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variant-specific monoclonal and group-specific polyclonal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibodies raised with synthetic peptides from the gp120 third variable domain.the third variable (v3) domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) external membrane glycoprotein gp120 is of crucial importance in eliciting neutralizing antibodies in infected persons. polyclonal (pab) and monoclonal (mab) antibodies directed against selected epitopes in the v3 domain are valuable tools for analysis of the involvement of such sequences in neutralization and for definition of the relation between amino acid variability and immunological cross-reactions. the aim o ...19921637373
human infection by genetically diverse sivsm-related hiv-2 in west africa.our understanding of the biology and origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) derives from studies of cultured isolates from urban populations experiencing epidemic infection and disease. to test the hypothesis that such isolates might represent only a subset of a larger, genetically more diverse group of viruses, we used nested polymerase chain reactions to characterize hiv-2 sequences in uncultured mononuclear blood cells of two healthy liberian agricultural workers, from whom vi ...19921641038
factors associated with urban gay men's treatment initiation decisions for hiv infection.while a public health emphasis on primary prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection continues, it is recognized that large numbers of individuals are already infected. efforts at secondary prevention focus on early medical intervention and may be effective in slowing progression to a diagnosis of aids. understanding the factors that promote or impede seropositive individuals from receiving prompt medical treatment and complying with treatment regimens is essential to prolonging ...19921642958
the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on tuberculosis in young men in seattle-king county, washington.we conducted a population-based case-control study to determine the magnitude of the excess risk of tuberculosis in those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in seattle-king county, washington. patients were 39 of the 54 cases of tuberculosis in white and in black (including hispanic) men aged 20 through 49 reported to the seattle-king county department of public health between january 1986 and june 1988. controls were 34 white and black men of similar age who had tuberculin tes ...19921643928
multicentric kaposi's sarcoma in a 5-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-negative renal allograft recipient.we describe the clinical and pathologic features of a case of pediatric multicentric kaposi's sarcoma (ks) associated with allograft transplantation in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative child. a lethal polyadenopathic and visceral ks occurred in a 5-year-old caribbean boy who had undergone an allogenic renal transplantation for diffuse mesangial sclerosis with end-stage renal failure 4 months previously. the hiv-1 and hiv-2 serologies were negative. despite its rarity, ks must be con ...19921644441
complementation of human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein mutations in trans.the external glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) (gp120) and hiv-2 (gp105) are responsible for binding the cellular receptor cd4. the proteins are functionally identical although their affinity for cd4 varies, with gp120 binding 10- to 20-fold more efficiently than gp105. to investigate the structural requirements for cd4 binding in each molecule we have constructed a number of hybrid glycoproteins in which sequences are exchanged between the two molecules via conserved ...19921645136
alpha-(1-3)- and alpha-(1-6)-d-mannose-specific plant lectins are markedly inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus infections in vitro.the alpha-(1-3)-d-mannose- and alpha-(1-6)-d-mannose-specific agglutinins (lectins) from galanthus nivalis, hippeastrum hybrid, narcissus pseudonarcissus, and listera ovata inhibited infection of mt-4 cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus at concentrations comparable to the concentrations at which dextran sulfate (molecular weight, 5,000 [ds-5000]) inhibits these viruses (50% effective concentration, 0.2 to 0.6 microgram/ml). unli ...19911645507
full-length and truncated versions of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) x protein (px) transactivate the cmyc protooncogene at the transcriptional level.the products of the human hepatitis b virus (hbv) and woodchuck hepatitis b virus x genes (pxs) transactivate homologous and heterologous genes including the hbv-x and core promoters, the human immunodeficiency viruses 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeats and the beta interferon regulatory sequences. we report here that px is also able to influence the expression of both extrachromosomal transfected c-myc regulatory sequences and endogenous c-myc gene. px acts by increasing transcriptio ...19911645550
effect of intron a from human cytomegalovirus (towne) immediate-early gene on heterologous expression in mammalian cells.a 2.4 kb fragment of hcmv (towne strain), containing the 5' end of the major immediate-early gene, has been cloned, sequenced, and used to construct a series of mammalian cell expression plasmids. the effects of regulatory regions present on this fragment were assessed using human glycoproteins as reporter molecules. we compared secreted levels of factor viii, t-pa, and hiv-1 envelope glycoproteins in cells transfected with plasmids in which intron a of the immediate-early gene was present or ab ...19911650459
antibodies to gag gene coded polypeptides of type d retroviruses in healthy people from guinea-bissau.antibodies to proteins of mason-pfizer monkey virus (m-pmv) were screened in sera from 61 healthy donors living in guinea-bissau (4 hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibody positive hiv = human immunodeficiency virus), from 19 healthy french european blood donors, and from 9 french patients with induced immunodeficiency prior to bone marrow transplantation (all hiv-1 antibody negative). in 30 (49%) of the african sera tested, antibodies reacting against p27 and/or p14 were detected by western blot. some of thes ...19911650766
identification of a putative cellular receptor for the lentivirus visna virus.one mechanism by which viral tropism may be controlled is by the expression of a specific virus receptor on the cell surface. this paper reports the identification of a putative cellular receptor for visna virus, the prototype virus of the family lentiviridae. using a virus overlay protein blot assay we identified a group of polypeptides of apparent mr 30k to 33k which interacts with visna virus and is present on permissive but not non-permissive cells. a rat polyclonal anti-ovine major histocom ...19911651984
evidence for molecular subtypes of hiv-associated lymphoma: division into peripheral monoclonal, polyclonal and central nervous system lymphoma.the pathogenesis of the hiv-associated lymphomas is not well understood. in order to begin characterizing this class of lymphoma, we initiated a molecular genetic study of dna extracted from 31 diagnostic biopsy specimens from patients diagnosed with aids-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma. analysis of 25 peripheral lymphomas showed that 14 were monoclonal b-cell processes, while 11 appeared to be of polyclonal origin. five of the 14 monoclonal lymphomas were found to have rearrangements of the c ...19911652978
