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sensor histidine kinase is a β-lactam receptor and induces resistance to β-lactam antibiotics.β-lactams disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis, and these agents are the most widely used antibiotics. one of the principle mechanisms by which bacteria resist the action of β-lactams is by producing β-lactamases, enzymes that degrade β-lactams. in gram-negative bacteria, production of β-lactamases is often induced in response to the antibiotic-associated damage to the cell wall. here, we have identified a previously unidentified mechanism that governs β-lactamase production. in the gram-negati ...201626831117
[etiological surveillance for diarrhea in shanghai from august 2013 to july 2014].to understand the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea cases in shanghai from august 2013 to july 2014.201526837353
epidemiological investigation of a foodborne outbreak in spain associated with u.s. west coast genotypes of vibrio parahaemolyticus.we describe an outbreak of seafood-associated vibrio parahaemolyticus in galicia, spain in on 18th of august 2012 affecting 100 of the 114 passengers travelling on a food banquet cruise boat. epidemiological information from 65 people was available from follow-on interviews, of which 51 cases showed symptoms of illness. the food items identified through the questionnaires as the most probable source of the infections was shrimp. this product was unique in showing a statistically significant and ...201626848427
impacts of climatic variability on vibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks in taiwan.this study aimed to investigate and quantify the relationship between climate variation and incidence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in taiwan. specifically, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (arima) models (including autoregression, seasonality, and a lag-time effect) were employed to predict the role of climatic factors (including temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, ocean temperature and ocean salinity) on the incidence of v. parahaemolyticus in taiwan between 2000 and 2011. ...201626848675
[etiologic characteristics of food-borne vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated in guangdong, 2014].to investigate the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of food-borne vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in guangdong province in 2014.201526850252
responses of three very large inducible gtpases to bacterial and white spot syndrome virus challenges in the giant fresh water prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.interferons (ifns) are cytokines secreted by cells in response to invasion by pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells. very large inducible gtpases (vlig) are the latest ifn-inducible gtpase family to be discovered and are the largest known gtpases of any species. however, vlig proteins from invertebrates have yet to be characterized. in this study, three forms of vligs designated as mrvlig1, mrvlig2, and mrvlig3 were cloned from the giant fresh water prawn macrobrachium ...201626850335
characterization of blooming algae and bloom-associated changes in the water quality parameters of traditional pokkali cum prawn fields along the south west coast of india.in tropical shrimp farms, especially in traditional pokkali shrimp ponds, poor water quality management can lead to serious threats like heavy algal blooms and frequent disease outbreaks. an investigation regarding the frequent disease outbreaks in selected pokkali shrimp pond adjoining the cochin backwaters has been conducted. water quality parameters were analyzed during the study period. results indicate a considerable fluctuation in the concentration of dissolved oxygen (do) in the study in ...201626850711
variations of immune parameters in the lined seahorse hippocampus erectus after infection with enteritis pathogen of vibrio parahaemolyticus.enteritis has been increasingly recognized as one of the major obstacles for the lined seahorse hippocampus erectus mass culture success. in the present study, the intestinal bacteria strains of the lined seahorses h. erectus suffered from enteritis were isolated, then their pathogenicities were confirmed by artificial infection, and one pathogenic bacteria strain named ds3 was obtained. the median lethal dose (ld50) of strain ds3 for 10 days was determined. the seahorses with different infectio ...201626851568
a novel pcr-based approach for accurate identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus.a pcr-based assay was developed for more accurate identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus through targeting the bla carb-17 like element, an intrinsic β-lactamase gene that may also be regarded as a novel species-specific genetic marker of this organism. homologous analysis showed that bla carb-17 like genes were more conservative than the tlh, toxr and atpa genes, the genetic markers commonly used as detection targets in identification of v. parahaemolyticus. our data showed that this bla car ...201626858713
molecular and immune response characterizations of il-6 in large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea).interleukin-6 (il-6) is a multifunctional inflammatory cytokine which exists in multiple tissues and cell lines. in the present study, the full-length cdna and the genomic sequence of il-6 (lcil-6) were cloned from large yellow croaker, larimichthys crocea. the full-length cdna of lcil-6 was 1066 base pairs (bp), containing an open reading frame (orf) of 678 bp encoding for 225 amino acids, a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 71 bp and a 3' utr of 317 bp. the predicted lcil-6 protein included a 24 ...201626868214
a preliminary study on the antibacterial mechanism of tegillarca granosa hemoglobin by derived peptides and peroxidase activity.the blood clam, tegillarca granosa, is one of the few bivalve molluscs containing hemoglobin (hb). in the present study, we purified two types of t. granosa hemoglobin, tg-hbi and tg-hbii, using size exclusion chromatography and measured their antibacterial and peroxidase activities. we also tested antibacterial activities of peptides prepared by trypsin digestion of purified tg-hb and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification. purified tg-hbi and tg-hbii showed antibact ...201626876330
protective roles of katg-homologous genes against extrinsic peroxides in vibrio parahaemolyticus.the marine foodborne enteropathogen, vibrio parahaemolyticus, has four putative catalase genes. function of the katg-homologous genes, katg1(vpa0768) and katg2(vpa0453), was examined using gene deletion mutants, and compared with those of the kate-homologous genes, kate1(vpa1418) and kate2(vpa0305). bacterial growth of δkatg1 was significantly delayed in the presence of 200-300 μm h2o2, and such inhibition was enhanced when incubation temperature was lowered from 37°c to 22°c. in the stationary ...201626892020
a rapid and simple real-time pcr assay for detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in human feces.a rapid, simple method for detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in human feces is greatly needed. here, we examined the efficacy of a method that employs a combination of a commercial pcr master mix, which is insensitive to pcr inhibitors, and a dna extraction method which used sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (sdbs), and tween 20 to counteract the inhibitory effects of sdbs on the pcr assay. this method could detect the target genes (stx1 and stx2 of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, inva ...201626902211
