Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| serologic cross-reactivity of antibodies against borrelia theileri, borrelia burgdorferi, and borrelia coriaceae in cattle. | to evaluate the immune response induced by borrelia theileri infection and to determine whether b theileri induces cross-reacting antibodies to other bovine borreliae. | 1999 | 10376894 |
| ixodid ticks avoid contact with liquid water. | larvae of the cattle tick boophilus microplus and all life stages of the european sheep tick ixodes ricinus avoid walking on a wet membrane surface surrounding a dry patch. of 170 reactions made at a border with liquid water by 22 b. microplus larvae, 40% consisted of immediate turns to the opposite side to bring all the legs back onto a dry patch, 41% were walks along the border, during which the ticks maintained contact with both the dry and wet zones, and 19% were returns to the dry patch aft ... | 1999 | 10377269 |
| immunology of the tick-host interaction and the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. | the first experimental vaccination against ticks was carried out 60 years ago. since then, progress has been slow, although the recent commercial release of a recombinant vaccine against boophilus microplus is significant. the nature of naturally acquired protective immunity against ticks is poorly understood, particularly in the important, domesticated ruminant hosts. characterization of the antigens of naturally acquired immunity remains limited, although more has been achieved with 'concealed ... | 1999 | 10377526 |
| cloning and expression of ecto 5-nucleotidase from the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | although 5'-nucleotidases are ubiquitous in higher vertebrates, the arthropod enzymes have been little studied. the cdna sequence of the mature 5'-nucleotidase from the tick boophilus microplus was therefore determined (genbank accession number: u80634). the enzyme has 39-41% sequence identity with the vertebrate 5'-nucleotidases and contains binuclear metal ion binding sites. there are no significant introns within the coding region of the genomic sequence. southern blot analysis indicates the ... | 1999 | 10380109 |
| isolation of a cdna for an octopamine-like, g-protein coupled receptor from the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | octopamine is a biogenic amine neurotransmitter of invertebrates that binds to a g-protein coupled receptor that has seven transmembrane domains. formamidine pesticides like amitraz are highly specific agonists of the octopamine receptor. amitraz is used extensively to control the cattle tick, boophilus microplus, and many other ticks but now there are strains of ticks that are resistant to amitraz. we have isolated a cdna from the cattle tick, b. microplus, that belongs to the biogenic amine fa ... | 1999 | 10380658 |
| arthropod parasites of nubian ibexes (capra ibex nubiana) and gazelles (gazella gazella) in israel. | in a 20-year survey the following ectoparasites were collected from nubian ibexes: larvae of an unidentified oestrus sp. collected from the nasal cavities, sinuses and horns, hippoboscid flies (lipoptena chalcomelaena) specific to the nubian ibex, blood sucking lice (linognathus africanus) and unidentified biting lice (damalinia sp.). ibexes were severely infested with the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus; a few hyalomma anatolicum excavatum ticks were also collected. in five ibexes kept in two ... | 1999 | 10392972 |
| a missing metabolic pathway in the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | heme proteins are involved in a wide variety of biological reactions, including respiration, oxygen transport and oxygen metabolism [1]. the heme prosthetic group is synthesized in almost all living organisms except for a few pathogenic bacteria and trypanosomatids that use blood as food [2] [3]. there is a general belief that all nucleated animal cells synthesize heme [1] [4]. however, blood-feeding arthropods ingest enormous amounts of vertebrate blood in a single meal and the heme pathway has ... | 1999 | 10395540 |
| control of boophilus microplus ticks in cattle calves by immunization with a recombinant bm86 glucoprotein antigen preparation. | forty egyptian native cattle calves of 4-6 months old randomly allocated into two groups of twenty animals each were used to assess the effect of immunization of animals with a recombinant bm86 antigen derived from boophilus microplus ticks on induction of immunity that could protect calves during tick season. the immunization protocol involved two injections administered intramuscularly, the first was applied with complete freund's adjuvant and the second was given with incomplete freund's adju ... | 1999 | 10422372 |
| purification and characterization of beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase from bovine tick boophilus microplus (ixodide) larvae. | beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase (hex, e.c. 3.2.1.52) from larvae of the ixodid tick boophilus microplus was purified to capillary zone electrophoresis homogeneity, and characterized. enzyme purification was carried out by sequential liquid chromatography on sephadex g-200, p-aminobenzyl-n-acetyl-beta-d-thioglucosamine affinity, and mono-q fplc columns. purification was about 1600-fold, with a yield of 10%, as determined with p-nitrophenyl-n-acetylglucosaminide as substrate. the enzyme presented opti ... | 1999 | 10425723 |
| identification of a point mutation in the para-type sodium channel gene from a pyrethroid-resistant cattle tick. | to investigate the molecular mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids in the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus, we have obtained and sequenced a partial para-homologous sodium channel cdna from susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant tick strains. a point mutation that results in an amino acid change from phe to ile was identified in the highly conserved domain iiis6 of the homologous sodium channel from ticks that are highly resistant to pyrethroid acaricides. this mutation is at a location ... | 1999 | 10441465 |
| seroepidemiologic studies on babesia equi and babesia caballi infections in brazil. | horses from six stud farms representing the most frequent types of horse breeding in brazil were tested for babesia antibodies by the ifa test. the farms are located at the tropic of capricorn at an altitude of 472-715 m where temperatures below 0 degrees c may occur. horses of conventional stud farms were infested with dermacentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, and boophilus microplus. infestation with bo. microplus was associated with direct or indirect contact of horses with cattle, and was no ... | 1999 | 10447188 |
| recent advances in determining the pathogenesis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. | 1999 | 10449445 | |
| host-odour recognition in two tick species is coded in a blend of vertebrate volatiles. | the questing behaviour of ixodid ticks serves for identification and localisation of approaching hosts and is evoked by carbon dioxide, vibrations, visual and odour stimuli. in an olfactometer, we examined the specificity of the questing response of larvae of boophilus microplus, a one-host tick which develops mainly on cattle, and ixodes ricinus, a three-host tick with a broader host spectrum. while all mammalian odours tested were equally stimulatory for i. ricinus, b. microplus was clearly mo ... | 1999 | 10450611 |