genomic polymorphism, growth properties, and immunologic variations in human herpesvirus-6 isolates.fifteen human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) isolates from normal donors and patients with aids, systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, collagen-vascular disease, leukopenia, bone marrow transplants, exanthem subitum (roseola), and atypical polyclonal lymphoproliferation were studied for their tropism to fresh human cord blood mononuclear cells, growth in continuous t cell lines, reactivity to monoclonal antibodies, and by restriction enzyme banding patterns. all isolates replicated effi ...19911653487
functional analysis of long terminal repeats derived from four strains of simian immunodeficiency virus sivagm in relation to other primate lentiviruses.the promoter activity of long terminal repeats (ltrs) of four strains of the simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from african green monkeys (sivagm) was compared with those of various ltrs derived from the other representative primate lentiviruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), siv from a rhesus monkey (sivmac), and siv from a mandrill (sivmnd). the expression of the ltrs was evaluated by monitoring chloramphenicol acetyltransferase production after transfection ...19911656599
photoinactivation of viruses in human fresh plasma by phenothiazine dyes in combination with visible light.we developed a photodynamic method to inactivate viruses in human fresh plasma. single plasma bags were illuminated with visible light in the presence of low doses of phenothiazine dyes like methylene blue or toluidine blue. by this treatment the infectivity of different enveloped viruses including the causative agent of aids, hiv-1, was completely removable from the plasma. non enveloped viruses, however, proved to be more stable. the activities of clotting factors and other plasma proteins wer ...19911656610
non calcific vasculopathy in the basal ganglia.stripes of high echogenicity in the basal ganglia of infants have been rarely observed on cerebral ultrasound. these lesions, which appear to be due to a non calcific vasculopathy, are caused, in the majority of cases, by congenital infections and trisomy 13. we describe four infants with the characteristic ultrasonic appearance of this vasculopathy. two children had cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection, one a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the fourth child who presented a malformation ...19911658431
antiviral activity of the photoactive plant pigment hypericin.the polycyclic compound hypericin, a known photodynamic agent, was investigated for antiviral activity in the presence and absence of light. the three viruses tested: murine cytomegalovirus; sindbis virus; and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, were all susceptible to hypericin; but these antiviral activities were considerably enhanced, in a dose-dependent manner, by exposure to light.19911658826
recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis b virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures.this document has been developed by the centers for disease control (cdc) to update recommendations for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the health-care setting. current data suggest that the risk for such transmission from a health-care worker (hcw) to a patient during an invasive procedure is small; a precise assessment of the risk is not yet available. this document contains recommendations to provide guidance for prevention of hi ...19911659315
health care workers with aids. national surveillance update.to characterize health care workers with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the united states and to evaluate the role of occupational transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).19911660544
the first decade of human retroviruses: a nomenclature for the clinician.the decade of the 1980s has provided at least 10 terms for human retroviruses, of which five are currently recognized as defining distinct human infectious disease agents. of these five, three are human t-cell lymphotropic viruses (htlv-i, htlv-ii, htlv-v) and two are human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2). hiv-1 and hiv-2 can cause the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), whereas htlv-i, htlv-ii, and htlv-v do not. htlv-i can cause a t-cell leukemia/lymphoma as well as a progressiv ...19911660967
serological prevalence of hepatitis c virus in a population of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 19911661417
hepatitis c infection in the health care setting. i. low risk from parenteral exposure to blood of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.many patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have also been infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv). to understand better the epidemiology of hcv infection in the health care setting, hcv antibody testing was done for 125 health care workers who had experienced parenteral exposures to blood of hiv-infected patients and for 33 control health care workers without such exposures. of the 158 health care workers studied, two (1.3%) had positive tests for hcv, both on the baseline ser ...19911661566
transactivation of heterologous promoters by hiv-1 tat.to determine whether hiv-1 tat can transactivate a heterologous promoter lacking hiv sequences other than the tar element, tar was placed downstream of the chicken beta-actin promoter. tat increased expression directed by the actin-tar promoter to a degree equal to tat induction of the hiv-1 ltr. optimal transactivation was observed when tar was positioned downstream of the actin promoter such that the expected cap site of transcripts from this promoter would be the same as in transcripts direct ...19911662814
in vitro evaluation of the synergistic antiviral effects of acemannan in combination with azidothymidine and acyclovir.the antiviral effects of selected combinations between acemannan (ace-m), a long-chained, polydispersed, beta-(1,4)-acetylated mannan, were tested in combination with azidothymidine (azt) and acyclovir (acy) in vitro. the rationale for such combinations was based on the antiviral and immunomodulatory properties exhibited by ace-m. in addition, the observed antiviral effects of ace-m against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other enveloped viruses appear to be related to modificati ...19911662957
rna pseudoknots downstream of the frameshift sites of retroviruses.rna pseudoknot structural motifs could have implications for a wide range of biological processes of rnas. in this study, the potential rna pseudoknots just downstream from the known and suspected retroviral frame-shift sites were predicted in the rous sarcoma virus, primate immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv), equine infectious anemia virus, visna virus, bovine leukemia virus, human t-cell leukemia virus (types i and ii), mouse mammary tumor virus, mason-pfizer monkey virus, and si ...19911663382
interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type i rev protein with nuclear scaffold nucleoside triphosphatase activity.human immunodeficiency virus type i encodes a regulatory protein, termed rev, which is associated with the appearance of unspliced and partially spliced viral rnas in the cytoplasm. rev is believed to function via interaction with a sequence element in the env region of the viral rna, termed the rev-responsive element (rre). in this study, we use a stably transfected, rev-producing mouse cell line to show that low, functional levels of rev are associated with the nuclear scaffold (ns). immunohis ...19911667585
how can epidemiology assist in guiding interventions for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus?in a single decade, the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has become an international health, social, and economic emergency. early and effective intervention is urgently needed for both prevention of hiv infection and for the amelioration of clinical disease. results of therapeutic trials have suggested expanding the population for which chemotherapy is indicated. in this paper, we first review the findings from selected recent drug trials, using zidovudine and pentamidin ...19901669495
neurotropism of human immunodeficiency virus.three major characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection define hiv as neurotropic. 1) clinically, distinct neurological syndromes are associated with hiv infection and 2) presence of the virus as well as 3) pathological changes can be demonstrated in the central nervous system. spread of hiv to the brain seems to be the general rule. virus expression appears to be restricted during the asymptomatic period but increases with severity of hiv infection. whether this reflects the ...19911669707
hiv-2 in the united kingdom--a review.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was first recognised in 1986 and subsequently the infection was shown to be widespread in west africa. there have been few case reports from countries outside the african continent. in north america and europe the highest number of infections have been in portugal and france. twelve hiv-2 infections have been identified in the united kingdom (uk) and nine of the twelve had some connection with africa, mostly west africa; in three cases only "sub-sahara ...19911669765
prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 19911669802
value of lymph node biopsy in the treatment of patients with the human immunodeficiency virus.the indications and value of lymph node biopsy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are not clearly defined. we reviewed 29 consecutive lymph node biopsies performed on 24 patients with the hiv over a 4-year period. indications for biopsy included: (1) new or worsening medical symptoms with no detectable etiology in patients with lymphadenopathy, (2) disproportionately larger or enlarging lymph node in patients with generalized adenopathy, and (3) exclusion of concomi ...19911670231
the evolution of lymphadenopathy and hypergammaglobulinemia are evidence for early and sustained polyclonal b lymphocyte activation during human immunodeficiency virus infection.to examine whether polyclonal activation of b lymphocytes as measured by hypergammaglobulinemia contributes to lymphadenopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, correlates of adenopathy were examined in 240 homosexual men. lymph node size was measured in 12 sites semiannually over 4 years. both adenopathy and hyperglobulinemia developed within 1 year after seroconversion and persisted at high levels. adenopathy declined near diagnosis of aids whereas serum igg decreased 8-16 month ...19911671053
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in cd4+ t lymphocytes genetically deficient in lfa-1: lfa-1 is required for hiv-mediated cell fusion but not for viral transmission.in the present study, we demonstrated that expression of the lfa-1 molecule is necessary for cell fusion and syncytia formation in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected cd4+ t lymphocytes. in contrast, the lack of expression of lfa-1 does not influence significantly cell-to-cell transmission of hiv. in fact, lfa-1- t lymphocytes obtained from a leukocyte adhesion deficiency patient were unable to fuse and form syncytia when infected with hiv-1 or hiv-2, despite the fact that efficiency of ...19911671082
depression, distress, lymphocyte subsets, and human immunodeficiency virus symptoms on two occasions in hiv-positive homosexual men.we evaluated the extent to which depressive disorders, psychiatric distress, and psychosocial stressors are related to three measures of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) illness, both cross-sectionally and during a 6-month period, in a community sample of 124 hiv-positive homosexual men. the dependent variables are immune status measured by cd4 and cd8 cell subsets, number of signs and symptoms commonly associated with hiv infection, and a cumulative index of hiv illness stage. we chose to foc ...19911671196
multidisciplinary baseline assessment of homosexual men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. iii. neurologic and neuropsychological findings.we explored the possibility that neurologic and neuropsychological changes constitute the earliest detectable manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. without knowledge of hiv status, we assessed neurologic signs and symptoms and administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to 208 homosexual men, of whom 84 were hiv negative, 49 were hiv positive and asymptomatic, 29 were mildly symptomatic, and 46 had significant medical symptoms but not the acquired immunodeficienc ...19911671199
human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. a unique dermatosis associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.we studied 13 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and a chronic pruritic folliculitis that was unresponsive to systemic treatment with bactericidal anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. the skin eruption was characterized by multiple urticarial follicular papules scattered on the trunk (100%), the head and neck (85%), and the proximal aspect of the extremities (62%). absolute peripheral eosinophil counts were increased in six of 13 patients; a relative peripheral eosinophilia w ...19911671328
report of an expert panel on the public health laboratory role in early intervention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections.a coordinated national effort to control the hiv epidemic based on an early intervention model must be initiated. this national strategy will provide for an effective distribution, application, and utilization of limited federal, state, and local resources.19911671717
a hospital-based prospective study of perinatal infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.most infants with pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are infected perinatally by their mothers. to determine the proportion of exposed infants who are infected, we conducted a hospital-based prospective study in hiv-1-infected women whose infants were delivered at a single metropolitan hospital in miami, fla. a population of uninfected women and their infants was also enrolled and followed longitudinally for 2 years to ass ...19911671878
depletion of muscle mitochondrial dna in aids patients with zidovudine-induced myopathy.long-term zidovudine therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection can cause a destructive mitochondrial myopathy with histological features of ragged-red fibres (rrf) and proliferation of abnormal mitochondria. in 9 zidovudine-treated patients with this myopathy we found severely reduced amounts (up to 78% reduction vs normal adult controls) of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in muscle biopsy specimens by means of southern blotting. in 2 hiv-positive patients who had not recei ...19911671889
