Publications

ds rnas from natural sources: induction of interferon and toxicity in baboons and man.		1981	6184799
cellular and extracellular siderophores of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum.	aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum produce specific cellular siderophores in addition to the well-known siderophores of the culture medium. since this was found previously in neurospora crassa, it is probably generally true for filamentous ascomycetes. the cellular siderophore of a. nidulans is ferricrocin; that of p. chrysogenum is ferrichrome. a. nidulans also contains triacetylfusigen, a siderophore without apparent biological activity. conidia of both species lose siderophores ...	1981	6242827
guanyl-specific ribonuclease from the fungus penicillium chrysogenum strain 152 and its complex with guanosine 3'-phosphate studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.	the method of proton magnetic resonance was used to obtain information on the active site of the guanyl-specific ribonuclease from penicillium chrysogenum, strain 152a. four ph-dependent signals in the aromatic region of the proton nmr spectrum of the enzyme were assigned to the c-2 and c-4 protons of the two histidine residues. to determine the pk values and the environment of the histidine residues the ph dependence of their chemical shifts was studied and experimental curves thus obtained wer ...	1980	6250840
[extracellular rnaase pch2 of penicillium chrysogenum 152a: purification, specificity and physico-chemical properties].	acid rnaase pch2 was isolated from a filtrate of the cultural fluid of the fungus penicillium chrysogenum 152a and purified to homogeneity. an analysis of rnaase pch2 action on rna and synthetic substrates showed that the enzyme can be attributed to non-specific true ribonucleases (ribonucleate-3'-oligo-nucleotide hydrolase, ec 3.1.4.23). the maximal effect of the enzyme on rna is observe at ph 4.5 and 55 degree. the rnaase pch2 is not activated by bivalent metal ions, p-chloromercurybenzoate or ...	1981	6272882
atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum: measurements of the true specific activity of an enzyme subject to potent product inhibition and a reassessment of the kinetic mechanism.	homogeneous atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum has been reported to have an extremely low activity toward its physiological inorganic substrate, sulfate. this low activity is an artifact resulting from potent product inhibition by 5'-adenylylsulfate (aps) (ki less than 0.25 microm). assays based on 35s incorporation from 35so4(2-) into charcoal-adsorbable [35s]aps are nonlinear with time, even in the presence of a large excess of inorganic pyrophosphatase. however, in the presence of e ...	1983	6312889
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from penicillium chrysogenum. purification and kinetic characterization.	adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase, the second enzyme in the pathway of inorganic sulfate assimilation, was purified to near homogeneity from mycelium of the filamentous fungus, penicillium chrysogenum. the enzyme has a native molecular weight of 59,000-60,000 and is composed of two 30,000-dalton subunits. at 30 degrees c, ph 8.0 (0.1 m tris-chloride buffer), 5.5 microm aps, 5 mm mgatp, 5 mm excess mgcl2, and "high" salt (70-150 mm (nh4)2so4), the most highly purified preparation has a spe ...	1984	6321459
[characteristic features of protoplast formation and regeneration in fusidium coccineum].	the methods for preparation and regeneration of protoplasts were tested with respect to the strains of f. coccineum markedly differing in their capacity for antibiotic production, sporulation and the growth rate. it was found that the substrate used for the culture growth had a significant effect on the cell wall and sensitivity of the mycelium to lytic enzymes. an enzyme from hellix pomatia and its combination with lysozyme were used for lysing the culture. the cytological investigation of the ...	1983	6404216
a circular dichroism study of the structure of penicillium chrysogenum mycovirus.	we have examined the absorption and circular dichroism spectra of intact penicillium chrysogenum virus, empty capsid particles, and isolated double-stranded rna. the absorbance at 260 nm of intact virus was less than 4% hypochromic relative to the absorbances of the free double-stranded rna and free viral protein, indicating very little change in the base stacking interactions of the rna. circular dichroism studies of intact virus indicate that the capsid protein consists of 45% alpha-helix. emp ...	1983	6408610
[antibiotic formation in n-nitrosomethylbiuret exposure at different stages of conidium initiation in penicillium chrysogenum, a producer of penicillin].	survival and variation of strain 9741 of p. chrysogenum treated with n-nitroso-n-methyl biuret (nmb) at various stages of conidia initiation were studied. it was shown that the interval between the minimum and maximum levels of the conidia sensitivity to nmb was equal to 80 minutes, which corresponded to the period of dna replication in the culture. when preliminary incubated conidia were subjected to the treatment, the frequency of the variants with higher potency increased as compared to the t ...	1983	6416155
metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by cunninghamella elegans.	the metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba), a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, in cultures of cunninghamella elegans were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by uv spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. the major metabolites were dmba-trans-8,9-dihydrodiol and dmba-trans-3,4-dihydrodiol. the 7-hydroxymethyl and the 12-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these dihydrodiol metabolites were also formed. the metabolic profile described in this report co ...	1983	6418073
[current problems of the mechanism of penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis].		1983	6419672
[resistance of mesospheric microorganisms to periodic freezing--thawing].	the object of this work was to study cytological changes caused by periodic freezing-thawing in the conidia of the fungi aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum isolated from the mesosphere as well as in the conidia of the same species taken from the collection of microorganisms. the conidia from the mesosphere were found to be highly resistant to the treatment. as was shown by electron microscopy, the outer "backbone" layer of the spore envelope broke down and the membranes of the plasmal ...	1983	6422211