| effect of breed of cattle on transmission rate and innate resistance to infection with babesia bovis and b bigemina transmitted by boophilus microplus. | to assess the effect of breed of cattle on the transmission rates of and innate resistance to babesia bovis and b bigemina parasites transmitted by boophilus microplus ticks. | 1999 | 10451733 |
| characterization and molecular cloning of a glutathione s-transferase gene from the tick, boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | a glutathione s-transferase (gst) was purified from the larval cattle tick, boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae), by glutathione-affinity chromatography. the purified enzyme appeared as a single band on sds-page and has a molecular mass of 25.8 kda determined by mass spectrometry. the n-terminus of the purified enzyme was sequenced. the full-length cdna of the enzyme was isolated by rt-pcr using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the n-terminal amino acid sequence. the cdna contains an op ... | 1999 | 10451925 |
| antimicrobial activity of a bovine hemoglobin fragment in the tick boophilus microplus. | antifungal and antibacterial activities were detected in the hemolymph and gut contents of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. a peptide with antibacterial activity from the tick gut contents was purified to homogeneity by reversed-phase chromatography. the molecular mass of the purified peptide was 3,205.7 da, measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. the amino acid sequence was obtained by edman degradation and showed that the peptide was identical to a fragm ... | 1999 | 10464258 |
| human otoacariasis. | accidental entry of insects and other arthropods is a common aetiology of aural foreign bodies (fb) presenting to accident and emergency departments. a retrospective study revealed that the fb in almost half (148) of 348 cases of aural fb investigated at the universiti sains malaysia hospital was an arthropod. the most common arthropod encountered was the cockroach, followed by a cattle tick. the high prevalence of tick infestation of the human ear canal (i.e. human otoacariasis) currently appea ... | 1999 | 10474641 |
| lack of immunological cross-reactivity of 36-kda secretory salivary gland antigen of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with hyalomma dromedarii and boophilus microplus ticks. | during feeding of ticks of the species hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, most of the proteins in salivary gland extracts (sges) remained unchanged from the unfed to the fully fed state (from day 1 to day 7 of the experiment), as revealed by sds-page. however, a 45-kda protein band disappeared and 26-, 32- and 33-kda bands appeared when feeding commenced. some of the protein bands changed their intensity. when probed with anti-h. anatolicum anatolicum hyperimmune sera, transblotted sge proteins of ... | 1999 | 10481624 |
| the effect of rangeland fires on cattle tick infestation in western zambia. | 1999 | 10509420 | |
| a new family of cytochrome p450 genes (cyp41) from the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | we isolated and sequenced a cytochrome p450 (cyp) gene that is sufficiently different from other cyp genes that a new cyp family, cyp41 was created. cyp41 encodes a protein of 518 residues and is most similar to genes from the family cyp3; it is 36% identical to cyp3a2 and 34% identical to cyp3a28. we hypothesise that cyp41 encodes an enzyme that metabolizes xenobiotic compounds i.e. compounds that are foreign to the cattle tick. the phylogenetic position of cyp41 could not be resolved because o ... | 1999 | 10510501 |
| [african rickettsia infections]. | epidemiology: african rickettsiasis is transmitted by rickettsia africae, a cattle tick. amblyomma spp. is an emerging rickettsiasis in sub-sehalian afric described in 1992. seroepidemiology studies conducted in africa show that it is probably the most widespread rickettsiasis in the sorld. in addition, the development of tourist activities in southern african countries has led to an increase in the number of reported cases in subjects returning from endemic areas. a high serprevalence of anti r ... | 1999 | 10518970 |
| characterization of pyrethroid resistance and susceptibility to coumaphos in mexican boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | two patterns of pyrethroid resistance were characterized from boophilus microplus (canestrini) collected in mexico. one was characteristic of a kdr mutation and the other involved esterase and cytochrome p450 enzyme systems. very high resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, not synergized by tpp and pbo and high resistance to ddt, characterized the kdr-like pattern found in the corrales and san felipe strains. esterase and cytochrome p450-dependent resistance was found in the coa ... | 1999 | 10534945 |
| sequence analysis of the knockdown resistance-homologous region of the para-type sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and degenerate oligonucleotide primers, a partial para-homologous sodium channel cdna was obtained from the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini). the cdna sequence encoded the region in which knockdown resistance (kdr)-type mutations have been identified in numerous insect species. comparison of deduced amino acids from the cdna sequence showed high similarity with sodium channels from other species, particularly in highly c ... | 1999 | 10534946 |
| integrated control of acaricide-resistant boophilus microplus populations on grazing cattle in mexico using vaccination with gavac and amidine treatments. | throughout most of the twentieth century, tick infestations on cattle have been controlled with chemical acaricides, typically administered by dipping or spraying. this approach can cause environmental and residue problems and has created a high incidence of acaricide resistance within tick populations in the field. recently we developed a vaccine against boophilus microplus employing a recombinant bm86 antigen preparation (gavac), (heber biotec s.a., havana, cuba) which has been shown to induce ... | 1999 | 10581714 |
| control of boophilus annulatus (acari: ixodidae) on cattle using injectable microspheres containing ivermectin. | the efficacy of an injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin for control of the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus (say), was tested on 2 groups of 6 hereford heifers held on separate 7-ha, tick-infested, buffel grass pastures. cattle in one pasture were injected subcutaneously in the neck with a controlled-release microsphere formulation of ivermectin at the rate of 2.4 mg ai/kg body weight; the other group was injected with carrier only. beginning 4 wk after injection and continuing throu ... | 1999 | 10582049 |
| bm86 antigen induces a protective immune response against boophilus microplus following dna and protein vaccination in sheep. | vaccination of sheep with a plasmid bearing the full length gene for the tick antigen bm86 either alone or co-administered with plasmid carrying the ovine genes for the cytokines, granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) or interleukin (il)-1beta induced a relatively low level of protection against subsequent tick infestation. this tick damage reached statistical significance only for the groups which were vaccinated with plasmid encoding for bm86, co-administered with plasm ... | 1999 | 10587297 |
