Publications

structural and functional comparative mapping between the brassica a genomes in allotetraploid brassica napus and diploid brassica rapa.	brassica napus (aacc genome) is an important oilseed crop that was formed by the fusion of the diploids b. rapa (aa) and b. oleracea (cc). the complete genomic sequence of the brassica a genome will be available soon from the b. rapa genome sequencing project, but it is not clear how informative the a genome sequence in b. rapa (a(r)) will be for predicting the structure and function of the a subgenome in the allotetraploid brassica species b. napus (a(n)). in this paper, we report the results o ...	2011	21761162
characterization and comparison of gene-based simple sequence repeats across brassica species.	simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are important components of eukaryotic genomes and may play an important role in regulating gene expression. however, the characteristics of genic ssrs and the effect of interspecific hybridization and polyploidization on genic ssrs seem not to have received desired attention in terms of scientific investigations. to determine the features of genic ssrs and elucidate their role in polyploidization process of the brassica family, we identified ssrs in plant genome d ...	2011	21766184
genic microsatellite markers in brassica rapa: development, characterization, mapping, and their utility in other cultivated and wild brassica relatives.	genic microsatellite markers, also known as functional markers, are preferred over anonymous markers as they reveal the variation in transcribed genes among individuals. in this study, we developed a total of 707 expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat markers (est-ssrs) and used for development of a high-density integrated map using four individual mapping populations of b. rapa. this map contains a total of 1426 markers, consisting of 306 est-ssrs, 153 intron polymorphic markers, ...	2011	21768136
madmax - management and analysis database for multiple ~omics experiments.	the rapid increase of ~omics datasets generated by microarray, mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing technologies requires an integrated platform that can combine results from different ~omics datasets to provide novel insights in the understanding of biological systems. madmax is designed to provide a solution for storage and analysis of complex ~omics datasets. in addition, analysis results (such as lists of genes) will be merged to reveal candidate genes supported by all datasets. ...	2011	21778530
proteins of brassicaceae oilseeds and their potential as a plant protein source.	among the commercially cultivated brassicaceae (cruciferae) plants, brassica juncea, brassica napus, brassica rapa, and sinapis alba store significant amounts of oil and protein in the seed. at present, brassica seed proteins are primarily used for livestock feeding based on the nutritional value. the point of curiosity is whether the present knowledge on the protein structure, biochemical characteristics, nutritive value, and the recovery processes are inadequate to develop brassica proteins in ...	2011	21793726
dissecting the genome of the polyploid crop oilseed rape by transcriptome sequencing.	polyploidy complicates genomics-based breeding of many crops, including wheat, potato, cotton, oat and sugarcane. to address this challenge, we sequenced leaf transcriptomes across a mapping population of the polyploid crop oilseed rape (brassica napus) and representative ancestors of the parents of the population. analysis of sequence variation and transcript abundance enabled us to construct twin single nucleotide polymorphism linkage maps of b. napus, comprising 23,037 markers. we used these ...	2011	21804563
mechanism and thermodynamics of ligand binding to auxin amidohydrolase.	brill2 is catalytically the most efficient auxin amidohydrolase from brassica rapa, playing a key role in auxin metabolism by catalyzing its release from amino acid conjugates. auxins, with the most abundant representative indole-acetic acid ([1h-indol-3-yl]-acetic acid, iaa), are a group of plant hormones that in very small concentrations regulate ubiquitin-mediated degradation of transcription regulators. kinetic studies on brill2 showed that it hydrolyzes alanine conjugates of iaa and of its ...	2012	21812060
identification of the brrhp1 locus that confers resistance to downy mildew in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) and development of linked molecular markers.	inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (hyaloperonospora parasitica) in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) was studied using inbred parental lines rs1 and ss1 that display strong resistance and severe susceptibility, respectively. f(1), f(2), and bc(1)f(1) populations were evaluated for their responses to downy mildew infection. resistance to downy mildew was conditioned by a single dominant locus designated brrhp1. a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) marker linked to brrhp ...	2011	21814857
correlation of leaf senescence and gene expression/activities of chlorophyll degradation enzymes in harvested chinese flowering cabbage (brassica rapa var. parachinensis).	chinese flowering cabbage is one of the main leafy vegetables produced in china. they have a rapid leaf yellowing due to chlorophyll degradation after harvest that limits their marketing. in the present study, leaf senescence of the cabbages was manipulated by ethylene and 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-ba) treatment to investigate the correlation of leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation related to gene expression/activities in the darkness. the patterns of several senescence associated markers, ...	2011	21820757
seasonal effects on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of six economically important brassica vegetables.	research on natural and bioactive compounds is increasingly focused on their effects on human health, but there are unexpectedly few studies evaluating the relationship between climate and natural antioxidants. the aim of this study was analyze the biological role of six different brassica vegetables (brassica oleracea l. and brassica rapa l.) as a natural source of antioxidant compounds. the antioxidant activity may be assigned to high levels of l-ascorbic acid, total phenolics and total flavon ...	2011	21832972
glucosinolate biosynthetic genes in brassica rapa.	glucosinolates (gs) are a group of amino acid-derived secondary metabolites found throughout the cruciferae family. glucosinolates and their degradation products play important roles in pathogen and insect interactions, as well as in human health. in order to elucidate the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway in brassica rapa, we conducted comparative genomic analyses of arabidopsis thaliana and b. rapa on a genome-wide level. we identified 102 putative genes in b. rapa as the orthologs of 52 gs g ...	2011	21835231
rapeseed species and environmental concerns related to loss of seeds of genetically modified oilseed rape in japan.	feral rapeseed in japan consists of brassica rapa, b. juncea and b. napus, mostly produced by escape from crops. brassica rapa and b. juncea were introduced from abroad long ago as leaf and root vegetables and as an oil crop and breeders have developed various cultivars. brassica napus was introduced in the late 1800s, mainly as an oil crop. rapeseed production in japan is low, and most demand is met by imports from canada (94.4% of the 2009 trade volume). recently, spontaneous b. napus, includi ...	2016	21844669
