Publications

purification and properties of ferredoxin-nadp+ oxidoreductase from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria anabaena variabilis.	the isolation and characterization of ferredoxin-nadp+ -oxidoreductase from anabaena variabilis, a nitrogen-fixing, filamentous cyanobacterium, is described. purified enzyme was obtained in four steps with a 55% yield and 300-fold purification utilizing chromatographic separations on deae-cellulose and cibacron blue-sepharose columns. the enzyme is quite similar but not identical to the spinach enzyme as judged by isoelectric focusing, molecular weight determination, and amino acid composition. ...	1988	3124746
adenylate cyclase activity in a higher plant, alfalfa (medicago sativa).	an adenylate cyclase activity in medicago sativa l. (alfalfa) roots was partially characterized. the enzyme activity remains in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation at 105,000 g and shows in crude extracts an apparent mr of about 84,000. the enzyme is active with mg2+ and ca2+ as bivalent cations, and is inhibited by egta and by chlorpromazine. calmodulin from bovine brain or spinach leaves activates this adenylate cyclase.	1988	3128270
algal heme oxygenase from cyanidium caldarium. partial purification and fractionation into three required protein components.	enzymatic heme oxygenase activity has been partially purified from extracts of the unicellular red alga cyanidium caldarium, and the macromolecular components have been separated into three protein fractions, referred to as fractions i, ii, and iii, by serial column chromatography through deae-cellulose and reactive blue 2-sepharose. fraction i is retained by deae-cellulose at low salt concentration and eluted by 1 m nacl. fraction ii is retained by blue sepharose at low salt concentration and e ...	1988	3136167
catalysis by cyanobacterial ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunits in the complete absence of small subunits.	an expression plasmid incorporating the structural gene for the large subunit of a cyanobacterial ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, but not the gene for its complementary small subunit, directs the synthesis of large subunits in escherichia coli. this provides a means for obtaining a preparation of large subunits completely devoid of small subunits, which is not otherwise achievable. in extracts, these large subunits were found predominantly in the form of octamers, but intersubunit interaction ...	1988	3137223
low-potential iron-sulfur centers in photosystem i: an x-ray absorption spectroscopy study.	we have measured the x-ray absorption spectra of fe in photosystem i (ps i) preparations from spinach and a thermophilic cyanobacterium, synechococcus sp., to characterize structures of the fe complexes that function as electron acceptors in ps i. these acceptors include centers a and b, which are probably typical [4fe-4s] ferredoxins, and x. the structure of x is not known, but its electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectrum has generated the suggestions that it is either a [2fe-2s] or [4fe- ...	1988	3137969
nucleotide sequence and transcript analysis of three photosystem ii genes from the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. pcc7942.	the genome of the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. pcc7942 contains two genes encoding the d2 polypeptide of photosystem ii (psii), which are designated here as psbdi and psbdii. the psbdi gene, like the psbd gene of plant chloroplasts, is cotranscribed with and overlaps the open reading frame of the psbc gene, encoding the psii protein cp43. the psbdii gene is not linked to psbc, and appears to be transcribed as a monocistronic message. the two psbd genes encode identical polypeptides of 352 am ...	1988	3138165
cloning, nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the gene encoding the photosystem ii manganese-stabilizing polypeptide of synechocystis 6803.	affinity purified, polyclonal antibodies raised against the photosystem ii 33 kda manganese-stabilizing polypeptide of the spinach oxygen-evolving complex were used to isolate the gene encoding the homologous protein from synechocystis 6803. comparison of the amino acid sequence deduced from the synechocystis psb1 nucleotide sequence with recently published sequences of spinach and pea confirms the homology indicated by antigenic cross-reactivity and shows that the cyanobacterial and higher plan ...	1988	3138527
characterization of a cyanobacterial iron stress-induced gene similar to psbc.	recently we have reported that the flavodoxin gene from the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2 is transcribed as part of an iron stress-induced operon containing multiple mrna species (d. e. laudenbach, m. e. reith, and n. a. straus, j. bacteriol. 170: 258-265, 1988). here we report that nucleotide sequence analyses of dna located immediately upstream of the flavodoxin gene revealed an open reading frame of 1,026 bases (designated isia; iron stress inducible) with a deduced amino acid sequence ...	1988	3141374
structural determination of the photosystem ii core complex from spinach.	a photosystem ii core complex was purified with high yield from spinach by solubilization with beta-dodecylmaltoside. the complex consisted of polypeptides with molecular mass 47, 43, 34, 31, 9 and 4 kda and some minor components, as detected by silver-staining of polyacrylamide gels. there was no indication for the chlorophyll-a/b-binding, light-harvesting complex polypeptides. the core complex revealed electron-transfer activity (1,5-diphenylcarbazide----2,6-dichloroindophenol) of about 30 mum ...	1988	3144451
xenobiotic oxidation by cytochrome p-450-enriched extracts of streptomyces griseus.	crude extracts of streptomyces griseus grown on soybean flour-enriched medium contain high levels of cytochrome p-450. the cytochrome p-450-enriched fractions, obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation (30-50% saturation), catalyze the nadph-dependent oxidation of a variety of xenobiotics when complemented with both spinach ferredoxin:nadp+ oxidoreductase and spinach ferredoxin. reactions observed are aromatic, benzylic and alicyclic hydroxylations, o-dealkylation, non-aromatic double bond epox ...	1988	3144975
evidence for a translation-mediated attenuation of a spinach chloroplast rdna operon.	the presence of potential hairpin structures h1, h2, h3 in the leader region of a spinach rdna operon led us to postulate that this operon is regulated by premature termination. the mechanism would be controlled by the presence or absence of ribosomes translating a leader peptide. in vitro synchronized transcription by e. coli rna polymerase shows that pauses do occur in the leader region. by their sizes, the transient transcripts could correspond to pauses on h1 and h2 as predicted by the model ...	1988	3148321
nucleotide sequence of maize chloroplast rps11 with conserved amino acid sequence between eukaryotes, bacteria and plastids.	nucleotide sequence of a 721 base pair segment of maize chloroplast dna, encoding the putative chloroplast ribosomal protein s11 at physical map position 33.1-33.5 kbp, is described. a shine-dalgarno sequence and computer-derived stem-loop structures of dyad symmetry are present in the spacer region between rps11 and its 5' upstream gene rpl36. the deduced amino acid sequence of maize chloroplast s11 shows 69%, 66%, 62%, 57%, 48% and 45% sequence identity to the corresponding sequences of tobacc ...	1988	3149198