| transmission of babesia spp by the cattle tick (boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin. | to assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina by boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. | 1999 | 10590793 |
| cloning and sequencing of a putative acetylcholinesterase cdna from boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | using a strategy based on degenerate primers derived from acetylcholinesterase (ache) from other species, we cloned and sequenced a putative ache cdna from the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini). the sequence has a high degree of homology to sequences of ache from other species reported in the genbank. the open reading frame of 1,689 bp, corresponding to a deduced sequence of 563 amino acids, has conserved regions and features shared by the ache family, necessary for its cata ... | 1999 | 10593078 |
| immunological control of ectoparasites: past achievements and future research priorities. | recombinant vaccines are available for the control of the tick boophilus microplus, while progress has been made in the development of vaccines against lucilia cuprina and chrysomya bezziana. literature suggests that the control of other ectoparasites is feasible, either through the duplication in a vaccine of naturally acquired immunity or through 'concealed' antigen vaccines. major deficiencies in our current knowledge however point to possible research opportunities for the future. the identi ... | 1999 | 10596752 |
| a double headed serine proteinase inhibitor--human plasma kallikrein and elastase inhibitor--from boophilus microplus larvae. | preying on cattle, the hard tick boophilus microplus causes heavy economical losses to brazil. tick proteins are a good target to be used as tools for tick control. serine protease inhibitors from b. microplus larvae (bmti) were preliminarily characterized. one-week-old larvae were the source of a 2% protein solution in 5 mm tris-hcl, 20 mm nacl, ph 7.4. the inhibitors were purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin-sepharose, and ion-exchange chromatography on resource q column, and they se ... | 1999 | 10615008 |
| comparison of acetylcholinesterase genes from cattle ticks. | we describe the isolation and characterisation of two putatively new acetylcholinesterase genes from the african cattle ticks boophilus decoloratus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus. the nucleotide sequences of these genes had 93% homology to each other and 95% and 91% identity, respectively, to the acetylcholinesterase gene from an australian strain of another cattle tick, boophilus microplus. translation of the nucleotide sequences revealed putative amino acids that are essential for acetylchol ... | 1999 | 10616922 |
| moxidectin pour-on for control of natural populations of the cattle tick boophilus microplus (acarina: ixodidae). | fifty bos taurus x bos indicus heifers naturally infested with boophilus microplus ticks were divided into two groups of 25 heifers each. individuals of one group were treated with moxidectin 0.5% pour-on at a dosage of 500 microg of moxidectin/kg body weight and heifers from the other group remained as untreated controls. an efficacy higher than 95% was found on days 7-21 after treatment by using female ticks 4.5-8.0 mm long as the main infestation parameter. a lower, but significant efficacy ( ... | 2000 | 10622616 |
| detection of genomic variability in different populations of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in southern brazil. | dna from seven isolates of the cattle tick boophilus microplus was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). three different cdna clones, named p-9, p-25 and cp-12, isolated from a b. microplus cdna library, were used as dna probes. dna sequences of p-9 have high similarity to ribosomal genes, whereas p-25 does not show significant homology with known sequences within databases. cp-12 is a cdna clone encoding a cysteine endopeptidase gene. a limited degree of polymorphism was ... | 1999 | 10628703 |
| efficacy of coumaphos applied as a dip for control of an organophosphorus-resistant strain of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) on cattle. | the efficacy of coumaphos, an organophosphorus acaricide, was tested on a strain of boophilus microplus (canestrini) that was 9.5 times more resistant to the chemical than a susceptible strain. cattle infested with larval, nymphal, and adult ticks were dipped into a vat charged at concentrations of 0.031, 0.083, 0.160, and 0.279% (ai). assessment of efficacy was based on surviving tick numbers, female weight, egg mass weight, egg hatchability, and index of reproduction. at 0.031% (ai), the level ... | 1999 | 10633578 |
| general properties and phylogenetic utilities of nuclear ribosomal dna and mitochondrial dna commonly used in molecular systematics. | to choose one or more appropriate molecular markers or gene regions for resolving a particular systematic question among the organisms at a certain categorical level is still a very difficult process. the primary goal of this review, therefore, is to provide a theoretical information in choosing one or more molecular markers or gene regions by illustrating general properties and phylogenetic utilities of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) that have been most commonly used ... | 0 | 10634037 |
| sequence variations in the boophilus microplus bm86 locus and implications for immunoprotection in cattle vaccinated with this antigen. | cattle tick infestations constitute a major problem for the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. traditional control methods have been only partially successful, hampered by the selection of chemical-resistant tick populations. the boophilus microplus bm86 protein was isolated from tick gut epithelial cells and shown to induce a protective response against tick infestations in vaccinated cattle. vaccine preparations including the recombinant bm86 are used to control ... | 1999 | 10668863 |
| monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | we investigated the role of monooxygenases in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (sps) in the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. we found that monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to sps in both resistant and susceptible strains of b. microplus. we blocked the monooxygenases with piperonyl butoxide (pbo) and simultaneously applied the sps, flumethrin and cypermethrin to larval b. microplus. pbo increased the effect of flumethrin (synergism ratios 2.7-8.9) more than it increased th ... | 1999 | 10668864 |
| detecting resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in the cattle tick boophilus microplus, with a propoxur-based biochemical test. | rapid and sensitive detection of resistance to insecticides in arthropods is needed. in the cattle tick. boophilus microplus, resistance to a variety of acaricides is widespread. the most commonly used assay for resistance, the larval packet test, takes at least two, but generally six weeks for a one-host tick like b. microplus to complete and may take up to three months to complete for three-host ticks. here we describe a test for resistance to organophosphate acaricides that can be used on lar ... | 1999 | 10668865 |