inhibitory effects of chalcone glycosides isolated from brassica rapa l. 'hidabeni' and their synthetic derivatives on lps-induced no production in microglia.	activation of microglia induces the production of various inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (no), leading to neurodegeneration in many central nervous system diseases. in this study, we examined the effects of chalcone glycosides isolated from brassica rapa l. 'hidabeni' on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced no production using rat immortalized microglia hapi cells. 4'-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3',4-dimethoxychalcone (a2) inhibited lps-induced inducible no synthase (inos) expression and no ...	2011	21856162
Effect of temperature on cortical infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot severity.	A study was conducted to assess the effect of temperature on infection and development of Plasmodiophora brassicae in the root cortex of Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) and on subsequent clubroot severity. Ten-day-old seedlings were grown individually, inoculated with resting spores, and maintained in growth cabinets at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30?C. Seedlings were harvested at 2-day intervals, starting 8 days after inoculation (DAI) and continuing until 42 DAI. Roots were assessed ...	2011	21864086
the genome of the mesopolyploid crop species brassica rapa.	we report the annotation and analysis of the draft genome sequence of brassica rapa accession chiifu-401-42, a chinese cabbage. we modeled 41,174 protein coding genes in the b. rapa genome, which has undergone genome triplication. we used arabidopsis thaliana as an outgroup for investigating the consequences of genome triplication, such as structural and functional evolution. the extent of gene loss (fractionation) among triplicated genome segments varies, with one of the three copies consistent ...	2011	21873998
indole-containing fractions of brassica rapa inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by inactivating nuclear factor-κb.	in an attempt to identify bioactive natural products with anti-inflammatory activity, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of the indole-containing fraction from the roots of brassica rapa (ibr) (family brassicaceae) and the underlying mechanisms. initially, we examined the inhibitory effect of ibr on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro and then evaluated its in vivo anti-inflammatory effects. ibr was found to concentration-dependently reduce the productions of nitric o ...	2011	21877949
genetic architecture of life history traits and environment-specific trade-offs.	life history theory predicts the evolution of trait combinations that enhance fitness, and the occurrence of trade-offs depends in part on the magnitude of variation in growth rate or acquisition. using recombinant inbred lines, we examined the genetic architecture of age and size at reproduction across abiotic conditions encountered by cultivars and naturalized populations of brassica rapa. we found that genotypes are plastic to seasonal setting, such that reproduction was accelerated under con ...	2011	21902746
Kinetic changes in glucosinolate-derived volatiles by heat-treatment and myrosinase activity in nakajimana (Brassica rapa L. cv. nakajimana).	Nakajimana (Brassica rapa L. cv. nakajimana), of the family Brassicaceae, is a traditional vegetable in Japan. Three isothiocyanates and five cyanides in the leaves of nakajimana were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their kinetic changes using heat-treatment (temperature and time) were investigated. In addition, myrosinase activity of extracts prepared from fresh nakajimana leaf was determined. In crushed heat-treated leaves of nakajimana (70 °C for 30 ...	2011	21913666
application of rhizosphere interaction of hyperaccumulator noccaea caerulescens to remediate cadmium-contaminated agricultural soil.	there is an urgent requirement for selecting appropriate technologies to solve food safety problems due to soil contamination. in this study, the hyperaccumulator noccaea caerulescens and a high cd accumulator pakchoi cultivar (brassica rapa l. spp. chinenesis cv.) were grown in a moderately cd-contaminated soil with three planting systems (monocrop, inter-crop, and crop-rotation) and three growing durations (25, 50, and 75 days) to study the role of rhizosphere interaction of both species on th ...	2011	21972514
soil biota reduce allelopathic effects of the invasive eupatorium adenophorum.	allelopathy has been hypothesized to play a role in exotic plant invasions, and study of this process can improve our understanding of how direct and indirect plant interactions influence plant community organization and ecosystem functioning. however, allelopathic effects can be highly conditional. for example allelopathic effects demonstrated in vivo can be difficult to demonstrate in field soils. here we tested phytotoxicity of eupatorium adenophorum (croftonweed), one of the most destructive ...	2011	21980442
mitochondrial genome sequencing helps show the evolutionary mechanism of mitochondrial genome formation in brassica.	angiosperm mitochondrial genomes are more complex than those of other organisms. analyses of the mitochondrial genome sequences of at least 11 angiosperm species have showed several common properties; these cannot easily explain, however, how the diverse mitotypes evolved within each genus or species. we analyzed the evolutionary relationships of brassica mitotypes by sequencing.	2011	21988783
brad, the genetics and genomics database for brassica plants.	brassica species include both vegetable and oilseed crops, which are very important to the daily life of common human beings. meanwhile, the brassica species represent an excellent system for studying numerous aspects of plant biology, specifically for the analysis of genome evolution following polyploidy, so it is also very important for scientific research. now, the genome of brassica rapa has already been assembled, it is the time to do deep mining of the genome data.	2011	21995777
biomass yield and heterosis of crosses within and between european winter cultivars of turnip rape (brassica rapa l.).	because of its high growth rate at low temperatures in early spring, there is renewed interest in brassica rapa as a winter crop for biomass production in europe. the available cultivars are not developed for this purpose however. an approach for breeding bioenergy cultivars of b. rapa could be to establish populations from two or more different cultivars with high combining ability. the objective of this study was to evaluate the heterosis for biomass yield in the european winter b. rapa genepo ...	2012	22002119
broccoli and turnip plants display contrasting responses to belowground induction by delia radicum infestation and phytohormone applications.	induced responses to insect herbivory are a common phenomenon in the plant kingdom. so far, induced responses have mostly investigated in aerial plant parts. recently it was found that root herbivore may also elicit both local and systemic responses affecting aboveground herbivores and their natural enemies. using broccoli (brassica oleracea subsp. italica l.) and turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa l.), two cultivated brassicaceaous plants differing in their chemistry and morphology, we analysed ...	2012	22019318
identification of conserved and novel micrornas that are responsive to heat stress in brassica rapa.	the species brassica rapa includes various vegetable crops. production of these vegetable crops is usually impaired by heat stress. some micrornas (mirnas) in arabidopsis have been considered to mediate gene silencing in plant response to abiotic stress. however, it remains unknown whether or what mirnas play a role in heat resistance of b. rapa. to identify genomewide conserved and novel mirnas that are responsive to heat stress in b. rapa, we defined temperature thresholds of non-heading chine ...	2012	22025521