editorial: ecology, virulence, and detection of pathogenic and pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus. 201626909072
effects of methanolic macroalgae extracts from caulerpa sertularioides and ulva lactuca on litopenaeus vannamei survival in the presence of vibrio bacteria.macroalgae are potentially excellent sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that are useful for the development of new functional ingredients. this study was conducted to determine whether methanolic extracts from caulerpa sertularioides and ulva lactuca macroalgae might be possible alternatives for the prevention of shrimp vibriosis, which is caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus. macroalgae extracts prepared with methanol as the solvent were evaluated for antiba ...201626915309
single crd containing lectin from macrobrachium rosenbergii (mrlec) participates in innate immunity against pathogen infections.as a type of pattern-recognition proteins, lectins perform important functions in the innate immunity of crustaceans, including prawns. although several reports showed that c-type lectin domain family (clec) importantly functions in host-pathogen interactions, limited research has focused on clec in macrobrachium rosenbergii. in the present study, a new single crd containing clec (designated as mrlec) was reported in freshwater prawns, m. rosenbergii. the full-length cdna of mrlec consisted of 1 ...201626923244
incidence rates and clinical symptoms of salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and shigella infections in china, 1998-2013.the etiological and clinical characteristics of patients with infectious diarrhea have changed during the last decade in shanghai.201626927452
bacterial and viral pathogens detected in sea turtles stranded along the coast of tuscany, italy.during 2014, six loggerhead turtles, caretta caretta and one green turtle, chelonia mydas, found stranded on the tuscany coast of italy, were examined for the presence of specific bacterial and viral agents, along with their role as carriers of fish and human pathogens. thirteen different species of bacteria, 10 gram negative and 3 gram positive, were identified. among them, two strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus and one strain of lactococcus garviae were recovered and confirmed by specific pcr ...201626931392
detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus in coastal waters of guinea-bissau (west africa).v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus are recognized human pathogens. although several studies are available worldwide, both on environmental and clinical contexts, little is known about the ecology of these vibrios in african coastal waters. in this study, their co-occurrence and relationships to key environmental constraints in the coastal waters of guinea-bissau were examined using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) approach. all vibrio species were uni ...201626940502
essential oils of nigella sativa protects artemia from the pathogenic effect of vibrio parahaemolyticus dahv2.the anti-vibrio activity of essential oils (eos) of nine medicinal plants was tested against 28 vibrio spp. isolated from diseased fenneropenaeus indicus. eo of nigella sativa exhibited anti-vibrio activity against all vibrio spp. and greater inhibition was noted for the isolate v2 which was identified as vibrio parahaemolyticus dahv2. further, eo of n. sativa effectively inhibited v. parahaemolyticus dahv2 with an inhibition zone of 23.9mm at 101.2μgml(-1). moreover, eo of n. sativa revealed an ...201626945773
gfp tagged vibrio parahaemolyticus dahv2 infection and the protective effects of the probiotic bacillus licheniformis dahb1 on the growth, immune and antioxidant responses in pangasius hypophthalmus.in this study, the pathogenicity of gfp tagged vibrio parahaemolyticus dahv2 and the protective effect of the probiotic strain, bacillus licheniformis dahb1 was studied on the asian catfish, pangasius hypophthalmus. the experiment was carried out for 24 days with three groups and one group served as the control (without treatment). in the first group, p. hypophthalmus was orally infected with 1 ml of gfp tagged v. parahaemolyticus dahv2 at two different doses (10(5) and 10(7) cfu ml(-1)). in the ...201626952171
prevalence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail aquatic products in north china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen, particularly in asian countries. increased occurrence of outbreaks of v. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in china indicates the need to evaluation of the prevalence of this pathogenic species. v. parahaemolyticus distribution in shellfish from the eastern coast of china has been reported previously. however, to date, the prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus in retail aquatic products in north china has not been determined. to investigate the p ...201626955871
genome characterization of a novel vibriophage vpkk5 (siphoviridae) specific to fish pathogenic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus has long been known pathogenic to shrimp but only recently it is also reported pathogenic to tropical cultured marine finfish. traditionally, bacterial diseases in aquaculture are often treated using synthetic antibiotics but concern due to side effects of these chemicals is elevating hence, new control strategies which are both environmental and consumer friendly, are urgently needed. one promising control strategy is the bacteriophage therapy. in this study, we report t ...201626960780
variability in biofilm formation correlates with hydrophobicity and quorum sensing among vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from food contact surfaces and the distribution of the genes involved in biofilm formation.vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the leading foodborne pathogens causing seafood contamination. here, 22 v. parahaemolyticus strains were analyzed for biofilm formation to determine whether there is a correlation between biofilm formation and quorum sensing (qs), swimming motility, or hydrophobicity. the results indicate that the biofilm formation ability of v. parahaemolyticus is positively correlated with cell surface hydrophobicity, autoinducer (ai-2) production, and protease activity. field ...201626980068
identification, expression, and innate immune responses of two insulin-like peptide genes in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta.insulin-like peptide (ilp) has emerged as a cell regulatory factor with multiple functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. in the present study, we identified and characterized two ilp genes, ilp1 and ilp2, in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta. both ilps have a signal peptide and a mature domain consisting of six strictly conserved cysteines. the tertiary structure is divided into three main α-helices with a c-domain loop that separates helix 1 from helix 2. both of ilps were found to be ...201626980611