| ticks of south carolina (acari: ixodoidea). | county and host records are reported for 19 species of ticks from south carolina: amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum, amblyomma tuberculatum, aponomma latum, boophilus annulatus, boophilus microplus, dermacentor albipictus, dermacentor variablis, haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes affinis, ixodes brunneus, ixodes cookei, ixodes marxi, ixodes minor, ixodes scapularis, ixodes texanus, ixodes woodi, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and ornithodoros capensis. ixodes woodi is recorded from south ... | 1999 | 10672552 |
| possible risk factors on queensland dairy farms for acaricide resistance in cattle tick (boophilus microplus). | a case control study was carried out within a cross-sectional survey designed to investigate the management by queensland dairy farmers of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. although 199 farmers were surveyed, data on acaricide resistance were only obtained from 66 farms. multiple models were used to predict the probability of acaricide resistance associated with 30 putative risk factors. the region of the state in which the farm was located and the frequency of acaricide application were cons ... | 2000 | 10681025 |
| effect of breed of cattle on innate resistance to infection with anaplasma marginale transmitted by boophilus microplus. | to assess the innate resistance of and transmission in naive bos taurus cross bos indicus and purebred bos indicus cattle when placed in a paddock with cattle infected with anaplasma marginale and carrying boophilus microplus ticks. | 1999 | 10685172 |
| evaluation of tickgard(plus), a novel vaccine against boophilus microplus, in lactating holstein-friesian cows. | the effects of vaccination with the bm 86 vaccine tickgard(plus) against infestation with cattle tick (boophilus microplus) and of holding cattle on a feedpad until 09:00 hours after the morning milking was tested on 40 mid lactation holstein cattle using a factorial design. vaccination resulted in a 56% reduction in tick numbers in the field over one generation, and a 72% reduction in laboratory measures of the reproductive efficiency of ticks. the liveweight gain of vaccinated cattle over 27 w ... | 2000 | 10714465 |
| susceptibility to two pyrethroids in boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) populations of northwest argentina. preliminary results. | cattle are treated 6-12 times yearly to control boophilus microplus ticks in the east zone of the argentinean infested region, while 1-4 treatments are applied for tick control in the west zone. in the 1970s resistance to organo-phosphate acaricides was found in the east zone, but not in the west zone. however, a shift to synthetic pyrethroids (sp) was made through all infested regions. currently, indications of resistance to sp in the east zone, but not in the west zone, are provoking to a swit ... | 2000 | 10714472 |
| control of ticks resistant to immunization with bm86 in cattle vaccinated with the recombinant antigen bm95 isolated from the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | the recombinant bm86-containing vaccine gavac(tm) against the cattle tick boophilus microplus has proved its efficacy in a number of experiments, especially when combined with acaricides in an integrated manner. however, tick isolates such as the argentinean strain a, show low susceptibility to this vaccine. in this paper we report on the isolation of the bm95 gene from the b. microplus strain a, which was cloned and expressed in the yeast pichia pastoris producing a glycosylated and particulate ... | 2000 | 10717348 |
| using genetics to control cattle parasites-the rockhampton experience. | ever since their accidental introduction, cattle ticks, gastrointestinal nematodes and buffalo flies have been major parasites of cattle in northern australia. enormous effort and resources have been directed at chemical control of these parasites but the problem persists in undiminished form. the principal control measure remains the use of breeds that have some degree of parasite resistance. no breed is completely resistant and all are at times adversely affected by parasites. complete resista ... | 2000 | 10719118 |
| reproductive and safety assessment of vaccination with gavac against the cattle tick (boophilus microplus). | recent developments in cattle tick control have incorporated the use of recombinant bm86 vaccines against this ectoparasite. the vaccine developed by our group (gavac) contains an antigen expressed in pichia pastoris, and has been successfully employed for the control of tick infestations and transmission of tick-borne diseases. here, we examined the safety and effect of the gavac vaccine on reproductive parameters in cattle. toxicity tests in mice and guinea pigs demonstrated the safety of gava ... | 1999 | 10729081 |
| molecular and biochemical survey of acaricide resistance mechanisms in larvae from mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | we examined the larvae of several organophosphate and pyrethroid-resistant mexican strains of boophilus microplus using biochemical and molecular tests to investigate the mechanisms conferring acaricide resistance. the electrophoretic profiles of esterase activity in protein extracts from coumaphos and permethrin-resistant strains compared to the susceptible strain revealed distinct differences, which inhibitor studies attributed to carboxylesterases. esterase hydrolysis assays showed significan ... | 2000 | 10742517 |
| localisation and characterisation of ovine immunglobulin within the sheep scab mite, psoroptes ovis. | ovine igg was detected in homogenates of repeatedly washed psoroptes ovis. some of the immunoglobulin in the homogenates was fragmented although the host igg present in mite washings was largely intact. the host immunoglobulin was immuno-localised to the surface or cytoplasm of the gut cells of feeding stages of freshly harvested p. ovis examined by cryosectioning. a similar distribution of rabbit igg was detected in p. cuniculi. the igg demonstrated in the mite gut represented partially digeste ... | 2000 | 10760413 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the horseshoe crab limulus polyphemus. | we determined the complete 14,985-nt sequence of the mitochondrial dna of the horseshoe crab limulus polyphemus (arthropoda: xiphosura). this mtdna encodes the 13 protein, 2 rrna, and 22 trna genes typical for metazoans. the arrangement of these genes and about half of the sequence was reported previously; however, the sequence contained a large number of errors, which are corrected here. the two strands of limulus mtdna have significantly different nucleotide compositions. the strand encoding m ... | 2000 | 10779542 |