newly identified essential amino acid residues affecting δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase activity revealed by site-directed mutagenesis.	in order to identify amino acid residues crucial for the enzymatic activity of δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases, a sequence comparison was performed among δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases and δ(6)-fatty acid desaturases from various plants. in addition to the known conserved cytb(5) (cytochrome b(5)) hpgg motif and three conserved histidine boxes, they share additional 15 completely conserved residues. a series of site-directed mutants were generated using our previously isolated δ(8)-sphingolipid des ...	2011	22100812
identification of conserved micrornas and their targets in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis).	the micrornas (mirnas) are a new class of small nonprotein-coding rnas that have been identified to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mrnas for degradation or by inhibiting protein translation. until now, thousands of mirnas have been identified in many plants species. however, only 23 mirnas have been reported from the microrna database in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), one of the most widely cultivated vegetables in china and east asia. ...	2011	22111519
[development of molecular markers linked to the resistant qtl for downy mildew in brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis].	downy mildew, caused by the oomycete hyaloperonospora parasitica constant. (pers. ex fr.), is one of the most severe diseases in chinese cabbage, leading to reduction of yield and quality of the harvested products. therefore, identifying molecular markers linked to the major qtl for downy mildew resistance will be helpful in breeding resistant varieties of chinese cabbage. here, one highly susceptible line 91-112, one highly resistant line t12-19, and the derived dh population were employed to d ...	2011	22120085
genetic characterization and fine mapping of a yellow-seeded gene in dahuang (a brassica rapa landrace).	the development of yellow-seeded cultivars in brassica rapa (b. rapa) would improve the quality and quantity of available oil. the identification and mapping of the seed coat color gene may aid in the development of yellow-seeded cultivars and facilitate introgression of the yellow-seeded gene into desirable brassica napus (b. napus) lines through marker-assisted selection. in the current study, we investigated the inheritance of a yellow-seeded landrace in b. rapa, "dahuang", originating from t ...	2012	22120455
developmental responses of the diamondback moth parasitoid diadegma semiclausum (hellén) (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) to temperature and host plant species.	effects of constant rearing temperature and the plant species fed upon by its hosts were investigated for several developmental parameters of diadegma semiclausum (hellén), an important parasitoid of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). temperature had highly significant effects on all developmental parameters measured, and effects were usually both linear and quadratic with increasing temperature. host plant species, comprising brassica napus l., brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis and ...	2011	22127052
flight activity and dispersal of the cabbage seedpod weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) are related to atmospheric conditions.	the cabbage seedpod weevil, ceutorhynchus obstrictus (marsham) (coleoptera: curculionidae), is an invasive pest of canola (brassica napus l. and brassica rapa l.) in western canada. under current climatic conditions, c. obstrictus is spreading from established populations in southwestern alberta at ˜55 km/yr. we studied the influence of climatic conditions on c. obstrictus flight behavior in 2007 and 2008 and eastward dispersal from the western border of saskatchewan from 2002 to 2007. positive ...	2010	22127159
Brief report: genome sequence and construction of an infectious cDNA clone of Ribgrass mosaic virus from Chinese cabbage in Korea.	Ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) has severely decreased the production and lowered quality of Chinese cabbage co-infected with Turnip mosaic virus (63.4%) in Korea. The complete genome sequence of RMV isolated from Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis was determined. The full genome consisted of 6,304 nucleotides and showed sequence identities of 91.5-94.2% with the corresponding genome of other RMV strains. Full-length cDNA of RMV-Br was amplified by RT-PCR with a 5'-end primer harboring a T7 promoter sequ ...	2011	22143325
high resolution melt (hrm) analysis is an efficient tool to genotype ems mutants in complex crop genomes.	targeted induced loci lesions in genomes (tilling) is increasingly being used to generate and identify mutations in target genes of crop genomes. tilling populations of several thousand lines have been generated in a number of crop species including brassica rapa. genetic analysis of mutants identified by tilling requires an efficient, high-throughput and cost effective genotyping method to track the mutations through numerous generations. high resolution melt (hrm) analysis has been used in a n ...	2011	22152063
effects of phosphorus amendments and plant growth on the mobility of pb, cu, and zn in a multi-metal-contaminated soil.	phosphorus amendments have been widely and successfully used in immobilization of one single metal (e.g., pb) in contaminated soils. however, application of p amendments in the immobilization of multiple metals and particularly investigations about the effects of planting on the stability of the initially p-induced immobilized metals in the contaminated soils are far limited.	2012	22161145
phylogenetic analysis and classification of the brassica rapa set-domain protein family.	the set (su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax) domain is an evolutionarily conserved sequence of approximately 130-150 amino acids, and constitutes the catalytic site of lysine methyltransferases (kmts). kmts perform many crucial biological functions via histone methylation of chromatin. histone methylation marks are interpreted differently depending on the histone type (i.e. h3 or h4), the lysine position (e.g. h3k4, h3k9, h3k27, h3k36 or h4k20) and the number of added methyl groups (i.e. m ...	2011	22168908
elevated co2 increases constitutive phenolics and trichomes, but decreases inducibility of phenolics in brassica rapa (brassicaceae).	increasing global atmospheric co2 has been shown to affect important plant traits, including constitutive levels of defensive compounds. however, little is known about the effects of elevated co2 on the inducibility of chemical defenses or on plant mechanical defenses. we grew brassica rapa (oilseed rape) under ambient and elevated co2 to determine the effects of elevated co2 on constitutive levels and inducibility of carbon-based phenolic compounds, and on constitutive trichome densities. trich ...	2011	22170345
chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of rapa catozza napoletana (brassica rapa l. var. rapa dc.) seed meal, a promising protein source of campania region (southern italy) horticultural germplasm.	background: the present study is the first effort in a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritive and biological properties of the meal from rapa catozza napoletana (rcn) (brassica rapa l. var. rapa) cultivar seeds as a new and alternative source of proteins. results: rcn seed meal revealed a good protein content (382.0 g kg(-1) ) compared with conventional brassica defatted meals. total glucosinolates (6.0 g kg(-1) ) were comparable to or even lower than those reported for other yellow- and brow ...	2011	22173690
seeds of a possible natural hybrid between herbicide-resistant brassica napus and brassica rapa detected on a riverbank in japan.	transgenic herbicide-resistant varieties of brassica napus, or oilseed rape, from which canola oil is obtained, are imported into japan, where this plant is not commercially cultivated to a large extent. this study aimed to examine the distribution of herbicide-resistant b. napus and transgene flow to escaped populations of its closely related species, b. rapa and b. juncea. samples were collected from 12 areas near major ports through which oilseed rape imports into japan passed--kashima, chiba ...	2015	22179196