[mass exchange conditions in penicillin biosynthesis in an industrial fermenter with aerodynamic foam suppressor].	the mass exchange characteristics of 50 m3 industrial fermentors with aerodynamic foam suppression and the effect of the specific power input on biosynthesis of penicillin were studied. a change in the specific power input from 1.3 to 1.9 kw/m3 had no effect on the level of the antibiotic accumulation when the medium with 8 per cent of lactose was used. an increase in the aeration rate from 1 to 1.2 m3/m3 x min provided a 1.1-fold increase in the penicillin activity of the fermentation broth. th ...	1984	6422843
biosynthesis of penicillin in vitro: part ii--purification & properties of 6-aminopenicillanic acid--phenylacetyl-coa/phenoxyacetyl-coa transferase.		1983	6423522
penicillium allergic alveolitis: faulty installation of central heating.	a married couple presented with an illness typical of allergic alveolitis. a careful search of their home revealed a leak in the central heating system with a heavy fungal growth on wet flooring and linoleum. two species of penicillium, p chrysogenum and p cyclopium, were isolated from floorboards, linoleum, and settle plates. antibodies against both these fungi were demonstrated in the serum of both patients by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). allergic alveolitis caused by p chryso ...	1984	6426074
oxygen profiles and structure of penicillium chrysogenum pellets.	oxygen profiles were measured polarographically with micro-needle electrodes in single fixed pellets of penicillium chrysogenum. the oxygen concentration, the grade of turbulence and the flow conditions of the outer medium were varied. pellets were then histologically investigated. under our experimental conditions the pellets were found to contain a 200 micrometers thick active outer zone with intact cells. in this zone, the oxygen partial pressure decreased from the initial values to zero. the ...	1984	6428182
[action of desiccation and low temperatures on mesospheric strains of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum].	aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum strains were isolated from the mesosphere and characterised. their properties significant for migration in the atmosphere are discussed. the possibility of the anabiotic state of these fungi under the action of dehydration and low temperatures was studied as well as the degree of their resistance to the aforementioned extreme factors.	1984	6429492
the nucleotide sequences of the 5 s rrnas of seven molds and a yeast and their use in studying ascomycete phylogeny.	the sequences of the 5 s rrnas isolated from 8 ascomycete species belonging to the genera aspergillus, penicillium, acremonium and candida are reported. two of the examined strains each yielded a mixture of 3 slightly different 5 s rnas, which were individually sequenced after fractionation. a previously published sequence for aspergillus nidulans 5 s rna was found to contain errors. reconstruction of an evolutionary tree based on 5 s rna sequences showed that the 16 presently examined ascomycet ...	1984	6429642
studies on two types of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum.		1984	6430887
[action of dehydration on the survival, morphology and ultrastructure of the conidia of air-borne and culture collection strains of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum].	the effect of dehydration on the morphology and fine structure of conidia was studied with the atmospheric and collection strains of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum. dehydration did not cause changes in the structure of most conidia. however, destructive changes in the conidial wall and membrane were found in some conidia. the cytological changes of conidia were either reversible or irreversible, which determined their survival rate during dehydration.	1984	6431241
[microbial amine oxidase].		1984	6431495
carbon catabolite repression of penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum.	the addition of glucose to batch cultures of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 reduced the biosynthesis of penicillin. this regulatory effect was also observed in penicillin biosynthesis by nitrogen-limited resting cells when cultures were previously grown in high concentrations of glucose. the effect of glucose was concentration-dependent in the range of 28-140 mm. incorporation of l-[u-14c]valine into penicillin in nitrogen-limited resting cultures was reduced by 70% when cells were grown on 140 ...	1984	6432764
evidence for sequence heterogeneity among the double-stranded rna segments of penicillium chrysogenum mycovirus.	we have examined the dsrna segments of the multipartite virus from penicillium chrysogenum (atcc 9480). a fourth rna segment has been detected recently and, in the present work, we separated the four rna segments and looked for possible homologies among them by thermal denaturation and electron microscopical heteroduplex studies. differences were found between the differential melting profiles of the separated rna segments, and no extensive regions of homology were detected among the various rna ...	1984	6432959
penicillin fermentation in a 200-liter tower fermentor using cells confined to microbeads.	the scale-up of the penicillin fermentation through cell confinement in a 200-l tower fermentor is described. p. chrysogenum spores were adsorbed into celite microbeads having diameters greater than 180 microns. fed-batch fermentations were performed using both free and confined cells. cell growth and penicillin concentrations were measured during the fermentation. in addition, the oxygen transfer rate, the aeration rate, and the level of dissolved oxygen were also measured. significant improvem ...	1984	6433792
purification of isopenicillin n synthetase.	isopenicillin n synthetase was extracted from cephalosporium acremonium and purified about 200-fold. the product showed one major protein band, coinciding with synthetase activity, when subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. an isopenicillin n synthetase from penicillium chrysogenum was purified about 70-fold by similar procedures. the two enzymes resemble each other closely in their mr, in their mobility on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and in their requirement for fe2+ and ...	1984	6435606
analysis of the electrophoretic properties of double-stranded dna and rna in agarose gels at a finite voltage gradient.		1984	6441606
