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molecular cytogenetic characterization of a wheat - leymus mollis 3d(3ns) substitution line with resistance to leaf rust.leymus mollis (trin.) pilger (nsnsxmxm, 2n = 28), a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many potentially valuable traits that could be transferred to common wheat during breeding programs. in this study, the karyotypic constitution of a wheat - l. mollis 3d(3ns#1) disomic substitution line isolated from the f5 progeny of octoploid tritileymus m842-16 × triticum durum cv. d4286, which was designated as 10dm57, was determined using genomic in situ hybridization (gish), fluorescent in situ hyb ...201424780618
resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ...201424781155
oligonucleotides replacing the roles of repetitive sequences pas1, psc119.2, pta-535, pta71, ccs1, and pawrc.1 for fish analysis.hybrids derived from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) × rye (secale cereale l.) have been widely studied because of their important roles in wheat cultivar improvement. repetitive sequences pas1, psc119.2, pta-535, pta71, ccs1, and pawrc.1 are usually used as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) analysis of wheat, rye, and hybrids derived from wheat × rye. usually, some of these repetitive sequences for fish analysis were needed to be amplified from a bacterial plasmid, extracted from ...201424782110
enhanced root and shoot growth of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by trichoderma harzianum from turkey.it is well known that trichoderma species can be used as biocontrol and plant growth promote agent. in this study, trichoderma harzianum isolates were evaluated for their growth promotion effects on wheat in greenhouse experiments. two isolates of t. harzianum were used. the experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. seeds were inoculated with conidial suspensions of each isolate. wheat plants grown in steriled soil in pots. t. harzianum t8 and t15 isolates incr ...201424783790
genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of rna-binding glycine-rich protein family in maize.the rna-binding glycine-rich protein (rb-grp) family is characterized by the presence of a glycine-rich domain arranged in (gly)n-x repeats and an rna-recognition motif (rrm). rb-grps participate in varied physiological and biochemical processes especially in the stress response of plants. in this study, a total of 23 rb-grps distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified in maize (zea mays l.), and they were divided into four subgroups according to their conserved domain architecture. five pairs ...201424783971
toward an understanding of mechanisms involved in non-polyphenol oxidase (non-ppo) darkening in yellow alkaline noodles (yan).asian noodles prepared from bread wheat flour darken over time due to a combination of polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity and non-ppo effects. although the enzymatic mechanism associated with the ppo reaction is well established, the non-ppo component consists of both physical (e.g., changes in surface properties) and chemical reactions. variations in ph and solvents were used to gain a quantitative estimate of the contribution of physical and chemical components to non-ppo darkening in yellow al ...201424784975
is the multicolored asian ladybeetle, harmonia axyridis, the most abundant natural enemy to aphids in agroecosystems?the multicolored asian ladybeetle, harmonia axyridis pallas (coleoptera: coccinellidae), was introduced into western europe in the late 1990s. since the late 2000s, this species has been commonly considered one of the most abundant aphid predators in most western european countries. in spite of the large amount of research on h. axyridis, information concerning its relative abundance in agroecosystems is lacking. this study aims to evaluate the abundance of h. axyridis within the aphidophage com ...201324785375
new artificial diet for continuous rearing of the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata.the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata fabricius (lepidoptera: crambidae), is a serious pantropical pest of grain legumes. a suitable artificial diet is desirable for producing uniform insects for commercial purposes or research. three previously described artificial diets, 1 newly-developed artificial diet, and cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (fabales: fabaceae)), the natural hostplant of m. vitrata, were used for rearing m. vitrata, and the life parameters were examined. the results indicated ...201324785903
dissection of rye chromosomes by the gametocidal system.chromosome mutations occur in common wheat carrying a monosome of gametocidal (gc) chromosomes 2c and 3c(sat). these gc chromosomes have been known to induce chromosomal breakage in a rye chromosome 1r added to common wheat. we attempted to introduce the two gc chromosomes into the other six rye chromosome (2r to 7r) addition or substitution lines of common wheat to establish a set of chromosomal rearrangement-inducing lines for rye chromosomes. we obtained critical plants that had a pair of rye ...201324789968
comparison of the morphogenesis of three genotypes of pea (pisum sativum) grown in pure stands and wheat-based intercrops.cereal-legume intercrops represent a promising way of combining high productivity and agriculture sustainability. the benefits of cereal-legume mixtures are highly affected by species morphology and functioning, which determine the balance between competition and complementarity for resource acquisition. studying species morphogenesis, which controls plant architecture, is therefore of major interest. the morphogenesis of cultivated species has been mainly described in mono-specific growing cond ...201424790127
[alleles at storage protein loci in triticum spelta l. accessions and their occurrence in related wheats].variation at eight storage protein loci was analyzed in the collection of t. spelta accessions from the national centre of plant genetic resources of ukraine, most of which are european spelts. the analysis allowed identification of seven alleles at the gli-b1 locus, five alleles at the gli-a1 and glu-b1 loci, three alleles at the gli-a3 locus, two at the gli-d1, gli-b5, glu-a1, and glu-d1 loci. the majority of alleles are encountered among common wheat cultivars, only five alleles were specific ...201424791472
[molecular-genetic polymorphism of wheat cell lines resistant to metabolites of g. graminis var. tritici and osmotic stress].it was analyzed polymorphism of dna loci, flanked by inverted repeats of ltr retrotransposon cassandra, in cell lines of bread wheat, resistant to the metabolites of ophiobolus root rot (g. graminis var. tritici), under osmotic stress and induced from them plant-regenerants. the differences in the polynucleotide sequences of dna at the direct and step cell selection it was identified. assessment of the level of genetic divergence showed that calluses obtained at the direct selection and calluses ...201424791474
decay of enteric microorganisms in biosolids-amended soil under wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivation.there is a growing need for better assessment of health risks associated with land-applied biosolids. this study investigated in-situ decay of seeded human adenovirus (hadv), salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and bacteriophage (ms2) in biosolids-amended soil under wheat cultivation. the biosolids seeded with microorganisms were placed in decay chambers which were then placed in the topsoil (10 cm depth) at three different sites. sites were selected in arid wheat-growing regions of australia ...201424793663