isolation of fertility-related genes of multiple-allele-inherited male sterility in brassica rapa ssp pekinensis by cdna-aflp.	to better understand the molecular mechanisms of multiple-allele-inherited male sterility in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp pekinensis), differentially expressed genes in fertile and sterile plants must be isolated. we used cdna-aflp analysis to isolate differentially expressed genes in fertile and sterile buds of the two-type line, ab01. sixteen high-quality sequences were generated, 11 of which were up-regulated in fertile buds, and five of which were up-regulated in sterile buds. based on ...	2011	22180076
host plant suitability and feeding preferences of the grapevine pest abagrotis orbis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	thirteen plant species were tested for their suitability as hosts for abagrotis orbis (grote), a climbing cutworm pest of grapevines in british columbia. choice tests were also conducted to investigate larval feeding preferences for the brassicaceae species joi choi, brassica rapa variety. chinensis l., spring draba; draba verna l.; and shepherd's purse, capsella bursa-pastoris (l.) medik; compared with postdormant buds of grape, vitis vinifera l. (vitaceae), and leaves of nine other plant speci ...	2011	22217761
retention of triplicated phytoene synthase (psy) genes in brassica napus l. and its diploid progenitors during the evolution of the brassiceae.	the extent of genome redundancy exhibited by brassica species provides a model to study the evolutionary fate of multi-copy genes and the effects of polyploidy in economically important crops. phytoene synthase (psy) catalyzes the first committed reaction of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, which has been shown to be rate-limiting in brassica napus seeds. in arabidopsis thaliana, a single psy gene (atpsy) regulates phytoene synthesis in all tissues. considering that diploid brassica genomes ...	2012	22241480
mapping of bnms4 and bnrf to a common microsyntenic region of arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 3 using intron polymorphism markers.	a recessive epistatic genic male sterile two-type line, 7365ab (bnms3ms3ms4msrrfrf/bnms3ms3ms4ms4rfrf), combined with the fertile interim-maintainer 7365c (bnms3ms3ms4ms4rfrf) is an effective pollination control system in hybrid rapeseed production. we report an effective strategy used to fine map bnms4 and bnrf. the two genes were both defined to a common microsyntenic region with arabidopsis chromosome 3 using intron polymorphism (ip) markers developed according to arabidopsis genome informati ...	2012	22246313
analysis of peptide uptake and location of root hair-promoting peptide accumulation in plant roots.	peptide uptake by plant roots from degraded soybean-meal products was analyzed in brassica rapa and solanum lycopersicum. b. rapa absorbed about 40% of the initial water volume, whereas peptide concentration was decreased by 75% after 24 h. analysis by reversed-phase hplc showed that number of peptides was absorbed by the roots during soaking in degraded soybean-meal products for 24 h. carboxyfluorescein-labeled root hair-promoting peptide was synthesized, and its localization, movement, and acc ...	2012	22249961
identification and characterization of stress resistance related genes of brassica rapa.	two biotic stress resistance related genes from the full-length cdna library of brassica rapa cv. osome were identified from est analysis and determined to be pathogenesis-related (pr) 12 brassica defensin-like family protein (brdlfp) and pr-10 brassica betv1 allergen family protein (brbetv1afp) after sequence analysis and homology study with other stress resistance related same family genes. in the expression analysis, both genes expressed in different organs and during all developmental growth ...	2012	22286206
isolation and functional characterisation of the genes encoding δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase from brassica rapa.	δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturase is the key enzyme that catalyses desaturation at the c8 position of the long-chain base of sphingolipids in higher plants. there have been no previous studies on the genes encoding δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases in brassica rapa. in this study, four genes encoding δ(8)-sphingolipid desaturases from b. rapa were isolated and characterised. phylogenetic analyses indicated that these genes could be divided into two groups: brd8a, brd8c and brd8d in group i, and brd8b in ...	2012	22293117
enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens by overexpression of a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hcap18/ll-37) in chinese cabbage.	the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hcap18, which includes the c-terminal peptide ll-37, is a multifunctional protein. as a possible approach to enhancing the resistance to plant disease, a dna fragment coding for hcap18/ll-37 was fused at the c-terminal end of the leader sequence of endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter region. the construct was then introduced into brassica rapa. ll-37 expression was confirmed in transg ...	2011	22308171
altered patterns of fractionation and exon deletions in brassica rapa support a two-step model of paleohexaploidy.	the genome sequence of the paleohexaploid brassica rapa shows that fractionation is biased among the three subgenomes and that the least fractionated subgenome has approximately twice as many orthologs as its close (and relatively unduplicated) relative arabidopsis than had either of the other two subgenomes. one evolutionary scenario is that the two subgenomes with heavy gene losses (i and ii) were in the same nucleus for a longer period of time than the third subgenome (iii) with the fewest ge ...	2012	22308264
genomic and transcriptomic alterations following hybridisation and genome doubling in trigenomic allohexaploid brassica carinata × brassica rapa.	allopolyploidisation is a prominent evolutionary force that involves two major events: interspecific hybridisation and genome doubling. both events have important functional consequences in shaping the genomic architecture of the neo-allopolyploids. the respective effects of hybridisation and genome doubling upon genomic and transcriptomic changes in brassica allopolyploids are unresolved. in this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), methylation-sensitive amplification polymorph ...	2012	22309095
in silico identification and comparative genomics of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and accumulation of seed oil in plants.	genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, modification and oil body formation are expected to be conserved in structure and function in different plant species. however, significant differences in the composition of fatty acids and total oil contents in seeds have been observed in different plant species. comparative genomics was performed on 261 genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, tag synthesis, and oil bodies formation in arabidopsis, brassica rapa, castor bean and soybean. in silico ...	2012	22312320
quantitative variation in water-use efficiency across water regimes and its relationship with circadian, vegetative, reproductive, and leaf gas-exchange traits.	drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. one trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency (wue). we investigated (1) how the joint genetic architecture of wue, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, (2) whether traits with distinct developmental bases (e.g. leaf gas exchange versus reproduction) differed in the environmental sensitivity of their genetic architecture, and (3 ...	2012	22319207
