermethrin (fendona) and lambda-cyhalothrin (icon) were evaluated against sentinel bloodfed adults and 4th-instar larvae of aedes aegypti in a housing estate in malaysia. the impact of both pyrethroids on field populations of ae. aegypti and aedes albopictus were monitored weekly using oviposition trap samples. both alphacypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin showed adulticidal and larvicidal effects.19957616191
comparative toxicity of selected larvicides and insect growth regulators to a florida laboratory population of aedes albopictus.five organophosphates (ops) (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, fenthion, malathion, and temephos), 3 pyrethroids (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin), and 2 microbial pesticides (bacillus thuringiensis serovar.israelensis [b.t.i.] and bacillus sphaericus) were tested as larvicides against a florida aedes albopictus population colonized in the laboratory. in addition, 3 insect growth regulators (igrs) (diflubenzuron, methoprene, and pyriproxyfen) were evaluated. all ops, except for malathi ...19957616194
isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in sabak bernam, selangor, malaysia in 1992.detection and isolation of japanese encephalitis (je) virus were attempted from female mosquitoes collected in kampong pasir panjang, sabak bernam, selangor, from may to november 1992. a total of 7,400 mosquitoes consisting of 12 species in 148 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. of these, 26 pools showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cells by specific immunoperoxidase staining using an anti-je virus polyclonal antibody. pre ...19957616198
[aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera, culicidae) in eastern veneto].a survey was carried out in autumn 1992 and spring-autumn 1993 to study the seasonal distribution and the dispersal of aedes albopictus (skuse) in portogruaro (province of venice; north-eastern italy). larvae and pupae were found from may through september; the larvae hatching from eggs after the end of september seemed unable to complete development. the adults bit until october. the mosquito spread in new areas of portogruaro town, even after insecticidal treatments. private areas seemed to pl ...19947638001
immunoglobulins specific to mosquito salivary gland proteins in the sera of persons with common or hypersensitive reactions to mosquito bites.using the immunoblot technique, we analyzed the quality and quantity of igg, igg4, and ige specific to mosquito salivary gland (hereafter abbreviate as sg) components of aedes albopictus in the sera of volunteers with common reactions and of 3 patients with severe reactions. in the volunteers with delayed reactions only or with both delayed and immediate reactions, igg against sg components of a. albopictus formed several faint or moderately stained bands. those with immediate reactions showed s ...19957650239
spread of aedes albopictus and decline of ae. aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in florida.waste tires and other types of artificial containers were sampled for immature aedes to monitor changes in the occurrence of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in florida. the initial invasion and spread of ae. albopictus in florida occurred in the northern part of florida. throughout this region, major declines in the abundance of ae. aegypti have been associated with the expansion of ae. albopictus in both urban and rural areas. generally, the same results have occurred in central ...19957650719
replication and tissue tropism of the alphavirus sindbis in the mosquito aedes albopictus.we have examined the replication and tissue distribution of the alphavirus sindbis in the mosquito aedes albopictus. parenteral inoculation of virus resulted in an acute infection accompanied by rapid virus replication and a persistent infection, during which total virus production was reduced. acute and persistent phase virus rna synthesis, virus production, and organ-specific distribution of infection were determined over an 18-day incubation period. organs were classified as refractory (ovari ...19957676618
multiple conductance states of newly formed single gap junction channels between insect cells.two cells of an insect cell line (aedes albopictus, clone c6/36) were pushed together to form a cell pair while the intercellular current flow was monitored. this approach enabled us to study the formation of gap junction channels and explore their electrical properties. we found that the single channels exhibit multiple conductance states. the conductance of a fully open channel was 365 ps; the subconductance steps were 1/7 to 1/5 of the maximal conductance. the voltage gradient across the junc ...19937683788
detection of dengue virus antigens in cultured cells by using protein a-gold-silver staining (pags) method.a protein a-gold-silver (pags) staining was developed to detect dengue virus antigens in cultured cells. the method can be carried out in either newly-subcultured or monolayered cells. dengue virus-inoculated c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells and human endothelial cells appeared brown-yellowish color on the peripheral membrane of the infected cells. in many cases, the infected c6/36 cells appeared darker than that of the infected endothelial cells. the positive results from the inoculated c6 ...19937689138
