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rarely at rest: rna helicases and their busy contributions to rna degradation, regulation and quality control.rna helicases are compact, machine-like proteins that can harness the energy of nucleoside triphosphate binding and hydrolysis to dynamically remodel rna structures and protein-rna complexes. through such activities, helicases participate in virtually every process associated with the expression of genetic information. often found as components of multi-enzyme assemblies, rna helicases facilitate the processivity of rna degradation, the remodeling of protein interactions during maturation of str ...201323064154
the arabidopsis mediator complex subunit16 positively regulates salicylate-mediated systemic acquired resistance and jasmonate/ethylene-induced defense pathways.systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a long-lasting plant immunity against a broad spectrum of pathogens. biological induction of sar requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (sa) and involves profound transcriptional changes that are largely controlled by the transcription coactivator nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 (npr1). however, it is unclear how sar signals are transduced from the npr1 signaling node to the general transcription machinery. here, we report that the arabidops ...201223064320
non-recognition-of-bth4, an arabidopsis mediator subunit homolog, is necessary for development and response to salicylic acid.salicylic acid (sa) signaling acts in defense and plant development. the only gene demonstrated to be required for the response to sa is arabidopsis thaliana non-expresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (npr1), and npr1 mutants are insensitive to sa. by focusing on the effect of analogs of sa on plant development, we identified mutants in additional genes acting in the sa response. in this work, we describe a gene necessary for the sa non-recognition-of-bth4 (nrb4). three nrb4 alleles recovered ...201223064321
atmyb44 regulates wrky70 expression and modulates antagonistic interaction between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling.the role of atmyb44, an r2r3 myb transcription factor, in signaling mediated by jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) is examined. atmyb44 is induced by ja through coronatine insensitive 1 (coi1). atmyb44 over-expression down-regulated defense responses against the necrotrophic pathogen alternaria brassicicola, but up-regulated wrky70 and pr genes, leading to enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. the knockout mutant atmyb44 shows opposite eff ...201323067202
catecholate siderophores protect bacteria from pyochelin toxicity.bacteria produce small molecule iron chelators, known as siderophores, to facilitate the acquisition of iron from the environment. the synthesis of more than one siderophore and the production of multiple siderophore uptake systems by a single bacterial species are common place. the selective advantages conferred by the multiplicity of siderophore synthesis remains poorly understood. however, there is growing evidence suggesting that siderophores may have other physiological roles besides their ...201223071628
cauliflower mosaic virus protein p6 inhibits signaling responses to salicylic acid and regulates innate immunity.cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) encodes a multifunctional protein p6 that is required for translation of the 35s rna and also acts as a suppressor of rna silencing. here we demonstrate that p6 additionally acts as a pathogenicity effector of an unique and novel type, modifying npr1 (a key regulator of salicylic acid (sa)- and jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent signaling) and inhibiting sa-dependent defence responses we find that that transgene-mediated expression of p6 in arabidopsis and transient exp ...201223071821
the botrytis cinerea cerato-platanin bcspl1 is a potent inducer of systemic acquired resistance (sar) in tobacco and generates a wave of salicylic acid expanding from the site of application.systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a potent plant defence system that, in response to a first contact with a plant pathogen, prepares the whole plant for subsequent attacks, so that it becomes more resistant to the same and to other pathogens. bcspl1, a cerato-platanin family protein abundantly secreted by botrytis cinerea, is required for full virulence and elicits the hypersensitive response in the host. here, we report that bcspl1 is also able to induce in tobacco systemic resistance to tw ...201323072280
ethylene in mutualistic symbioses.ethylene (et) is a gaseous phytohormone that participates in various plant physiological processes and essentially contributes to plant immunity. et conducts its functions by regulating the expression of et-responsive genes or in crosstalk with other hormones. several recent studies have shown the significance of et in the establishment and development of plant-microbe interactions. therefore, it is not surprising that pathogens and mutualistic symbionts target et synthesis or signaling to colon ...201223072986