birth, death and subfunctionalization in the arabidopsis genome.	arabidopsis thaliana is now a model system, not just for plant biology but also for comparative genomics. the completion of the sequences of two closely related species, arabidopsis lyrata and brassica rapa, is complemented by genomic comparisons among a. thaliana accessions and mutation accumulation lines. together these genomic data document the birth of new genes via gene duplication, transposon exaptation and de novo formation of new genes from noncoding sequence. most novel loci exhibit low ...	2012	22326563
cdna-aflp analysis on bolting or flowering of flowering chinese cabbage and molecular characteristics of brcudfr-like/brcuaxs gene.	the molecular basis of flower bud differentiation in flowering chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. utilis tsen et lee) was studied in this work. samples were taken from two varieties, the early-blooming "youqin 49" and the late-blooming "youqingtiancaixin 80", at five different developmental stages and studied via cdna-aflp. nineteen expression sequence tags (ests) associated with bolting or flowering were isolated and cloned. blast results indicated that 15 ests were involved ...	2012	22331487
a knockout mutation in the lignin biosynthesis gene ccr1 explains a major qtl for acid detergent lignin content in brassica napus seeds.	seed coat phenolic compounds represent important antinutritive fibre components that cause a considerable reduction in value of seed meals from oilseed rape (brassica napus). the nutritionally most important fibre compound is acid detergent lignin (adl), to which a significant contribution is made by phenylpropanoid-derived lignin precursors. in this study, we used bulked-segregant analysis in a population of recombinant inbred lines (rils) from a cross of the chinese oilseed rape lines gh06 (ye ...	2012	22350089
high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of plant metabolites in brassicaceae.	the brassicaceae family comprises a variety of plant species that are of high economic importance as -vegetables or industrial crops. this includes crops such as brassica rapa (turnip, bok choi), b. oleracea (cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.), and b. napus (oil seed rape), and also includes the famous genetic model of plant research, arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). brassicaceae plants contain a large variety of interesting secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic ...	2012	22351174
distribution of calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) in the leaves of brassica rapa under varying exogenous ca and mg supply.	leafy vegetable brassica crops are an important source of dietary calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) and represent potential targets for increasing leaf ca and mg concentrations through agronomy or breeding. although the internal distribution of ca and mg within leaves affects the accumulation of these elements, such data are not available for brassica. the aim of this study was to characterize the internal distribution of ca and mg in the leaves of a vegetable brassica and to determine the effects ...	2012	22362665
exploiting comparative mapping among brassica species to accelerate the physical delimitation of a genic male-sterile locus (bnrf) in brassica napus.	the recessive genic male sterility (rgms) line 9012ab has been used as an important pollination control system for rapeseed hybrid production in china. here, we report our study on physical mapping of one male-sterile locus (bnrf) in 9012ab by exploiting the comparative genomics among brassica species. the genetic maps around bnrf from previous reports were integrated and enriched with markers from the brassica a7 chromosome. subsequent collinearity analysis of these markers contributed to the i ...	2012	22382487
synteny-based mapping-by-sequencing enabled by targeted enrichment.	mapping-by-sequencing, as implemented in shoremap ('shoremapping'), is greatly accelerating the identification of causal mutations. the original shoremap approach based on resequencing of bulked segregants required a highly accurate and complete reference sequence. however, current whole-genome or transcriptome assemblies from next-generation sequencing data of non-model organisms do not produce chromosome-length scaffolds. we have therefore developed a method that exploits synteny with a relate ...	2012	22409706
molecular interactions of the phytotoxins destruxin b and sirodesmin pl with crucifers and cereals: metabolism and elicitation of plant defenses.	destruxin b and sirodesmin pl are phytotoxins produced by the phytopathogenic fungi alternaria brassicae (berk.) sacc. and leptosphaeria maculans (asexual stage phoma lingam), respectively. the molecular interaction of destruxin b and sirodesmin pl with cruciferous and cereal species was investigated using hplc-esi-ms(n). it was determined that crucifers transformed destruxin b to hydroxydestruxin b, but sirodesmin pl was not transformed. overall, the results suggest that the five cruciferous sp ...	2012	22414311
assigning brassica microsatellite markers to the nine c-genome chromosomes using brassica rapa var. trilocularis-b. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines.	brassica rapa var. trilocularis-b. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines (maals) were used to assign simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers to the nine c-genome chromosomes. a total of 64 ssr markers specific to single c-chromosomes were identified. the number of specific markers for each chromosome varied from two (c3) to ten (c4, c7 and c9), where the designation of the chromosomes was according to cheng et al. (genome 38:313-319, 1995). seventeen additional ssrs, which were du ...	2012	22422193
selection against hybrids in mixed populations of brassica rapa and brassica napus: model and synthesis.	pollen of the crop oilseed rape (brassica napus, aacc) can cross-fertilize ovules of brassica rapa (aa), which leads to an influx of unpaired c-chromosomes into wild b. rapa populations. the presence of such extra chromosomes is thought to be an indicator of introgression. backcrosses and f(1) hybrids were found in danish populations but, surprisingly, only f(1) hybrids were found in the uk and the netherlands. here, a model tests how the level of selection and biased vs unbiased transmission af ...	2012	22463678
comparative mapping, genomic structure, and expression analysis of eight pseudo-response regulator genes in brassica rapa.	circadian clocks regulate plant growth and development in response to environmental factors. in this function, clocks influence the adaptation of species to changes in location or climate. circadian-clock genes have been subject of intense study in models such as arabidopsis thaliana but the results may not necessarily reflect clock functions in species with polyploid genomes, such as brassica species, that include multiple copies of clock-related genes. the triplicate genome of brassica rapa re ...	2012	22466714
size and location of radish chromosome regions carrying the fertility restorer rfk1 gene in spring turnip rape.	in spring turnip rape (brassica rapa l. spp. oleifera), the most promising f1 hybrid system would be the ogu-inra cms/rf system. a kosena fertility restorer gene rfk1, homolog of the ogura restorer gene rfo, was successfully transferred from oilseed rape into turnip rape and that restored the fertility in female lines carrying ogura cms. the trait was, however, unstable in subsequent generations. the physical localization of the radish chromosomal region carrying the rfk1 gene was investigated u ...	2012	22476396