gap junction channels of insects exhibit a residual conductance.formation of gap junction coupled cell pairs was used to assess the basic properties of single gap junction channels. for this purpose, two single cells (clone c6/36, derived from larvae of an insect, aedes albopictus) were maneuvered against each other to provoke gap junction channel insertion. intercellular current flow was measured with a dual voltage-clamp method. utilizing this approach, we were able to demonstrate that gap junction channels, after formation, do not close completely upon ap ...19937692388
complete base sequence for the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar (l.).a 1355 bp sequence (accession number l32141) isolated from a gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) cdna library showed 68-74% sequence identity to mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mt irrna) sequences of locusta migratoria, apis mellifera, aedes albopictus, anopheles gambiae and two drosophila species. a comparison of the primary sequences of the mt irrnas from the above insects in four orders and from esherichia coli demonstrated regions of conservation which presumably correspond to regions o ...19947704305
failure of the "mosquito plant", pelargonium x citrosum 'van leenii', to repel adult aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus in florida.the efficacy of the "mosquito plant", pelargonium x citrosum 'van leenii', as an area-wide repellent against adult host-seeking aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus females was evaluated. no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the number of mosquitoes landing on the forearms of human subjects in locations where plants were present compared with areas without plants. in laboratory cage trials, more cx. quinquefasciatus adults rested on excised leaves of this cultivar compar ...19947707049
vector competence of aedes albopictus from pine bluff, arkansas, for a st. louis encephalitis virus strain isolated during the 1991 epidemic.the vector competence of aedes albopictus from pine bluff, ar, was assessed for a st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus strain isolated during the 1991 epidemic. aedes albopictus were fed on hamsters with viremia levels of 10(4.6)-10(4.9) vero cell plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml. at 7 and 15 days postbloodfeeding, transmission trials were conducted using individual suckling mice. three of 313 ae. albopictus were determined to be infected with sle virus with titers of 10(6.3)-10(7.0) pfu/mosquito. at ...19947707054
urbanization and its effects on the ecology of mosquitoes in macau, southeast asia.recent urbanization in macau has resulted in the precipitous decline to zero in populations of several anopheline vectors of malaria while providing optimal habitat for the population increase in culicines. of 18 species of mosquitoes reported in macau in recent years, 15 species are included here. culex quinquefasciatus, culex sitiens, and aedes albopictus were the most abundant species. notes are provided for anopheles sinensis, armigeres magnus, armigeres subalbatus, culex foliatus, culex fus ...19947707061
aedes albopictus in muzquiz city, coahuila, mexico.aedes albopictus was found in m. muzquiz, coahuila, mexico, in the summer of 1993. aedes albopictus larvae were collected in tires and bottles at low density. aedes aegypti, toxorhynchites theobaldi, culex quinquefasciatus, and culiseta incidens were collected in the same containers.19947707068
source and spread of aedes albopictus in the veneto region of italy.colonies of aedes albopictus were discovered at the end of the summer of 1991 in the veneto region of italy. to locate the source of the infestation, a detailed investigation was carried out among companies dealing in the production of recapped tires. because most of the tires had been imported from the usa, it was surmised that this could have been one source of the infestation. this hypothesis was confirmed in the summer of 1992 following an inspection of a load of used tires from atlanta, geo ...19947707070
[aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti at ile de la réunion].aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are both found on the island. the former, being the probable vector of dengue on the island, is highly anthropophilic. it breeds in domestic environments as well as in natural breeding sites. the latter has a more restricted distribution and is never anthropophilic. larvae of ae. aegypti are only found in natural habitats, always associated with ae. albopictus, but in small proportions. such an ecology and behaviour for the typicus form of ae. aegypti are abnor ...19947726666
comparative linkage maps for the mosquitoes, aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti, based on common rflp loci.aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are members of the mosquito family culicidae and share a haploid chromosome complement of three. although a genetic linkage map based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), markers exists for ae. aegypti, the extent of synteny and linkage order conservation between the two species was unknown. a comparative linkage map for ae. albopictus was constructed based mainly on cdna clones from ae. aegypti. nearly all ae. aegypti probes hybridized to ae. al ...19957742975