trh (tdh-/trh+) gene analysis of clinical, environmental and food isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus as a tool for investigating pathogenicity.sequencing analysis of the trh gene encoding the tdh-related haemolysin of tdh-/trh+ vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in italy between 2002 and 2011 from clinical, environmental, and food samples revealed the presence of the trh2 variant in all isolates. the trh2 of the clinical isolate was 100% identical to other clinical tdh-/trh2 v. parahaemolyticus from europe. nucleotide and amino acid differences in the trh2 sequences of clinical isolates from italy and other countries allowed a differenti ...201626990408
prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood products from hypermarkets in shanghai.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important gastroenteritis pathogen contaminating seafood in china. in this study a total of 992 seafood samples from major hypermarkets in shanghai were monitored for prevalence and burden of v. parahaemolyticus from january 2011 to december 2012. additionally, appropriate probability distributions for describing v. parahaemolyticus concentrations were assessed based on these surveillance data.201726991741
extracellular synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by sporosarcina koreensis dc4 and their biological applications.the present study highlights the microbial synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by sporosarcina koreensis dc4 strain, in an efficient way. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, which displayed maximum absorbance at 424nm and 531nm for silver and gold nanoparticles, respectively. the spherical shape of nanoparticles was characterized by field emission transmission electron microscopy. the energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and elemental ...201626992796
function of gc1qr in innate immunity of chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis.gc1qr is identified as the globular "head" binding protein of the c1q protein and performs an important function in innate immunity. a esgc1qr gene was identified from the hepatopancreas of eriocheir sinensis. esgc1qr encodes a protein with 275 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis showed that, together with crustaceans gc1qrs, esgc1qr belongs to one group. esgc1qr mrna was detected in hemocytes, intestine, hepatopancreas, gills, eyestalk, heart, muscle, and nerve. the expression of the esgc1qr tra ...201626993663
a nonautochthonous u.s. strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from chesapeake bay oysters caused the outbreak in maryland in 2010.in the summer of 2010, vibrio parahaemolyticus caused an outbreak in maryland linked to the consumption of oysters. strains isolated from both stool and oyster samples were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). however, the oysters contained other potentially pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus strains exhibiting different pfge patterns. in order to assess the identity, genetic makeup, relatedness, and potential pathogenicity of the v. parahaemolyticus strains, we sequenced 11 ...201626994080
lipopolysaccharide and beta-1, 3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) stimulates prophenoloxidase activating system in chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis).melanization mediated by prophenoloxidase (propo) activating system play an essential role in killing invading microorganisms in invertebrates. lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) as a pattern recognition protein have been demonstrated to active the propo cascade in insect and shrimp. in this study, we investigated the role of lgbp in prophenoloxidase cascade-induced melanization in chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis). by rt-pcr analysis, eslgbp was detected in all t ...201626995767
characterization and functional analysis of a tandem-repeat galectin-9 in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea.galectins are a family of endogenous lectins with β-galactosides affinity, playing significant roles in the innate immunity of vertebrates and invertebrates. in this report, a new galectin-9 cdna was identified and characterized in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea (designated as lcgal-9). the complete cdna sequence of lcgal-9 was 1795 bp, with an open reading frame (orf) of 1032 bp encoding 343 amino acids. the putative lcgal-9 protein contained two carbohydrate recognition domains (crds ...201626997199
sensitive visual detection of ahpnd bacteria using loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with dna-functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes.acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) is a component cause of early mortality syndrome (ems) of shrimp. in 2013, the causative agent was found to be unique isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus (vpahpnd) that contained a 69 kbp plasmid (pap1) carrying binary pir-like toxin genes pirvpa and pirvpb. in thailand, ahpnd was first recognized in 2012, prior to knowledge of the causative agent, and it subsequently led to a precipitous drop in shrimp production. after vpahpnd was characterized, ...201627003504
acidic electrolyzed water as a novel transmitting medium for high hydrostatic pressure reduction of bacterial loads on shelled fresh shrimp.acidic electrolyzed water (aew), a novel non-thermal sterilization technology, is widely used in the food industry. in this study, we firstly investigated the effect of aew as a new pressure transmitting medium for high hydrostatic pressure (aew-hhp) processing on microorganisms inactivation on shelled fresh shrimp. the optimal conditions of aew-hhp for vibrio parahaemolyticus inactivation on sterile shelled fresh shrimp were obtained using response surface methodology: nacl concentration to ele ...201627014228
the master quorum-sensing regulator opar is activated indirectly by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.apha and opar are the master regulators of quorum sensing in vibrio parahaemolyticus and there is reciprocal negative regulation between apha and opar. the histone-like nucleoid structure (h-ns) protein is a global transcriptional repressor of horizontally transferred genes, but a few prokaryotic genes, for example flagella genes, are stimulated by h-ns. the regulation of opar by h-ns was investigated using the following methods: primer extension, lacz fusion, quantitative rt-pcr, and electropho ...201627025725
the first description of complete invertebrate arginine metabolism pathways implies dose-dependent pathogen regulation in apostichopus japonicus.in this study, three typical members representative of different arginine metabolic pathways were firstly identified from apostichopus japonicus, including nitric oxide synthase (nos), arginase, and agmatinase. spatial expression analysis revealed that the ajnos transcript presented negative expression patterns relative to those of ajarginase or ajagmatinase in most detected tissues. furthermore, vibrio splendidus-challenged coelomocytes and intestine, and lps-exposed primary coelomocytes could ...201627032691