| resistance of holstein-friesian cows to infestation by the cattle tick (boophilus microplus). | in two experiments, the milk production of 59 holstein-friesian cows in mid lactation was measured over 1 week before artificial infestation with 2,500 or 5,000 boophilus microplus larvae. host resistance, the proportion of female ticks applied but not engorging was estimated from weekly counts of engorging female ticks of 4.5-8. 0mm long. mean host resistance was 79 and 67% in two experiments. host resistance was not significantly related to milk yield before infestation, to early pregnancy, or ... | 2000 | 10799843 |
| cloning, characterization, and expression of a 200-kilodalton diagnostic antigen of babesia bigemina. | current serological tests for babesia bigemina use semipurified merozoite antigens derived from infected erythrocytes. one of the major drawbacks of these tests is that antigen quality can vary from batch to batch. since the quality of the antigen contributes to the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests, the use of standardized recombinant antigens should ensure consistency in assay quality. previously, a 200-kda merozoite antigen (p200) was identified as a candidate diagnostic antige ... | 2000 | 10834983 |
| development of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes. | vaccination against complex metazoan parasites has become a reality with the development and registration of recombinant protein-based vaccines against the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the sheep cestode taenia ovis. progress towards the development of similar vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes, primarily of ruminants, is outlined within a framework of defining the practical requirements for successful vaccination, antigen selection, recombinant protein production and antigen deli ... | 2000 | 10874709 |
| report on ticks collected in the southeast and mid-west regions of brazil: analyzing the potential transmission of tick-borne pathogens to man. | specimens of ticks were collected in 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998, mostly from wild and domestic animals in the southeast and mid-west regions of brazil. nine species of amblyommidae were identified: anocentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma fulvum, amblyomma striatum, amblyomma rotundatum, boophilus microplus, boophilus annulatus, and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the potential of these tick species as transmitters of pathogens to man was analyzed. a flaviviridade flavivirus ... | 1999 | 10881097 |
| [cathepsin l-like activity in hemolymph of females crammed with boophilus microplus]. | the cysteine-proteinase activity present in the hemolymph of females crammed with boophilus microplus at the second oviposition was proved. the enzyme assay was performed using the synthetic n-carbobenzoxi-phenilalanyl-arginil-4-metoxibetan++ +-naphthylamide substrate, and hydrolysis in both raw ovarim extract and hemolymph were observed. the activity was 100% inhibited by trans-epoxisuscinyl-l-leucidamide (4-guadinine) butane, an specific inhibitor for cysteine-proteinase. polyacrylamide and ge ... | 2009 | 10887589 |
| a heme-binding aspartic proteinase from the eggs of the hard tick boophilus microplus. | an aspartic proteinase that binds heme with a 1:1 stoichiometry was isolated and cloned from the eggs of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. this proteinase, herein named thap (tick heme-binding aspartic proteinase) showed pepstatin-sensitive hydrolytic activity against several peptide and protein substrates. although hemoglobin was a good substrate for thap, low proteolytic activity was observed against globin devoid of the heme prosthetic group. hydrolysis of globin by thap increased as incre ... | 2000 | 10896678 |
| identification of a point mutation in an esterase gene in different populations of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | two esterase cdna sequences were obtained from susceptible and organophosphorus resistant strains of boophilus microplus. both sequences have a high degree of homology to carboxylesterase b. one gene has identical sequences in both strains and the other showed two point mutations. one mutation produces an amino acid substitution when the amino acid sequence is deduced, this mutation was detected in six different populations susceptible and resistant to insecticides, but a pyrethroid resistant st ... | 2000 | 10899463 |
| a review of the ticks (acari, ixodida) of brazil, their hosts and geographic distribution - 1. the state of rio grande do sul, southern brazil. | a review of the ticks (acari, ixodida) of the state of rio grande do sul, southern brazil, was completed as a step towards a definitive list (currently indicated as 12) of such species, their hosts and distribution. the ticks: argas miniatus (poultry), ixodes loricatus (opossums), amblyomma aureolatum (dogs), a. calcaratum (anteaters), a. cooperi (capybaras), a. nodosum (anteaters), a. tigrinum (dogs) (neotropical) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (dogs) (introduced, cosmopolitan, afrotropical) were ... | 2000 | 10904399 |
| lectin activity from the cattle tick (boophilus microplus) saliva. | the capability of boophilus microplus saliva (bms) and lectins to induce immunosuppression in mice and to agglutinate erythrocytes from distinct animal species were compared. cd-1 mice were distributed into groups (two for each substance) of 4-5 animals/group and treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 50 mg and 150 mg of bms; concanavalin a (con a); potato's lectin (pl), striped bean lectin (sbl) or 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (pbs). all mice were immunized i.p. with 2 x 108 sheep erythro ... | 1997 | 10932717 |
| simulation of rotational grazing to evaluate integrated pest management strategies for boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in venezuela. | ranchers in venezuela historically have controlled the cattle-fever tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), with acaricide treatments of cattle but no technical planning. we developed a simulation model to evaluate cattle-tick population dynamics in systematic pasture rotation systems and integrated pest management (ipm) approaches to managing ticks in the tropical dry-forest ecological zone of venezuela. model output showed five generations of cattle-ticks produced each year throughout the dry ... | 2000 | 10946137 |
| babesia bovis and b. bigemina dna detected in cattle and ticks from zimbabwe by polymerase chain reaction. | from blood collected from 94 cattle at 12 locations in the eastern and northeastern areas of zimbabwe, dna was extracted and analysed by polymerase chain reaction with primers previously reported to be specific for babesia bigemina and babesia borvis. overall, dna of babesia bigemina was detected in the blood of 33/94 (35%) cattle and dna from b. bovis was detected in 27/58 (47%) of cattle. the prevalence of dna of b. bigemina was significantly higher in young animals (<2 years) (23/46) than in ... | 2000 | 10949512 |
| help, a heme lipoprotein from the hemolymph of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | the main protein of the hemolymph of the cattle tick boophilus microplus has been isolated and shown to be a heme lipoprotein (help). help has an apparent molecular mass of 354,000 and contains two apoproteins (103 and 92 kda) found in equal amounts. help presents a pi of 5.8 and a density of 1.28 g/ml and contains 33% lipids, containing both neutral lipids and phospholipids, and 3% of sugars. a remarkable feature of help is the abundance of cholesterol ester (35% of total lipids), a lipid not p ... | 2000 | 10964932 |