breeding of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in urban housing of sibu town, sarawak.an aedes survey using various larval survey methods was conducted in 12 urban housing areas and 29 vacant lands in sibu town proper. aedes albopictus larvae were found in all areas surveyed while aedes aegypti larvae were present in 10 localities and 4 vacant lands. there were no significant difference in the house index, breteau and larval density index of these two aedes (stegomyia) species from the survey areas. the proportion of containers positive with ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus in area ...19947777923
a small scale field trial with expanded polystyrene beads for mosquito control in septic tanks.a field trial of the use of expanded polystyrene beads (epsb) to control the breeding of mosquito larvae in household septic tanks was conducted in sarawak. one week after treatment, the breeding of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes albopictus was reduced by 100% and 68.7% respectively. for both species combined, a 57.25% reduction in the adult emergence rate was achieved. no adult was caught in the emergence trap one month after treatment. a reduction in mosquito biting rates was reported by 87. ...19957778135
dispersal and survival of aedes albopictus at a scrap tire yard in missouri.field-reared aedes albopictus were marked with fluorescent pigment upon release and recaptured with a vacuum aspirator at a scrap tire yard and in surrounding vegetation in potosi, mo, during 1989-90. in 8 dispersal trials, 8.1% (1,100/13,513) of the ae. albopictus were recaptured with 84.4% (928/1,100) collected in the forest edge ecotone between 10 and 600 m from the release point. the maximum dispersal distance recorded was 525 m and 11.1% (122/1,100) dispersed further than 100 m. in 3 surviv ...19947807074
integrated management of waste tire mosquitoes utilizing mesocyclops longisetus (copepoda: cyclopidae), bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene.this study evaluated the compatibility and efficacy of using a predatory copepod, mesocyclops longisetus in concert with 3 "biorational" compounds for mosquito control in waste tires. the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (b.t.i), bacillus sphaericus, and methoprene to mesocyclops longisetus was assessed in the laboratory using concentrations 10 times the maximum labeled or suggested rate and based on a water depth of 7.6 cm. microbials were tested using mature copepods exposed ...19947807078
aedes albopictus distribution, abundance, and colonization in lee county, florida, and its effect on aedes aegypti.in 1992 the known southern limit of aedes albopictus in florida was in lee county. through oviposition surveillance, the distribution of ae. albopictus was determined, and its frequency relative to aedes aegypti and colonization pattern of areas previously occupied by ae. aegypti were examined in lee county. the data collected in the first year of surveillance demonstrate the ability of ae. albopictus to rapidly and preferentially colonize large expanses of rural southwest florida. urban and sub ...19947807083
seasonality, prevalence and pathogenicity of the gregarine ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in mosquitoes from florida.aedes albopictus larvae collected in gainesville, fl, were infected with the gregarine ascogregarina taiwanensis. natural prevalence varied from 68 to 100%. eight mosquito species were tested in the laboratory for susceptibility to a. taiwanensis isolated from field-collected ae. albopictus. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and aedes taeniorhynchus became 100% infected in the larval stage, whereas aedes triseriatus was less susceptible; culex quinquefasciatus, culex nigripalpus, culex territans, ...19947807086
blood hosts of aedes albopictus in the united states.bloodfed aedes albopictus were collected during 1989-91 by vacuum aspirator from rural and urban study sites in missouri, florida, indiana, illinois, and louisiana. blood hosts identified by elisa and precipitin tests were rabbit (n = 91), rattus sp. (n = 69), dog (n = 14), unidentified mammal (n = 14), cow (n = 13), human (n = 10), deer (n = 10), sciurid (n = 7), turtle (n = 5), murid other than rattus sp. (n = 4), raccoon (n = 3), passeriform bird (n = 3), and cat (n = 2). as an opportunistic ...19947807094
field studies on populations of aedes albopictus and toxorhynchites species in bamboo pots in malaysia.between april 1987 and march 1988, populations of immature aedes albopictus and toxorhynchites spp. in bamboo pots were sampled weekly. populations of ae. albopictus and rainfall varied from month to month. during the heavy rainfall months of september and october 1987, larval counts of ae. albopictus were high, between 30.8 and 49.2 larvae per week compared to 16 larvae per week during the low rainfall month of january 1988. a higher population of toxorhynchites spp. was associated with a low p ...19947807097
an efficient and easy method of infection of mosquito larvae from virus-contaminated cell cultures.a new method for efficient infection of aedes aegypti larvae by the aedes albopictus densovirus, aapv is described. it consists of placing first or third instar larvae in culture flasks containing a chronically infected mosquito cell line. after 24 or 48 h of exposure to the contaminated culture, the larvae acquired the virus by feeding on infected cells. using this technique, up to 95% of first instar ae. aegypti larvae were found infected by the aapv.19947822456