identification and characterization of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 from litopenaeus vannamei involved in anti-bacterial host defense.lvtak1, a member of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (tak1) families, has been identified from litopenaeus vannamei in this study. the full length of lvtak1 is 2670 bp, including a 2277 bp open reading frame (orf) that encoded a putative protein of 758 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of ∼83.4 kda lvtak1 expression was most abundant in muscles and was up-regulated in gills after lps, vibrio parahaemolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, poly (i:c) and wssv challenge. both ...201627033469
cloning, identification and functional analysis of a β-catenin homologue from pacific white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei.wnt signaling is known to control multiple of cellular processes such as cell differentiation, communication, apoptosis and proliferation, and is also reported to play a role during microbial infection. β-catenin is a key regulator of the wnt signaling cascade. in the present study, we cloned and identified a β-catenin homologue from litopenaeus vannamei termed lvβ-catenin. the full-length of lvβ-catenin transcript was 2797 bp in length within a 2451 bp open reading frame (orf) that encoded a pr ...201627036405
molecular epidemiology of selected infectious diseases caused by bacteria in juveniles and post-larvae of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei from the north-western coast of mexico. 201627037647
dietary pyridoxine protects against stress and maintains immunohaematological status in chanos chanos exposed to endosulfan.the amelioration effect of water-soluble vitamin pyridoxine against stress was evaluated in milkfish, chanos chanos exposed to endosulfan. two hundred and twenty-five fish were distributed randomly into five treatments, each with three replicates. four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with graded levels of pyridoxine feed were as follows: normal water and fed with control diet (en0/py0); endosulfan-treated water and fed with control diet (en/py0); and endosulfan-treated water and fed with 50 ...201627038044
combined treatment of uva irradiation and antibiotics induces greater bactericidal effects on vibrio parahaemolyticus.the presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on the development of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria has raised concerns globally. consequently, much research is focused on a method to produce a better disinfectant. we have established a disinfectant system using uva-led that inactivates pathogenic bacteria. we assessed the bactericidal efficiency of a combination of uva-led and antibiotics against vibrio parahaemolyticus. combined use of antibiotic drugs and uva ...201627040055
antibiotic resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in various countries: a review.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus are the leading causes of seafood associated infections and mortality in the united states. the main syndromes caused by these pathogens are gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. this article reviewed the antibiotic resistance profile of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in the united states and other countries including italy, brazil, philippines, malaysia, thailand, china, india, iran, south africa and australia. the awareness of a ...201627052711
occurrence of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustacean shellfishes in coastal parts of eastern india.the objective of the study was to isolate and characterize pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus from crustacean shellfishes (crab and shrimp) commonly retailed in coastal parts of eastern india.201627057121
major tdh(+)vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype changes temporally in the bay of bengal estuary of bangladesh.vibrio parahaemolyticus is responsible for seafood-related gastroenteritis worldwide. in bangladesh, diarrhea is endemic and diarrheagenic v. parahaemolyticus serotypes occur naturally in the coastal and estuarine aquatic environment. v. parahaemolyticus strains, isolated from estuarine surface water of the bay of bengal villages of bangladesh during 2006-2008, were tested for the presence of virulence and pandemic-marker genes, serodiversity, and phylogenetic relatedness. pcr analysis of v. par ...201627063395
microbiological quality assessment by pcr and its antibiotic susceptibility in mangrove crabs (ucides cordatus) from guanabara bay, rio de janeiro, brazil.the bacteriological quality of crabs from three different mangroves (itaóca, suruí, and piedade) from rio de janeiro state, brazil, was investigated using conventional and molecular methods. the results revealed high counts for total coliforms in meat and hepatopancreas samples. pcr analyses identified 25 escherichia coli colonies in the itaóca, piedade, and suruí samples, detecting 13 enterotoxigenic colonies and 9 enteroaggregative colonies. respectively, 12, 11, and 21 vibrio parahaemolyticus ...201627065187
evaluation of pcr based assays for the improvement of proportion estimation of bacterial and viral pathogens in diarrheal surveillance.diarrhea can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. laboratory diagnosis is essential in the pathogen-specific burden assessment. in the pathogen spectrum monitoring in the diarrheal surveillance, culture methods are commonly used for the bacterial pathogens' detection whereas nucleic acid based amplification, the non-cultural methods are used for the viral pathogens. different methodology may cause the inaccurate pathogen spectrum for the bacterial pathogens because ...201627065958
identification of polyvalent protective immunogens from outer membrane proteins in vibrio parahaemolyticus to protect fish against bacterial infection.vaccination is one of the most effective and economic way to prevent infectious diseases in aquaculture. the development of effective vaccines, however, is still limited, especially for polyvalent vaccines, which are against multiple species. with this regard, identification of polyvalent protective immunogens, serving as polyvalent vaccines, became a key step in vaccine development. in the current study, 17 outer membrane proteins from vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as immunogens. furt ...201627071519
complete genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus forc_023 isolated from raw fish storage water.vibrio parahaemolyticusis a gram-negative halophilic bacterium that causes food-borne gastroenteritis in humans who consumev. parahaemolyticus-contaminated seafood.the forc_023 strain was isolated from raw fish storage water, containing live fish at a sashimi restaurant. here, we aimed to sequence and characterize the genome of the forc_023 strain. the genome of the forc_023 strain showed two circular chromosomes, which contained 4227 open reading frames (orfs), 131 trna genes and 37 rrna genes. ...201627073252
immunoproteomic approach for screening vaccine candidates from bacterial outer membrane proteins.outer membrane proteins (omps) are unique to gram-negative bacteria and have been revealed as potential vaccine candidates for conferring protection against infections in recent years. immunoproteomics is a powerful technique that is ideally suited to screen and identify potential vaccine candidates. this chapter presents a brief outline of the screening of immunogenic omps from vibrio parahaemolyticus by an immunoproteomic strategy that was based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and im ...201627076320