cariogenicity of traditional african foodstuffs (maize, beans, sorghum, brown bread) on rat caries.	the cariogenicity of the following traditional african foods was tested in a rat model system: cooked maize and beans, cooked maize and spinach, uncooked and cooked sorghum, both plus 20% sucrose and brown bread, as well as a control (wheat starch plus 50% sucrose). plaque extent was low in all the test groups and caries incidence was almost zero in all groups except for the cooked wheat starch and 50% sucrose group. comparison to earlier results suggests a possible cariostatic effect of sorghum ...	1988	3165717
the role of insertions/deletions in the evolution of the intergenic region between psba and trnh in the chloroplast genome.	trnh and the intergenic region between trnh and psba of the chloroplast genomes of alfalfa (medicago sativa), fabaceae, and petunia (petunia hybrida), solanaceae, were sequenced and compared to published sequences of that region from other members of those families. a striking feature of these comparisons is the occurrence of insertions/deletions between short, nearly perfect at-rich direct repeats. the directionality of these mutations in the petunia, tobacco and nicotiana debneyi lineages with ...	1988	3180272
the bioavailability of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium-deficient rats.	we estimated the utilization of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium-deficient rats, and the effect of oxalic acid on absorption of dietary calcium by using calcium-deficient rats. the body weight gain of the calcium-deficient rats for 8 days receiving a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with raw-powdered spinach (r-sp), boiled-powdered spinach (b-sp), or calcium-oxalate (ca-ox), and a control diet supplemented with oxalic acid (ox-c) were 4.8, 2.8, 4.9, and 5.1 g, respectively. t ...	1988	3183773
an nadp/thioredoxin system in leaves: purification and characterization of nadp-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin h from spinach.	an nadp/thioredoxin system, consisting of nadph, nadp-thioredoxin reductase (ntr), and its thioredoxin, thioredoxin h, has been previously described for heterotrophic plant tissues, i.e., wheat seeds and cultured carrot cells. until now there was no evidence for this system in green leaves. here, we report the identification of protein components of the nadp/thioredoxin system in leaves of several species. thioredoxin h and ntr, which were both recovered in the extrachloroplastic fraction, were ...	1988	3190242
limited proteolysis of the nitrate reductase from spinach leaves.	the functional structure of assimilatory nadh-nitrate reductase from spinach leaves was studied by limited proteolysis experiments. after incubation of purified nitrate reductase with trypsin, two stable products of 59 and 45 kda were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the fragment of 45 kda was purified by blue sepharose chromatography. nadh-ferricyanide reductase and nadh-cytochrome c reductase activities were associated with this 45-kda fragment which conta ...	1988	3198646
hydrophobic-cluster analysis of plant protein sequences. a domain homology between storage and lipid-transfer proteins.	hydrophobic-cluster analysis was used to characterize a conserved domain located near the c-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat (triticum aestivum) storage proteins. this domain was transformed into a linear template for a global search for similarities in over 5200 protein sequences. in addition to proteins that had already been found to exhibit homology to wheat storage proteins, a previously unreported homology was found with non-specific lipid-transfer proteins from castor bean (ricinus co ...	1988	3214430
cu(i) analysis of blue copper proteins.	a simple colorimetric test for the cu(i) content in blue copper proteins is described. the procedure is based on the formation of a complex between cu(i) and 2,2'-biquinoline in an acetic acid medium. analyses of spinach plastocyanin, pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin and rhus vernicifera stellacyanin show that the cysteine residue in the type 1 site does not induce cu(ii) reduction under our conditions. there is evidence in laccase samples for the presence of an endogenous reductant that can reduce ...	1988	3223941
sequence analysis of the junction of the large single copy region and the large inverted repeat in the petunia chloroplast genome.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence at the junction of the large single copy (lsc) region and the right and left members of the large inverted repeat, ira and irb, respectively, of the petunia chloroplast (cp) genome. as in nicotiana debneyi and spinach (zurawski et al. 1984), coding sequences of rps19 of petunia overlap the junction of irb and lsc. immediately into the lsc region upstream of ira in the petunia cp genome are two small insertions relative to n. debneyi that occur at sites ...	1988	3224388
two quick methods for isolation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	methods are described which allow the isolation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in a very short time. source of the material was highly impure commercial enzyme in the case of spinach rubisco or bacteria grown from a fermentor in the case of alcaligenes eutrophus rubisco. purity of the enzymes is demonstrated by gel electrophoreses. enzyme isolated from fresh cells gave crystals of excellent diffraction, suitable for x-ray structure analyisis.	1988	3237649
organization and nucleotide sequence of the broad bean chloroplast genes trnl-uag, ndhf and two unidentified open reading frames.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 6.9 kbp bamhi-xbai fragment of broad bean chloroplasts. part of this fragment (subfragment bglii-clai) is known to contain three trna genes (trnl-caa, trnl-uaa and trnf). we have now further identified a gene coding for the third trna(leu) isoacceptor (trnl-uag) which is located close to trnf. the bamhi-xbai fragment also contains the gene for subunit 5 of nadh dehydrogenase (ndhf) and two unidentified open reading frames (orfx and orf48). orfx sha ...	1988	3242868
characterization and in vitro expression of the cytochrome b-559 genes of barley. i. localization and sequence of the genes.	the psbe and psbf genes encoding the 9.4 and 4.4 kd apoproteins of cytochrome b-559 have been located in the chloroplast genome of barley. as in other plant species they are found adjacent to each other in the large single copy region of the chloroplast dna. both the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence for the two polypeptides are identical to that of wheat and more than 95% similar to those of spinach, tobacco and oenothera. the region between the two genes spans 10 nucleoti ...	1988	3256307
structure and expression of spinach leaf cdna encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase.	ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase is a recently discovered enzyme that catalyzes the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ["rubisco"; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; 3-phospho-d-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), ec 4.1.1.39] in vivo. clones of rubisco activase cdna were isolated immunologically from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) and arabidopsis thaliana libraries. sequence analysis of the spinach and arabidopsis cdnas identified consensus nucleo ...	1988	3277181
purification and characterization of recombinant spinach acyl carrier protein i expressed in escherichia coli.	expression of plant acyl carrier protein (acp) in escherichia coli at levels above that of constitutive e. coli acp does not appear to substantially alter bacterial growth or fatty acid metabolism. the plant acp expressed in e. coli contains pantetheine and approximately 50% is present in vivo as acyl-acp. we have purified and characterized the recombinant spinach acp-i. nh2-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated identity to authentic spinach acp-i, and there was no evidence for terminal methi ...	1988	3279035