comparative functional analysis of wheat (triticum aestivum) zinc finger-containing glycine-rich rna-binding proteins in response to abiotic stresses.although the functional roles of zinc finger-containing glycine-rich rna-binding proteins (rzs) have been characterized in several plant species, including arabidopsis thaliana and rice (oryza sativa), the physiological functions of rzs in wheat (triticum aestivum) remain largely unknown. here, the functional roles of the three wheat rz family members, named tarz1, tarz2, and tarz3, were investigated using transgenic arabidopsis plants under various abiotic stress conditions. expression of tarzs ...201424800811
a simple and versatile 2-dimensional platform to study plant germination and growth under controlled humidity.we describe a simple, inexpensive, but remarkably versatile and controlled growth environment for the observation of plant germination and seedling root growth on a flat, horizontal surface over periods of weeks. the setup provides to each plant a controlled humidity (between 56% and 91% rh), and contact with both nutrients and atmosphere. the flat and horizontal geometry of the surface supporting the roots eliminates the gravitropic bias on their development and facilitates the imaging of the e ...201424806462
morphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural changes (visualized through scanning electron microscopy) induced in triticum aestivum by pb²⁺ treatment.lead (pb) causes severe damage to crops, ecosystems, and humans, and alters the physiology and biochemistry of various plant species. it is hypothesized that pb-induced metabolic alterations could manifest as structural variations in the roots of plants. in light of this, the morphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural variations (through scanning electron microscopy, sem) were studied in 4-day-old seedlings of triticum aestivum grown under pb stress (0, 8, 16, 40, and 80 mg pb(2+) l(-1); mil ...201424810229
interactive effect of ultraviolet-b and mineral nutrients on accumulation and translocation of trace elements in wheat crop.field study was conducted in two wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum l. cv. hd 2329 and huw 234) by supplimenting uv-b irradiation with different levels of mineral nutrients in order to evaluate the accumulation and translocation of trace elements. suv-b significantly affected accumulation and translocation of most of the metals studied. application of nutrients at higher doses enhanced the accumulation of trace elements in plants and grains of both cultivars. a higher dose of nutrient along with ...201424813006
whole-genome profiling and shotgun sequencing delivers an anchored, gene-decorated, physical map assembly of bread wheat chromosome 6a.bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is the most important staple food crop for 35% of the world's population. international efforts are underway to facilitate an increase in wheat production, of which the international wheat genome sequencing consortium (iwgsc) plays an important role. as part of this effort, we have developed a sequence-based physical map of wheat chromosome 6a using whole-genome profiling (wgp™). the bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) contig assembly tools fingerprinted cont ...201424813060
biolistic transformation of wheat with centrophenoxine as a synthetic auxin.cereal crops, including bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), are an important staple food worldwide. with a growing global population, it is evident that current crop production will not meet the rising demands being placed on modern agriculture. efforts to improve crop yield and stress-tolerance by traditional breeding are labor intensive, time consuming, and highly dependent upon the ability to capture existing and novel genetic variation from a restricted genetic pool. genetic engineering of c ...201424816669
spatial x-ray fluorescence micro-imaging of minerals in grain tissues of wheat and related genotypes.wheat and its related genotypes show distinct distribution patterns for mineral nutrients in maternal and filial tissues in grains. x-ray-based imaging techniques are very informative to identify genotypes with contrasting tissue-specific localization of different elements. this can help in the selection of suitable genotypes for nutritional improvement of food grain crops. understanding mineral localization in cereal grains is important for their nutritional improvement. spatial distribution of ...201424817589
readily available phosphorous and nitrogen counteract for arsenic uptake and distribution in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).elevated arsenic content in food crops pose a serious human health risk. apart from rice wheat being another main food crop is possibly cultivated on contaminated sites. but for wheat uptake mechanisms are not entirely understood especially with regard to nutrient fertilization and different moisture regimes taking into account heavy rainfall events due to climate change. here we show that especially higher p-fertilization under changing redox conditions may enhance arsenic uptake. this countera ...201424821134
identification of a hidden resistance gene in tetraploid wheat using laboratory strains of pyricularia oryzae produced by backcrossing.in the process (bc3f1 generation) of backcrossing an avena isolate of pyricularia oryzae with a triticum isolate, color mutants with white mycelia were obtained. these white mutants lacked virulence on all (31/31) hexaploid and most (28/32) tetraploid wheat lines tested. in a bc4f1 population, white and black cultures segregated in a 1:1 ratio, suggesting that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a single gene. furthermore, the mycelial color was perfectly linked with avirulence in the bc4f1 po ...201424824421
generation of a toxa knockout strain of the wheat tan spot pathogen pyrenophora tritici-repentis.the necrotrophic fungal pathogen pyrenophora tritici-repentis causes tan spot, a major disease of wheat, throughout the world. the proteinaceous effector toxa is responsible for foliar necrosis on toxa-sensitive wheat genotypes. the single copy toxa gene was deleted from a wild-type race 1 p. tritici-repentis isolate via homologous recombination of a knockout construct. expression of the toxa transcript was found to be absent in transformants (toxa), as was toxa protein production in fungal cult ...201424831982
carbaryl toxicity prediction to soil organisms under high and low temperature regimes.many studies on risk assessment of pesticides on non-target organisms have been performed based on standardized protocols that reflect conditions in temperate climates. however, the responses of organisms to chemical compounds may differ according to latitude and thus predicting the toxicity of chemicals at different temperatures is an important factor to consider in risk assessment. the toxic effects of the pesticide carbaryl were evaluated at different temperature regimes, which are indicative ...201524836932
complementary epistasis involving sr12 explains adult plant resistance to stem rust in thatcher wheat (triticum aestivum l.).quantitative trait loci conferring adult plant resistance to ug99 stem rust in thatcher wheat display complementary gene action suggesting multiple quantitative trait loci are needed for effective resistance. adult plant resistance (apr) in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) to stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pgt), is desirable because this resistance can be pgt race non-specific. resistance derived from cultivar thatcher can confer high levels of apr to the virulent pgt race tt ...201424838645