identification and mapping of a major dominant quantitative trait locus controlling seeds per silique as a single mendelian factor in brassica napus l.	one putative quantitative trait locus (qtl) for seeds per silique (ss), cqss.a8, was identified using a double haploid (dh) population in brassica napus, and near-isogenic lines (nils; bc(3)f(1)) for cqss.a8 were developed. however, the flanking markers from cqss.a8 showed no significant difference using single-marker analysis, even though the frequency distribution of ss in the bc(3)f(1) was bimodal, suggesting that one novel locus existed. in this study, we characterized the effects of this lo ...	2012	22487878
identification of fad2 and fad3 genes in brassica napus genome and development of allele-specific markers for high oleic and low linolenic acid contents.	modification of oleic acid (c18:1) and linolenic acid (c18:3) contents in seeds is one of the major goals for quality breeding after removal of erucic acid in oilseed rape (brassica napus). the fatty acid desaturase genes fad2 and fad3 have been shown as the major genes for the control of c18:1 and c18:3 contents. however, the genome structure and locus distributions of the two gene families in amphidiploid b. napus are still not completely understood to date. in the present study, all copies of ...	2012	22534790
cdna cloning and differential expression patterns of ascorbate peroxidase during post-harvest in brassica rapa l.	ascorbate is an antioxidant and a cofactor of many dioxygenases in plant and animal cell metabolism. a well-recognized enzyme consuming ascorbate is ascorbate peroxidase (apx), which catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water with the simultaneous oxidation of ascorbate with a high specificity. the isolation and characterisation of new apx cdnas, could provide new insights about the physiological roles and regulation of these enzymes. in this work chloroplastic (br-chlapx) and cytosol ...	2012	22544572
identification of chinese cabbage sentrin as a suppressor of bax-induced cell death in yeast.	studies into the cell death program termed apoptosis have resulted in new information regarding how cells control and execute their own demise, including insights into the mechanism by which death-preventing factors can inhibit bax-induced caspase activation. we investigated high temperature stress-induced cell death in brassica rapa. using a yeast functional screening from a brassica rapa cdna library, the bh5-127 est clone encoding an apoptotic suppressor peptide was identified. however, a phy ...	2012	22561852
biased gene fractionation and dominant gene expression among the subgenomes of brassica rapa.	polyploidization, both ancient and recent, is frequent among plants. a "two-step theory" was proposed to explain the meso-triplication of the brassica "a" genome: brassica rapa. by accurately partitioning of this genome, we observed that genes in the less fractioned subgenome (lf) were dominantly expressed over the genes in more fractioned subgenomes (mfs: mf1 and mf2), while the genes in mf1 were slightly dominantly expressed over the genes in mf2. the results indicated that the dominantly expr ...	2012	22567157
environmental and genetic effects on yield and secondary metabolite production in brassica rapa crops.	twelve brassica rapa varieties grown, such as turnip green and turnip top, were evaluated in seven environments to determine the environmental and genotypic variables that have an influence on crop production and on the content of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. factorial regression analysis showed that, in general, crop production was favored by high temperatures all along the crop cycle. however, the lack of a period of intense cold could be a limiting factor. the metabolite content see ...	2012	22587693
establishment of evaluation method to determine effects of veterinary medicinal products on manure fermentation using small-scale composting apparatus.	to evaluate on a laboratory scale the influence of veterinary medicinal products (vmps) excreted into feces on manure fermentation, we have developed an evaluation method that uses a small-scale composting apparatus. each run is of approximately 3 kg scale and the operation can be conducted in an environmentally controlled laboratory. the main evaluation parameter is calorific value generated by aerobic fermentation. at the sulfadimethoxine (sdm) trial, the volume of co(2) generated during ferme ...	2012	22595343
fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the nuclear restorer gene rfp for pol cms in rapeseed (brassica napus l.).	the polima (pol) system of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) in rapeseed is widely used in china for commercial hybrid seed production. genetic studies have shown that its fertility restorer gene (rfp) is monogenic dominant. for fine mapping of the rfp gene, a near isogenic line comprising 3,662 individuals of bc(14)f(1) generation segregating for the rfp gene was created. based on the sequences of two scar markers, scap0612st and scap0612em2, developed by zhao et al. (genes genom 30(3):191-196, ...	2012	22614178
[ecotoxicological effects of tetracycline on the seedling development of chinese white cabbage (brassica rapa l. chinensis group.) in soil].	the ecotoxicological effects of tetracycline (tc) on the early growth and seedlings development of chinese white cabbage were investigated using the pot-culture method. the results showed that the stem elongation of the cabbages was promoted, while the root elongation and fresh weight of the cabbages were inhibited by 1-100 mg/kg tc. after a 28-day exposure, the inhibition rate of root elongation was up to 36.0% and that of fresh weight was up to 34.6% stressed by 100 mg/kg tc. with the exposure ...	2011	22619974
seed colour loci, homoeology and linkage groups of the c genome chromosomes revealed in brassica rapa-b. oleracea monosomic alien addition lines.	brassica rapa and b. oleracea are the progenitors of oilseed rape b. napus. the addition of each chromosome of b. oleracea to the chromosome complement of b. rapa results in a series of monosomic alien addition lines (maals). analysis of maals determines which b. oleracea chromosomes carry genes controlling specific phenotypic traits, such as seed colour. yellow-seeded oilseed rape is a desirable breeding goal both for food and livestock feed end-uses that relate to oil, protein and fibre conten ...	2012	22628364
cell division and endoreduplication play important roles in stem swelling of tuber mustard (brassica juncea coss. var. tumida tsen et lee).	we investigated spatio-temporal variations in cell division and the occurrence of endoreduplication in cells of tuber mustard stems during development. cells in the stem had 8c nuclei (c represents dna content of a two haploid genome), since it is an allotetraploid species derived from diploid brassica rapa (aa) and b. nigra (bb), thus indicating the occurrence of endoreduplication. additionally, we observed a dynamic change of cell ploidy in different regions of the swollen stems, with a decrea ...	2012	22639957
high-throughput sequencing discovery of conserved and novel micrornas in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis).	micrornas (mirnas) are a class of 21-24 nucleotide non-coding rnas that down-regulate gene expression by cleaving or inhibiting the translation of target gene transcripts. mirnas have been extensively analyzed in a few model plant species such as arabidopsis, rice and populus, and partially investigated in other non-model plant species. however, only a few conserved mirnas have been identified in chinese cabbage, a common and economically important crop in asia. to identify novel and conserved m ...	2012	22643909
cadmium accumulation in different pakchoi cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars.	the selection and breeding of pollution-safe cultivars (pscs) is a practicable and cost-effective approach to minimize the influx of heavy metal to the human food chain. in this study, both pot-culture and field experiments were conducted to identify and screen out cadmium pollution-safe cultivars (cd-pscs) from 50 pakchoi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis) cultivars for food safety. when treated with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg cd, most of the pakchoi cultivars (>70%) showed greater or similar shoot biomas ...	2012	22661212