purification and characterization of a novel nadph(nadh)-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase from spinach leaves. comparison of immunological properties of leaf hydroxypyruvate reductases.	a novel hydroxypyruvate reductase preferring nadph to nadh as a cofactor was purified over 1500-fold from spinach leaf extracts. the enzyme was an oligomer of about 70 kda, composed of two subunits of 38 kda each. the km for hydroxypyruvate (with nadph) was about 0.8 mm in the ph range 5.5-6.5, and 0.3 mm at ph 8.2. the vmax. was highest in the ph range 5.5-6.5 and decreased by about 65% at ph 8.2. above ph 6.0, the enzyme was prone to a strong substrate inhibition by hydroxypyruvate. the reduct ...	1988	3281657
primary structure of glycolate oxidase from spinach.	the primary structure of glycolate oxidase from spinach has been determined. six different types of peptide digest were investigated, utilizing cnbr, proteolytic enzymes, and chemical modifications to change a specificity of cleavage. in total, 90 peptides were purified and analyzed. the studies were aimed at correlation with crystallographic analysis of the same protein carried through in parallel and with cdna studies which utilized initially determined amino acid sequences for synthesis of ol ...	1988	3286256
abortive and productive elongation catalysed by purified spinach chloroplast rna polymerase.	experimental conditions are reported under which purified spinach chloroplast rna polymerase catalyses the abortive elongation reaction on a synthetic poly[d(a-t)] template. the reaction only occurs under very stringent conditions and absolutely requires mn2+ as the metal activator. no reaction can be detected in the presence of mg2+. furthermore, the rate of abortive elongation with the chloroplast enzyme is extremely sensitive to the presence of added salts, such as kcl or (nh4)2so4, in the re ...	1987	3297691
synthesis, cloning, and expression in escherichia coli of a spinach acyl carrier protein-i gene.	a synthetic gene of 268 bp encoding the 82 amino acid spinach acyl carrier protein (acp)-i was constructed based on the known amino acid sequence. two gene fragments, one encoding the amino-terminal portion and the other the carboxy-terminal portion of the protein, were assembled from synthetic oligonucleotides and inserted into the phage m13mp19. these partial gene constructions were joined and inserted into the plasmid ptz19r. dna sequencing confirmed the accuracy of the constructions. the syn ...	1987	3300555
the primary structure of rat ribosomal protein s12. the relationship of rat s12 to other ribosomal proteins and a correlation of the amino acid sequences of rat and yeast ribosomal proteins.	the covalent structure of the rat 40 s ribosomal subunit protein s12 was determined from the sequence of amino acids in tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic, and cyanogen bromide peptides and inferred from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cdna. rat ribosomal protein s12 contains 129 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 14,120. the amino acid sequences of a number of ribosomal proteins appear to be related to rat s12. these include spinach chloroplast l7, escherichia coli s5, nicot ...	1987	3308890
the gene for the 9 kd polypeptide, a possible apoprotein for the iron-sulfur centers a and b of the photosystem i complex, in tobacco chloroplast dna.	the gene for the 9 kd polypeptide (a possible apoprotein for the iron-sulfur centers a and b) of photosystem i has been located in the small single-copy region of tobacco chloroplast dna. this gene (psac) was identified by comparing the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the spinach 9 kd polypeptide with the entire sequence of tobacco chloroplast genome. the gene organization is ndhe (101 codons)--263 bp spacer--psac (81 codons)--94 bp spacer--ndhd (509 codons). northern blot hybridization reveal ...	1987	3329576
calcium absorbability from spinach.	the absorbability of calcium from spinach was compared with the absorbability of ca from milk in 13 healthy adults in a randomized cross-over design in which the test meal of either milk or spinach had 200 mg of ca labeled with 45ca. absorption was measured by the standard double-isotope method in which both the test food and the miscible ca pool are labeled with different ca tracers. measurement of both ca and oxalate in our test spinach revealed a very slight stoichiometric excess of oxalate; ...	1988	3354496
effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man.	this study was undertaken to test the effects of plausible meals containing slow release starches in the form of bean flakes on plasma glucose and hunger in man. in a first study, volunteers consumed a hachis paramentier (shepherd's pie) containing either bean purée or potato purée. after the meal containing potato, plasma glucose levels rose sharply, peaked at 30-45 min and fell below initial levels 2 to 3 h later. with bean purée there was a low, sustained increase in blood glucose. in a secon ...	1988	3355122
excretion of n-mononitrosopiperazine after low level exposure to piperazine in air: effects of dietary nitrate and ascorbate.	the secondary amine piperazine may be nitrosated in vivo, following oral intake or occupational exposure by inhalation. the suspected carcinogen n-mononitrosopiperazine could be formed in the human stomach, and in part excreted in the urine. in this study, 0.4 microgram n-mononitrosopiperazine, determined by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis, was observed in the urine in one of four volunteers, at an experimental exposure by inhalation of 0.3 mg piperazine/m3. the intake of spinach and ...	1988	3358264
expression of the rpl23, rpl2 and rps19 genes in spinach chloroplasts.	the expression of the spinach rpl23, rpl2 and rps19 chloroplast genes has been studied. the rpl23 gene identified in tobacco and marchantia, is split into two overlapping reading frames in spinach. s1 mapping has shown that initiation sites could occur upstream of each reading frames. a large transcription unit is also present covering the rpl2 and rps19 genes. the rps19 and rpl2 gene products are identified by nh2-terminal amino acid sequences. they correspond to spinach chloroplast ribosomal p ...	1988	3362671
biologically active fluorescent derivatives of spinach calmodulin that report calmodulin target protein binding.	spinach calmodulin (cam) has been labeled at cysteine-26 with the sulfhydryl-selective probe 2-(4-maleimidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (mians) to produce mians-cam. the interaction of mians-cam with cam binding proteins was studied by fluorescence enhancement accompanying the protein-protein interactions. mians-cam bound to smooth muscle myosin light-chain kinase with a kd of 9 nm, causing a 4.6-fold fluorescence enhancement. caldesmon bound with a kd of 250 nm, causing a 2-fold fluoresc ...	1988	3365375
a case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits.	a case-control study of prostatic cancer which consisted of 100 patients with prostatic cancer, matched for hospital, age (+/- 3 yr) and hospital admission date (+/- 3 months) to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) and hospital controls, was conducted from 1981 to 1984. low daily intake of beta-carotene (rr = 2.13: 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.77) and of vitamin a (rr = 1.94: 1.10-3.43), as compared to the intake of those substances by bph controls, were factors significantly cor ...	2012	3368406