specific cell surface requirements for the infection of cd4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by simian immunodeficiency virus.human cd4 was expressed on a range of mammalian cell lines. cd4+ non-primate cells, derived from rat, hamster, mink, cat, and rabbit, bind recombinant gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) but are resistant to hiv-1 infection. cd4 expression on various human, rhesus, and african green monkey cell lines confers differential susceptibilities for hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency (siv) strains. for example, cd4+ te671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells are sensitive to hiv-1 and hiv-2 bu ...19911673040
primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected people with cd4 counts below 200/mm3: a cost-effectiveness analysis.we developed a decision-analytic model to assess the effectiveness and costs of dapsone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or aerosolized pentamidine as initial prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected people without prior symptoms aids and with cd4 counts less than 200/mm3. each strategy increased life expectancy by about 18% compared with no prophylaxis; annual per-person costs were $440, $700, and $1,680 for dapsone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a ...19911673157
comparison of spinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin levels with cd4+ t cell count, in vitro t helper cell function, and spinal fluid igg parameters in 163 neurologically normal adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1.beta 2-microglobulin levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum of 163 human immunodeficiency virus-positive (hiv+) persons with normal neurologic physical examinations. none were on antiretroviral therapy. only 3% had a positive csf hiv p24 antigen test. the csf beta 2-microglobulin levels increased as the cd4+ t cell count decreased. intrathecal production of beta 2-microglobulin was suggested by finding csf concentrations greater than serum concentrations in 15% of patien ...19911673466
brain growth and cognitive improvement in children with human immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalopathy after 6 months of continuous infusion zidovudine therapy.the ventricular area at the level of the foramen of monro was measured from axial x-ray computed tomography (ct) scans obtained prior to and 6 months after the initiation of continuous infusion of zidovudine (zdv) in eight children with human immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalopathy. evidence of moderate to severe central atrophy was present on initial ct scans (p less than 0.05). ventricular area and ventricular brain area ratio (vbr) decreased after zdv therapy in seven of eight children ...19911673712
acute rheumatic fever in human immunodeficiency virus infection.a 25-year-old homosexual man with a childhood history of rheumatic heart disease presented with painful joints, fever and chest pain. he was diagnosed as having acute rheumatic fever and was found to be hiv antibody-positive. his illness responded to conventional treatment but he had a persistently low cd4 lymphocyte count and was started on zidovudine. interpretation of the significance of a low cd4 lymphocyte count is problematic in a patient with coincident rheumatic fever and hiv infection a ...19911673990
human immunodeficiency virus infection does not alter serum transaminases and hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna in homosexual patients with chronic hbv infection.the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection on the clinical course of chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is controversial. we followed a cohort of 64 homosexual men with persistent hbs antigenemia for a median of 24 months in the hepatitis clinic of a large urban public hospital. we divided the patients into three groups according to their immune status. group 1 (n = 13) consisted of hiv-seropositive men with evidence of immunosuppression; group 2 (n = 17), hiv-positive ...19911674196
field evaluation of alternative hiv testing strategy with a rapid immunobinding assay and an agglutination assay.a rapid immunobinding assay ('hivchek', ortho) and an agglutination assay ('serodia-hiv', fujirebio) were evaluated as an alternative to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot under field conditions in africa for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). 7106 specimens were tested at 25 laboratories in kenya, ghana, senegal, and zaire. hivchek was used as a screening test, and serodia-hiv as a supplemental test to evaluate these assays in an alternative tes ...19911674306
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nl4-3 replication in four t-cell lines: rate and efficiency of entry, a major determinant of permissiveness.single-cycle infections have been used to study the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) life cycle in cd4+ t-cell lines that differ in their permissiveness for infection. in single-cycle infections of highly permissive c8166 cells, 50% of the infectious units escaped being blocked by a monoclonal antibody against the virus binding site on cd4 (leu3a) within 30 min. in contrast, 50% of the infectious units for three less permissive cell lines (h9, a3.01, and jurkat) required 4 h to escape ...19911674969
selective inhibitory activity of polyhydroxycarboxylates derived from phenolic compounds against human immunodeficiency virus replication.polyhydroxycarboxylates (mw: 3,800-14,000) derived from phenolic (pdp) compounds have been found to inhibit the cytopathicity of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells at concentrations that are not toxic to the host cells. the pdp compounds also inhibited syncytium formation in cocultures of molt-4 cells with hiv-1- or hiv-2-infected hut-78 cells. they also interfered with the binding of okt4a/leu3a monoclonal antibody (mab) to the cd4 receptor, the binding of anti-gp120 mab to hiv-1 gp120, and attachme ...19911675677
viral and cellular gene expression in cd4+ human lymphoid cell lines infected by the simian immunodeficiency virus, siv/mne.our laboratory has undertaken an analysis of cellular and viral gene expression in cd4+ human lymphoid cell lines infected by the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, hiv-1 and siv/mne, respectively. the purpose of the current study was to: (i) examine the effects of siv/mne infection on host macromolecular synthesis and compare the results to those in the hiv-1 system; and (ii) investigate the mechanisms responsible for the restriction of siv/mne infection in cd4 positive lymphoid cells w ...19911675822
antibody response to the negative regulatory factor (nef) in experimentally infected macaques: correlation with viremia, disease progression, and seroconversion to structural viral proteins.the antibody response to structural and regulatory viral proteins was studied in 14 rhesus (macaca mulatta) and 6 cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) macaques experimentally infected with hiv-2 or sivmac. to investigate the humoral antibody response to the negative regulatory factor (nef), the recombinant protein was expressed to high levels with recombinant vaccinia virus (vv). nef-specific antibodies were detected in 14 of 20 infected macaques (70%). in sera of all infected monkeys antibodies dir ...19911675823