draft genome sequence of an environmental trh+ vibrio parahaemolyticus k23 strain isolated from kerala, india.vibrio parahaemolyticusis the leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of atrh(+)strain,v. parahaemolyticusk23, isolated from seafood. the sequence will be useful for comparative analysis between environmental and clinical isolates ofv. parahaemolyticus.201627081143
antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fresh shrimps in shanghai fish markets, china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative agent of human serious seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease and even death. shrimps, often eaten raw or undercooked, are an important reservoir of the bacterium. in this study, we isolated and characterized a total of 400 v. parahaemolyticus strains from commonly consumed fresh shrimps (litopenaeus vannamei, macrobrachium rosenbergii, penaeus monodon, and exopalaemon carinicauda) in shanghai fish markets, china in 2013-2014. the results revealed an extreme ...201627083906
a molluscan calreticulin ortholog from haliotis discus discus: molecular characterization and transcriptional evidence for its role in host immunity.calreticulin (calr), a ca(2+) binding chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and mainly involved in ca(2+) storage and signaling. in this study, we report the molecular characterization and immune responses of calr homolog from disk abalone (abcalr). the full length abcalr cdna (1837 bp) had an orf of 1224 bp. according to the multiple alignments analysis, n- and p-domains were highly conserved in all the selected members of calrs. in contrast, the c-domain which terminated with the charact ...201627086846
the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of vibrio parahaemolyticus: sequence variation and implications for detection and function.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of bacterial food-related illness associated with the consumption of undercooked seafood. only a small subset of strains is pathogenic. most clinical strains encode for the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and/or the tdh-related hemolysin (trh). in this work, we amplify and sequence the trh gene from over 80 trh+strains of this bacterium and identify thirteen genetically distinct alleles, most of which have not been deposited in genbank previously. s ...201627094247
draft genome sequence of non-shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 nccp15738.the non-shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (non-stec) o157 is a pathogenic strain that cause diarrhea but does not cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or hemorrhagic colitis. here, we present the 5-mb draft genome sequence of non-stec o157 nccp15738, which was isolated from the feces of a korean patient with diarrhea, and describe its features and the structural basis for its genome evolution.201627096008
molecular characterizations of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood from the black sea, turkey.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium that is considered as one of the major causes of bacterial food-borne outbreaks at a global scale. a total of 114 samples including mussel (n = 42), seawater (n = 22) and fish (n = 50) samples were collected and subjected to investigation. vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected in 45 (39%) of 114 samples with an occurrence in mussel, seawater and fish samples of 76, 40·9 and 8% respectively. a total of 96 isolates were positive for the species-specific ...201627107401
fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device.this work describes fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device, which is called a lab-on-a-disc. all the processes for molecular diagnostics including dna extraction and purification, dna amplification and amplicon detection were integrated on a single disc. silica microbeads incorporated in the disc enabled extraction and purification of bacterial genomic dna from bacteria-contaminated milk samples. we targeted four kinds of fo ...201627112702
metabolome response to temperature-induced virulence gene expression in two genotypes of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main causative agent of serious human seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease. many researchers have investigated its pathogenesis by observing the alteration of its virulence factors in different conditions. it was previously known that culture conditions will influence the gene expression and the metabolic profile of v. parahaemolyticus, but little attention has been paid on the relationship between them. in this study, for the first time, the metabolomics response i ...201627113578
host, pathogen and the environment: the case of macrobrachium rosenbergii, vibrio parahaemolyticus and magnesium.macrobrachium rosenbergii is well-known as the giant freshwater prawn, and is a commercially significant source of seafood. its production can be affected by various bacterial contaminations. among which, the genus vibrio shows a higher prevalence in aquatic organisms, especially m. rosenbergii, causing food-borne illnesses. vibrio parahaemolyticus, a species of vibrio is reported as the main causative of the early mortality syndrome. vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in m. rosenbergii was studi ...201627114742
incidence and prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important seafood borne human pathogen worldwide due to it occurrence, prevalence and ability to cause gastrointestinal infections. this current study aim at investigating the incidence and prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus in seafood using systematic review-meta-analysis by exploring heterogeneity among primary studies. a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2003 and 2015 for the occurrence and prevalen ...201627119068
antibacterial activity of litsea cubeba (lauraceae, may chang) and its effects on the biological response of common carp cyprinus carpio challenged with aeromonas hydrophila.the aims of this study were to characterize the antibacterial activity and the chemotype of litsea cubeba leaf essential oil (eo) harvested in north vietnam and to investigate the biological effects induced by the leaf powder on growth, nonspecific immunity and survival of common carp (cyprinus carpio) challenged with aeromonas hydrophila.201627124660
b-cell activating cpg odn 1668 enhance the immune response of pacific red snapper (lutjanus peru) exposed to vibrio parahaemolitycus.b-class cpg odn 1668 is known to possess clear immunostimulatory properties. in this study, we investigated the potential ability of cpg odn 1668 to enhance the immune response of pacific red snapper exposed to vibrio parahaemolyticus. four different treatments were evaluated in pacific red snapper: (1) stimulatory cpg odn 1668, (2) stimulatory cpg odn 1668 and v. parahaemolyticus, (3) exposure only to v. parahaemolyticus and (4) pbs. samples were taken at 24, 72, 168 and 240 h of stimulation/in ...201627143535
environmental conditions associated with elevated vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in great bay estuary, new hampshire.reports from state health departments and the centers for disease control and prevention indicate that the annual number of reported human vibriosis cases in new england has increased in the past decade. concurrently, there has been a shift in both the spatial distribution and seasonal detection of vibrio spp. throughout the region based on limited monitoring data. to determine environmental factors that may underlie these emerging conditions, this study focuses on a long-term database of vibrio ...201627144925
biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by novosphingobium sp. thg-c3 and their antimicrobial potential.the present study described biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) using a bacterial strain novosphingobium sp. thg-c3, isolated from soil, and their application in antibacterial activity. the maximum absorbance values of the synthesized agnps was measured at 406 nm in ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and were mostly spherical in shape with particle size in range of 8-25 nm by field emission transmission electron microscopy analysis. x-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to planes ( ...201727145847
spatiotemporal dynamics of vibrio spp. within the sydney harbour estuary.vibrio are a genus of marine bacteria that have substantial environmental and human health importance, and there is evidence that their impact may be increasing as a consequence of changing environmental conditions. we investigated the abundance and composition of the vibrio community within the sydney harbour estuary, one of the most densely populated coastal areas in australia, and a region currently experiencing rapidly changing environmental conditions. using quantitative pcr (qpcr) and vibr ...201627148171
prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio parahaemolyticus from ready-to-eat foods in china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks, particularly outbreaks associated with consumption of fish and shellfish, and represents a major threat to human health worldwide. this bacterium harbors two main virulence factors: the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh). additionally, various serotypes have been identified. the extensive use of antibiotics is a contributing factor to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant v. paraha ...201627148231
sero-prevalence and genetic diversity of pandemic v. parahaemolyticus strains occurring at a global scale.pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging public health concern as it has caused numerous gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. currently, the absence of a global overview of the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of pandemic strains restricts our overall understanding of these strains, especially for environmental strains. to generate a global picture of the sero-prevalence and genetic diversity of pandemic v. parahaemolyticus, pandemic isolates from worldwide collections were select ...201627148244
population relationship of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates derived from aquaculture ponds, a seafood market, restaurants, and clinical samples.to study the relationship between environmental and clinical populations of vibrio parahaemolyticus, we collected in total 86 isolates from southern china during one and a half years. sixty-eight isolates were recovered from aquaculture ponds, a seafood market, and restaurants, and 18 isolates were recovered from clinical samples. virulence gene analysis revealed that 25 isolates (14 clinical and 11 environmental) tested positive for tdh, but only 4 carried trh. interestingly, none of the tdh(+) ...201627166752
mice with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia are susceptible to invasive enteric bacterial infection.diabetes mellitus and diarrhea are becoming increasingly burdensome worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as india. diabetic patients are susceptible to infection with pathogenic bacteria, particularly those causing invasive enteric infections. in this study, we observed changes in the pathophysiological features of mice with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. in our experiments, both hyperglycemic and control mice were infected with pathogenic enteric bacteria-non-typhoidal sa ...201727169940
complete genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus strain forc_008, a foodborne pathogen from a flounder fish in south korea.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, motile, nonspore-forming pathogen that causes foodborne illness associated with the consumption of contaminated seafoods. although many cases of foodborne outbreaks caused by v. parahaemolyticus have been reported, the genomes of only five strains have been completely sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics. in order to characterize overall virulence factors and pathogenesis of v. parahaemolyticus associated with foodborne outbreak in south korea, ...201627170457
photodynamic effect of curcumin on vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) is currently a major cause of bacterial diarrhoea associated with seafood consumption. the objective of this study was to determine the inactivation effect of curcumin-mediated photodynamic action on v. parahaemolyticus. first of all, v. parahaemolyticus suspended in pbs buffer was irradiated by a visible light from a led light source with an energy density of 3.6j/cm(2). colony forming units (cfu) were counted and the viability of v. parahaemolyticu ...201627177810
genetic analysis of vibrio parahaemolyticus intestinal colonization.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide and a blight on global aquaculture. this organism requires a horizontally acquired type iii secretion system (t3ss2) to infect the small intestine, but knowledge of additional factors that underlie v. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity is limited. we used transposon-insertion sequencing to screen for genes that contribute to viability of v. parahaemolyticus in vitro and in the mammalian intestine. our analysi ...201627185914
polar flagella rotation in vibrio parahaemolyticus confers resistance to bacteriophage infection.bacteriophage has been recognized as a novel approach to treat bacterial infectious diseases. however, phage resistance may reduce the efficacy of phage therapy. here, we described a mechanism of bacterial resistance to phage infections. in gram-negative enteric pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus, we found that polar flagella can reduce the phage infectivity. deletion of polar flagella, but not the lateral flagella, can dramatically promote the adsorption of phage to the bacteria and enhances the ...201627189325
passive immune-protection of litopenaeus vannamei against vibrio harveyi and vibrio parahaemolyticus infections with anti-vibrio egg yolk (igy)-encapsulated feed.vibrio spp. are major causes of mortality in white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) which is lacking adaptive immunity. passive immunization with a specific egg yolk antibody (igy) is a potential method for the protection of shrimp against vibriosis. in this study, immune effects of the specific egg yolk powders (igy) against both v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus on white shrimp were evaluated. the egg yolk powders against v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus for passive immunization of white shrim ...201627196895