penicillin production: biotechnology at its best.	a brief description is given of the history of penicillin production in the netherlands. the development of today's penicillin production technology is analysed in terms of changes in the quality and intensity of the production process. technological as well as genetical developments are shown to be of influence on the quality and the intensity of the production process. the analysis is illustrated by a brief description of the productivity improvement of the penicillin fermentation as it occurr ...	1984	6442122
extracellular siderophores of rapidly growing aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum.	the highly active extracellular siderophores previously detected in young cultures of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum have been identified as the cyclic ester fusigen (fusarinine c), and its open-chain form, fusigen b (fusarinine b).	1982	6461636
experimental evidence for the occurrence in honey of specific substances active against microorganisms.	numbers of micro-organisms in sewage, soil, air and tap-water counted on media containing honey were lower than those counted on the same media containing equivalent concentrations of the sugars known to occur in honey. similar experiments achieved with specific micro-organisms showed that honey had more pronounced inhibitory effects than the equivalent sugar solutions on salmonella sp., escherichia coli, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum, but not on bacillus subtilis and saccharomyc ...	1984	6475343
the nature of the interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 with double-stranded rna.	in addition to binding messenger rna molecules at specific sequences, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif-2) also binds to double-stranded rna (dsrna). the dsrna is a powerful inhibitor of initiation of eukaryotic translation, causing the inactivation of eif-2, but in the presence of certain mrna templates, dsrna fails to establish inhibition. such mrna templates bind to eif-2 with higher affinity than does dsrna, while globin mrna, a template sensitive to inhibition, binds with lower affinity. ...	1984	6499848
activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase from three filamentous fungi in relation to osmotic and solute effects.	crude extracts of nadp+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.42) were prepared from three filamentous fungi with different tolerances to water stress. there was no difference in the activity of this enzyme extracted from phytophthora cinnamomi which had been grown on media of osmotic potential of 0 to -2mpa. glycerol, proline and glucose caused little or no inhibition of the activity of the enzyme from p. cinnamomi, penicillium chrysogenum and chrysosporium fastidium over the range 0 to - ...	1983	6615128
partial purification and characterization of a double-stranded rna-specific nuclease from human placenta.	a double-stranded rna-specific nuclease (ds rnase) has been isolated and partially purified from human placenta by deae-cellulose and dna-cellulose column chromatography. denatured dna-cellulose retained most of the single-stranded rna-specific nuclease (ss rnase) activity, whereas the ds rnase came out in the void volume. n-ethylmaleimide at a concentration of 5 mm, selectively inhibited ds rnase activity by 60% under the conditions in which the ss rnase activity was inhibited to an extent of 7 ...	1983	6633520
composition of the fungal flora of four cereal grains in saudi arabia.	using the grain-plate method and on glucose- czapek 's agar at 28 degrees c, fifty-eight species belonging to 26 genera were collected from barley (42 species and 19 genera), maize (29 species and 16 genera), sorghum (32 species and 17 genera) and wheat grains (42 species and 18 genera). the most frequent genera were aspergillus, penicillium, rhizopus, fusarium, and mucor followed by alternaria, drechslera , and curvularia. from the preceding genera aspergillus flavus, a. niger, penicillium nota ...	1984	6727980
studies on the biosynthesis of isopenicillin n with a cell-free preparation of penicillium chrysogenum.	when delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine was added to a cell-free system prepared by lysis of penicillium chrysogenum protoplasts, "compounds x and y" were detected after analysis on a cation-exchange column. the chromatographic position as well as results of experiments with double labelled tripeptides showed "compound x" to be the penicilloic acid of isopenicillin n. lld-tripeptide labelled with tritium at carbon-2 of th valine part was incorporated into isopenicillin n with reten ...	1980	6773915
[nitrogen metabolism characteristics of p. chrysogenum in relation to penicillin biosynthesis].	quantitative correlation between the nitrogen level in the mycelium of p. chrysogenum and biosynthesis of penicillin was shown. with an increase in the nitrogen level of the mycelium, its productivity with respect to the formation of the antibiotic also increased. the high level of nitrogen in the mycelium is an obligatory but not sufficient parameter characterizing the penicillin production capacity of the mycelium. the content of acid soluble compounds in the mycelium was found to be important ...	1980	6775587
inhibition and repression of homocitrate synthase by lysine in penicillium chrysogenum.	homocitrate synthase in the first enzyme of the lysine biosynthetic pathway. it is feedback regulated by l-lysine. lysine decreases the biosynthesis of penicillin (determined by the incorporation of [14c]valine into penicillin) by inhibiting and repressing homocitrate synthase, thereby depriving the cell of alpha-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of penicillin. lysine feedback inhibited in vivo the biosynthesis and excretion of homocitrate by a lysine auxotroph, l2, blocked in the lysine pathway aft ...	1980	6777369
microbial transformations of 7,2-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.	microbial transformations of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, in cultures of pseudomonas aeruginosa and penicillium notatum were studied by high performance liquid chromatographic separation of metabolic fractions followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the metabolites. two methyl-hydroxylated metabolites were identified in each of the incubations. the metabolic activation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon suggests a poss ...	1981	6784676
penicillium chrysogenum endophthalmitis.		1981	6787430