rheumatic manifestations in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. 19911675851
a phase i/ii trial of zidovudine, interferon-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.twenty-four patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) who had cd4+ counts of 0.2-0.5 x 10(9) cells/l received granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) in combination with zidovudine plus escalating doses of daily subcutaneous interferon-alpha. mean neutropenia-inducing doses of interferon-alpha were 9.4 x 10(6) and 10.6 x 10(6) iu/day for groups receiving 100 or 200 mg zidovudine every 4 h, respectively. mean gm-csf doses used to reverse neutropenia were ...19911676045
treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.herpes zoster results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. it is most common in elderly patients and immunosuppressed patients, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. zoster is often the earliest indicator of hiv infection. the acute course of herpes zoster is generally benign, but systemic complications may be fatal. postherpetic neuralgia is the major chronic complication and is a difficult management problem. high-dose acyclovir (800 mg orally five ...19911676237
correlation of spontaneous suppressor cell activity with progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection.the immune system has been extensively evaluated in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the central role of the t-helper (cd4) cell in the immunopathogenesis of aids and the immunologic markers that can predict human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease progression have been described. however, the potential influence of suppressor cells in this disease process has not been clearly addressed. spontaneous suppressor cell activity (ssca) was evaluated in 78 patients with documented hiv ...19911676898
pharmacokinetics of r 82913 in patients with aids or aids-related complex.r 82913, a tetrahydroimidazobenzodiazepinthione (tibo) derivative with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) in vitro, was given to 22 patients with aids or aids-related complex in a dose-escalating pilot study. doses of 10 to 300 mg administered daily by intravenous infusion were well tolerated for up to 50 weeks, with no haematological or biochemical evidence of toxicity. mean okt4 cell count rose slightly during the second month of treatment when higher steady-state p ...19911677064
predictive value of cd4 lymphocyte numbers for the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies in hiv-infected persons.infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) results in progressive depletion of the cd4 subset t-lymphocytes and the development of opportunistic infections and certain malignancies. charts were reviewed for 185 hiv-infected individuals with 265 aids-defining illnesses (adis) who had t-lymphocyte subset analyses performed within 2 months prior to or 1 month following the diagnosis. also included were 22 hiv-infected patients with oral candidiasis and 20 with asymptomatic infection. sig ...19911677419
prevention of hiv-2 and sivsm infection by passive immunization in cynomolgus monkeys.infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are useful models for studies of immunotherapy and vaccination against hiv as well as for testing of antiviral drugs. vaccine research showing protective immunity in immunized monkeys has indicated that it will be possible to develop a vaccine for prevention of human hiv infection, although many hurdles remain. the design of an hiv vaccine would be helped if the basis of the protective ...19911677743
evidence of brain methyltransferase inhibition and early brain involvement in hiv-positive patients.the myelopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection closely resembles that in subacute combined degeneration, a disorder of vitamin b12 metabolism. to investigate whether the disorders share a pathogenetic mechanism, s-adenosylmethionine (sam) and s-adenosylhomocysteine (sah) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of 20 hiv-seropositive patients and 30 hiv-negative patients who were undergoing lumbar puncture for other medical reasons. the hiv-seropositive patient ...19911678030
generation of hybrid human immunodeficiency virus utilizing the cotransfection method and analysis of cellular tropism.human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) isolated from infected individuals show tremendous genetic and biologic diversity. to delineate the genetic determinants underlying specific biologic characteristics, such as rate of replication, cytopathic effects, and ability to infect macrophages and t4 lymphoid cells, generation of hybrid hiv using viruses which exhibit distinct biologic features is essential. to develop methods for generating hybrid hiv, we constructed truncated hiv proviral dna plasmids ...19911678438
hiv proteins absent from placentas of 75 hiv-1-positive women studied by immunohistochemistry.recent epidemiological and virological data suggest that the incidence of maternofetal transmission of hiv-1 infection is between 20 and 30%. the available evidence points to a possible role of peri- and postnatal contamination, but the isolation of hiv from fetuses shows that transplacental transmission also occurs. we attempted to detect, by means of an immunohistochemical method, hiv proteins in frozen placentas from 75 hiv-1-positive women (30 at term, 45 induced abortions). in addition, in ...19911679334
peripheral facial nerve palsy related to hiv infection: relationship with the immunological status and the hiv staging in central africa.twelve cases of infranuclear facial nerve palsy associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in the heterosexual african are reported with clinical and immunological studies. eight cases were healthy hiv carriers, three patients manifested aids-related complex and one case fulfilled the cdc criteria for aids. nine patients had a typical bell's palsy, two presented cephalic herpes zoster infection with ramsay hunt syndrome and one, who suffered from progressive facial weakness, c ...19911680026
cd8+ t cells from hiv-1-infected individuals inhibit acute infection by human and primate immunodeficiency viruses.t lymphocytes expressing the cd8 surface antigen block hiv replication in cd4+ peripheral blood cells from hiv-infected individuals. we report here that cd4+ cells from hiv seronegative donors, when infected in vitro with hiv, also do not replicate virus when cocultured with cd8+ t cells from hiv-infected individuals. cd8+ cells from hiv-uninfected donors did not show this effect on virus replication. hla-restriction of the antiviral response was not observed, and virus-containing cells were not ...19911680028
folic acid absorption in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.to determine the folic acid absorption characteristics of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, a prospective, controlled, result-blind single-dose oral absorption study was conducted. a total of 25 subjects were fasted and given 5 mg oral folic acid; blood samples were taken at time zero and after 30, 60, 90 and 180 min. absorption of folic acid appears to be significantly impaired in hiv disease, irrespective of the stage of the disease and notwithstanding gastro-intestin ...19911680150