mrna and small rna transcriptomes reveal insights into dynamic homoeolog regulation of allopolyploid heterosis in nascent hexaploid wheat.nascent allohexaploid wheat may represent the initial genetic state of common wheat (triticum aestivum), which arose as a hybrid between triticum turgidum (aabb) and aegilops tauschii (dd) and by chromosome doubling and outcompeted its parents in growth vigor and adaptability. to better understand the molecular basis for this success, we performed mrna and small rna transcriptome analyses in nascent allohexaploid wheat and its following generations, their progenitors, and the natural allohexaplo ...201424838975
structure-activity relationship studies of the phytotoxic properties of the diterpenic moiety of breviones.brevianes are a family of bioactive meroterpenoids originally described in fungi of the family penicillium. these compounds have attracted a great deal of interest not only because of their unusual skeleton, suggesting a mixed mevalonate and polyketide biogenetic pathway, and their unusual oxa-spiro ring fused to an α-pyrone, but also because of the bioactivities shown by many members of this family.201524839263
optimization of a biolistic transformation system for transfer of antifreeze gene kn2 and the bar herbicide resistance gene in common wheat.we studied the effects of different media for callus induction and differentiation, and pre-culture period of immature wheat embryo culture on biolistic transformation efficiency for including antifreeze gene kn2 and bar conferring resistance to the herbicide bialaphos. the percentage of plantlets generated from induction and differentiation media without cu2+ was lower than those cultured on differentiation media with cu2+ (71.15%) or induction media with cu2+ (68.45%) and both induction and di ...201424841792
relationship between lutein and mycotoxin content in durum wheat.levels of lutein and a number of mycotoxins were determined in seven varieties of durum wheat (triticum durum) and two varieties of common wheat (triticum aestivum) in order to explore possible relationships amongst these components. durum wheat cultivars always showed both higher lutein and mycotoxin contents than common wheat cultivars. the mycotoxins detected in both common and durum wheat cultivars were produced by the genera fusarium, claviceps, alternaria and aspergillus. fusarium was the ...201424844356
potential for increased photosynthetic performance and crop productivity in response to climate change: role of cbfs and gibberellic acid.we propose that targeting the enhanced photosynthetic performance associated with the cold acclimation of winter cultivars of rye (secale cereale l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and brassica napus l. may provide a novel approach to improve crop productivity under abiotic as well as biotic stress conditions. in support of this hypothesis, we provide the physiological, biochemical, and molecular evidence that the dwarf phenotype induced by cold acclimation is coupled to significant enhancement ...201424860799
genetic control of grain yield and grain physical characteristics in a bread wheat population grown under a range of environmental conditions.genetic analysis of the yield and physical quality of wheat revealed complex genetic control, including strong effects of photoperiod-sensitivity loci. environmental conditions such as moisture deficit and high temperatures during the growing period affect the grain yield and grain characteristics of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the aim of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (qtl) for grain yield and grain quality traits using a drysdale/gladius bread wheat mapping population gr ...201424865506
alkaloids from marine sponges as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.damirone a (1), damirone b (2), makaluvamine g (3), debromohymenialdisine (4), and dibromoagelaspongin (5) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy (glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the alkaloids and on the plant species. compounds 1, 3, and 4 are efficient for growth o ...201424868854
the wheat aquaporin gene taaqp7 confers tolerance to cold stress in transgenic tobacco.aquaporin proteins (aqps) have been shown to be involved in abiotic stress responses. however, the precise role of aqps, especially in response to cold stress, is not understood in wheat (triticum aestivum). in the present study, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) analysis revealed that taaqp7 expression increased in leaves, but decreased in roots after cold treatment. expression of taaqp7 in tobacco plants resulted in increased root elongation and better growth compared ...201424873035
hypervirulent diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype sam avoids triggering defenses in its host (triticum aestivum) (poales: poaceae) during feeding.in the molecular arms race between aphids and plants, both organisms rely on adaptive strategies to outcompete their evolutionary rival. in the current study, we investigated the difference in elicited defense responses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) near-isogenic lines with different dn resistance genes, upon feeding by an avirulent and hypervirulent diuraphis noxia kurdjumov biotype. after measuring the activity of a suite of enzymes associated with plant defense, it became apparent that the ...201424874154
α-amylase from wheat (triticum aestivum) seeds: its purification, biochemical attributes and active site studies.glycosylated α-amylase from germinated wheat seeds (triticum aestivum) has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with a final specific activity of 1,372 u/mg. the enzyme preparation when analysed on sds-page, displayed a single protein band with mr 33 kda; superdex 200 column showed mr of 32 kda and ms/ms analysis further provided support for these values. the enzyme displayed its optimum catalytic activity at ph 5.0 and 68 °c with an activation energy of 6.66 kcal/mol and q10 1. ...201424874349
cytoplasmic effects on dna methylation between male sterile lines and the maintainer in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).male sterile cytoplasm plays an important role in hybrid wheat, and three-line system including male sterile (a line), its maintainer (b line) and restoring (r line) has played a major role in wheat hybrid production. it is well known that dna methylation plays an important role in gene expression regulation during biological development in wheat. however, no reports are available on dna methylation affected by different male sterile cytoplasms in hybrid wheat. we employed a methylation-sensitiv ...201424875418
identification of quantitative trait loci for abscisic acid responsiveness in the d-genome of hexaploid wheat.in crop species such as wheat, abiotic stresses and preharvest sprouting reduce grain yield and quality. the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba) plays important roles in abiotic stress tolerance and seed dormancy. in previous studies, we evaluated aba responsiveness of 67 aegilops tauschii accessions and their synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, finding wide variation that was due to the d-genome. in this study, quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis was performed using an f2 population derived from ...201424877675