denaturation and renaturation of penicillium chrysogenum mycophage double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tetraalkylammonium salt solutions.	the base composition dependence of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) melting was studied by observing the structure and widths of melting transitions for penicillium chrysogenum mycophage rna as well as differences in melting temperatures of two rnas of different base composition. double-stranded rna melting is independent of base compositions in 3.5 m et4ncl and 4.6 m me4ncl, where the melting temperatures are 25 and 92 degrees c, respectively. double-stranded rna renaturation rate constan ...	1981	6788075
association of 6-oxo-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid with penicillin v. production on penicillium chrysogenum fermentations.	analysis of a 13c nmr spectrum of a concentrated broth from penicillium chrysogenum fermentation revealed the presence of penicillin v and 6-oxo-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid(1) as the principal constituents. the latter lactam, identical to an authentic sample prepared by the cyclization of alpha-aminoadipic acid was present to the extent of 28 mol% of penicillin v. the lactam isolated form the broth was nearly racemic, having a slight excess of the l-isomer. this isolation provides further evide ...	1980	6788737
nitrate reductase from penicillium chrysogenum. purification and kinetic mechanism.	nitrate reductase (nadph:nitrate oxidoreductase; ec 1.6.6.1-3) was purified to apparent homogeneity from mycelium of penicillium chrysogenum. the final preparation catalyzed the nadph-dependent, fad-mediated reduction of nitrate with a specific activity of 170-225 units x mg of protein-1. gel filtration and glycerol density centrifugation yielded, respectively, a stokes radius of 6.3 nm and an s20,w of 7.4. the molecular weight was calculated to be 199,000. on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the en ...	1981	6790545
[new method of isolating subcellular structures of the strain penicillium chrysogenum pq-66].		1981	6792435
[ratio of the mutation spectrum to the physiological state of the penicillium chrysogenum cell. auxotrophic mutations induced by n-nitroso-n-methylbiuret in exposure at different stages of dna replication].	the effect of uv light on activated conidia of penicillium chrysogenum, strain 39 was studied. it was found that the spectrum of the auxotrophic mutations induced by uv light during replication of dna changed with the dose of the mutagen and was specific to every dose. the schemes of predominating mutation induction during dna replication under the effect of 2 doses of uv light were developed.	1981	6794440
[penicillin formation by biochemical mutants of penicillium chrysogenum and their spontaneous revertants].	the capacity for the antibiotic production in the auxotrophs of penicillium chrysogenum with various deficiency and their revertants was studied. it was found that the capacity for penicillin synthesis was impaired to various degrees in the majority of the auxotrophs. variants with the penicillin production levels by 13--20 per cent higher than those in the initial prototrophic strain were isolated for the first time in selection of the eukaryotes with the method of obtaining highly active rever ...	1981	6794441
[ratio of the mutation spectrum to the physiological state of the penicillium chrysogenum cell. auxotrophic mutations induced by uv rays at different stages of dna replication].	the spectrum of the mutations obtained with exposure of nonactivated spores of pen. chrysogenum to n-nitrozo-n-methylbiuret (nmb) was studied and it was shown that the mutations associated with blocking of amino acid synthesis predominated. when activated spores of pen. chrysogenum were treated with the mutagen, correlation was observed between the spectrum of the induced mutations, the physiological state of the cells and the exposure time. it is supposed that the mutagen molecule affects the r ...	1981	6794442
role of the carbohydrate moiety of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum in enzyme activity.		1981	6795998
intergeneric cosynthesis of penicillin by strains of penicillium chrysogenum, p. chrysogenum/notatum and aspergillus nidulans.	a number of mutants impaired in penicillin production have previously been isolated from penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. during cofermentation of osmotically fragile mycelia derived from these strains, in the presence of inhibitors of cell wall regeneration, intergeneric cosynthesis has been demonstrated between mutants which are probably impaired in different parts of th penicillin biosynthetic pathway.	1981	6798163
synthesis and biological activity of some new 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloyl- and 3,6-diamino-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids and dipeptide derivatives.	synthesis of a series of 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids (ii-ix) and some of their corresponding methyl esters (x-xvi) and 3,6-diamino-1:8-naphthaloylamino acid derivatives (xxix-xxxvi) is described. coupling of 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids with amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides in dioxane-dmf-et3n medium using dcc method furnishes the desired 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloyldipeptide methyl esters (xvii-xxviii). most of the synthesized 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids, es ...	1982	6811471
nitrate reductase from penicillium chrysogenum: kinetic mechanism at sub-optimum ph.		1982	6812574
nitrate reductase from penicillium chrysogenum: the reduced flavin-adenine dinucleotide-dependent reaction.		1982	6817714
murine immunosuppression with mycoviral dsrna.	the effect of three different size molecular weight species of mycoviral dsrna on the immune response to srbc was tested in c57bl/6 mice. the various dsrna species were extracted from electrophoresis polyacrylamide-agarose slab gels. their molecular weights ranged from 1.0 x 10(6) daltons to 3.5 x 10(6) daltons. all three sizes of mycoviral dsrna significantly (p less than 0.0001) suppressed the hemolytic antibody titer of mice 8 days after immunizations with 15 micrograms dsrna/mouse and 10(8) ...	1982	6819252
biosynthesis of penicillin in vitro: purification & properties of 'phenyl/phenoxyacetic acid activating enzyme'.		1982	6819990
automation in penicillin fermentation.		1982	6820362
oxidative ring fission of the naphthoquinones lapachol and dichloroallyl lawsone by penicillium notatum.	the naphthoquinones lapachol and dichloroallyl lawsone readily undergo oxidative ring fission when incubated with several fungi and streptomycetes. penicillium notatum was employed to produce the ring fission product of dichloroallyl lawsone which was isolated and characterized by spectral analyses and chemical synthesis. the mechanism of oxidative ring fission of lapachol was studied by growing p. notatum cultures in an 18o2 atmosphere. mass spectral analysis of the isolated and labeled metabol ...	1983	6822525