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in spinach: genetic and biochemical characterization.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) has a major chloroplastic isozyme of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) and a minor cytosolic one. among a diverse collection of spinach accessions, three electrophoretic banding patterns of chloroplastic badh were found: two were single banded and one was triple banded. genetic analysis of these patterns indicated that chloroplastic badh is encoded by a single, nuclear gene with two alleles, designated slow (s) and fast (f), and that products of these alleles c ...	2012	3377756
[prediction of the dna-recognizing supersecondary protein structure, alpha helix-turn-alpha helix, using the modified ohlendorf-anderson-matthews method of necessary stereochemical requirements].	a method for prediction of dna-recognizing supersecondary structure alpha-helix--turn--alpha-helix localization in an amino acid sequence of any protein is described. the method allows to predict this structure in segment 67-89 of e. coli ribosomal protein l7/l12 and in corresponding segments of l7/l12 analogues from other six bacteria and spinach chloroplasts.	2006	3393144
dodecyl maltoside-sodium dodecyl sulfate two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins.	a two-dimensional electrophoretic system has been developed for the separation of chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins. this system incorporates nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of the nonionic detergent dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. thylakoid membranes isolated from spinacia oleracea were solubilized in 1.0% dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside and separated in 4-7% li ...	1988	3407930
enumeration and isolation of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria from human feces.	the fibrolytic microbiota of the human large intestine was examined to determine the numbers and types of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria present. fecal samples from each of five individuals contained bacteria capable of degrading the hydrated cellulose in spinach and in wheat straw pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (ahp-ws), whereas degradation of the relatively crystalline cellulose in whatman no. 1 filter paper (pmc) was detected for only one of the five samples. the mean ...	1988	3415224
additives for immobilized ph gradient two-dimensional separation of particulate material: comparison between commercial and new synthetic detergents.	we describe the synthesis of two detergents, l and a15, whose performances as solubilizing agents and as additives in the first-dimension step of a two-dimensional separation are compared with those of some commercial compounds, i.e., nonidet p-40, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulfonate(chaps), and sulfobetaine, on three membrane protein preparations: rat rbc ghosts, beef kidney microvilli, and spinach thylakoids. l is 3-]3-dodecylamidoprophylcbdimethylammonio propane-1-sulfonate ...	1987	3425894
metabolism of exogenous long-chain fatty acids by spinach leaves.	when applied in liquid paraffin to the upper surface of expanding spinach leaves, [1-14c]palmitic acid was efficiently and exclusively incorporated into the sn-1 position of cellular glycerolipids, principally phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol. a slow transfer of fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine to chloroplast glycolipids subsequently occurred with the positional specificity of the label remaining intact. labeled palmitate at the sn-1 position of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was desatu ...	2012	3426240
hydrogen bonding of sulfur ligands in blue copper and iron-sulfur proteins: detection by resonance raman spectroscopy.	the resonance raman spectrum of the blue copper protein azurin from alcaligenes denitrificans exhibits nine vibrational modes between 330 and 460 cm-1, seven of which shift 0.4-3.0 cm-1 to lower energy after incubation of the protein in d2o. these deuterium-dependent shifts have been previously ascribed to exchangeable protons on imidazole ligands [nestor, l., larrabee, j. a., woolery, g., reinhammar, b., & spiro, t. g. (1984) biochemistry 23, 1084] or to exchangeable protons on amide groups whi ...	1987	3442645
location and nucleotide sequence of the pre-apocytochrome f gene on the oenothera hookeri plastid chromosome (euoenothera plastome i)	the gene for pre-apocytochrome f has been mapped by blot hybridization on a 2.4 kbp hindiii fragment of the circular plastid chromosome of oenothera hookeri employing probes from the corresponding spinach gene. the gene is located distal to the gene for the atp synthase subunit alpha, at the border of the 45 kbp inversion that distinguishes spinach and oenothera plastid chromosomes. both genes are transcribed in the same direction. nucleotide sequence analysis reveals a single open reading frame ...	2012	3442826
isolation of the catalytically competent small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from spinach under an extremely alkaline condition.	a method for isolating the small subunit (b) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) from spinach leaf using an alkaline buffer (ph 11.2) in combination with sucrose gradient centrifugation is described. although the yield of isolated subunit b (ca. 20%) was comparable to that previously described (ca. 25%) using the acid precipitation method [andrews, t.j. and lorimer, g.h. (1985) j. biol. chem. 260: 4632-4636], the isolated subunit b in this report suffered less denaturati ...	1986	3461783
encapsulation of adriamycin in human erythrocytes.	adriamycin (doxorubicin) was encapsulated in human erythrocytes by means of a dialysis technique involving transient hypotonic hemolysis followed by isotonic resealing. up to 1.6 mg of the drug was entrapped per ml of packed erythrocytes, with the efficiency of encapsulation being 60-80%. in vitro incubation of the adriamycin-loaded erythrocytes in autologous plasma was accompanied by progressive release of unaltered adriamycin in the medium. the efflux was still evident after 50 hr. the metabol ...	1986	3462740
chloroplasts of higher plants synthesize l-phenylalanine via l-arogenate.	the specific enzymological route of l-phenylalanine biosynthesis has not been established in any higher plant system. the possible pathway routes that have been identified in microorganisms utilize either phenylpyruvate or l-arogenate as a unique intermediate. we now report the presence of arogenate dehydratase (which converts l-arogenate to l-phenylalanine) in cultured-cell populations of nicotiana silvestris. prephenate dehydratase (which converts prephenate to phenylpyruvate) was not detected ...	1986	3463961
further characterization and amino acid sequence of m-type thioredoxins from spinach chloroplasts.	the complete primary structure of m-type thioredoxin from spinach chloroplasts has been sequenced by conventional sequencing including fragmentation, edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion. as already reported [tsugita, a., maeda, k. & schürmann, p. (1983) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 115, 1-7] these thioredoxins contain the same active-site sequence as thioredoxins from other sources. based on the amino acid sequence thioredoxin mc contains 103 residues, has a relative molecular mas ...	1986	3510868
polypeptides of the oxygen-evolving photosystem ii complex. immunological detection and biogenesis.	oxygen-evolving photosystem ii complex was isolated from spinach chloroplasts. the individual polypeptides of the complex were isolated from sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gels and antibodies were raised in rabbits against these polypeptides. after washing of the isolation complex by 0.8 m tris to release the extrinsic proteins, a distinct diffused protein band was revealed at the position of 33 kda in sds gels containing 4 m urea. when this band was electroeluted from the gel and s ...	1986	3514615