n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminyl-binding properties of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.the effect of carbohydrate structures on the adsorption of hiv-1 or of recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp 160 (rgp 160) to cells of the cem line was investigated with an indirect immunofluorescence assay using gp 120-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to envelope gp 120. the beta-d-galactosyl, alpha-d-mannosyl, beta-d-glucosyl, n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminyl, sialosyl, and l-fucosyl derivatives tested had no effect on this binding. however, preincubation of hiv-1 (or rgp 160) w ...19911682045
clinical documentation and occurrence of putative periodontopathic bacteria in human immunodeficiency virus-associated periodontal disease.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated gingivitis (hiv-g) and hiv-associated periodontitis (hiv-p) are two intraoral lesions manifested by patients with hiv infection. periodontal indices were measured for 87 subjects in 5 study groups: hiv-seropositive patients with healthy periodontium (hiv-h), with hiv-g, or with hiv-p; and non-hiv-infected subjects with healthy periodontium (h) or with adult chronic periodontitis (p). the quantitative clinical parameters were compared and statisticall ...19911682437
noninfectious doughnut-shaped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can induce syncytia mediated by fusion of the particles with cd4-positive cells.a defective doughnut-shaped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-producing cell clone (designated as l-2) was isolated from persistently hiv-1-infected mt-4 cells. the syncytium-forming capacity of the cell and virus particle fractions was examined in human cd4-positive t cells. several cell lines producing infectious hiv-1 particles, such as persistently hiv-1-infected molt-4 (molt-4/hiv-1) cells, were used as controls. syncytia were formed within 20 h by the cell fraction of both l-2 an ...19911682474
antibody responses to haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection.persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are at increased risk for serious infections caused by haemophilus influenzae, yet there are few data on their antibody responses to the h. influenzae type b vaccines.19911683682
the cytopathic effect of hiv is associated with apoptosis.large amounts of histones, h1, h2a, h2b, h3, and h4, were observed in total extracts of t4 lymphocytes and derived cell lines infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 or type 2. these histones were simply detectable by analysis of crude cellular extracts by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sds and staining the proteins with coomassie blue or by immunoblot assays using specific polyclonal antibodies. the histones were found to be localized in the nucleoplasm, bound to low ...19911683728
a mathematical model of vaccination against hiv to prevent the development of aids.vaccination and post-exposure immunization against the human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) faces the problem of the extensive genetic and antigenic variability of these viruses. this raises the question of what fraction of all possible antigen strains of the virus must be recognized by the immune response to a vaccine to prevent development of acquired immunodeficiency disease (aids). the success of a vaccine can depend on the variability of the target epitopes. the different hiv va ...19911685238
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigenaemia is enhanced in patients with disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and deficient t lymphocytes.we have studied 61 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) regarding the relationships between disseminated cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection with cmv retinitis, hiv1 antigenaemia and cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell deficiency. hiv1 p24 antigenaemia was present in all patients with cmv retinitis (at a high concentration), but in only 28% of patients without retinitis (at a low concentration). compared to patients without retinitis, those patients who developed retinitis had lower cd4+ and ...19911686664
the role of interferons in the control of hiv replication in macrophages.interferons can suppress the replication of certain retroviruses, including oncogenic murine retroviruses. in recent studies of the lentivirinae subfamily of retroviridae, an endogenous, immunologically induced interferon was found to restrict the replication of visna in macrophages. several studies have shown that the replication of a human lentivirus, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is also susceptible to interferon control. here we review the evidence that interferons can protect macr ...19901688522
additional commercial gammaglobulin preparations found with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. 19901688600
potent and selective inhibition of hiv-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of tibo derivatives.in the search for compounds active against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), we have found that members of a novel series of tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepine-2(1h)-one and -thione (tibo) derivatives inhibit the replication of hiv-1, the main aetiological agent of aids, but not of hiv-2, or of any other dna or rna viruses. in five cell systems, hiv-1 is inhibited by tibo derivatives in nanomolar amounts, which are 10(4)-10(5) times lower than the cytotoxic concentration. the unp ...19901689015
characterization of monoclonal antibodies that distinguish simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from each other and from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against p27 and one against p17 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from rhesus macaques were produced and characterized by reacting with disrupted, viral antigens on immunoblots. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2 and siv isolates from sooty mangabey, stump-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque and african green monkey (sivsm, sivstm, sivmac and sivagm) were used for comparative analysis. the p27 monoclonal antibodies he3 and fa2 reacted with sivmac ...19901689369
[aids vaccines: an enigma in vaccine development].the principles of viral vaccine development and the immune responses to vaccination are described. an effective vaccine should stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses to provide lasting protection against infection and disease. we describe specific problems associated with the development of an aids vaccine i.e. lack of experience with human retroviruses, the integration of the hiv genome in cellular dna, hiv infection of critical cells in the immune system, persistence of hiv in th ...19901689919
establishment of a bioassay to determine serum levels of dextran sulfate and pentosan polysulfate, two potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus.dextran sulfate and pentosan polysulfate are two promising candidate anti-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) drugs that have already been the subject of initial clinical trials in patients with aids. there is at present no reliable assay method to monitor blood drug levels in humans following the administration of either drug. we have now developed a sensitive bioassay system based on the inhibitory activity of the compounds against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in mt-4 cel ...19901690285