differential expression of molybdenum transport and assimilation genes between two winter wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum).molybdenum (mo) is an essential trace element for higher plants. winter wheat cultivar 97003 has a higher mo efficiency than 97014 under mo-deficiency stress. mo efficiency is related to mo uptake, transfer and assimilation in plants. several genes are involved in regulating mo uptake, transfer and assimilation in plants. to obtain a better understanding of the aforementioned difference in mo uptake, we have conducted a hydroponic trail to investigate the expression of genes related to mo uptake ...201424880579
wheat in the mediterranean revisited--tetraploid wheat landraces assessed with elite bread wheat single nucleotide polymorphism markers.single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) panels recently developed for the assessment of genetic diversity in wheat are primarily based on elite varieties, mostly those of bread wheat. the usefulness of such snp panels for studying wheat evolution and domestication has not yet been fully explored and ascertainment bias issues can potentially affect their applicability when studying landraces and tetraploid ancestors of bread wheat. we here evaluate whether population structure and evolutionary histo ...201424885044
a novel genetic map of wheat: utility for mapping qtl for yield under different nitrogen treatments.common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. wheat varieties that maintain yield (yd) under moderate or even intense nitrogen (n) deficiency can adapt to low input management systems. a detailed genetic map is necessary for both wheat molecular breeding and genomics research. in this study, an f6:7 recombinant inbred line population comprising 188 lines was used to construct a novel genetic map and subsequently to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) for ...201424885313
whole-genome discovery of mirnas and their targets in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).micrornas (mirnas) are small, non-coding rnas playing essential roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. sequencing of small rnas is a starting point for understanding their number, diversity, expression and possible roles in plants.201424885911
cold priming drives the sub-cellular antioxidant systems to protect photosynthetic electron transport against subsequent low temperature stress in winter wheat.low temperature seriously depresses the growth of wheat through inhibition of photosynthesis, while earlier cold priming may enhance the tolerance of plants to subsequent low temperature stress. here, winter wheat plants were firstly cold primed (5.2 °c lower temperature than the ambient temperature, viz., 10.0 °c) at the zadoks growth stage 28 (i.e. re-greening stage, starting on 20th of march) for 7 d, and after 14 d of recovery the plants were subsequently subjected to a 5 d low temperature s ...201424887010
root exudation of phytosiderophores from soil-grown wheat.for the first time, phytosiderophore (ps) release of wheat (triticum aestivum cv tamaro) grown on a calcareous soil was repeatedly and nondestructively sampled using rhizoboxes combined with a recently developed root exudate collecting tool. as in nutrient solution culture, we observed a distinct diurnal release rhythm; however, the measured ps efflux was c. 50 times lower than ps exudation from the same cultivar grown in zero iron (fe)-hydroponic culture. phytosiderophore rhizosphere soil solut ...201424890330
transcript suppression of tagw2 increased grain width and weight in bread wheat.bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a major staple crop in the world. grain weight is a major factor of grain yield in wheat, and the identification of candidate genes associated with grain weight is very important for high-yield breeding of wheat. tagw2 is an orthologous gene of rice osgw2 that negatively regulates the grain width and weight in rice. there are three tagw2 homoeologs in bread wheat, tagw2a, tagw2b, and tagw2d. in this study, a specific tagw2-rna interference (rnai) cassette wa ...201424890396
how changing root system architecture can help tackle a reduction in soil phosphate (p) levels for better plant p acquisition.the readily available global rock phosphate (p) reserves may run out within the next 50-130 years, causing soils to have a reduced p concentration which will affect plant p uptake. using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental data, we investigated potential plant-based options for optimizing crop p uptake in reduced soil p environments. by varying the p concentration within a well-mixed agricultural soil, for high and low p (35.5-12.5 mg l(-1) respectively using olsen's p index ...201524891045
a major locus for chloride accumulation on chromosome 5a in bread wheat.chloride (cl-) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth, but can be toxic at high concentrations resulting in reduced growth and yield. although saline soils are generally dominated by both sodium (na+) and cl- ions, compared to na+ toxicity, very little is known about physiological and genetic control mechanisms of tolerance to cl- toxicity. in hydroponics and field studies, a bread wheat mapping population was tested to examine the relationships between physiological traits [na+, potassi ...201424893005
transcriptome profiling of wheat differentially expressed genes exposed to different chemotypes of fusarium graminearum.the study is an overview of the behavior of the wheat transcriptome to the fusarium graminearum fungus using two different chemotypes. the transcriptome profiles of seven putative differentially expressed defense-related genes were identified by ssh and further examined using qpcr. fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by several species of the fungus fusarium, is important in all wheat growing regions worldwide. the most dominant species in canada is fusarium gramin ...201424893796
a consensus map for ug99 stem rust resistance loci in wheat.this consensus map of stem rust genes, qtls, and molecular markers will facilitate the identification of new resistance genes and provide a resource of in formation for development of new markers for breeding wheat varieties resistant to ug99. the global effort to identify new sources of resistance to wheat stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race group ug99 has resulted in numerous studies reporting both qualitative genes and quantitative trait loci. the purpose of our study w ...201424903979
genetic architecture of main effect qtl for heading date in european winter wheat.a genome-wide association study (gwas) for heading date (hd) was performed with a panel of 358 european winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties and 14 spring wheat varieties through the phenotypic evaluation of hd in field tests in eight environments. genotyping data consisted of 770 mapped microsatellite loci and 7934 mapped snp markers derived from the 90k iselect wheat chip. best linear unbiased estimations (blues) were calculated across all trials and ranged from 142.5 to 159.6 days af ...201424904613
water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of winter wheat under long-term nitrogen fertilization regimes in northwest china.water shortage and nitrogen (n) deficiency are the key factors limiting agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions, and increasing agricultural productivity under rain-fed conditions often requires n management strategies. a field experiment on winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was begun in 2004 to investigate effects of long-term n fertilization in the traditional pattern used for wheat in china. using data collected over three consecutive years, commencing five years after the exp ...201424905909