reactive oxygen species generation and signaling in plants.the introduction of molecular oxygen into the atmosphere was accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) as side products of many biochemical reactions. ros are permanently generated in plastids, peroxisomes, mitochiondria, the cytosol and the apoplast. imbalance between ros generation and safe detoxification generates oxidative stress and the accumulating ros are harmful for the plants. on the other hand, specific ros function as signaling molecules and activate signal transd ...201223072988
imprimatins a and b: novel plant activators targeting salicylic acid metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana.plant activators are agrochemicals that protect plants from a broad range of pathogens by activating the plant immune system. unlike pesticides, they do not target pathogens; therefore, plant activators provide durable effects that are not overcome by pathogenic microbes. although certain plant activators have been applied to paddy fields for more than 30 years, the molecular basis of the underlying immune induction are unclear. from the screening of 10,000 diverse chemicals by a high-throughput ...201223073003
wired to the roots: impact of root-beneficial microbe interactions on aboveground plant physiology and protection.often, plant-pathogenic microbe interactions are discussed in a host-microbe two-component system, however very little is known about how the diversity of rhizospheric microbes that associate with plants affect host performance against pathogens. there are various studies, which specially direct the importance of induced systemic defense (isr) response in plants interacting with beneficial rhizobacteria, yet we don't know how rhizobacterial associations modulate plant physiology. in here, we hig ...201223073006
isolation and characterization of the plant immune-priming compounds imprimatin b3 and -b4, potentiators of disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.plant activators are chemical crop protectants that fortify the immune system in plants. unlike pesticides that target pathogens, plant activators provide durable effects against a broad spectrum of diseases, which have not been overcome by pathogenic microbes. plant activators are not only useful agrochemicals, but can also help to elucidate the details of the plant immune system. using an established high-throughput screening procedure, we previously identified 5 compounds, designated as impri ...201223073018
metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in arabidopsis by the rhizobacterium pseudomonas fluorescens ss101.systemic resistance induced in plants by nonpathogenic rhizobacteria is typically effective against multiple pathogens. here, we show that root-colonizing pseudomonas fluorescens strain ss101 (pf.ss101) enhanced resistance in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) against several bacterial pathogens, including pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst) and the insect pest spodoptera exigua. transcriptomic analysis and bioassays with specific arabidopsis mutants revealed that, unlike many other rhizobacter ...201223073694
competition and the origins of novelty: experimental evolution of niche-width expansion in a virus.competition for resources has long been viewed as a key agent of divergent selection. theory holds that populations facing severe intraspecific competition will tend to use a wider range of resources, possibly even using entirely novel resources that are less in demand. yet, there have been few experimental tests of these ideas. using the bacterial virus (bacteriophage) 6 as a model system, we examined whether competition for host resources promotes the evolution of novel resource use. in the la ...201323075527
a bacterial effector targets the traf6-nfκb pathway to modulate the acute inflammatory response to bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. 201223076286
heterologous expression of a photorhabdus luminescens syrbactin-like gene cluster results in production of the potent proteasome inhibitor glidobactin a.syrbactins are cyclic peptide derivatives which are known to inhibit the eukaryotic proteasome by irreversible covalent binding to its catalytic sites. the only two members of this family characterized to date, syringolin a and glidobactin a, are secreted by certain strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and strain k481-b101 from the order burkholderiales, respectively. syrbactins are the products of mixed non-ribosomal peptide/polyketide synthases encoded by gene clusters with a character ...201323079192
involvement of bacterial tonb-dependent signaling in the generation of an oligogalacturonide damage-associated molecular pattern from plant cell walls exposed to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pectate lyases.efficient perception of attacking pathogens is essential for plants. plant defense is evoked by molecules termed elicitors. endogenous elicitors or damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) originate from plant materials upon injury or pathogen activity. while there are comparably well-characterized examples for damps, often oligogalacturonides (ogas), generated by the activity of fungal pathogens, endogenous elicitors evoked by bacterial pathogens have been rarely described. in particular, t ...201223082751