dna-based genetic markers for rapid cycling brassica rapa (fast plants type) designed for the teaching laboratory.	we have developed dna-based genetic markers for rapid cycling brassica rapa (rcbr), also known as fast plants. although markers for b. rapa already exist, ours were intentionally designed for use in a teaching laboratory environment. the qualities we selected for were robust amplification in pcr, polymorphism in rcbr strains, and alleles that can be easily resolved in simple agarose slab gels. we have developed two single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) based markers and 14 variable number tandem ...	2012	22675329
preferential retention of circadian clock genes during diploidization following whole genome triplication in brassica rapa.	much has been learned about the architecture and function of the circadian clock of arabidopsis thaliana, a model for plant circadian rhythms. circadian rhythms contribute to evolutionary fitness, suggesting that circadian rhythmicity may also contribute to agricultural productivity. therefore, we extend our study of the plant circadian clock to brassica rapa, an agricultural crop. since its separation from arabidopsis, b. rapa has undergone whole genome triplication and subsequent diploidizatio ...	2012	22685167
antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected commercially available cruciferous vegetables.	antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity and phenolic content of red cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata rubra), chinese cabbage (brassica rapa pekinensis var cylindrica), green cabbage (brassica oleracea var capitata), mustard cabbage (brassica juncea var rugosa) and chinese white cabbage (brassica rapa var chinensis), grown in malaysia, were evaluated. red cabbage had the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content compared to the other cruciferous vegetables studied ( ...	2007	22692190
antidiabetic ii drug metformin in plants: uptake and translocation to edible parts of cereals, oily seeds, beans, tomato, squash, carrots, and potatoes.	residues of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater and sewage sludge are of concern due to their transfer to aquatic and terrestrial food chains and possible adverse effects on nontargeted organisms. in the present work, uptake and translocation of metformin, an antidiabetic ii medicine, by edible plant species cultivated in agricultural soil have been investigated in greenhouse experiment. metformin demonstrated a high uptake and translocation to oily seeds of rape ( brassica napus cv. sheik and ...	2012	22712757
over-expression of rice leucine-rich repeat protein results in activation of defense response, thereby enhancing resistance to bacterial soft rot in chinese cabbage.	pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum causes soft rot disease in various plants, including chinese cabbage. the simple extracellular leucine-rich repeat (elrr) domain proteins have been implicated in disease resistance. rice leucine-rich repeat protein (oslrp), a rice simple elrr domain protein, is induced by pathogens, phytohormones, and salt. to see whether oslrp enhances disease resistance to bacterial soft rot, oslrp was introduced into chinese cabbage by agrobacterium-mediated trans ...	2012	22717673
identification and characterization of candidate rlm4 blackleg resistance genes in brassica napus using next-generation sequencing.	a thorough understanding of the relationships between plants and pathogens is essential if we are to continue to meet the agricultural needs of the world's growing population. the identification of genes underlying important quantitative trait loci is extremely challenging in complex genomes such as brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape or rapeseed). however, recent advances in next-generation sequencing (ngs) enable much quicker identification of candidate genes for traits of interest. here, we ...	2012	22726421
brrzfp1 a brassica rapa c3hc4-type ring zinc finger protein involved in cold, salt and dehydration stress.	c3hc4-type ring zinc finger proteins are known to be essential in the regulation of plant processes, including responses to abiotic stress. here, we identify, clone and examine the first c3hc4-type ring zinc finger protein (brrzfp1) from brassica rapa under stress conditions. phylogenetic analysis of brrzfp1 revealed strong sequence similarity to c3hc4-type zinc finger proteins from arabidopsis that are induced by abiotic stresses. diverse environmental stresses, including salt and cold, were fo ...	2013	22726580
high-throughput polymorphism detection and genotyping in brassica napus using next-generation rad sequencing.	the complex genome of rapeseed (brassica napus) is not well understood despite the economic importance of the species. good knowledge of sequence variation is needed for genetics approaches and breeding purposes. we used a diversity set of b. napus representing eight different germplasm types to sequence genome-wide distributed restriction-site associated dna (rad) fragments for polymorphism detection and genotyping.	2012	22726880
isolation and expression of glucosinolate synthesis genes cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 in pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. communis (n. tsen & s.h. lee) hanelt).	cyp83a1 and cyp83b1 are two key synthesis genes in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway. cyp83a1 mainly metabolizes the aliphatic oximes to form aliphatic glucosinolate and cyp83b1 mostly catalyzes aromatic oximes to synthesis corresponding substrates for aromatic and indolic glucosinolates. in this study, two cyp83a1 genes named bccyp83a1-1 (jq289997), bccyp83a1-2 (jq289996) respectively and one cyp83b1 (bccyp83b1, hm347235) gene were cloned from the leaves of pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. ...	2012	22754334
role of mediterranean diet, tropical vegetables rich in antioxidants, and sunlight exposure in blindness, cataract and glaucoma among african type 2 diabetics.	to assess whether regular mediterranean diet and regular intake of vegetables may reduce the risk of blindness, cataract, and glaucoma in these type 2 diabetics.	2012	22762057
arvelexin inhibits colonic inflammation by suppression of nf-κb activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice and tnf-α-induced colonic epithelial cells.	recently, we reported the anti-inflammatory effects of arvelexin isolated from brassica rapa in macrophages. in the present study, the effects of arvelexin were investigated in a dextran sulfate sodium (dss)-induced colitis mouse model and in a cellular model. in the dss-induced colitis model, arvelexin significantly reduced the severity of colitis, as assessed by disease activity, colonic damage, neutrophil infiltration, and levels of colonic inos. moreover, arvelexin inhibited the expressions ...	2012	22794033
molecular characterization of stress resistance-related chitinase genes of brassica rapa.	brassica is an important vegetable group worldwide that is impacted by biotic and abiotic stresses. molecular biology techniques offer the most efficient approach to address these concerns. inducible plant defense responses include the production of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins, and chitinases are very important pr proteins. we collected 30 chitinase like genes, three from our full-length cdna library of brassica rapa cv. osome and 27 from brassica databases. sequence analysis and comparis ...	2012	22796900