dengue vector control: present status and future prospects.dengue fever (df) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) have been the most common urban diseases in southeast asia since the 1950s. more recently, the diseases have spread to central and south america and are now considered as worldwide diseases. both aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are involved in the transmission of df/dhf in southeast asian region. the paper discusses the present status and future prospects of aedes control with reference to the malaysian experience. vector control approache ...19947844836
control of dengue vectors in singapore.singapore has a well-established system for the surveillance, research and control of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. control of these vectors comes under the jurisdiction of the environmental public health division of the ministry of the environment. the strategy for aedes control is an integrated approach incorporating case detection, source reduction, health education and law enforcement. this is done through the quarantine & epidemiology department (dengue surveillance and research), vec ...19947844848
use of hexaflumuron, an insect growth regulator in the control of aedes albopictus (skuse).an attempt was made to assess the control potency of an insect growth regulator (igr), hexaflumuron, against aedes albopictus, a potent dengue vector, both in the laboratory and under field conditions. emergence inhibition activity of this igr against laboratory reared and field collected larvae of ae. albopictus showed ei50 values of 1.9 x 10(-4) and 1.80 x 10(-4) mg(ai)/l respectively. under field conditions, no appreciable reduction in immature density occurred at the lowest application rate ...19947855660
evidence for dna endonuclease activity in nuclear extracts from mosquito cells.we describe a deoxyribonuclease activity from nuclear protein extracts of cultured aedes albopictus mosquito cells. the nuclease cleaved linear and circular double-stranded dna, first generating 3' oh single-stranded nicks followed by second strand cleavage, but had little or no exonucleolytic activity. detection of this activity was optimal at ph 7.1, in the presence of a divalent cation (mg2+, ca2+, mn2+, ba2+). in the presence of mg2+, zn2+, hg2+ and cu2+ inhibited activity, sulfhydryl reagen ...19957858941
growth-restricted dengue virus mutants containing deletions in the 5' noncoding region of the rna genome.the dengue type 4 virus (den4) rna genome contains a 101-nt 5' noncoding (nc) sequence which is predicted to form a stable secondary structure. den4 cdna from which infectious rna can be transcribed was used to engineer deletions in the 5' nc region for functional analysis of rna structure and for isolation of den4 mutants that could be evaluated as candidates for use in a live attenuated vaccine. eleven distinct deletions in the region of the den4 genome between nts 18 and 98 were constructed; ...19957871753
sequences of the 18s rdnas from two collembolan insects: shorter sequences in the v4 and v7 regions.the complete 18s rdna sequences were determined for hypogastrura sp. and crossodonthina koreana (insecta: collembola) using pcr cloning and taq dideoxy sequencing. these two wingless insects show high sequence similarity to each other, without large insertions and/or deletions, and are clearly distinguished from the two dipteran insects drosophila melanogaster and aedes albopictus by shorter sequences in the v4 (61-76 bp) and in the v7 (89-104 bp). regions.19957890180
promoter utilization in a mosquito ribosomal dna cistron.in the mosquito aedes albopictus, two potential rna polymerase i promoters that map 531 and 143 nucleotides upstream of the 18s rrna gene have been defined on the basis of sequence homology with rrna promoters from other species. using the polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed that a 717 nucleotide region spanning the upstream (-531) and downstream (-143) promoters is homogeneous in genomic dna and in cloned dna. dna probes representing each of these promoters, as well as upstream "spacer" pro ...19957894052
subgenomic mrna of aura alphavirus is packaged into virions.purified virions of aura virus, a south american alphavirus related to sindbis virus, were found to contain two rna species, one of 12 kb and the other of 4.2 kb. northern (rna) blot analysis, primer extension analysis, and limited sequencing showed that the 12-kb rna was the viral genomic rna, whereas the 4.2-kb rna present in virus preparations was identical to the 26s subgenomic rna present in infected cells. the subgenomic rna is the messenger for translation of the viral structural proteins ...19947902874
replacement of the natural wolbachia symbiont of drosophila simulans with a mosquito counterpart.inherited rickettsial symbionts of the genus wolbachia occur commonly in arthropods and have been implicated in the expression of parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility wolbachia from the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, to replace the natural infection of drosophila simulans by means of embryonic microinjection techniques. the transferred wolbachia infection behaves like a natural drosophila infection with regard to its inheritance, cytoskeleton interactions and ab ...19947906391
a laboratory study on the life cycle and feeding behaviour of arrenurus madaraszi (acari: arrenuridae) parasitizing anopheles mosquitoes.although mosquitoes of several genera were collected from one locality in thiruvananthapuram, kerala state, india, only anopheles spp. carried larval arrenurus madaraszi; 21.5% of the an. hyrcanus and 19.0% of the an. vagus were infested. however, the whole life cycle of arr. madaraszi could be replicated in the laboratory using aedes albopictus, ae. vittatus or armigeres subalbatus as foster hosts. the host specificity observed in the field is therefore ecological, not physiological. in the lab ...19947915101