tricking the guard: exploiting plant defense for disease susceptibility.typically, pathogens deploy virulence effectors to disable defense. plants defeat effectors with resistance proteins that guard effector targets. we found that a pathogen exploits a resistance protein by activating it to confer susceptibility in arabidopsis. the guard mechanism of plant defense is recapitulated by interactions among victorin (an effector produced by the necrotrophic fungus cochliobolus victoriae), trx-h5 (a defense-associated thioredoxin), and lov1 (an arabidopsis susceptibility ...201223087001
aux/lax family of auxin influx carriers-an overview.auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. auxin is unique among plant hormones for exhibiting polar transport. indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), the major form of auxin in higher plants, is a weak acid and its intercellular movement is facilitated by auxin influx and efflux carriers. polarity of auxin movement is provided by asymmetric localization of auxin carriers (mainly pin efflux carriers). pin-formed (pin) and p-glycoprotein (pgp) family of proteins are major auxin efflux ...201223087694
arabidopsis thaliana mterf proteins: evolution and functional classification.organellar gene expression (oge) is crucial for plant development, photosynthesis, and respiration, but our understanding of the mechanisms that control it is still relatively poor. thus, oge requires various nucleus-encoded proteins that promote transcription, splicing, trimming, and editing of organellar rnas, and regulate translation. in metazoans, proteins of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mterf) family interact with the mitochondrial chromosome and regulate transcriptio ...201223087700
[basal bacteriosis of wheat and influence of agrotechnical methods on its spread].monitoring of bacterial diseases of wheat was conducted allowing for different doses of mineral fertilizers and crops predecessors. it is shown that symptoms of development of the basic disease of wheat, which is caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, varied depending on agrotechnical methods, stages of plant growth and environmental factors. introduction of different doses of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers, especially high ones, increases the damage of wheat by the agent ...201223088098
identification of novel virulence genes and metabolic pathways required for full fitness of pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi in olive (olea europaea) knots.comparative genomics and functional analysis of pseudomonas syringae and related pathogens have mainly focused on diseases of herbaceous plants; however, there is a general lack of knowledge about the virulence and pathogenicity determinants required for infection of woody plants. here, we applied signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) to pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi during colonization of olive (olea europaea) knots, with the goal of identifying the range of genes linked to growth and symp ...201223088618
identification of burkholderia cenocepacia strain h111 virulence factors using nonmammalian infection hosts.burkholderia cenocepacia h111, a strain isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient, has been shown to effectively kill the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. we used the c. elegans model of infection to screen a mini-tn5 mutant library of b. cenocepacia h111 for attenuated virulence. of the approximately 5,500 b. cenocepacia h111 random mini-tn5 insertion mutants that were screened, 22 showed attenuated virulence in c. elegans. except for the quorum-sensing regulator cepr, none of the mutated genes c ...201323090963
one-shot nmr analysis of microbial secretions identifies highly potent proteasome inhibitor.natural products represent valuable lead structures for drug discovery. however, for most bioactive compounds no cellular target is yet identified and many substances predicted from genome analysis are inaccessible due to their life stage-dependent biosynthesis, which is not reflected in common isolation procedures. in response to these issues, an nmr-based and target-directed protease assay for inhibitor detection of the proteasome was developed. the methodology is suitable for one-shot identif ...201223091006
characterization of bacteria associated with pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.pine wilt disease (pwd) is a complex disease integrating three major agents: the pathogenic agent, the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector monochamus spp.; and the host pine tree, pinus sp. since the early 80's, the notion that another pathogenic agent, namely bacteria, may play a role in pwd has been gaining traction, however the role of bacteria in pwd is still unknown. the present work supports the possibility that some b. xylophilus-associated bacteria may play a ...201223091599
the pepper extracellular xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein gene, caxegip1, is required for plant cell death and defense responses.plants produce various proteinaceous inhibitors to protect themselves against microbial pathogen attack. a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor1 gene, caxegip1, was isolated and functionally characterized in pepper (capsicum annuum) plants. caxegip1 was rapidly and strongly induced in pepper leaves infected with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, and purified caxegip1 protein significantly inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the glycoside hydrolase74 family xylogluca ...201223093361