| cloning and functional expression of a boophilus microplus cathepsin l-like enzyme. | a cysteine proteinase gene homologous to cathepsins l genes was isolated from a b. microplus cdna library. the precursor protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence contains 332 amino acid residues consisting of a signal sequence (pre-region), a pro-region and a mature proteinase. the dna fragment coding for the proenzyme was cloned and expressed using the e. coli expression vector pmal-p. the recombinant protein (mbp+procp) once activated is able to hydrolyze synthetic substrates as well as pr ... | 2000 | 10989288 |
| diversity of ectoparasites in sheep flocks in são paulo, brazil. | the occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of são paulo (brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. the present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the 'associação paulista de criadores de ovinos' (aspaco; ... | 2000 | 11020945 |
| cloning and transcriptional expression of a leucokinin-like peptide receptor from the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | leucokinins are invertebrate neuropeptides that exhibit myotropic and diuretic activity. only one leucokinin-like peptide receptor is known, the lymnokinin receptor from the mollusc lymnaea stagnalis. a cdna encoding a leucokinin-like peptide receptor was cloned from the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus, a pest of cattle world-wide. this is the first neuropeptide receptor known from the acari and the second known in the subfamily of leucokinin-like peptide g-protein-coupled receptors. t ... | 2000 | 11029664 |
| "identification of a point mutation in an esterase gene in different populations of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus" by r. hernandez, h. he, a. c. chen, s. d. waghela, g. w. ivie, j. e. george and g. g. wagner. insect biochemistry and molecular biology 30(10) pp.969-977 | 2000 | 11044668 | |
| in vitro assessment of metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | metarhizium anisopliae is a filamentous fungus used for tick control. the in vitro effects of 12 m. anisopliae isolates on engorged boophilus microplus females were analysed. the most pathogenic isolate (e6s1) caused a 100% death rate when 10(7) spores/ml were used to infect ticks. isolates of m. anisopliae taken from experimentally infected ticks proved to be more pathogenic than fungus maintained on culture media. a comparison between dsrna mycovirus-free and infected m. anisopliae isolates su ... | 2000 | 11078949 |
| localisation and functional studies on the 5'-nucleotidase of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | the ecto-5'-nucleotidase from the cattle tick boophilus microplus is an unusual enzyme, hydrolysing a variety of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates to release the free nucleoside. the gene has been sequenced and the recombinant protein expressed as a functional, active enzyme. nevertheless, the function of the enzyme in the tick remains obscure. the enzyme is present throughout the life cycle, but in largest amounts in unfed larvae and adult ticks. the tissue location has been studied in ad ... | 2000 | 11108389 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) associated with wild animals in the pantanal region of brazil. | this paper describes the identification of ticks from wild animals of the pantanal region in brazil as part of a comprehensive study about established and emerging tick-host relationships and related pathological aspects. eighty-one animals were captured (representing 13 species, six orders), and ticks were found on 63 (78%). tick species identified included boophilus microplus (canestrini), amblyomma cajennense (f.), amblyomma parvum aragão, amblyomma pseudoconcolor aragão, amblyomma scalpturat ... | 2000 | 11126563 |
| seasonal variation of boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) in cattle in minas gerais state, brazil. | the seasonal variation of the tick boophilus microplus in the 'região metalúrgica' region of minas gerais state was studied using 26 bos taurus (holstein) x bos indicus (gir) calves, of which 16 animals were 3/4 holstein x 1/4 gir and 10 were 3/4 gir x 1/4 holstein. monthly tick counts were made between march 1996 and march 1998 and, although b. microplus infestations occurred throughout the year, they were greater during the rainy season. rainfall was the climatic factor that most affected the ... | 2000 | 11147277 |
| boophilus microplus anticoagulant protein: an antithrombin inhibitor isolated from the cattle tick saliva. | an anticoagulant was isolated from saliva of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. crude saliva prolonged both recalcification time and prothrombin time in assays with bovine plasma. it also inhibited thrombin, but not fxa, amidolytic activity. we purified the antithrombin activity by a combination of gel filtration, anion exchange, and affinity chromatography. the purified inhibitor has a molecular weight of 60,000 da, determined by sds-page. the anticoagulant ic50 varied from 100 nm to 1.1 micr ... | 2000 | 11147837 |
| lone star tick-infecting borreliae are most closely related to the agent of bovine borreliosis. | although borrelia theileri, the agent of bovine borreliosis, was described at the turn of the century (in 1903), its relationship with borreliae causing lyme disease or relapsing fever remains undescribed. we tested the previously published hypothesis that spirochetes infecting lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum) may comprise b. theileri by analyzing the 16s ribosomal dnas (rdnas) and flagellin genes of these spirochetes. b. theileri, the amblyomma agent, and b. miyamotoi formed a natural gro ... | 2001 | 11158095 |
| tests to determine lc50 and discriminating doses for macrocyclic lactones against the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | laboratory tests were carried out on larvae and adults of the cattle tick boophilus microplus to determine the toxicity of macrocyclic lactone acaricides (mls). technical and commercial mls were used in larval packet test (lpt), larval immersion test (lit) and adult immersion test (ait). in lit and ait the toxicity of mls was much higher than for lpt. in the ait, diluting the injectable formulation of mls in water was as effective as dilution in ethanol+triton x-100. lc50, lc99.9 and 95% confide ... | 2001 | 11163698 |
| feeding of hard ticks in vitro: new perspectives for rearing and for the identification of systemic acaricides. | experiments on in vitro feeding of the hard ticks ixodes ricinus, boophilus microplus, amblyomma variegatum and amblyomma hebraeum are described. an in vitro test for systemic acaricides is presented. work started with a feeding chamber continuously supplied with new blood. it proved too susceptible to fungal contamination and not efficient enough. simple feeding units made of honey jars with an inner glass tube were far more practical. reinforced silicone membrances or baudruche membrances impr ... | 1996 | 11178446 |