the effect of bacterial and fungal phospholipids on immune response to sheep erythrocytes and e. coli lipopolysaccharide.	the effect of phospholipids extracted from some bacteria and fungi on the response of mice to sheep erythrocytes and e. coli lipopolysaccharide has been studied. the phospholipids from staphylococcus aureus. streptococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis and aspergillus fumigatus augmented the humoral immune response to both antigens studied. the phospholipids from asp. fumigatus, str. faecalis and candida albicans stimulated mouse b lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. on the other hand, none of the p ...	1981	6982033
a novel purification procedure for penicillium notatum phospholipase b and evidence for a modification of phospholipase b activity by the action of an endogenous protease.	the purification of penicillium notatum phospholipase b was greatly improved using phosphatidylserine-ah sepharose 4b affinity chromatography. this chromatography simplified the procedure, stabilized the enzyme activity and gave six-fold higher yields and two-fold higher specific activity for the enzyme than the previous method (kawasaki, n. and saito, k. (1973) biochim. biophys. acta 296, 426-430). during purification, it was found that an endogenous protease attacked phospholipase b and produc ...	1980	6986916
[role of microorganisms in the destruction of spodumene].	a broad spectrum of microorganisms has been shown to be involved in the destruction of spodumene, a typical mineral of lithium pegmatites. the following microorganisms are most active: the microscopic fungi penicillium notatum and aspergillus niger, the thiobacilli thiobacillus thiooxidans, and the so-called "silicate" slime forming bacterium bacillus micilaginosus n. sp. siliceus. spodumene destruction is accompanied with lithium, aluminium and silicon being transferred into solution. the activ ...	1980	6995818
genetics of penicillin titre in lines of aspergillus nidulans selected through recurrent mutagenesis.	genetic analyses of mutations for increased penicillin titre were carried out on two strains of aspergillus nidulans isolated after independent programmes of recurrent mutation and selection, similar to those used industrially for strain improvement. both selected strains were stable in terms of colony morphology and penicillins titre. backcrosses to the unselected ancestor indicated that the increased yield of each strain was due to an induced polygenic system with both additive and non-additiv ...	1980	7019390
the microbiology of spent mushroom compost and its dust.	microorganisms in spent steamed mushroom compost and its dust were enumerated, and identified. some phase ii (indoor composting) compost samples were also examined. steaming of spent compost resulted in a 70-76% reduction in microbial numbers. total counts made with compost fusion agar were approximately two logs greater than those for nutrient agar. the most common bacterial isolate was bacillus licheniformis. the most common actinomycete isolates were streptomyces diastaticus and thermoactinom ...	1981	7197578
studies of a phospholipase b from penicillium notatum: substrate specificity and properties of active site.		1980	7236649
[preparation and properties of immobilized glucose oxidase].	glucose oxidase from penicillium notatum was immobilized by covalent, adsorptive or ion exchange attachment to insoluble carriers. the yields of immobilization using spherons, deae-sephadex, deae-cellulose and porous glass carriers are compared. methods used for the estimation of kinetic parameters km and kcat are described and results obtained for god in solution and in immobilized form are given. investigations about the dependence of the enzymatic activity on ph, temperature and storage serve ...	1980	7245983
the prevalence of immediate positive skin tests in nepalese children.	two hundred and ninety-three normal schoolchildren between 5 and 15 years old living in the hills of eastern nepal were tested by the skin prick method for sensitivity to six allergens: dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, aspergillus fumigatus. cladosporium herbarum, penicillium notatum, mixed pollens and mixed threshings. these children were also questioned and examined for symptoms and signs relating to allergic disease. of the children, 20% were skin-prick positive to at least one of the allergen ...	1981	7249341
the effect of bacterial and fungal phospholipids on the activity of macrophages.	the effect of some bacterial and fungal phospholipids on the functions of macrophage in mice was studied. it has been found that in animals injected with phospholipids from staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis and aspergillus fumigatus the population of macrophages with increased phagocytic and microbicidal activity appeared. the phospholipids from cryptococcus neoformans and penicillium notatum did not affect the activity of macrophages. administration of the candida ...	1981	7347586
[prolonged storage of fungal culture collections on agarized media].	the study of the efficacy of storage of 300 fungal cultures on agarized media with repeated passages showed that the survival level of the fungi stored with this method may serve an additional biological characteristics for some species: penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium sclerotiorum and others. when the fungi were stored on agarized media with repeated passages for a prolonged period of time, there were observed lower levels of sporulation, sclerotia formation and pigmentation in some cultur ...	1980	7356295
purification of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum by hydrophobic chromatography on palmitoyl cellulose.	phospholipase b (lysolecithin acyl-hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.5) from the mycelia of penicillium notatum (institute for fermentation, osaka, japan; no.4640) was adsorbed from a crude solution to palmitoyl cellulose. adsorption was efficient at ph 4 at low ionic strength (10 mm buffer), and at ph 4-9 at higher ionic strength (1-2m nacl in 10 mm buffer). the adsorbed enzyme was eluted from the cellulose with a suitable detergent, such as adekatol so-120, triton x-100, or deoxycholate. as an application o ...	1980	7373159