the pepper extracellular xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein gene, caxegip1, is required for plant cell death and defense responses.plants produce various proteinaceous inhibitors to protect themselves against microbial pathogen attack. a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase inhibitor1 gene, caxegip1, was isolated and functionally characterized in pepper (capsicum annuum) plants. caxegip1 was rapidly and strongly induced in pepper leaves infected with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, and purified caxegip1 protein significantly inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the glycoside hydrolase74 family xylogluca ...201223093361
rna helicases: diverse roles in prokaryotic response to abiotic stress.similar to proteins, rna molecules must fold into the correct conformation and associate with protein complexes in order to be functional within a cell. rna helicases rearrange rna secondary structure and rna-protein interactions in an atp-dependent reaction, performing crucial functions in all aspects of rna metabolism. in prokaryotes, rna helicase activity is associated with roles in housekeeping functions including rna turnover, ribosome biogenesis, translation and small rna metabolism. in ad ...201323093803
proteomic changes in actinidia chinensis shoot during systemic infection with a pandemic pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae strain.a pandemic, very aggressive population of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is currently causing severe economic losses to kiwifruit crops worldwide. upon leaf attack, this gram-negative bacterium systemically reaches the plant shoot in a week period. in this study, combined 2-de and nanolc-esi-lit-ms/ms procedures were used to describe major proteomic changes in actinidia chinensis shoot following bacterial inoculation in host leaf. a total of 117 differentially represented protein spots were ...201323099348
plant plasma membrane-bound staphylococcal-like dnases as a novel class of eukaryotic nucleases.the activity of degradative nucleases responsible for genomic dna digestion has been observed in all kingdoms of life. it is believed that the main function of dna degradation occurring during plant programmed cell death is redistribution of nucleic acid derived products such as nitrogen, phosphorus and nucleotide bases. plant degradative nucleases that have been studied so far belong mainly to the s1-type family and were identified in cellular compartments containing nucleic acids or in the org ...201223102437
coronatine, a more powerful elicitor for inducing taxane biosynthesis in taxus media cell cultures than methyl jasmonate.coronatine is a toxin produced by the pathogen pseudomonas syringae. this compound has received much attention recently for its potential to act as a plant growth regulator and elicitor of plant secondary metabolism. to gain more insight into the mechanism by which elicitors can affect the biosynthesis of paclitaxel (px) and related taxanes, the effect of coronatine (cor) and methyl jasmonate (meja) on taxus media cell cultures has been studied. for this study, a two-stage cell culture was estab ...201323102875
putative role of proteins involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species in the early response to gravitropic stimulation of poplar stems.gravity perception and gravitropic response are essential for plant development. in herbaceous species it is widely accepted that one of the primary events in gravity perception involves the displacement of amyloplasts within specialized cells. however the signaling cascade leading to stem reorientation is not fully known especially in woody species in which primary and secondary growth occur. several different second messengers and proteins have been suggested to be involved in signal transduct ...201223104108
putative role of proteins involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species in the early response to gravitropic stimulation of poplar stems.gravity perception and gravitropic response are essential for plant development. in herbaceous species it is widely accepted that one of the primary events in gravity perception involves the displacement of amyloplasts within specialized cells. however the signaling cascade leading to stem reorientation is not fully known especially in woody species in which primary and secondary growth occur. several different second messengers and proteins have been suggested to be involved in signal transduct ...201223104108
nad: not just a pawn on the board of plant-pathogen interactions.many metabolic processes that occur in living cells involve oxido-reduction (redox) chemistry underpinned by redox compounds such as glutathione, ascorbate and/or pyridine nucleotides. among these redox carriers, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) is the cornerstone of cellular oxidations along catabolism and is therefore essential for plant growth and development. in addition to its redox role, there is now compelling evidence that nad is a signal molecule controlling crucial functions lik ...201223104110