overexpression of brassica rapa shi-related sequence genes suppresses growth and development in arabidopsis thaliana.	s hi-r elated sequence (srs) genes are plant-specific transcription factors containing a zinc-binding ring finger motif, which play a critical role in plant growth and development. we have characterized six srs genes in brassica rapa. overexpression of the srss brsty1, brsrs7, and brlrp1 induced dwarf and compact plants, and significantly decreased primary root elongation and lateral root formation. additionally, the transgenic plants had upward-curled leaves of narrow widths and with short peti ...	2012	22798043
comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cgish) analysis of the genomic relationships among sinapis arvensis, brassica rapa and brassica nigra.	to further understand the relationships between the ss genome of sinapis arvensis and the aa, bb genomes in brassica, genomic dna of sinapis arvensis was hybridized to the metaphase chromosomes of brassica nigra (bb genome), and the metaphase chromosomes and interphase nucleus of brassica rapa (aa genome) by comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cgish). as a result, every chromosome of b. nigra had signals along the whole chromosomal length. however, only half of the condensed heterochromat ...	2012	22804340
glutathione reductase from brassica rapa affects tolerance and the redox state but not fermentation ability in response to oxidative stress in genetically modified saccharomyces cerevisiae.	to determine whether the exogenous expression of glutathione reductase (gr) from brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (brgr) can reduce the deleterious effects of unfavorable conditions, we constructed a transgenic saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing the gr gene cloned into the yeast expression vector, pvtu260. brgr expression was confirmed by semi reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) analysis, immunoblotting analysis and an enzyme assay. ectopic brgr-expression improved cellu ...	2012	22806013
unleashing the genome of brassica rapa.	the completion and release of the brassica rapa genome is of great benefit to researchers of the brassicas, arabidopsis, and genome evolution. while its lineage is closely related to the model organism arabidopsis thaliana, the brassicas experienced a whole genome triplication subsequent to their divergence. this event contemporaneously created three copies of its ancestral genome, which had diploidized through the process of homeologous gene loss known as fractionation. by the fractionation of ...	2012	22866056
toxic effects of heavy metals (cd, cr and pb) on seed germination and growth and dpph-scavenging activity in brassica rapa var. turnip.	toxicity of heavy metal is a wide spread environmental problem affecting all life forms including plants. in the present study the toxic effects of heavy metals, cadmium (cd), chromium (cr) and lead (pb) on seed germination rate (%), germination index (g-index) and growth (mm) of brassica rapa var. turnip have been investigated. the seeds were soaked either in distilled water (control) or in aqueous solutions of cd, cr and pb (1 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 5 g/l) at 4°c in dark for 24 hours. prior to inocu ...	2014	22872632
practical considerations for the use of pollen δ13c value as a paleoclimate indicator.	workers have shown a correlation between temperature and the pollen δ(13)c value, and therefore suggested using pollen δ(13)c values to reconstruct paleotemperature. to evaluate the potential for pollen δ(13)c values to be used as a paleotemperature proxy, it is essential to quantify the variability in pollen δ(13)c values and to evaluate the effect of temperature on pollen δ(13)c values, in isolation, under controlled environmental conditions.	2012	22886813
genetic analysis of morphological traits in a new, versatile, rapid-cycling brassica rapa recombinant inbred line population.	a recombinant inbred line (ril) population was produced based on a wide cross between the rapid-cycling and self-compatible genotypes l58, a caixin vegetable type, and r-o-18, a yellow sarson oil type. a linkage map based on 160 f7 lines was constructed using 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), 130 aflp®, 27 indel, and 13 publicly available ssr markers. the map covers a total length of 1150 centimorgan (cm) with an average resolution of 4.3 cm/marker. to demonstrate the versatility of th ...	2012	22912644
auxin response factor gene family in brassica rapa: genomic organization, divergence, expression, and evolution.	completion of the sequencing of the brassica rapa genome enabled us to undertake a genome-wide identification and functional study of the gene families related to the morphological diversity and agronomic traits of brassica crops. in this study, we identified the auxin response factor (arf) gene family, which is one of the key regulators of auxin-mediated plant growth and development in the b. rapa genome. a total of 31 arf genes were identified in the genome. phylogenetic and evolutionary analy ...	2012	22915303
real-time analysis of sulfur-containing volatiles in brassica plants infested with root-feeding delia radicum larvae using proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry.	plants damaged by herbivores emit a variety of volatile organic compounds (vocs). here we used proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms) as a sensitive detection method for online analysis of herbivore-induced vocs. previously, it was found that brassica nigra plants emit several sulfur-containing vocs when attacked by cabbage root fly (delia radicum) larvae with m/z 60 as a marker for the formation of allylisothiocyanate from the glucosinolate sinigrin. we tested the hypothesis that m ...	2012	22916330
a naturally occurring indel variation in braa.flc.b (brflc2) associated with flowering time variation in brassica rapa.	flowering time is an important trait in brassica rapa crops. flowering locus c (flc) is a mads-box transcription factor that acts as a potent repressor of flowering. expression of flc is silenced when plants are exposed to low temperature, which activates flowering. there are four copies of flc in b. rapa. analyses of different segregating populations have suggested that braa.flc.a (brflc1) and braa.flc.b (brflc2) play major roles in controlling flowering time in b. rapa.	2012	22925611
biotoxicity assessment of pyrene in soil using a battery of biological assays.	a test battery, composed of a range of biological assays, was applied to evaluate the ecological health of soil aged for 69 days and spiked with a range of pyrene levels (1.04, 8.99, 41.5, 72.6, 136, and 399 μg g(-1) dry soil; soxhlet-extracted concentrations after 69 days of aging). chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), earthworm (eisenia fetida), and bacteria (vibrio fischeri) were used as test organisms to represent different trophic levels. among the acute ecotoxicity bioassays used, the v. fisch ...	2012	22941450
a phylogenetic analysis of the brassicales clade based on an alignment-free sequence comparison method.	phylogenetic analyses reveal the evolutionary derivation of species. a phylogenetic tree can be inferred from multiple sequence alignments of proteins or genes. the alignment of whole genome sequences of higher eukaryotes is a computational intensive and ambitious task as is the computation of phylogenetic trees based on these alignments. to overcome these limitations, we here used an alignment-free method to compare genomes of the brassicales clade. for each nucleotide sequence a chaos game rep ...	2012	22952468
genetic and physical mapping of flowering time loci in canola (brassica napus l.).	we identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) underlying variation for flowering time in a doubled haploid (dh) population of vernalisation-responsive canola (brassica napus l.) cultivars skipton and ag-spectrum and aligned them with physical map positions of predicted flowering genes from the brassica rapa genome. significant genetic variation in flowering time and response to vernalisation were observed among the dh lines from skipton/ag-spectrum. a molecular linkage map was generated comprising ...	2013	22955939