[mould allergy (author's transl)].	290 asthmatic patients with positive skin tests for mould allergens were analyzed retrospectively. the relationship between skin test and inhalative provocation test was investigated with regard to single allergens and polyvalent mould sensitivity. with 4 commercially available moulds the relationship between skin test, provocation test and rast was investigated too. alternaria alternata occupies a special position. tests with alternaria alternata, aureobasidium pullulans, penicillium notatum, f ...	1980	7395259
enrichment of penicillium chrysogenum microbodies by isopycnic centrifugation in nycodenz as visualized with immuno-electron microscopy.	a procedure to enrich microbodies from penicillium chrysogenum and a method to evaluate the purity and integrity of the microbodies are described. as a p. chrysogenum microbody marker acyltransferase (at) was used. the p. chrysogenum hyphae were converted into protoplasts with novozym 234. in percoll-sucrose buffer the protoplasts were separated from mycelial debris after 10,000 x g centrifugation. purified protoplasts were lysed, and the cell homogenate was centrifuged to form a 14,000 x g pell ...	1995	7492580
use of int to determine the respiratory activity of immobilised and free penicillium chrysogenum.	the specific oxygen uptake rates (our) of kappa-carrageenan-immobilised and free cell cultures of penicillium chrysogenum were determined using an oxygen electrode in a closed chamber. this was compared with the respiratory activity determined by the extent of staining with iodo-nitrophenyl tetrazolium chloride (int). the degree of int staining correlated with the our; an increase in int deposition corresponding to an increase in the measured our. the int staining technique could therefore be us ...	1994	7515251
molecular characterization of three loss-of-function mutations in the isopenicillin n-acyltransferase gene (pende) of penicillium chrysogenum.	five mutants of penicillium chrysogenum blocked in penicillin biosynthesis (npe) which are deficient in isopenicillin n-acyltransferase were isolated previously. three of these mutants, npe6, npe7, and npe8, have been characterized at the molecular level and compared with npe10, a deletion mutant. transcripts of normal size (1.15 kb) of the pende genes, which encode isopenicillin n-acyltransferase, and also of the pcbab (11.5 kb) and pcbc (1.1 kb) genes were observed in all mutants except for th ...	1994	7519594
enzymatic and electrochemical reactions of catalase immobilized on carbon materials.	it has been shown that catalase immobilized on graphite and soot undergoes an oxidation reduction transformation. some results on the effect of the potential sweep rate, temperature and ph on this transformation are presented. on the basis of the relationship established, it has been proved that the redox transformation is related to the iron in the heme of the active center of the enzyme and takes place with a transfer of one electron.	1995	7546040
amino-acid substitutions in the cleavage site of acyl-coenzyme a:isopenicillin n acyltransferase from penicillium chrysogenum: effect on proenzyme cleavage and activity.	site-directed mutagenesis of the pende gene and expression in escherichia coli has produced recombinant acylcoenzyme a:isopenicillin n acyltransferase (re-at) containing amino-acid substitutions in the proenzyme cleavage site (decreases) region (asp-gly102 decreases cys103-thr-thr). the effect of these substitutions on proenzyme cleavage and at activity has been investigated. the re-at with substitutions at cys103 (cys103-->ser, cys103-->ala and cys103-->trp) were uncleaved and inactive. substit ...	1995	7557412
continuous cultivation of penicillium chrysogenum. growth on glucose and penicillin production.	a series of constant-mass, continuous cultivations of the penicillin producing mold penicillium chrysogenum was carried out using a chemically defined medium with glucose as the growth-limiting component. the stoichiometry for growth of p. chrysogenum on glucose was characterized in terms of mass-yield and maintenance coefficients. saturation kinetics with respect to glucose was used to describe the glucose consumption rate at steady-state conditions. transient data indicate that the maximum rat ...	1995	7576537
the penicillin gene cluster is amplified in tandem repeats linked by conserved hexanucleotide sequences.	the penicillin biosynthetic genes (pcbab, pcbc, pende) of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78 were located in a 106.5-kb dna region that is amplified in tandem repeats (five or six copies) linked by conserved tttaca sequences. the wild-type strains p. chrysogenum nrrl 1951 and penicillium notatum atcc 9478 (fleming's isolate) contain a single copy of the 106.5-kb region. this region was bordered by the same tttaca hexanucleotide found between tandem repeats in strain as-p-78. a penicillin overproduc ...	1995	7597101
molecular cloning of cdna coding for the 68 kda allergen of penicillium notatum using moabs.	to characterize the 68 kda allergen of penicillium notatum (also known as p. chrysogenum), a molecular antibody (moab) (p40) was previously generated. for cdna cloning, three more moabs (3f, 5a3, 5g2) were generated in the present study. a mixture of all the four moabs was used in cloning of the gene coding for the 68 kda allergen from a lambda gt11 cdna library of p. chrysogenum. a cdna clone (a6) with dna insert of about 0.5 kb which encodes for the 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of the 68 kd ...	1995	7600381
rational design of peptide antibiotics by targeted replacement of bacterial and fungal domains.	peptide synthetases involved in the nonribosomal synthesis of peptide secondary metabolites possess a highly conserved domain structure. the arrangement of these domains within the multifunctional enzymes determines the number and order of the amino acid constituents of the peptide product. a general approach has been developed for targeted substitution of amino acid-activating domains within the srfa operon, which encodes the protein templates for the synthesis of the lipopeptide antibiotic sur ...	1995	7604280
nuclear dna-binding proteins which recognize the intergenic control region of penicillin biosynthetic genes.	the biosynthesis of penicillin, a secondary metabolite produced by penicillium chrysogenum, is subject to sophisticated genetic and metabolic regulation. the structural genes, pcbc and pcbab, which encode two of the penicillin biosynthetic enzymes are separated by a 1.16-kb intergenic region and transcribed divergently from one another. to identify and characterize nuclear proteins which interact with the pcbab-pcbc intergenic promoter region, crude and partially purified nuclear extracts were u ...	1995	7614558