polypeptides of the chloroplast envelope membranes as visualized by immunochemical techniques.	the polypeptides of relative molecular masses (mr) 22,000, 29,000, and 36,000 represent three major constituents of the chloroplast envelope of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. the mr 22,000 polypeptide has been localized in the outer membrane, whereas the two other peptides have been attributed to the inner envelope membrane (joyard et al., 1983). the mr 29,000 polypeptide has been identified as the "phosphate translocator" (flügge and heldt, 1979). in this investigation, we studied the t ...	1986	3517143
amino acid sequence of copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase from spinach leaves.	the complete amino acid sequence of cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (sod) from spinach leaves has been determined on the basis of peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide (brcn) cleavage and by enzymic hydrolyses with achromobacter lyticus lysylendopeptidase, staphylococcus aureus v8 protease, trypsin, and thermolysin. the spinach sod consists of a total of 154 amino acid residues with alanine as the amino(n)-terminus and valine as the carboxy(c-)terminus. the present sequence, which has been establishe ...	1986	3519601
mapping of the triazine binding site to a highly conserved region of the qb-protein.	a number of herbicide classes, including the s-triazines and ureas (atrazine, diuron) inhibit photosynthetic electron transport via a direct interaction with the qb-protein. this protein, also known as the 32-kda protein or herbicide binding protein, is believed to bind the plastoquinone qb, which functions as the second stable electron acceptor at the reducing side of photosystem ii. the site of covalent attachment of the photoaffinity herbicide analog azido-[14c]atrazine to the qb-protein of s ...	1986	3524461
photosystem i reaction centers from maize bundle-sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts lack subunit iii.	photosystem i reaction centers were isolated from mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the c4 maize plant. both preparations were found to be free of chlorophyll b and to have the same spectral properties and chlorophyll/p700 ratio as photosystem i reaction centers isolated from c3 plants. photosystem i reaction centers from both mesophyll and bundle sheath were found to consist of six subunits with apparent molecular masses of about 70 kda, 20 kda, 17 kda, 16 kda, 10 kda and 8 kda, corre ...	2012	3527704
partial purification and characterization of an insulin-like material from spinach and lemna gibba g3.	the existence in invertebrates, unicellular eukaryotes, and prokaryotes of materials that resemble several vertebrate peptide hormones led to the suggestion that these peptide messengers may have arisen earlier in evolution than had previously been thought. consistent with this hypothesis, we describe here material in two plants, spinach and lemma gibba g3, that is very similar to mammalian insulin, yet distinctive. in each of the early purification steps, which consisted of acidic methanol chlo ...	1987	3553187
enumeration and characterization of aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce.	starch-ampicillin agar was used to quantitatively isolate aeromonas sp. from retail grocery store produce. all produce sampled, including parsley, spinach, celery, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli, and lettuce, contained aeromonas sp. in most instances, the count of aeromonas sp. increased 10- to 1,000-fold during 2 weeks of storage at 5 degrees c. eleven (92%) of 12 kinds of produce yielded cytotoxic aeromonas sp. identification as aeromonas hydrophila was the strongest indicator of cytotoxicity, and ...	1987	3566266
the nature of l8 and l8s8 forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from chromatium vinosum.	l8 and l8s8 forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) have been prepared from chromatium vinosum by the extremely mild method of centrifugal fractionation. only the l8s8 form is detectable in crude extracts of this organism. both forms show immunological identify in double diffusion studies using antibody to l subunits of the l8s8 form. l subunits from both l8 and l8s8 enzymes are identical by the criteria of peptides observed after limited proteolysis and n-terminal sequenc ...	1987	3579306
rare-earth elements in the nbs standard reference materials spinach, orchard leaves, pine needles and bovine liver.	a highly sensitive radiochemical neutron activation method for the determination of all rare-earth elements (ree) in nbs biological reference materials is described. the materials are irradiated, dissolved in hf/hcl solutions, mixed with scandium and ree carriers (except la, pr, nd, dy, er), and the resulting solutions evaporated to dryness. the residues are dissolved in hcl and the ree precipitated as fluorides on addition of hf/nh4f solutions. the ree fluorides were collected, dissolved in a n ...	1987	3589659
the primary structure of spinach-leaf phospholipid-transfer protein.	the complete amino acid sequence phospholipid-transfer protein isolated from spinach leaves has been determined. the primary structure of the spinach protein was elucidated by analyses by hplc of cyanogen bromide fragments and peptides obtained by tryptic digestions. the single polypeptide chain of the spinach protein consists of 91 amino acid residues. the protein contains six cysteines whereas phenylalanine and glutamine are absent. the present data, which are the first to be obtained with a p ...	2013	3609015
simplified cleanup and gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in crops.	a simple and efficient cleanup method for gas chromatographic determination of 23 organophosphorus pesticides in crops including onion is described. the sample was extracted with acetone. the extract was purified with coagulating solution, which contained ammonium chloride and phosphoric acid, and then filtered by suction. the filtrate was diluted with nacl solution and reextracted with benzene. the organic layer was evaporated and injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photomet ...	1987	3610958
effects of the sesquiterpene lactone tetraesters thapsigargicin and thapsigargin, from roots of thapsia garganica l., on isolated spinach chloroplasts.	the effect of thapsigargicin and thapsigargin, extracted from the roots of thapsia garganica l., on isolated photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) and intact chloroplasts from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.) was investigated. both sesquiterpene lactone tetraesters impair membranes and organelles in an identical, chlorophyll-dependent manner. in thylakoids these compounds primarily act as inhibitors of photophosphorylation. at lower sesquiterpene lactone tetraester/chlorophyll ratios, cycli ...	1987	3617076
the determination of glutathione, cyst(e)ine, and other thiols and disulfides in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection.	a determination of glutathione, cysteine, and their disulfides using hplc and dual electrochemical detection (hplc-dec) was described previously but was not validated in biological tissues for these and other important thiols and disulfides (sh/ss). thus, our objectives were to develop this method to quantify simultaneously reduced and oxidized glutathione, cysteine, cystine, and other sh/ss in various tissues, including human blood and plasma, rat liver and hippocampus, mosquito, and spinach le ...	1987	3619033