infection of human thymic lymphocytes by hiv-1.we have succeeded in infecting human thymic lymphocytes with both the hiv-iiib laboratory strain of hiv-1 as well as with a clinical isolate of this virus. thymic lymphocytes were at least as susceptible to infection by hiv-1 as were cord blood lymphocytes, but appeared to display somewhat greater resistance to the cytopathic effects of the virus. as measured variously by each of indirect immunofluorescence for detection of viral p17, antigen capture assay for the presence of viral p24 in cultur ...19901690286
double immunocytochemical staining for in vivo detection of epitope specificity and isotype of antibody-forming cells against synthetic peptides homologous to human immunodeficiency virus-1.many infections evoke a strong humoral immune response. some (e.g., hiv-1, ebv, cmv) also lead to disorders of the b-cell system. data concerning cell dysfunction are largely derived from in vitro studies, which necessarily exclude all microenvironmental influences. the aim of this study was to develop a tool for the investigation of epitope specific humoral immune responses in vivo. mice were immunized with one of two synthetic peptides, both 21 amino acids long and homologous to regions of the ...19901690764
evidence that hiv-1 gag precursor shares antigenic sites with the major capsid protein of human cytomegalovirus.a rabbit antiserum prepared against disrupted sucrose-banded hiv-1 virus (strain fre-3) reacted with antigens present in nuclear inclusions, pathognomonic for human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). this cross-reactivity was observed in autopsy specimens from individuals infected with cmv, in the presence or absence of co-infection with hiv-1. a towbin immunoassay showed that the serum reacted specifically with the hcmv major capsid protein (mcp, 153 kda), both in the nuclear fraction of infected cells an ...19901691565
5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro.chemotherapeutic agents which affect the integration, stability, or inducibility of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) provirus would have considerable value in treating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. two nucleoside analogs of cytosine, 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine, which seem to have such value because of their capabilities to affect both the stability and the methylation patterns of the nucleic acids into which they are incorporated, were tested for their ability to inhibit th ...19901691617
the budding of defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles from cell clones persistently infected with hiv-1.three cell clones producing large numbers of infectious or noninfectious particles of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), designated m 10/lav-2, m 16/lav-3, and mt/lav-17, were isolated from persistently hiv-1-infected mt-4 cells. in m 10/lav-2, the hiv-1 proteins were defective in the cleavage of gag precursor protein, and the particles were doughnut-shaped with a double-ring structure. these particles were produced by budding at the cell surface from crescentic structures followed by ...19901691624
inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in vitro by anticarbohydrate monoclonal antibodies: peripheral glycosylation of hiv envelope glycoprotein gp120 may be a target for virus neutralization.carbohydrate structures are often involved in the initial adhesion of pathogens to target cells. in the present study, a panel of anticarbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro human immunodeficiency virus infectivity. mabs against three different n- and o-linked carbohydrate epitopes (ley, a1, and sialyl-tn) were able to block infection by cell-free virus as well as inhibit syncytium formation. inhibition of virus infectivity was independent of vi ...19901692349
intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a report of 20 cases.chronic diarrhea accompanied by weight loss is a common and often debilitating problem associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. enterocytozoon bieneusi, a newly identified species of the phylum of protozoa, microspora, has been reported associated with chronic diarrhea and wasting in 11 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients in the united states, europe, and africa. diagnosis has been based solely on the ultrastructural identification of this small, intracellular ...19901692561
production and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, reactive with a conserved epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type i.a human epstein-barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid b-cell line was generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of an asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) seropositive donor, which produces a human monoclonal antibody k14 (igg1), reactive with an epitope on the transmembrane part (gp41) of the envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1. this monoclonal antibody reacts with a lysate of hiv-1-infected h9 cells, gradient purified hiv-1, and a vaccinia recombinant hiv-1 gp160 ...19901692724
prevalence of antibodies to the core protein p17, a serological marker during hiv-1 infection.studies on monitoring the immune response to viral structural proteins during human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection have established the significance of antibodies to the core protein p24 during the progression of the disease. we have studied the prevalence of antibodies to the core protein p17 in order to study their diagnostic and prognostic significance in the pathogenesis of hiv-1. full-length hiv-1 p17, molecularly cloned and expressed in escherichia coli was purified by immunoaffi ...19901692727
in vitro binding and internalization of hiv envelope glycoproteins by human epidermal langerhans cells does not require the cd4-gp120-binding site.langerhans cells (lc) are epidermal dendritic cells which express several surface antigens, among them the cd4 antigens. recent data demonstrated that lc constitute target and storage cells for hiv. to better understand the interactions between hiv and lc, we investigated, in the present work, the fate of hiv envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp160) incubated with healthy human trypsinized lc in suspensions. after trypsin treatment, only the epitope for okt4 appeared to be resistant on lc. in th ...19901693220
computer predictions of antigenic domains in human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein: comparison with reported experimental data.computer analyses of amino acid sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein revealed that antigenic domains in the viral protein can be predicted on the basis of the physical properties of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. relatively high values of surface probability, flexibility, and hydrophilicity were used as markers for domains of putative antigenicity. comparison of the computer-predicted antigenic domains in the hiv-1 envelope with those reported expe ...19901693457