metabolic control analysis of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	metabolic control analysis is used to identify the rate-limiting step in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium chrysogenum. the analysis is carried out using a kinetic model for the first two steps in the pathway, i.e., the acv synthetase (acvs) and the isopenicillin n synthetase (ipns). the kinetic model is based on michaelis-menten type kinetics, with noncompetitive inhibition of the acvs by acv and competitive inhibition of the ipns by glutathione. from measurements of the enzyme ...	1995	7619400
isolation and structure of sorrentanone: a new tetrasubstituted quinone from penicillium chrysogenum.		1995	7622440
sequence and structure of penicillium chrysogenum phog, homologous to an acid phosphatase-encoding gene of aspergillus nidulans.	a penicillium chrysogenum (pc) gene (phog), homologous to an aspergillus nidulans (an) gene which confers phosphate-non-repressible acid phosphatase (apase) activity, has been cloned and sequenced. the 2.9-kb genomic sequence corresponds to two orfs of 149 and 1630 bp encoding a protein of 593 amino acids (aa). as verified by cdna sequencing, the coding region is interrupted by an 85-bp intron. the deduced aa sequence of phog reveals 61% aa identity to the translated long orf of the an apase-enc ...	1995	7628710
phylogenetic relationships of five species of aspergillus and related taxa as deduced by comparison of sequences of small subunit ribosomal rna.	the nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the 18s rrna of aspergillus flavus, a. nidulans, a. terreus and a. niger were elucidated and aligned to the sequences of a. fumigatus. in addition, the 18s rrna sequences of the v4-v9 region of morphologically similar filamentous fungi, e.g. penicillium chrysogenum, p. marneffei and paecilomyces variotii, were elucidated. phylogenetic analysis and comparison showed a very close intergeneric relationship of the genus aspergillus to species of the gen ...	1995	7666299
nucleotide sequence of the large mitochondrial rrna gene of penicillium chrysogenum.	the nucleotide sequence of a large rrna (1-rrna) gene and its flanking regions in the cloned fragments of mitochondrial (mt) dna from penicillium chrysogenum nrrl1951 (sekiguchi j., ohsaki, t., yamamoto, h., koichi, k. and shida, t. (1990) j. gen. microbiol. 136, 535-543) was determined and compared with those in aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa mitochondrial dnas. the p. chrysogenum mt 1-rrna gene has a 1678 bp intron which intervenes between a 2835 bp 5' exon and a 581 bp 3' exon, an ...	1993	7680578
[biogenesis of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) and penicillin in penicillium chrysogenum: effect of the biocatalyst chrysin].	the investigations were concerned with the examination of the effect of chrysin, a biocatalyst on the 6-apa and penicillin biogenesis in penicillium chrysogenum (thom), panlabs p-5 strain. chrysin, a natural plant biocatalyst was used to increase the large scale production of penicillin. the experiments were conducted on chemically defined media under conditions determined for this strain in shake flask fermentations. the production of 6-apa and penicillin g was checked and confirmed by hplc. th ...	1994	7695452
asparagine-linked carbohydrate of penicillium notatum phospholipase b.	the asparagine-linked sugar chains of phospholipase b from penicillium notatum were released by hydrazinolysis. the carbohydrate components were re-n-acetylated and then reductively aminated with 2-aminopyridine. the pyridyl-aminated derivatives were analyzed by size-fractionation and reverse-phase hplc. the results indicated that the enzyme contains only one kind of oligosaccharide. the carbohydrate was purified by hplc, and then subjected to nmr and ms analyses for determination of its structu ...	1994	7702655
physiological studies related to the immobilization of penicillium chrysogenum and penicillin production.	using the production of penicillin by penicillium chrysogenum as a model system, certain physiological aspects of immobilized and free cell cultures were compared. reducing the immobilized viable spore loading (from 4 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(3) spores ml-1 gel) and initial bead diameter (from 3.5-4.0 to 1.5-2.0 mm) gave rise to an increase in the penicillin titer from 0.2 to 1.2 g l-1. using these conditions in immobilized cell culture the growth phase was prolonged and the duration of expression of t ...	1993	7763358
the production of cephalosporin c by acremonium chrysogenum is improved by the intracellular expression of a bacterial hemoglobin.	a dna vector for expressing an oxygen-binding heme protein (vitreoscilla hemoglobin, or vhb) in filamentous fungi was constructed and introduced into a cephalosporin c-producing strain of acremonium chrysogenum. expression of vhb in transformants was demonstrated by western immunoblot analysis and by increased carbon monoxide binding activity of cell extracts. several vhb-expressing transformants produced significantly higher yields of cephalosporin c than control strains in batch culture experi ...	1993	7763915
rapid release of protoplasts from eremothecium ashbyii in comparison with trichoderma reesei and penicillium chrysogenum using novozyme and funcelase.	protoplast release in eremothecium ashbyii, trichoderma reesei, and penicillium chrysogenum was achieved using commercially available enzymes, novozyme 234 and funcelase. a rapid release of protoplasts was observed in e. ashbyii, yielding nearly 4.0 x 10(7) protoplasts ml-1 in 10-35 min. the regeneration frequency of protoplasts from t. reesei, p. chrysogenum, and e. ashbyii using funcelase was 51.77, 28.32, and 7.64%, respectively, and was higher in comparison with novozyme-derived protoplasts.	1993	7763961
use of collagen hydrolysate as a complex nitrogen source for the synthesis of penicillin by penicillium chrysogenum.	optimal conditions for both biomass formation and penicillin synthesis by a strain of penicillium chrysogenum were determined when using a collagen-derived nitrogen source. preliminary investigations were carried out in shaken flask cultures employing a planned experimental program termed the graeco-latin square technique (auden et al., 1967). it was initially determined that up to 30% of a conventional complex nitrogen source such as cottonseed meal could be replaced by the collagen-derived nit ...	1993	7764109
which requirements do flow injection analyzer/biosensor systems have to meet for controlling the bioprocess?		1993	7764437