phospholipid and fatty acid composition in mitochondria from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves and petioles. a comparative study.	essentially chlorophyll-free mitochondria from photosynthetic (leaf) and non-photosynthetic tissue (petiole) were isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea). leaf mitochondria were found to contain more phosphatidylcholine than phosphatidylethanolamine compared with petiole mitochondria. galactolipids were found in small and equal amounts (5 mol of galactolipids/100 mol of galactolipids and phospholipids) in both leaf and petiole mitochondria. fatty acid composition showed a significant differenc ...	1987	3632635
the relationship between the activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis during early stages of floral induction in spinach.	a quantitative cytochemical study was made of fructokinase, glucokinase, and fructokinase (both pfk-atp and pfk-pp + f-2:6-p) activities in shoot apices of 4-week old spinacia oleracea. the rates of activity of these enzymes in the central zone of the shoot apex of plants kept on a short day regime were compared with those from plants transferred from a range of timing up to 24 h to a continuous light regime when floral induction occurred. a mechanism is suggested explaining how no measurable ch ...	1987	3654278
oxalic acid decreases calcium absorption in rats.	calcium absorption from salts and foods intrinsically labeled with 45ca was determined in the rat model. calcium bioavailability was nearly 10 times greater for low oxalate kale, caco3 and cacl2 than from cac2o4 (calcium oxalate) and spinach (high in oxalates). extrinsic and intrinsic labeling techniques gave a similar assessment of calcium bioavailability from kale but not from spinach.	1987	3681480
extraction of proteins and membrane lipids during low temperature embedding of biological material for electron microscopy.	the extraction of proteins and membrane lipids from biological materials during embedding procedures for electron microscopy carried out at temperatures down to 223 k was studied. glutaraldehyde-fixed cells of acholeplasma laidlawii mainly served as test material. more than 99% of the protein and 88% of the lipid of these cells were retained after dehydration with ethanol or acetone between 277 and 223 k and infiltration with methacrylate at 223 k. when methanol was used for dehydration, only 54 ...	1986	3712423
transient kinetics of reduction of blue copper proteins by free flavin and flavodoxin semiquinones.	rate constants have been determined for the electron-transfer reactions between reduced free flavins and flavodoxin semiquinone and several blue copper proteins. correlations between these values and redox potentials demonstrate that spinach plastocyanin, pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin, alcaligenes sp. azurin, and alcaligenes sp. nitrite reductase have the same intrinsic reactivities toward free flavins, whereas stellacyanin is more reactive (3.3 times) and laccase considerably less reactive (app ...	1986	3730365
spinacia oleracea chloroplast dna sequence homology with ars and arc elements within the inverted repeat, upstream of the rdna operon.		1986	3774557
immunological studies of the binding protein for chloroplast ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase.	monospecific rabbit antibodies against the ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase binding protein of spinach thylakoids were obtained and characterized. the immunoglobulin g (igg) fraction gave single precipitation arcs with the purified antigen or with triton x-100 extracts of thylakoids or the reductase binding protein complex. antibodies against the flavoprotein behave similarly. both antibodies agglutinated thylakoids and precipitated the diaphorase activity of a triton x-100 extract of these membranes. ...	1987	3813568
altered gene expression during cold acclimation of spinach.	exposure of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants to a constant 5 degrees c induced a greater tolerance to extracellular freezing. the metabolic basis of this cold acclimation response in plants is not understood. in this study we tested the hypothesis that cold acclimation derives from altered gene transcription. we found that exposure of plants to low temperature resulted in a rapid and stable change in the translatable poly(a)+ rna populations extracted from leaves, as determined by a cell-fr ...	1985	3858842
in vitro expression of chloroplast genes in lysates of higher plant chloroplasts.	a dna-dependent in vitro-coupled transcription-translation system has been prepared from lysates of isolated chloroplasts. these lysates are comparable to those of escherichia coli in transcriptional and translational fidelity and efficiency in response to a given template dna. when nicotiana tabacum chloroplast dna is used as template with chloroplast lysates (n. tabacum or spinach) or e. coli lysates, nadodso4 gel analysis reveals similar polypeptide patterns that are distinct from the pattern ...	1985	3858855
characterization of an active-site peptide modified by glyoxylate and pyridoxal phosphate from spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	activated ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from spinach was treated with glyoxylate plus or minus the transition-state analog, carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate, or the inactive enzyme with pyridoxal phosphate plus or minus the substrate, ribulose bisphosphate. covalently modified adducts with glyoxylate or pyridoxal phosphate were formed following reduction with sodium borohydride. the derivatized enzymes were carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin; the labeled peptides which were u ...	1985	3860189
organization and sequence of five trna genes and of an unidentified reading frame in the wheat chloroplast genome: evidence for gene rearrangements during the evolution of chloroplast genomes.	the genes for the initiator trna(met)cau, trna(gly)ucc, trna(thr)ggu, trna(glu)uuc and trna(tyr)gua and an open reading frame of 62 codons have been identified by sequencing a 2,358 bp bamhi and a 1,378 bp bamhi-sst2 dna fragments from wheat chloroplasts. a comparison of the organization of these five trna genes and of the open reading frame on the wheat, tobacco and spinach chloroplast genomes suggests that at least three genomic inversions must have occurred during the evolution of the wheat c ...	1985	3870931
the primary structure of ribosomal protein l2 from bacillus stearothermophilus.	the complete amino acid sequence of ribosomal protein l2 from the moderate thermophile bacillus stearothermophilus has been determined. this has been achieved by the sequence analysis of peptides derived by enzymatic digestion with staphylococcus aureus protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin, as well as by chemical cleavage with o-iodosobenzoic acid. the protein contains 275 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular mass of 30201 da. comparison of this sequence with sequences of the corresp ...	1985	3908098
subunit dissociation and reconstitution of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from chromatium vinosum.	the large and small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from chromatium vinosum were dissociated and separated at ph 9.6 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. after further purification by gel filtration, the small subunit fraction contained no carboxylase activity. the large subunit fraction was highly depleted of small subunit based on analysis by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. carboxylase activity of the large subunit fraction was approximately 1% of the untrea ...	1985	3918498