effects of intertidal harvest practices on levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus bacteria in oysters.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus can grow rapidly in shellfish subjected to ambient air conditions, such as during intertidal exposure. in this study, levels of total and pathogenic (tdh(+) and/or trh(+)) v. parahaemolyticus and total v. vulnificus were determined in oysters collected from two study locations where intertidal harvest practices are common. samples were collected directly off intertidal flats, after exposure (ambient air [washington state] or refrigerated [new jersey] ...201627208133
effect of acidic electrolyzed water-induced bacterial inhibition and injury in live clam (venerupis philippinarum) and mussel (mytilus edulis).the effect of acidic electrolyzed water (aew) on inactivating escherichia coli o104:h4, listeria monocytogenes, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio parahaemolyticus and campylobacter jejuni in laboratory contaminated live clam (venerupis philippinarum) and mussel (mytilus edulis) was investigated. the initial levels of bacterial contamination were: in clam 4.9 to 5.7log10cfu/g, and in mussel 5.1 to 5.5log10cfu/g. two types of aew were used for treatment time intervals of 1 and 2h: strong (saew) with an ...201627208583
pharmacokinetic indices for cefovecin after single-dose administration to adult sea otters (enhydra lutris).seven sea otters received a single subcutaneous dose of cefovecin at 8 mg/kg body weight. plasma samples were collected at predetermined time points and assayed for total cefovecin concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. the mean (±sd) noncompartmental pharmacokinetic indices were as follows: cmax (obs) 70.6 ± 14.6 μg/ml, tmax (obs) 2.9 ± 1.5 h, elimination rate constant (kel ) 0.017 ± 0.002/h, elimination half-life (t1/2kel) 41.6 ± 4.7 h, area ...201627212054
a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria.in this study, we developed a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria contaminated milk samples. the microdevice was designed to contain identical triplicate functional units and each unit has four reaction chambers, thereby making it possible to perform twelve direct-rpa reactions simultaneously. the integrated microdevice consisted of two layers: rpa reagents were injected in the top ...201627216297
the brief case: safe to go back in the water? vibrio parahaemolyticus wound infection associated with brackish water. 201627217385
closing the brief case: safe to go back in the water? vibrio parahaemolyticus wound infection associated with brackish water. 201627217388
characterization of adp ribosylation factor 1 gene from exopalaemon carinicauda and its immune response to pathogens challenge and ammonia-n stress.adp ribosylation factors (arf), as highly conserved small guanosine triphosphate (gtp)-binding proteins, participates in intracellular trafficking and organelle structure. in this study, a full-length cdna of arf1 (designated ecarf1) was cloned from exopalaemon carinicauda by using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approaches. the full-length cdna of ecarf1 was 1428 bp, which contains an open reading frame (orf) of 549 bp, encoding a 182 amino-acid polypeptide with the predicted molecular ...201627231192
host, pathogen and environment: a bacterial gbpa gene expression study in response to magnesium environment and presence of prawn carapace and commercial chitin.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative halophilic bacterium which is found largely in estuarine and coastal waters. the bacteria has been a main focus in gastro-intestinal infections caused primarily due to the consumption of contaminated seafood. it was shown to survive in magnesium concentrations as high as 300 mm which are toxic to various other micro-organisms. several genes of v. parahaemolyticus were studied, among which gbpa (n-acetyl glucosamine binding protein) was reported in vibri ...201627231485
characteristics of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.acute diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, particularly in those under the age of 5 years. rotavirus is recognized as the leading cause of acute diarrhea in children, however, the contribution of bacterial pathogens as causative agents varies throughout the world. here we report a hospital-based prospective study to analyze the characteristics of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age.201627267601
two endoplasmic reticulum proteins (calnexin and calreticulin) are involved in innate immunity in chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis).calnexin (cnx) and calreticulin (crt), which are important chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum (er), participate in the folding and quality control of client proteins. cnx and crt identified from chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis) are designated as escnx and escrt, respectively. escnx and escrt are expressed in the hemocyte, hepatopancrea, gill, and intestine at the mrna and protein level. immunofluorescence analysis indicated that escnx and escrt are located in the er. moreover, the m ...201627279413
isolation and characterization of agar-digesting vibrio species from the rotten thallus of gracilariopsis heteroclada zhang et xia.gracilariopsis heteroclada zhang et xia (gracilariaceae, rhodophyta) is one of the most studied marine seaweeds due to its economic importance. this has been cultivated extensively on commercial scale in the philippines and other asian countries. however, sustainable production of g. heteroclada in the philippines could not be maximized due to the occurrence of rotten thallus disease. thus, isolation and characterization of agar-digesting bacteria from the rotten thalli of g. heteroclada was con ...201627285614
establishment and characterization of a skin epidermal cell line from mud loach, misgurnus anguillicaudatus, (mase) and its interaction with three bacterial pathogens.a continuous skin epidermal cell line from mud loach (misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (mase cell line) was established with its application in bacteria infection demonstrated in this study. primary mase cell culture was initiated at 26 °c in dulbecco's modified eagle medium/f12 medium (1:1; ph7.2) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (fbs). the primary mase cells in spindle morphology proliferated into a confluent monolayer within 2 weeks, and were continuously subcultured even in 10% fbs- dmem/ ...201627288257
transcription of exsd is repressed directly by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated diarrhea and gastroenteritis. this bacteria expresses a major virulence determinant called t3ss1. expression of t3ss1 is tightly regulated by the exsa-exsc-exsd regulatory system. the transcription of exsa and probably exsc is repressed directly by the h-ns protein. in this study, the regulation of exsd by h-ns was investigated using quantitative rt-pcr, primer extension, lacz fusion, electrophoretic mobility shift, and dnase i foo ...201627289037
vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of pandemic serotypes identified from clinical and environmental samples from jiangsu, china.vibrio parahaemolyticus has emerged as a major foodborne pathogen in china, japan, thailand, and other asian countries. in this study, 72 strains of v. parahaemolyticus were isolated from clinical and environmental samples between 2006 and 2014 in jiangsu, china. the serotypes and six virulence genes including thermostable direct hemolysin (tdr) and tdr-related hemolysin (trh) genes were assessed among the isolates. twenty five serotypes were identified and o3:k6 was one of the dominant serotype ...201627303379
prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhea in beijing, china (2010-2014).diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. this study aimed to determine the etiologic spectrum, prevalent characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of common enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheagenic children in beijing, the capital of china.201627303446
[transcriptional regulation of hcp1 by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus].to study the transcriptional regulation of the structural components hcp1 by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.201627305788
outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus sequence type 120, peru, 2009.in 2009, an outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus occurred in piura, cajamarca, lambayeque, and lima, peru. whole-genome sequencing of clinical and environmental samples from the outbreak revealed a new v. parahaemolyticus clone. all the isolates identified belonged to a single clonal complex described exclusively in asia before its emergence in peru.201627315090
report of leucine-rich repeats (lrrs) from scylla serrata: ontogeny, molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis following ligand stimulation, and upon bacterial and viral infections.leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins are present in all living organisms, and their participation in signal transduction and defense mechanisms has been elucidated in humans and mosquitoes. lrrs possibly involve in protein-protein interactions also and show differential expression pattern upon challenge with pathogens. in the present study, a new lrr gene was identified in mud crab, scylla serrata. lrr gene mrna levels in different developmental stages and various tissues of s. serrata were analys ...201627328453
differentially expressed transcripts in stomach of penaeus monodon in response to ahpnd infection.acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) is an emerging disease in aquacultured shrimp caused by a pathogenic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus. as with several pathogenic bacteria, colonization of the stomach appeared to be the initial step of the infection for ahpnd-causing vibrio. to understand the immune responses in the stomach of black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon), differentially expressed transcripts (dets) in the stomach during v. parahaemolyticus strain 3hp (vp3hp) infection wa ...201627339467
impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest china.acute diarrhea is a global health problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in children. it has been suggested that enteric pathogen co-infections play an important role in gastroenteritis, but most research efforts have only focused on a small range of species belonging to a few pathogen groups. this study aimed to assess the impact of co-infections with a broad range of enteric pathogens on children aged below five years who suffer from acute diarrhea in southwest china.201627349521
analysis of microbiota on abalone (haliotis discus hannai) in south korea for improved product management.abalone is a popular seafood in south korea; however, because it contains various microorganisms, its ingestion can cause food poisoning. therefore, analysis of the microbiota on abalone can improve understanding of outbreaks and causes of food poisoning and help to better manage seafood products. in this study, we collected a total of 40 abalones from four different regions in march and july, which are known as the maximum abalone production areas in korea. the microbiota were analyzed using hi ...201627371902
[gene deletion and functional analysis of the heptyl glycosyltransferase (waaf) gene in vibrio parahemolyticus o-antigen cluster].to construct heptyl glycosyltransferase gene ii (waaf) gene deletion mutant of vibrio parahaemolyticus, and explore the function of the waaf gene in vibrio parahaemolyticus.201627373077
the vibrio parahaemolyticus-infecting bacteriophage qdvp001: genome sequence and endolysin with a modular structure.vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine pathogen, is a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans after consumption of contaminated seafood. in recent years, infections with v. parahaemolyticus have become an increasingly frequent factor in microbial food poisoning; therefore, it is urgent to figure out ways to control vibrio parahaemolyticus. endolysins, lytic enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, have been regarded as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics in control of bacterial growth and have be ...201627376376
bile salt receptor complex activates a pathogenic type iii secretion system.bile is an important component of the human gastrointestinal tract with an essential role in food absorption and antimicrobial activities. enteric bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to sense bile as an environmental cue to regulate virulence genes during infection. we discovered that vibrio parahaemolyticus vtrc, along with vtra and vtrb, are required for activating the virulence type iii secretion system 2 in response to bile salts. the vtra/vtrc complex activates vtrb in the presenc ...201627377244
structural studies of a polysaccharide from vibrio parahaemolyticus strain an-16000.the structure of a polysaccharide from vibrio parahaemolyticus strain an-16000 has been investigated. the sugar and absolute configuration analysis revealed d-glc, d-galn, d-quin and l-fucn as major components. the ps was subjected to dephosphorylation with aqueous 40% hf to obtain an oligosaccharide that was analyzed by (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the hr-ms spectrum of the oligosaccharide revealed a pentasaccharide composed of two glc residues, one quinac and one galnac, one fucnac, as wel ...201627392309
molecular characteristics of lysozyme g in euryglossa orientalis; cdna cloning, phylogenic analysis, physicochemical properties and tissue gene expression.lysozymes are the key molecules of innate immune system against bacterial infections. in the present study, we identified the molecular characteristics, physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, evolutionary relationship and tissue expression pattern of g-type lysozyme in euryglossa orientalis (euor lysg). the full-length euor lysg cdna is composed of 588 nucleotides and an open reading frame encoding a protein with 195 amino acids with more than 65 % identity to g-type lysozyme of sol ...201627393386
production of new restriction endonuclease vpak111bi recognizing sequence 5'-ggwcc-3' in a haemolysin-less mutant of vibrio parahaemolyticus.high restriction endonuclease activity was found in a haemolysin-less mutant of the vibrio parahaemolyticus 1743-1 strain. the endonuclease, named vpak11bi, recognized the palindromic pentanucleotide sequence of 5'-ggwcc-3' and cleaved double-stranded dna after the first g, which is exactly the same as the specificity of avaii. the haemolysin-less mutant of v. parahaemolyticus is now available for producing the valuable restriction endonuclease on a commercial scale.199727396891
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