assessing the effects of architectural variations on light partitioning within virtual wheat-pea mixtures.predicting light partitioning in crop mixtures is a critical step in improving the productivity of such complex systems, and light interception has been shown to be closely linked to plant architecture. the aim of the present work was to analyse the relationships between plant architecture and light partitioning within wheat-pea (triticum aestivum-pisum sativum) mixtures. an existing model for wheat was utilized and a new model for pea morphogenesis was developed. both models were then used to a ...201424907314
genotypic variation of zinc and selenium concentration in grains of brazilian wheat lines.exploration of genetic resources for micronutrient concentrations facilitates the breeding of nutrient-dense crops, which is increasingly seen as an additional, sustainable strategy to combat global micronutrient deficiency. in this work, we evaluated genotypic variation in grain nutrient concentrations of 20 brazil wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accessions in response to zinc (zn) and zn plus selenium (se) treatment. zn and se concentrations in grains exhibited 2- and 1.5-fold difference, respect ...201424908503
differential expression of structural genes for the late phase of phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).in cereals, phytic acid (pa) or inositol hexakisphosphate (ip6) is a well-known phosphate storage compound as well as major chelator of important micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, etc.). genes involved in the late phases of pa biosynthesis pathway are known in crops like maize, soybeans and barley but none have been reported from wheat. our in silico analysis identified six wheat genes that might be involved in the biosynthesis of inositol phosphates. four of the genes were inositol tetraphos ...201424908508
lcwrky5: an unknown function gene from sheepgrass improves drought tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis.the expression of lcwrky5 was induced significantly by salinity, mannitol and cutting treatments. arabidopsis- overexpressing lcwrky5 greatly increased dehydration tolerance by regulating the expression of multiple stress-responsive genes. based on the data of sheepgrass 454 high-throughout sequencing and expression analysis results, a drought-induced gene lcwrky5 was isolated and cloned, and the biological role of the gene has not been reported until now. bioinformatics analysis showed that lcw ...201424913125
complex phylogeny and gene expression patterns of members of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (npf) in wheat.npf (formerly referred to as low-affinity nrt1) and 'high-affinity' nrt2 nitrate transporter genes are involved in nitrate uptake by the root, and transport and distribution of nitrate within the plant. the npf gene family consists of 53 members in arabidopsis thaliana, however only 11 of these have been functionally characterized. although homologous genes have been identified in genomes of different plant species including some cereals, there is little information available for wheat (triticum ...201424913625
biochemical and functional properties of wheat gliadins: a review.gliadins account for 40-50% of the total storage proteins of wheat and are classified into four subcategories, α-, β-, γ-, and ω-gliadins. they have also been classified as ω5-, ω1, 2-, α/β-, and γ-gliadins on the basis of their primary structure and molecular weight. cysteine residues of gliadins mainly form intramolecular disulfide bonds, although α-gliadins with odd numbers of cysteine residues have also been reported. gliadins are generally regarded to possess globular protein structure, tho ...201524915383
characterization of the multigene family tahkt 2;1 in bread wheat and the role of gene members in plant na(+) and k(+) status.a member of the tahkt2;1 multigene family was previously identified as a na(+) transporter with a possible role in root na(+) uptake. in the present study, the existing full-length cdna of this member was used as a basis to query the international wheat genome survey sequence to identify all members of the tahkt2;1 family. individual tahkt2;1 genes were subsequently studied for gene and predicted protein structures, promoter variability, tissue expression and their role in na(+) and k(+) status ...201424920193
whole-genome qtl analysis for magic.an efficient whole genome method of qtl analysis is presented for multi-parent advanced generation integrated crosses. multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (magic) populations have been developed for mice and several plant species and are useful for the genetic dissection of complex traits. the analysis of quantitative trait loci (qtl) in these populations presents some additional challenges compared with traditional mapping approaches. in particular, pedigree and marker information need ...201424927820
[cloning of tae-mir156 precursor gene and sequence polymorphisms of tae-mir156 targeted taspl17].squamosa-promoter binding protein (sbp)-box genes, encoding plant-specific transcription factors, play an important role in plant development. some members of the sbp-box gene family are regulated by mir156. in this study, we cloned the tae-mir156 precursor gene, which could form a stem loop after its transcription. sequence analysis showed that taspl3 and taspl17 had putative targets of tae-mir156 among the ten wheat sbp-box genes. the diploid donor species of hexaploid common wheat (triticum a ...201424929518
peg-mediated osmotic stress induces premature differentiation of the root apical meristem and outgrowth of lateral roots in wheat.water stress is one of the major environmental stresses causing growth retardation and yield loss of plants. in the past decades, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant protection, and stomatal movement have been extensively studied, but much less attention has been paid to the study of root system reprogramming to maximize water absorption and survival under water stress. here, it is shown that polyethylene glycol (peg)-simulated mild and moderate osmotic stress induced premature differentiation of th ...201424935621
the effects of chronic gamma irradiation on oxidative stress response and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes in wheat (triticum aestivum).to investigate the mechanisms of adaptation and tolerance to ionizing radiation using chronic radiation in wheat.201424937373
cytogenetic and molecular identification of a wheat-leymus mollis alien multiple substitution line from octoploid tritileymus x triticum durum.leymus mollis (trin.) pilger (nsnsxmxm, 2n = 28), a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many traits that are potentially valuable for wheat improvement. in order to exploit and utilize the useful genes of l. mollis, we developed a multiple alien substitution line, 10dm50, from the progenies of octoploid tritileymus m842-16 x triticum durum cv. d4286. genomic in situ hybridization analysis of mitosis and meiosis (metaphase i), using labeled total dna of psathyrostachys huashanica as probe, s ...201424938601
solid-substrate fermentation of wheat grains by mycelia of indigenous species of the genus ganoderma (higher basidiomycetes) to enhance the antioxidant activities.species of the genus ganoderma are a cosmopolitan wood decaying white rot fungi, which has been used by the asians for therapeutic purposes for centuries. in the present study, solid-substrate fermentation (ssf) of wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) was carried out with indigenous ganoderma australe (kum60813) and g. neo-japonicum (kum61076) selected based on ethnomycological knowledge. g. lucidum (vita gl) (a commercial strain) was also included in the study. antioxidant activities of the crud ...201424941167