catalytic properties of a hybrid between cyanobacterial large subunits and higher plant small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.	the small subunits of spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase were isolated by mild acid precipitation of the hexadecameric holoenzyme. about one-third of the small subunits remained in the supernatant while the remainder, and all of the large subunits, were precipitated and irreversibly denatured. the spinach small subunits were able to reassemble with the large subunit octamer of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from the cyanobacterium, synechococcus acmm 323, prepared as ...	1985	3921534
carbon isotope effect on carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate catalyzed by ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase from rhodospirillum rubrum.	the carbon isotope effect at co2 has been measured in the carboxylation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase from rhodospirillum rubrum. the isotope effect is obtained by comparing the isotopic composition of carbon 1 of the 3-phosphoglyceric acid formed in the reaction with that of the carbon dioxide source. a correction is made for carbon 1 of 3-phosphoglyceric acid which arises from carbon 3 of the starting ribulose bisphosphate. the isotope effect is k12/k13 = ...	1985	3924094
ionization constants of two active-site lysyl epsilon-amino groups of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	trinitrobenzene sulfonate rapidly inactivates ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from both spinach and rhodospirillum rubrum. with large molar excesses of the reagent, the reactions obey pseudo-first order kinetics and the rates of inactivations are directly proportional to the concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonate; thus, there is no indication of reversible complexation of reagent with enzyme. saturating levels of the competitive inhibitor 2-carboxyribitol 1,5-bisphosphate reduce ...	1985	3932347
the euglena gracilis chloroplast ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene. ii. the spliced mrna and its product.	the polypeptide product of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from euglena gracilis based on the dna sequence of the chloroplast-encoded gene is described. the large subunit polypeptide of 475 codons is co-linear with the homologous polypeptides from other chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. the amino acid sequence is 92% homologous to that of chlamydomonas, 84% homologous to spinach, 82% homologous to maize, and 80% homologous to that of the cyanobacterium anaba ...	1985	3934171
the sulfhydryl groups of ferredoxin-nadp+ oxidoreductases: is a disulfide bond really present?	the sulfhydryl groups of three ferredoxin-nadp+ oxidoreductases [ec 1.18.1.2] (fnr) two from blue-green algae, spirulina sp. and synechococcus sp., respectively, and one from spinach, were analyzed by carboxymethylation and titration with sulfhydryl reagents under different conditions. five sulfhydryl groups in spirulina and spinach enzymes and four in synechococcus enzyme were found to be in reduced forms. there was no disulfide bond in any fnr tested. the results in the present experiment cont ...	1985	3935649
the regulation of exogenous nad(p)h oxidation in spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaf mitochondria by ph and cations.	essentially chlorophyll-free mitochondria were isolated from green leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv. viking ii). uncoupled oxidation of exogenous nadph (1 mm) to oxygen had an optimum at ph 6.0, and activity was relatively low at ph 7.0, even in the presence of 1 mm-cacl2. there was a proportional increase in the apparent km for nadph with decreasing h+ concentrations, suggesting that nadph protonated on the 2'-phosphate group was the true substrate. exogenous nadh was oxidized by oxyg ...	2014	3937519
bicarbonate, not co2, is the species required for the stimulation of photosystem ii electron transport.	evidence is presented that the bicarbonate ion (hco3-), not co2, h2co3 or co32-, is the species that stimulates electron transport in photosystem ii from spinach (spinacia oleracea). advantage was taken of the ph dependence of the ratio of hco3- to co2 at equilibrium in order to vary effectively the concentration of one species while holding the other constant. the hill reaction was stimulated in direct proportion with the equilibrium hco3- concentration, but it was independent of the equilibriu ...	1986	3942713
efficacy of the rat bioassay for the determination of biologically available vitamin b-6.	research was conducted to evaluate the merits of rat bioassays in studies concerning the bioavailability of vitamin b-6. a protocol was devised, which included pair-feeding and prevention of coprophagy. plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp) was measured by a rapid chromatographic method as an indicator of vitamin b-6 status. pyridoxamine and pyridoxal exhibited 70% molar activity relative to pyridoxine at suboptimal dietary levels. selected foods (spinach, cornmeal and potato) were evaluated at th ...	1986	3944659
synthesis of large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by thylakoid-bound polyribosomes from spinach chloroplasts.	intact chloroplasts were isolated from developing first leaves of spinach. the chloroplasts were broken and separated into an extensively washed membrane (thylakoid) fraction and a soluble (stroma) fraction. the membrane fraction contained polyribosomes with properties similar to those of thylakoid-bound polyribosomes of other organisms. the distribution of mrna for large-subunit ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (ls) was determined by translating rna from chloroplasts, thylakoids, and stroma in ...	1986	3947083
new crystal forms of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from rhodospirillum rubrum.	three crystal forms of the dimeric form of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum have been obtained from the gene product expressed in escherichia coli. form a crystals formed from the quaternary complex comprising enzyme-activator carbamate-mg2+-2'-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate are shown here to be devoid of ligands. in contrast, crystals of the quaternary complex formed with the hexadecameric l8s8 enzyme from spinach conta ...	1986	3959081
purification of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with high specific activity by fast protein liquid chromatography.	a rapid procedure for the purification of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) (ec 4.1.1.39) by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) is described. chloroplasts isolated mechanically from spinach leaves were used as the source of a stromal extract enriched in rubisco. by subsequent fractionation of this extract on ion-exchange fplc, highly purified rubisco (sp act 2.10-2.76 mumol/mg protein x min) was obtained in less than 30 min. the high specific activity and excellen ...	1986	3963387
activation of spinach chloroplast nadp-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by concerted hysteresis.	kinetic analysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase showed that the enhancement of the nadp-linked activity by specific chloroplast modulators is a concerted process; either a selected second metabolite or the couple dithiothreitol/thioredoxin-f lowers the concentration of primary modulators (atp, nadph, inorganic phosphate, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate) required for maximal stimulation (a0.5). organic solvents also stimulate nadp-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the absence of any ...	2014	3963815