nad: not just a pawn on the board of plant-pathogen interactions.many metabolic processes that occur in living cells involve oxido-reduction (redox) chemistry underpinned by redox compounds such as glutathione, ascorbate and/or pyridine nucleotides. among these redox carriers, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) is the cornerstone of cellular oxidations along catabolism and is therefore essential for plant growth and development. in addition to its redox role, there is now compelling evidence that nad is a signal molecule controlling crucial functions lik ...201223104110
proteomic analysis of grapevine resistance induced by trichoderma harzianum t39 reveals specific defence pathways activated against downy mildew.downy mildew is caused by the oomycete plasmopara viticola and is one of the most serious diseases of grapevine. the beneficial microorganism trichoderma harzianum t39 (t39) has previously been shown to induce plant-mediated resistance and to reduce the severity of downy mildew in susceptible grapevines. in order to better understand the cellular processes associated with t39-induced resistance, the proteomic and histochemical changes activated by t39 in grapevine were investigated before and 1 ...201223105132
consequences of flagellin export through the type iii secretion system of pseudomonas syringae reveal a major difference in the innate immune systems of mammals and the model plant nicotiana benthamiana.bacterial flagellin is perceived as a microbe (or pathogen)-associated molecular pattern (mamp or pamp) by the extracellular pattern recognition receptors, fls2 and tlr5, of plants and mammals respectively. flagellin accidently translocated into mammalian cells by pathogen type iii secretion systems (t3sss) is recognized by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor nlrc4 as a pattern of pathogenesis and induces a death-associated immune response. the non-pathogen pseudomonas fluorescens pf ...201323107228
dual targeting and retrograde translocation: regulators of plant nuclear gene expression can be sequestered by plastids.changes in the developmental or metabolic state of plastids can trigger profound changes in the transcript profiles of nuclear genes. many nuclear transcription factors were shown to be controlled by signals generated in the organelles. in addition to the many different compounds for which an involvement in retrograde signaling is discussed, accumulating evidence suggests a role for proteins in plastid-to-nucleus communication. these proteins might be sequestered in the plastids before they act ...201223109840
regulation of plant immune receptors by ubiquitination.from pathogen perception and the activation of signal transduction cascades to the deployment of defense responses, protein ubiquitination plays a key role in the modulation of plant immunity. ubiquitination is mediated by three enzymes, of which the e3 ubiquitin ligases, the substrate determinants, have been the major focus of attention. accumulating evidence suggests that ubiquitination modulates signaling mediated by pattern recognition receptors and is important for the accumulation of nucle ...201223109936
systems analysis of plant functional, transcriptional, physical interaction, and metabolic networks.physiological responses, developmental programs, and cellular functions rely on complex networks of interactions at different levels and scales. systems biology brings together high-throughput biochemical, genetic, and molecular approaches to generate omics data that can be analyzed and used in mathematical and computational models toward uncovering these networks on a global scale. various approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, have been employed to ...201223110892
constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase versions reveal functions of arabidopsis mpk4 in pathogen defense signaling.plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are involved in important processes, including stress signaling and development. in a functional yeast screen, we identified mutations that render arabidopsis thaliana mapks constitutively active (ca). importantly, ca-mapks maintain their specificity toward known activators and substrates. as a proof-of-concept, arabidopsis mapk4 (mpk4) function in plant immunity was investigated. in agreement with the phenotype of mpk4 mutants, ca-mpk4 plants were ...201223115249
glutamate receptor homologs in plants: functions and evolutionary origins.the plant glutamate-like receptor homologs (glrs) are homologs of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iglurs) which were discovered more than 10 years ago, and are hypothesized to be potential amino acid sensors in plants. although initial progress on this gene family has been hampered by gene redundancy and technical issues such as gene toxicity; genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches are starting to uncover the functions of this protein family. in parallel, there h ...201223115559
the blade-on-petiole genes of arabidopsis are essential for resistance induced by methyl jasmonate.npr1 is a gene of arabidopsis thaliana required for the perception of salicylic acid. this perception triggers a defense response and negatively regulates the perception of jasmonates. surprisingly, the application of methyl jasmonate also induces resistance, and npr1 is also suspected to be relevant. since an allelic series of npr1 was recently described, the behavior of these alleles was tested in response to methyl jasmonate.201223116333
synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide secretion in gram-negative bacteria.the biosynthesis and export of bacterial cell-surface polysaccharides is known to occur through several distinct mechanisms. recent advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of several proteins in synthase-dependent polysaccharide secretion systems have identified key conserved components of this pathway in gram-negative bacteria. these components include an inner-membrane-embedded polysaccharide synthase, a periplasmic tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-containing scaffold protein, and an ...201223117123
synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide secretion in gram-negative bacteria.the biosynthesis and export of bacterial cell-surface polysaccharides is known to occur through several distinct mechanisms. recent advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of several proteins in synthase-dependent polysaccharide secretion systems have identified key conserved components of this pathway in gram-negative bacteria. these components include an inner-membrane-embedded polysaccharide synthase, a periplasmic tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-containing scaffold protein, and an ...201223117123
sulfonamides identified as plant immune-priming compounds in high-throughput chemical screening increase disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.plant activators are agrochemicals that protect crops from diseases by activating the plant immune system. to isolate lead compounds for use as practical plant activators, we screened two different chemical libraries composed of various bioactive substances by using an established screening procedure that can selectively identify immune-priming compounds. we identified and characterized a group of sulfonamide compounds - sulfameter, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfabenzamide, and sulfachloropyridazi ...201223118736
dynamics of membrane potential variation and gene expression induced by spodoptera littoralis, myzus persicae, and pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis.biotic stress induced by various herbivores and pathogens invokes plant responses involving different defense mechanisms. however, we do not know whether different biotic stresses share a common response or which signaling pathways are involved in responses to different biotic stresses. we investigated the common and specific responses of arabidopsis thaliana to three biotic stress agents: spodoptera littoralis, myzus persicae, and the pathogen pseudomonas syringae.201223118859
regulons of three pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 iron starvation sigma factors.pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 contains genes for 15 sigma factors. the majority are members of the extracytoplasmic function class of sigma factors, including five that belong to the iron starvation subgroup. in this study, we identified the genes controlled by three iron starvation sigma factors. their regulons are composed of a small number of genes likely to be involved in iron uptake.201323124242
constitutive expression of mammalian nitric oxide synthase in tobacco plants triggers disease resistance to pathogens.nitric oxide (no) is known for its role in the activation of plant defense responses. to examine the involvement and mode of action of no in plant defense responses, we introduced calmodulin-dependent mammalian neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos), which controls the camv35s promoter, into wild-type and nahg tobacco plants. constitutive expression of nnos led to no production and triggered spontaneous induction of leaf lesions. transgenic plants accumulated high amounts of h(2)o(2), with catala ...201223124383
revised phylogeny and novel horizontally acquired virulence determinants of the model soft rot phytopathogen pectobacterium wasabiae scc3193.soft rot disease is economically one of the most devastating bacterial diseases affecting plants worldwide. in this study, we present novel insights into the phylogeny and virulence of the soft rot model pectobacterium sp. scc3193, which was isolated from a diseased potato stem in finland in the early 1980s. genomic approaches, including proteome and genome comparisons of all sequenced soft rot bacteria, revealed that scc3193, previously included in the species pectobacterium carotovorum, can no ...201223133391
overexpression of the pathogen-inducible wheat tawrky45 gene confers disease resistance to multiple fungi in transgenic wheat plants.recently we cloned and characterized the gene for the wheat transcription factor tawrky45 and showed that tawrky45 was upregulated in response to benzothiadiazole (bth) and fusarium head blight (fhb) and that its overexpression conferred enhanced resistance against f. graminearum. to characterize the functional role of tawrky45 in the disease resistance of wheat, in the present study we conducted expression analyses of tawrky45 with inoculations of powdery mildew and leaf rust and evaluated tawr ...201123136468
effectiveness of combining resistance to thielaviopsis basicola and tomato spotted wilt virus in haploid tobacco genotypes.black root rot (brr) caused by thielaviopsis basicola as well as tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) are the most serious problems in tobacco growing regions. we crossed the breeding line wgl 3 carrying brr resistance derived from n.glauca with the line pw-834 the resistance of which to tswv was transferred from cultivar polalta. anthers obtained from f(1) hybrid plants were cultured to induce haploids combining resistance to th. basicola and tswv. flow cytometry analysis revealed 242 haploids and ...201123136476