suppression among alleles encoding nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat resistance proteins interferes with resistance in f1 hybrid and allele-pyramided wheat plants.the development of high-yielding varieties with broad-spectrum durable disease resistance is the ultimate goal of crop breeding. in plants, immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) class mediate race-specific resistance against pathogen attack. when employed in agriculture this type of resistance is often rapidly overcome by newly adapted pathogen races. the stacking of different resistance genes or alleles in f1 hybrids or in pyramided lines is a promising strateg ...201424942051
the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is suppressed by its wheat ortholog pm3.the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is located on a 1bl.1rs chromosome translocation in wheat. however, some wheat lines with this translocation do not show resistance to isolates of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen avirulent to pm8 due to an unknown genetically dominant suppression mechanism. here we show that lines with suppressed pm8 activity contain an intact and expressed pm8 gene. therefore, the absence of pm8 function in certain 1bl.1rs-containing wheat lines is not t ...201424942074
function of wheat ta-unp gene in enhancing salt tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis and rice.based on microarray analysis results of the salt tolerant wheat mutant, we identified and cloned an unknown salt-induced gene ta-unp (triticum aestivum unknown protein). quantitative pcr results revealed that ta-unp expression was induced not only by salt but also by polyethylene glycol, abscisic acid, and other environmental stress factors. under salt stress, transgenic arabidopsis plants that overexpressed ta-unp showed superior physiological properties (content of proline, soluble sugar, mda, ...201424953696
manganese influx and its utilization efficiency in wheat.manganese deficiency in wheat has become an important nutritional disorder particularly in alkaline calcareous soils where rice-wheat rotation is followed. this experiment was aimed to study the mechanism of mn efficiency during various developmental stages in six wheat cultivars grown at two mn levels viz. 0 and 50 mg mn kg(-1) soil (mnapplied as mnso4 x h20) in pots. the mn vegetative efficiency calculated on the basis of shoot dry weight at anthesis indicated hd 2967 and pbw 550 (bread wheat) ...201424956896
wheat cultivars selected for high fv /fm under heat stress maintain high photosynthesis, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, transpiration and dry matter.the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter fv /fm reflects the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem ii (psii) photochemistry and has been widely used for early stress detection in plants. previously, we have used a three-tiered approach of phenotyping by fv /fm to identify naturally existing genetic variation for tolerance to severe heat stress (3 days at 40°c in controlled conditions) in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). here we investigated the performance of the previously selected cultivars (hi ...201524962705
history and current status of wheat mirnas using next-generation sequencing and their roles in development and stress.as small molecules that aid in posttranscriptional silencing, microrna (mirna) discovery and characterization have vastly benefited from the recent development and widespread application of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies. several mirnas were identified through sequencing of constructed small rna libraries, whereas others were predicted by in silico methods using the recently accumulating sequence data. ngs was a major breakthrough in efforts to sequence and dissect the genomes of ...201524962995
wheat tanpsn snare homologues are involved in vesicle-mediated resistance to stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici).subcellular localisation of snares (soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and their ability to form snare complexes are critical for determining the specificity of vesicle fusion. npsn11, a novel plant snare (npsn) gene, has been reported to be involved in the delivery of cell wall precursors to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis. however, functions of npsn genes in plant-pathogen interactions are largely unknown. in this study, we cloned and charact ...201424963004
comparison of the effects of symmetric and asymmetric temperature elevation and co2 enrichment on yield and evapotranspiration of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.).under the changing climate, asymmetric warming pattern would be more likely during day and night time, instead of symmetric one. concurrently, the growth responses and water use of plants may be different compared with those estimated based on symmetric warming. in this work, it was compared with the effects of symmetric (ets) and asymmetric (eta) elevation of temperature alone, and in interaction with elevated carbon dioxide concentration (ec), on the grain yield (gy) and evapotranspiration in ...201424963392
virus-induced gene silencing suggests (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase is a susceptibility factor in the compatible russian wheat aphid-wheat interaction.the russian wheat aphid (rwa), diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is a significant insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and has a major economic impact worldwide, especially on winter wheat in the western united states. the continuing emergence of new rwa biotypes virulent to existing resistance genes reinforces the need for more durable resistance. studies have indicated that resistance in previously susceptible plants can be produced by knock-down of susceptibility genes or other genes involv ...201424964057
toxicity of naturally-contaminated manganese soil to selected crops.the impact of manganese excess using naturally contaminated soil (mn-soil, pseudototal mn 6494 vs 675 μg g(-1) dw in control soil) in the shoots of four crops was studied. mn content decreased in the order brassica napus > hordeum vulgare > zea mays > triticum aestivum. growth was strongly depressed just in brassica (containing 13696 μg mn g(-1) dw). some essential metals (zn, fe) increased in mn-cultured brassica and zea, while macronutrients (k, ca, mg) decreased in almost all species. toxic m ...201424965550
genomic prediction for rust resistance in diverse wheat landraces.we have demonstrated that genomic selection in diverse wheat landraces for resistance to leaf, stem and strip rust is possible, as genomic breeding values were moderately accurate. markers with large effects in the bayesian analysis confirmed many known genes, while also discovering many previously uncharacterised genome regions associated with rust scores. genomic selection, where selection decisions are based on genomic estimated breeding values (gebvs) derived from genome-wide dna markers, co ...201424965887
a high-density genetic map with array-based markers facilitates structural and quantitative trait locus analyses of the common wheat genome.the large genome and allohexaploidy of common wheat have complicated construction of a high-density genetic map. although improvements in the throughput of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have made it possible to obtain a large amount of genotyping data for an entire mapping population by direct sequencing, including hexaploid wheat, a significant number of missing data points are often apparent due to the low coverage of sequencing. in the present study, a microarray-based polymor ...201424972598