kinetics of reduction of clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin by laser photoreduced spinach ferredoxin:nadp+ reductase and free flavins. electron transfer within a protein-protein complex.	the kinetics of reduction of oxidized clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin (rdox) by free flavin semiquinones generated by the laser flash photolysis technique and by spinach ferredoxin:nadp+ reductase (fnr) semiquinone (also produced by flavin semiquinone reduction) have been investigated under anaerobic conditions. 5-deazariboflavin semiquinone (5-drf) rapidly reduces oxidized rubredoxin (rdox) (k = 3.0 x 10(8) m-1 s-1) and oxidized ferredoxin:nadp+ reductase (fnrox) to the semiquinone level (k ...	1985	3968079
a reappraisal of leukocyte dehydroascorbate reductase.	dehydroascorbate reductase (glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase, ec 1.8.5.1) activity was determined in human leukocyte homogenates using a direct spectrophotometric assay. despite previous studies, using a less sensitive coupled assay, which reported that this enzyme was present in leukocytes, we found that neither neutrophil nor chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte extracts had detectable activity. furthermore, when the product was quantitated by hplc, protein-dependent generation c ...	1985	3978119
isolation and characterization of safflower (carthamus tinctorius l.) chloroplast dna.	safflower (carthamus tinctorius l.) chloroplasts were isolated and purified with the aid of commercially available nylon mesh, differential centrifugation, and dnase i treatment. these chloroplasts were free of nuclei as determined by light microscopy of aceto orcein stained preparations, and similar to those observed by electron microscopy in spinach and many other higher plants, being bounded by a double membrane layer and characterized by the presence of a lamellar system surrounded by embedd ...	1985	3982399
localization and synthesis of prenylquinones in isolated outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts.	the prenylquinone content and biosynthetic capabilities of membrane fractions enriched in outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts were analyzed. both envelope membranes contain prenylquinones, and in almost similar amounts (on a protein basis). however, the outer envelope membrane contains more alpha-tocopherol than the inner one although this prenylquinone is the major one in both fractions. on the contrary, plastoquinone-9 is present in higher amounts in the inner envelope ...	2014	3985624
localization of phosphatidylcholine in outer envelope membrane of spinach chloroplasts.	we have examined the effects of phospholipase c from bacillus cereus on the extent of phospholipid hydrolysis in envelope membrane vesicles and in intact chloroplasts. when isolated envelope vesicles were incubated in presence of phospholipase c, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, but not phosphatidylinositol, were totally converted into diacylglycerol if they were available to the enzyme (i.e., when the vesicles were sonicated in presence of phospholipase c). these experiments demons ...	1985	3988805
trace element solubility from food following enzymolysis.	food items were treated with enzymes simulating gastric and intestinal digestive juices and the amounts of soluble lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, and copper, were determined. enzyme treatment was conducted in two stages involving (i) pepsin at ph 2,5 followed by (ii) pancreatin and amylase at neutral ph. solubility was determined after each stage and additionally after post enzymolysis acidification. the foods examined comprised wholemeal bread, spinach, canned tomato, ox liver, pig kidney, canned c ...	1985	4002861
biosynthesis of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol in higher plants: the origin of the diacylglycerol moiety.	the positional distribution of fatty acids in chloroplast polar lipids and phosphatidylcholine from leaves of four plants has been measured in order to determine the origin of the diacylglycerol (dag) moieties of each lipid. in spinach and tobacco, the dag of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (sqdg), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) and digalactosylglycerol (dgdg) were derived partly from the chloroplast and partly from the cytoplasm. the contribution of the chloroplast pathway differed for each ...	1985	4026308
principal component analysis for a better understanding of the herbicidal effectivity of some benzonitriles.	to gain more insight in mode of action of ten different 4-hydroxy-benzonitrile derivatives, their biological activities in eight bioassays, and their lipophilicity and adsorptivity determined by thin-layer chromatography in nine different systems were subjected to principal component analysis. four background components explained about 90% of total variance. only three of eight biological activities, the inhibition of the 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reduction by spinach and wheat chloroplasts ...	2014	4029599
isolation of l8 and l8s8 forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from chromatium vinosum.	the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase has been purified from chromatium vinosum. when an extract is subjected to centrifugation at 35,000 x g in the presence of polyethylene glycol (peg)-6000 and the supernatant is treated with 50 mm mg2+ and the precipitate is then fractionated by vertical centrifugation into a reoriented sucrose gradient followed by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (deae)-sephadex a50, the resultant enzyme contains large (l) and small (s) subunits. alternat ...	1985	4037978
photosynthesis-related infrared light transmission changes in spinach leaf segments.	the time courses of infrared light transmission changes and fluorescence induced by light in spinach leaf segments were measured. the illumination by red light exhibited a complex wave pattern. the transmission approached the baseline after repeating decreases and increases. illumination by far-red light decreased the transmission. one of the differences between the two responses was the difference between the two amplitudes of the first increasing component. the component in the red light respo ...	2014	4051506
stromal protein phosphorylation in spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts.	when intact spinach chloroplasts were supplied with [32p]pi, stromal protein phosphorylation was found to occur in the dark. on illumination the thylakoid protein kinase was activated and the amount of label found in thylakoid proteins quickly exceeded that incorporated into stromal protein, such that the latter was found to account for only 10-15% of the total radioactivity bound to chloroplast proteins after 5 min illumination. the rate of phosphorylation of stromal polypeptides was unchanged ...	1985	4062895
spectrophotometric studies on alkaline isomerization of spinach ferredoxin.	the gross protein structure, the microenvironment of the iron-sulfur cluster, and the effect of neutral salts on the molecular structure of spinach ferredoxin were studied by cd and absorption spectroscopy in the alkaline ph range. in the ph range of 7-11, the existence of reversible isomerization which consisted of at least two proton dissociation processes was indicated by the statical cd and absorption spectra. the cd changes in the visible and far-uv regions were dramatic upon elevation of t ...	2014	4077848
the role of tungsten in the inhibition of nitrate reductase activity in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaves.		1971	4107835