phenotypic characteristics of dengue 2 virus persistently infected in a c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells.a c6/36 cell culture persistently infected by dengue 2 virus was established and retained for over 20 weeks. no cpe was observed at any stage of infection. however, some giant cells up to 2- or 3-fold the diameter of normal cells appeared in the established culture. extracellular virus titers fluctuated with a periodic tendency while the antigen level remained constant, suggesting some viral particles evolved into noninfectious defective interfering particles. plaque size tended to change during ...19947928286
nutritional reserves of autogenous and anautogenous selected strains of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).autogeny in aedes albopictus (skuse) females was increased from 5% in wild-type parental stock to 84% by selection through 20 generations and was decreased to 0% by selection through nine generations. concomitantly, the mean number of eggs per female that matured autogenously increased from 6.4 to 18.3 in sugar-fed mosquitoes that developed eggs. although the duration of the larval period of the two strains was not different, autogenous females emerged with greater amounts of metabolizable prote ...19947932601
aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) population density and structure in southwest louisiana.pupal density, wing length at emergence, host-seeking female abundance, and host-seeking female wing length and parity were determined monthly for a population of aedes albopictus (skuse) in a southwestern louisiana tire dump from january 1988 through january 1989. pupae and host-seeking females were first collected in april. pupal densities were consistently high from june through september. host-seeking female abundance was highest during july and august. average female wing length was longest ...19947932606
a rapid membrane based immunobinding assay for the detection of dengue virus in tissue culture.a rapid, simple dot immunoassay (dotia) was developed and evaluated for the detection of dengue-1 viral antigen in infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cells. dengue virus infected cells were solubilize in sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) and the lysate was pressure filtered through a hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membrane. viral antigen retained in the membrane was detected by a dengue-1 type specific monoclonal antibody and a peroxidase-labeled second antibody. addition of tetramethylben ...19937939951
structure, restriction map and infectivity of the genomic and replicative forms of aapv dna.we have characterized the genomic and replicative form (rf) dna of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv), a virus isolated from a chronically infected c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cell line [22]. the genome of aapv virions is a single-stranded linear dna molecule approximately 4.2 kb in length, essentially (about 90%) encapsidated as minus strand. a restriction map of the rf dna isolated from infected c6/36 cells was established. among the 23 restriction enzymes tested, 14 cleaved the aapv r ...19947944946
densovirus of aedes aegypti as an expression vector in mosquito cells.we have constructed an infectious dna clone containing the genome of aedes aegypti densovirus (aednv) in a bacterial plasmid. when this clone was transfected into aedes albopictus c6/36 mosquito cells, the aednv genome rescued from the plasmid and replicated as the wild-type virus. to investigate the cloned virus as an expression vector, the reporter gene encoding beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was inserted into four large open reading frames (orf) observed in the aednv genome. when these recombi ...19947957754
a quantitative study of specific immunoglobulins to mosquito salivary gland antigen in hypersensitive and common types of mosquito bite reaction.this study was designed with two purposes: first, to elucidate immunologic mechanisms in different cutaneous reactions, particularly in hypersensitivity to mosquito bites, and, second, to develop a more reliable and safer method of identifying the causative species of mosquito in severe cases. the amounts of igg, igg4 and ige specific to the mosquito salivary gland extract of aedes albopictus were determined in the sera of 116 volunteers with normal reactions, either immediate or delayed, and 4 ...19947962966
laboratory study of predation by solenopsis invicta (hymenoptera: formicidae) on eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).the red imported fire ant, solenopsis invicta buren, punctured and fed on the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), eggs in the laboratory. the presence and actions of the ants, especially the minima workers, reduced the hatching of egg populations.19947966185
do ross river and dengue viruses pose a threat to new zealand?to determine the prevalence of antibodies to ross river and dengue viruses in sera from new zealand residents and travellers and to assess the potential of local mosquitoes to act as vectors of these viruses.19947970354
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