apoplastic antioxidant enzyme responses to chronic free-air ozone exposure in two different ozone-sensitive wheat cultivars.the effects of elevated ozone concentrations [o3] on two different ozone-sensitive wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars [yangmai16 (y16) and yannong19 (y19)] were investigated to determine the different apoplastic antioxidant mechanisms under o3-face (free-air controlled enrichment) condition. the results indicated that elevated [o3] (1.5 × ambient [o3]) induced increases in the production of superoxide anion (o2(-)), hydroxyl radical (ho), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and lipid peroxidation, and ...201424973575
phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles exposure on germinating wheat seedlings.we investigated the effects of 1 and 10 mg l(-1) agnps on germinating triticum aestivum l. seedlings. the exposure to 10 mg l(-1) agnps adversely affected the seedling growth and induced morphological modifications in root tip cells. tem analysis suggests that the observed effects were due primarily to the release of ag ions from agnps. to gain an increased understanding of the molecular response to agnp exposure, we analyzed the genomic and proteomic changes induced by agnps in wheat seedlings. ...201424973586
identification and differential induction of abcg transporter genes in wheat cultivars challenged by a deoxynivalenol-producing fusarium graminearum strain.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production worldwide. a suppression subtractive hybridization cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat, centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb in order to identify differentially expressed members of full-size abcg family. members of the abcg family are pleiotropic drug ...201424973883
cloning and characterization of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit alleles from chinese wheat landraces (triticum aestivum l.).low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gs) are of great importance in processing quality and participate in the formation of polymers in wheat. in this study, eight new lmw-gs alleles were isolated from chinese wheat landraces (triticum aestivum l.) and designated as glu-a3-1a, glu-a3-1b, glu-b3-1a, glu-b3-1b, glu-b3-1c, glu-d3-1a, glu-d3-1b, and glu-d3-1c, which were located at the glu-a3, glu-b3, and glu-d3 loci, respectively. based on the proteins encoded, the number of deduced amino aci ...201424982945
establishing the a. e. watkins landrace cultivar collection as a resource for systematic gene discovery in bread wheat.a high level of genetic diversity was found in the a. e. watkins bread wheat landrace collection. genotypic information was used to determine the population structure and to develop germplasm resources. in the 1930s a. e. watkins acquired landrace cultivars of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) from official channels of the board of trade in london, many of which originated from local markets in 32 countries. the geographic distribution of the 826 landrace cultivars of the current collection, he ...201424985064
chagas disease: a homology model for the three-dimensional structure of the trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p0 antigenic protein.ribosomal p proteins form a "stalk" complex in the large subunit of the ribosomes. in trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, the complex is formed by five p protein members: tcp0, tcp1α, tcp1β, tcp2α and tcp2β. the tcp0 protein has 34 kda, and tcp1 and tcp2 proteins have 10 kda. the structure of t. cruzi p0 and the stalk complex tcp0-tcp1α-tcp1β-tcp2α-tcp2β have not been solved to date. in this work, we constructed a three-dimensional molecular model for tcp0 using homology ...201424986473
variations for fusarium head blight resistance associated with genomic diversity in different sources of the resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3'.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) associated with contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). the fhb-resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3' has been used extensively around the world. the existence of variation in fhb resistance among 'sumai 3' accessions has been discussed. in this study, genetic variation among 'sumai 3' accessions collected from six countries were identified using ssr markers; our results dem ...201424987294
evolution of the bbaa component of bread wheat during its history at the allohexaploid level.subgenome integrity in bread wheat (triticum aestivum; bbaadd) makes possible the extraction of its bbaa component to restitute a novel plant type. the availability of such a ploidy-reversed wheat (extracted tetraploid wheat [etw]) provides a unique opportunity to address whether and to what extent the bbaa component of bread wheat has been modified in phenotype, karyotype, and gene expression during its evolutionary history at the allohexaploid level. we report here that etw was anomalous in mu ...201424989045
using virtual 3-d plant architecture to assess fungal pathogen splash dispersal in heterogeneous canopies: a case study with cultivar mixtures and a non-specialized disease causal agent.recent developments in plant disease management have led to a growing interest in alternative strategies, such as increasing host diversity and decreasing the use of pesticides. use of cultivar mixtures is one option, allowing the spread of plant epidemics to be slowed down. as dispersal of fungal foliar pathogens over short distances by rain-splash droplets is a major contibutor to the spread of disease, this study focused on modelling the physical mechanisms involved in dispersal of a non-spec ...201424989786
identification of autophagy-related genes atg4 and atg8 from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and profiling of their expression patterns responding to biotic and abiotic stresses.the genes coding for wheat atg4 and atg8 were cloned and their roles in autophagy were verified. implications of atg4/atg8 in wheat responses to stresses were suggested by expression profiling. autophagy-related proteins atg4 and atg8 are crucial for autophagy biogenesis. atg4 processes atg8 precursor to expose its c-terminal glycine for phosphatidyl ethanolamine (pe) lipidation. atg8, in the form of atg8-pe adduct, functions in the organization dynamics of autophagic membranes. here, we report ...201424996626
green manure addition to soil increases grain zinc concentration in bread wheat.zinc (zn) deficiency is a major problem for many people living on wheat-based diets. here, we explored whether addition of green manure of red clover and sunflower to a calcareous soil or inoculating a non-indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) strain may increase grain zn concentration in bread wheat. for this purpose we performed a multifactorial pot experiment, in which the effects of two green manures (red clover, sunflower), znso4 application, soil γ-irradiation (elimination of natu ...201424999738
transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing a grass ppexp1 gene exhibit enhanced tolerance to heat stress.heat stress is a detrimental abiotic stress limiting the growth of many plant species and is associated with various cellular and physiological damages. expansins are a family of proteins which are known to play roles in regulating cell wall elongation and expansion, as well as other growth and developmental processes. the in vitro roles of expansins regulating plant heat tolerance are not well understood. the objectives of this study were to isolate and clone an expansin gene in a perennial gra ...201425003197