| ticks associated with wild animals in the nhecolândia pantanal, brazil. | a study of ticks associated with wild animals was carried out from september 1996 to april 1998 at the fazenda alegria (21,000 ha), in the nhecolândia pantanal, state of mato grosso do sul, brazil, a sunken plain bordering the upper paraguay river, located 19 x 08's; 56 x 46'w. a total of 81 wild animals (13 species, 6 orders) were captured with the aid of nets, and ticks were found on 63 (78%). tick species identified included boophilus microplus (canestrini), amblyomma cajennense (f.), a. parv ... | 2000 | 11193635 |
| thermal constant estimation in tropical horse tick, anocentor nitens (acari:ixodidae). | experience has demonstrated that the exclusive use of acaricides as a control method against cattle ticks causes several problems, and is not totally effective. other methods need to be added in order to achieve better and more profitable control of these parasites. groups of 12 to 15 engorged ticks, bred on bovines, were individually incubated at six temperatures (t = 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 degrees c) and four relatives humidities (rh = 100, 80, 75.5, and 70%), creating 24 variants. the ons ... | 2000 | 11193636 |
| artificial feeding in boophilus microplus (acari:ixodidae) through micropipettes. | newly molted boophilus microplus females obtained in a laboratory at 30 degrees c and environmental relative humidity (rh) were employed. an original device was used to hold ticks during feeding. three groups of 15 ticks each were created: unfed, fed with heparinized blood, and fed with defibrinated blood. ticks were weighed before and after feeding. females were restricted by group in three isolators attached on the skin of a bovine. ten sexually competent males were added to each isolator. tim ... | 2000 | 11193640 |
| babesiosis (babesia bovis) stability in unstable environments. | enzootic stability (herd immunity) in bovine babesiosis occurs when the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) of babesia spp by the tick vector is sufficient to immunize a majority of susceptible calves before the loss of calfhood resistance. the effect of three tick (boophilus microplus) control strategies (none, threshold, and strategic) on enzootic stability and the likelihood of babesiosis (babesia bovis) outbreaks was studied using a spreadsheet age-class computer simulation model. the mo ... | 2000 | 11193666 |
| skin test and tick immune status in susceptible and resistant cattle in brazil. | a cutaneous hypersensitivity test (cht) was used to correlate host resistance to ticks and type of reaction elicited to unfed larval extract-ule of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in european and indian cattle. twenty calves were separated into four groups of five animals each: naïve or preinfested indian or european cattle. cht was induced by intradermal inoculation of 0.1 ml of ule cattle tick b. microplus (50 micrograms protein) in the calf ear. ear thickness was measured using calipers b ... | 2000 | 11193675 |
| preliminary results of a larval resistance test to ivermectins using boophilus microplus reference strains. | 2000 | 11193684 | |
| immunological control of ticks through vaccination with boophilus microplus gut antigens. | the control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne diseases remain a challenge for the scientific community. traditional control methods have been only partially successful. recently, vaccination with recombinant boophilus microplus gut antigens has been shown to control tick infestations. our bm86-containing vaccine formulation (gavac) has been effective for the control of artificial infestations of b. annulatus, b. decoloratus, and chemically sensitive and resistant b. micropl ... | 2000 | 11193686 |
| immune response of naïve cattle to successive infestations of boophilus microplus ticks. | 2000 | 11193692 | |
| isolation and partial characterization of the montecitos strain of boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1877) multiresistant to different acaricides. | 2000 | 11193697 | |
| experimental infestation of llamas (lama glama) with boophilus microplus (acari:ixodidae). | two llamas (lama glama) were infested with approximately 20,000 boophilus microplus larvae each and maintained under controlled conditions to collect the detached adult ticks. a total of 72 engorged and semi-engorged females were recovered with a mean weight of 163.0 +/- 70.6 mg. sixty-three (87.5%) of these ticks oviposited and 60 (95.2%) of the egg masses produced larvae. six of the heaviest females laid 18,838 eggs from which 16,545 (87.8%) hatched. these results show that llamas are able to ... | 2000 | 11201357 |
| immunoglobulin-binding proteins in ticks: new target for vaccine development against a blood-feeding parasite. | humans have a long history of trying to control ticks. at first, attempts focused on modifying the habitat, whereas later efforts relied heavily on the use of chemicals. current research is directed at finding a vaccine against ticks. a strategy of targeting 'concealed antigens' succeeded with the first commercialised vaccine against the cattle tick boophilus microplus. however, vaccine development against other tick species appears unsatisfactory to date. vaccination depends on a specific antib ... | 1999 | 11212356 |
| heme biosynthesis and oogenesis in the blood-sucking bug, rhodnius prolixus. | we have previously shown that the pathway of porphyrin synthesis operates in the blood feeding triatomine bug rhodnius prolixus but not in the cattle tick boophilus microplus. in the present paper we studied the correlation between heme synthesis and egg development in rhodnius. there is a sharp increase heme biosynthetic capability in the fat body (160%) and in the ovaries (360%) in response to a blood meal, as evaluated from the activity of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ec 4.2. ... | 2001 | 11222945 |
| use of an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to genotype pyrethroid resistant strains of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | a polymerase chain reaction-based assay was developed to detect the presence of a pyrethroid resistance-associated amino acid substitution in boophilus microplus (canestrini). the assay uses a simple method for the extraction of genomic dna from individual larvae and genotypes individuals for the presence of a phe-->ile amino acid substitution in the s6 transmembrane segment of domain iii of the para-like sodium channel, clearly distinguishing heterozygotes from homozygotes. high frequencies for ... | 2001 | 11268690 |
| parasitic vaccines: an utopia or reality? | major advances in biotechnology over the past decade have led to significant progress in antigen selection, recombinant protein production and antigen delivery in a number of host-parasite systems. vaccination against complex metazoan parasites has become a reality with the development of recombinant vaccines against the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the sheep cestode taenia ovis. in the present paper progress towards the development of similar vaccines against other parasites is discussed ... | 2001 | 11284387 |