cytotoxic t lymphocytes against hiv.hiv-1 infection has clearly been shown to induce a vigorous ctl response in infected people, and this response is present at a time when immune function otherwise is globally impaired. hiv-1-specific ctl are detectable both in peripheral blood and tissues of infected people, and are aimed at multiple viral proteins. the precise epitopes recognized by these ctl are now being defined, and the establishment of ctl clones should facilitate further functional analysis of these cells. however, the cen ...19901693514
differences in the interaction of hiv-1 and hiv-2 with cd4.inhibition of infectivity, cytopathicity, and binding by soluble cd4 was determined for several human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 strains. although infectivity and binding of both groups were blocked equally well by okt4a, hiv-2 viruses were more refractory to inhibition by soluble cd4. rates of envelope shedding, as determined by thermal stability, did not differ between hiv-1 and hiv-2; however, scatchard plot analysis of radiolabeled virus binding revealed that fewer hiv-2 virion ...19901693676
interference with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication by cd8+ t cells in peripheral blood leukocytes of asymptomatic hiv carriers in vitro.a long asymptomatic period is one of the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, despite its fatal consequences. antiviral defense in hiv-infected individuals controls viral replication during this period. in the present study, we demonstrate that peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) of asymptomatic hiv-1 carriers, following exogenous hiv-1 infection in vitro, do not support viral replication. these cells do not produce detectable amounts of reverse transcriptase or accumul ...19901693704
selective virus inhibitors.our recent efforts have been directed at the development of selective inhibitors of different classes of viruses, including adeno, pox, and herpesviruses [herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster (vzv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv)], (+/-)rna viruses (reo- and rotavirus), (-)rna viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, measles, respiratory syncytial, vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus) and retroviruses [i.e. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the ...19901693749
mapping the fine specificity of a cytolytic t cell response to hiv-1 nef protein.epitope mapping of a mhc class i-restricted cytotoxic t cell response to nef, a regulatory protein of hiv, was performed with fresh pbmc from hiv-seropositive donors and target cells pulsed with a panel of overlapping peptides of the nef protein. these nef-specific ctl recognized a synthetic peptide of 10 residues derived from a nonamphipathic, highly conserved region of the nef protein in association with the hla a3.1 molecule. using human cell transfectants expressing mutations of the a3 molec ...19901694201
binding of tat protein to tar region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 blocks tar-mediated activation of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase.the tar sequence of the 5' leader of hiv-1 long terminal repeat-directed mrna was found to be able to bind to and to activate double-stranded rna-dependent (2'-5')a synthetase. binding of tar to the purified synthetase in vitro was abolished by addition of hiv-1 tat protein, which binds to this sequence with a high affinity. inhibition of tar-mediated activation of (2'-5')a synthetase by tat was prevented in the presence of the zn2+ and cd2+ chelators o-phenanthroline and penicillamine, which di ...19901694453
in vitro infection of monocytes with hivba-l. effect on cell surface expression of cd4, cd14, hla-dr, and hla-dq.monocytes from healthy blood donors were inoculated in vitro with a monocyte-tropic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 hivba-l. hiv replication was first detected at day 5 postinoculation, with peak virus activity at day 17. we assessed the kinetics of the expression of four monocyte surface antigens (cd14, cd4, hla-dr, and hla-dq) on hiv-infected and uninfected monocyte/macrophages, (m phi) by flow cytometry. we consistently found a decreased expression of cd4 and cd14 on hiv-infecte ...19901694679
epitope mapping of the hiv-1 gag region with monoclonal antibodies.a new type of immunochemical mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag region was performed. by use of native hiv-1 viral lysates or the gag recombinant p24-15 antigen, a new set of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the gag region proteins was generated. synthetic hiv-1 peptides covering the entire gag region were used to specifically localize the continuous epitopes by direct binding to the mabs and by blocking the mab immunoreactivity. the identified immunogenic epitopes wer ...19901694957
retroviral expression in mononuclear blood cells isolated from a patient with osteopetrosis (albers-schönberg disease).we report the presence of reverse transcriptase activity in the supernatant of long-term culture of mononuclear blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) isolated from a 27-year-old patient suffering from benign osteopetrosis. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity according to the technique of chandra and steel, by chromatography, first on deae-cellulose (de 52) and then on phosphocellulose (p11). after purification, the enzyme was characterized biochemically for its template specificity and ioni ...19901695060
linear b-cell epitopes of the major core protein of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.nine murine monoclonal antibodies directed to the major core protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were obtained and then tested by using an epitope mapping system (pepscan) covering the whole p24hiv1 protein to characterize antigenic domains. four different linear epitopes were identified. monoclonal antibodies recognizing three of these epitopes also reacted to p26hiv2 in western blotting (immunoblotting). a monoclonal antibody specific for the fourth epitope, located at p ...19901696638
human immunodeficiency virus 1: predominance of a group-specific neutralizing epitope that persists despite genetic variation. 19901696869
variants selected by treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells with an immunotoxin.an immunotoxin has been made by coupling anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope antibody 907 to ricin a chain (907-rac). 907 recognizes an epitope within the immunodominant pb-1 loop of gp120. variant cells were selected by cloning persistently infected h9/human t lymphocyte virus iiib cells in the presence of the immunotoxin. clones resistant to 907-rac arose at a frequency of 0.1-1.0%. seven clones were selected for intensive analysis. when studied, these clones fell into two distinc ...19901696955
multiple antigenic epitopes expressed on gag proteins, p26 and p15, of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 as defined with a library of monoclonal antibodies.thirty-two hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibody (mab) against hiv-2[gh-1] were established from mice immunized with np-40-disrupted purified whole virus of a ghanaian isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), strain hiv-2[gh-1]. of these 32 mabs, 20 reacted with p26 and the other mabs recognized p15 of the hiv-2[gh-1] isolate. from the results of serological characterization by these mabs, p26 and p15 were identified as capsid proteins and matrix protein, respectively, of ...19901697178
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