development and validation of an hplc-method for determination of free and bound phenolic acids in cereals after solid-phase extraction.whole cereal grains are a good source of phenolic acids associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases. this paper reports the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (hplc-dad) method for the determination of phenolic acids in cereals in either free or bound form. extraction of free phenolic acids and clean-up was performed by an optimised solid-phase extraction (spe) protocol on oasis hlb cartridges using aqueous methanol as eluant. the me ...025005991
an efficient and reproducible protocol for the production of salt tolerant transgenic wheat plants expressing the arabidopsis atnhx1 gene.we present an efficient method for the production of transgenic salt tolerant hexaploid wheat plants expressing the arabidopsis atnhx1 gene. wheat mature zygotic embryos were isolated from two hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars (namely: gemmeiza 9 and gemmeiza 10) and were transformed with the a. tumefaciens lba4404 harboring the pbi-121 vector containing the atnhx1 gene. transgenic wheat lines that express the gus intron was obtained and used as control. the results confirmed t ...201725007249
a morpho-physiological approach differentiates bread wheat cultivars of contrasting tolerance under cyclic water stress.leaf micromorphological traits and some physiological parameters with potential relevance to drought tolerance mechanisms were investigated in four selected winter wheat varieties. plants were subjected to two cycles of drought treatment at anthesis. yield components confirmed contrasting drought-sensitive and -tolerant behavior of the genotypes. drought tolerance was associated with small flag leaf surfaces and less frequent occurrence of stomata. substantial variation of leaf cuticular thickne ...201425014261
isolation, promoter analysis and expression profile of dreb2 in response to drought stress in wheat ancestors.drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses, constraining crop production seriously. the dehydration responsive element binding proteins (drebs) are important plant-specific transcription factors that respond to various abiotic stresses and consequently induce abiotic stress-related genes that impart stress endurance in plants. wild species are naturally exposed to various abiotic stresses and potentially harbor suitable alleles through natural selection. in this study we isolated and ...201425017054
screening of bangladeshi winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars for sensitivity to ozone.the sensitivity to ozone of ten bangladeshi wheat cultivars was tested by exposing plants to eight ozone exposure regimes (50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 135, 150, and 200 ppb for 14, 11, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 days, respectively, for 8 h/day) in controlled environment chambers. visible leaf injury, dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, leaf greenness (spad value), quantum yield of photosynthesis, and stomatal resistance were measured to evaluate response. shoot biomass, total chlorophyll, leaf gree ...201425023654
constructing an alternative wheat karyotype using barley genomic dna.the established karyotype was generated by genomic in situ hybridization (gish) using total barley genomic dna as labelled probe on mitotic metaphase bread wheat chromosomes. gish produced specific banding signals on 16 of the 21 chromosome pairs. the following chromosomes showed distinctive banding patterns: 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 1d, 2d, 7d and all of the b chromosomes. the remaining chromosomes showed either faint bands or no hybridization signals at all. the in situ hybridization patterns c ...201525027628
mycoflora and deoxynivalenol in whole wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) from southern brazil.the fungal species fusarium graminearum is related to deoxynivalenol (don) formation. the aim of this study was to evaluate mycoflora and don occurrence in 53 whole wheat grain samples collected in southern brazil during the 2012 crop. wheat grains showed adequate values of water activity ranging from 0.48 to 0.72, within the required limits of moisture content, ranging from 9.1% to 13.9%. in addition, low counts of fungal colonies, ranging from 10 to 8.2 × 10(2), were found. for fusarium genera ...201425029408
identification and independent validation of a stable yield and thousand grain weight qtl on chromosome 6a of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.).grain yield in wheat is a polygenic trait that is influenced by environmental and genetic interactions at all stages of the plant's growth. yield is usually broken down into three components; number of spikes per area, grain number per spike, and grain weight (tgw). in polyploid wheat, studies have identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) which affect tgw, yet few have been validated and fine-mapped using independent germplasm, thereby having limited impact in breeding.201425034643
structural and functional partitioning of bread wheat chromosome 3b.we produced a reference sequence of the 1-gigabase chromosome 3b of hexaploid bread wheat. by sequencing 8452 bacterial artificial chromosomes in pools, we assembled a sequence of 774 megabases carrying 5326 protein-coding genes, 1938 pseudogenes, and 85% of transposable elements. the distribution of structural and functional features along the chromosome revealed partitioning correlated with meiotic recombination. comparative analyses indicated high wheat-specific inter- and intrachromosomal ge ...201425035497
genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat.allohexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) provides approximately 20% of calories consumed by humans. lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous and highly similar bread wheat genomes (a, b, and d) has impeded expression analysis of the grain transcriptome. we used previously unknown genome information to analyze the cell type-specific expression of homeologous genes in the developing wheat grain and identified distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progressio ...201425035498
ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat.the allohexaploid bread wheat genome consists of three closely related subgenomes (a, b, and d), but a clear understanding of their phylogenetic history has been lacking. we used genome assemblies of bread wheat and five diploid relatives to analyze genome-wide samples of gene trees, as well as to estimate evolutionary relatedness and divergence times. we show that the a and b genomes diverged from a common ancestor ~7 million years ago and that these genomes gave rise to the d genome through ho ...201425035499
a chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) genome.an ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. we have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. however, acr ...201425035500
biolistic transformation of wheat using the hmw-gs 1dx5 gene without selectable markers.genetic manipulation using linear dna was applied to the common wheat variety xindong no. 26 via particle bombardment with the aim to improve bread-making quality of flour. initially, 2 biolistic parameters, helium pressure and target distance, were optimized using plasmid pahc25. we transformed wheat immature embryo scutella with the linear 1dx5 gene without selectable markers. the highest transient β-glucuronidase expression was obtained when scuttles were bombarded at 1100 psi with a 9-cm tar ...201425036180
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