| development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of igm antibodies to babesia bigemina in cattle. | a crude antigenic preparation of babesia bigemina was used to develop an elisa for the detection of igm antibodies. optimal dilutions of the antigen, using positive and negative reference sera, were determined by checkerboard titrations. negative sera from cattle imported from tick-free areas, serum samples collected from infected b. bigemina cattle were used to validate the test. the specificity was 94% and sensitivity of the elisa 87.5%. sera from 385 cattle deriving from areas free from tick- ... | 2001 | 11285503 |
| risk factors to tick infestations and their occurrence on horses in the state of são paulo, brazil. | from december 1998 to march 1999, 40 stud farms were studied in the state of são paulo, brazil. during visits to farms, horses reared under grazing conditions were examined for the presence of ticks. on each farm visit, horse pastures were closely inspected and a questionnaire was given to the farm supervisor with the purpose of gaining information about ecological and management variables (independent variables) that could be associated with the presence and infestation levels of ticks on the f ... | 2001 | 11337122 |
| microsatellite loci of the cattle tick boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae). | this brief communication reports the identification of microsatellite loci in the economically important tick species boophilus microplus. the data are potentially useful in distinguishing different strains of b. microplus. eight polymorphic loci were isolated in larvae, male and female adults analysed individually from 12 field isolates and laboratory strains from australia (n = 8), brazil, mexico, papua new guinea and zimbabwe. nucleotide sequencing of alleles at these microsatellite loci reve ... | 2000 | 11354622 |
| neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors in the drosophila melanogaster genome. | recent genetic analyses in worms, flies, and mammals illustrate the importance of bioactive peptides in controlling numerous complex behaviors, such as feeding and circadian locomotion. to pursue a comprehensive genetic analysis of bioactive peptide signaling, we have scanned the recently completed drosophila genome sequence for g protein-coupled receptors sensitive to bioactive peptides (peptide gpcrs). here we describe 44 genes that represent the vast majority, and perhaps all, of the peptide ... | 0 | 11381038 |
| the evaluation of yeast derivatives as adjuvants for the immune response to the bm86 antigen in cattle. | the gavac vaccine against the cattle tick boophilus microplus has proven its efficacy in a large number of controlled and field experiments. however, this vaccine could be further improved by searching for new alternative adjuvants that would induce a stronger long-lasting immune response. we conducted several experiments to assay the adjuvant effect of fractions of the recombinant yeast pichia pastoris in mouse and cattle models. in previous experiments, the combination of the yeast membrane wi ... | 2001 | 11399206 |
| the vulnerability of animal and human health to parasites under global change. | the term 'global change' is used to encompass all of the significant drivers of environmental change as experienced by hosts, parasites and parasite managers. the term includes changes in climate and climate variability, atmospheric composition, land use and land cover including deforestation and urbanisation, bio-geochemistry, globalisation of trade and transport, the spread of alien species, human health and technology. a subset of land use issues relates to the management of protective techno ... | 2001 | 11406142 |
| efficacy of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad, against boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) on cattle. | the efficacy of a single whole-body spray of spinosad, a naturally derived control agent, applied at three concentrations was evaluated against cattle infested three separate times prior to treatment and at four weekly intervals following treatment with boophilus microplus (canestrini). at 0.0167% active ingredient (ai) both tick numbers (1894 ticks per calf) and index of fecundity (if) of females (258.3) were no different than that of the control group. however, spinosad treatment at both 0.05 ... | 2001 | 11445154 |
| observations on the structure and histology of the female genital system of the cattle tick boophilus annulatus (say). | female genital system of boophilus annulatus was examined grossly on the day of drop-off from the host and grossly and microscopically on 4th day. it consists of an ovary, 2 oviducts, a common oviduct, a connecting tube, a seminal receptacle, a vagina divided into cervical and vestibular parts, 2 accessory glands and gene's organ. the ovary oocytes undergo excessive growth during the 4 days after drop-off from the host. oocytes accumulate eosinophilic material during growth and undergo histologi ... | 2001 | 11478455 |
| avermectin resistance of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in brazil. | 2001 | 11488352 | |
| role of rusa deer cervus timorensis russa in the cycle of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in new caledonia. | two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of rusa deer in the development of the cattle tick boaphilus microplus in comparison with that of steers in the same pastures and under the same conditions of infestation. no difference was noted between a mixed steer/deer herd and a pure steer or pure deer herd in the infestation pattern of each host, suggesting that attachment to the alternative host is mechanical and not affected by the simultaneous presence of the primary host o ... | 2001 | 11508531 |
| influence of acaricide resistance on cattle-fever tick (boophilus spp.) infestations in semi-arid thornshrublands: a simulation approach. | cattle-fever tick (boophilus microplus and b. annulatus) populations that develop acaricide resistance become more difficult to control or eradicate. we used a simulation model to assess the direct and indirect effects of interactions among season, habitat type, grazing strategy, and acaricide resistance on the ability to eradicate boophilus infestations in semi-arid thornshrublands of texas, usa. season of infestation appeared to have the strongest effect, with infestations begun on 27 septembe ... | 2001 | 11513366 |
| parasite vaccines--a reality? | over the last decade, the anti-parasitics market has been the fastest growing sector of the overall $18 billion animal health market. while drugs for the treatment of parasites of livestock still dominate this sector and will continue to be developed or re-formulated, because of consumer demands for chemical-free food and of concerns regarding the environment and animal welfare there is a growing interest in the development of safe and effective vaccines. there is also a call for vaccines in the ... | 2001 | 11516584 |
| evidence for the utility of the bm86 antigen from boophilus microplus in vaccination against other tick species. | the bm86 antigen, as originally identified in boophilus microplus, is the basis of commercial tick vaccines against this tick species. the potential for using this antigen or homologues of the antigen in vaccination against other tick species has been assessed. we have conducted vaccine trials in cattle using the b. microplus-derived recombinant bm86 vaccine (tickgard) using pairs of vaccinated calves and control calves. these were infested with b. microplus and boophilus decoloratus larvae simu ... | 2001 | 11523920 |