two fia-based biosensor systems studied for bioprocess monitoring.	in this paper, two different fia-based biosensor systems are described for application to different biotechnologically relevant purposes. in the first system, single fiber optodes were used to determine the ph, urea and penicillin v concentrations. a two-channel system was developed for the simultaneous monitoring of different variables to increase the analysis accuracy. this system was used for monitoring the penicillin v concentration during a cultivation of penicillium chrysogenum. the second ...	1993	7764442
sensors as components of integrated analytical systems.		1994	7764534
utilization of side-chain precursors for penicillin biosynthesis in a high-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	utilization of the side-chain precursors phenoxyacetic acid (poa) and phenylacetic acid (pa) for penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum was studied in shake flasks. precursor uptake and penicillin production were followed by hplc analysis of precursors and products in the medium and in the cells. p. chrysogenum used both poa and pa as precursors, producing phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin v) and benzylpenicillin (penicillin g), respectively. if both precursors were present simulta ...	1994	7764573
oscillatory penicillin formation in carbon-limited batch fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum.	circadian oscillations of penicillin productivity with a period of 22 +/- 2 h have been observed in carbon-limited batch fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum. the specific penicillin production rate oscillated with an amplitude of 20 to 100% of its mean value, depending on the growth rate of the active (respiring and producting) biomass. in spite of this, the penicillin concentration increased almost linearly if the optimum growth rate of the active biomass for maximum penicillin productivit ...	1994	7764574
inhibition of penicillin biosynthetic enzymes by halogen derivatives of phenylacetic acid.	the effect of phenylacetic acid (paa) and several analogs on the activity of isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) and acyl-coa: 6-apa acyltransferase (at) from penicillium chrysogenum wis 54-1255 has been tested. whereas the substitution on the ring of a hydrogen atom by hydroxy-, methyl- or methoxy- groups did not cause any effect, the presence of halogens (cl or br) at positions 3 and/or 4 of paa strongly inhibited these two enzymes. the replacement of hydrogen atoms by fluorine in certain position ...	1994	7764842
segregated mathematical model for the fed-batch cultivation of a high-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	a new segregated mathematical model for the penicillin fed-batch process is presented and applied to the growth of the pellet-forming, industrially used high-producing strain penicillium chrysogenum s2. the model comprises two kinds of biomass (growing and producing, nongrowing and still producing), cell lysis, and complex medium as an important substrate for primary growth. in accordance with our experimental observation, product formation is not inhibited by glucose, but related to the growth ...	1994	7764846
development of a new transformant selection system for penicillium chrysogenum: isolation and characterization of the p. chrysogenum acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase gene (faca) and its use as a homologous selection marker.	a new transformation system for the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is described, based on the use of the homologous acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (faca) gene as a selection marker. acetate-non-utilizing (fac-) strains of p. chrysogenum were obtained by positive selection for spontaneous resistance to fluoroacetate. among these fac mutants putative faca strains were selected for a loss of acetyl-coenzyme a (coa) synthetase activity. the faca gene, coding for the enzyme acetyl-coa synth ...	1993	7765289
penicillin production by penicillium nalgiovense.	a large number of penicillium nalgiovense strains were found to be as good penicillin producers on optimal production media as strains of penicillium chrysogenum. it is not known whether penicillin can be produced on fermented sausages, but selection for non-penicillin producing fermenting strains of p. nalgiovense is suggested.	1994	7765708
pellet formation and fragmentation in submerged cultures of penicillium chrysogenum and its relation to penicillin production.	the spores of penicillium chrysogenum are of the noncoagulating type, and after spore germination a culture of disperse mycelia is obtained. in this study, it is shown that when the hyphal elements increase in size, they may agglomerate, and depending on the operating conditions, these agglomerates may develop into pellets with a dense core. the influence of initial spore concentration and agitation rate on agglomeration, leading to pellet formation, was studied. for a low concentration of spore ...	1995	7765991
uptake of phenoxyacetic acid by penicillium chrysogenum.	the uptake of phenoxyacetic acid by two different strains of penicillium chrysogenum was studied. phenoxyacetic acid (poa) was taken up by p. chrysogenum in a defined medium. plots of initial velocity of poa uptake versus external substrate concentration, in the range 2-5000 microm, gave linear plots. uptake of poa by induced and uninduced cells was identical. the initial velocity of poa uptake decreased as the ph of the suspension was increased from 5.4 to 7.2; the decrease closely paralleled t ...	1995	7766092
analysis of penicillin v biosynthesis during fed-batch cultivations with a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	metabolites (both intra- and extracellular) involved in penicillin biosynthesis were measured during fed-batch cultivations with a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum. the fed-batch cultivations were carried out on a complex medium containing corn steep liquor. three distinct phases were observed: (a) a rapid growth phase where free amino acids present in the medium are metabolized, (b) a linear growth phase, and (c) a stationary phase. the specific penicillin production (rp) is init ...	1995	7766125
genes for beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis.	the genes pcbab, pcbc and pende encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin have been cloned from penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. they are clustered in chromosome i (10.4 mb) of p. chrysogenum, but they are located in chromosome ii of penicillium notatum (9.6 mb) and in chromosome vi (3.0 mb) of a. nidulans. expression studies have shown that each gene is expressed as a single transcript from separate promoters. enzyme regulation studies and gene expression anal ...	1995	7771766