rna silencing as a tool to uncover gene function and engineer novel traits in soybean.rna silencing refers collectively to diverse rna-mediated pathways of nucleotide-sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. it has been used to analyze gene function and engineer novel traits in various organisms. here, we review the application of rna silencing in soybean. to produce soybean lines, in which a particular gene is stably silenced, researchers have frequently used a transgene that transcribes inverted repeats of a target gene segment. suppression of gene expression in develop ...201223136487
homology modeling and functional characterization of pr-1a protein of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare.pathogenesis-related protein 1a of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (hvpr-1a) is induced by various pathogens and stress related factors. it plays important roles in plant defense system. since the discovery of hvpr-1a a great deal of research has been focused on its isolation and characterization. however, three dimensional structure of hvpr-1a is still unknown. 3d structure can be used for determining protein function, and identifying novel protein folds and potential targets for regulation. the ...201223139589
myc2: the master in action.jasmonates (jas) are plant hormones with essential roles in plant defense and development. the basic-helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factor (tf) myc2 has recently emerged as a master regulator of most aspects of the jasmonate (ja) signaling pathway in arabidopsis. myc2 coordinates ja-mediated defense responses by antagonistically regulating two different branches of the ja signaling pathway that determine resistance to pests and pathogens, respectively. myc2 is required for induced systemi ...201323142764
the mangotoxin biosynthetic operon (mbo) is specifically distributed within pseudomonas syringae genomospecies 1 and was acquired only once during evolution.mangotoxin production was first described in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains. a phenotypic characterization of 94 p. syringae strains was carried out to determine the genetic evolution of the mangotoxin biosynthetic operon (mbo). we designed a pcr primer pair specific for the mbo operon to examine its distribution within the p. syringae complex. these primers amplified a 692-bp dna fragment from 52 mangotoxin-producing strains and from 7 non-mangotoxin-producing strains that harbor the ...201323144138
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 cmal (pspto4723), a duf1330 family member, is needed to produce l-allo-isoleucine, a precursor for the phytotoxin coronatine.pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 produces the phytotoxin coronatine, a major determinant of the leaf chlorosis associated with dc3000 pathogenesis. the dc3000 pspto4723 (cmal) gene is located in a genomic region encoding type iii effectors; however, it promotes chlorosis in the model plant nicotiana benthamiana in a manner independent of type iii secretion. coronatine is produced by the ligation of two moieties, coronafacic acid (cfa) and coronamic acid (cma), which are produced by biosynt ...201323144243
control of fusarium wilt in banana with chinese leek.the inhibitory effects of chinese leek(allium tuberosum) on fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (foc) and on fusarium wilt incidence were studied in order to identify a potential efficient way to control the disease. adopting the rotation system of chinese leek-banana reduced the fusarium wilt incidence and disease severity index by 88 %-97 % and 91 %-96 %, respectively, improved the crop value by 36 %-86 %, in an area heavily infested by foc between 2007 and 2009. as a result of inoculation in th ...201223144534
arabidopsis actin-depolymerizing factor-4 links pathogen perception, defense activation and transcription to cytoskeletal dynamics.the primary role of actin-depolymerizing factors (adfs) is to sever filamentous actin, generating pointed ends, which in turn are incorporated into newly formed filaments, thus supporting stochastic actin dynamics. arabidopsis adf4 was recently shown to be required for the activation of resistance in arabidopsis following infection with the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) expressing the effector protein avrpphb. herein, we demonstrate that the expression of ...201223144618
diuretics prime plant immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.plant activators are agrochemicals that activate the plant immune system, thereby enhancing disease resistance. due to their prophylactic and durable effects on a wide spectrum of diseases, plant activators can provide synergistic crop protection when used in combination with traditional pest controls. although plant activators have achieved great success in wet-rice farming practices in asia, their use is still limited. to isolate novel plant activators applicable to other crops, we screened a ...201223144763
whole genome analysis of leptospira licerasiae provides insight into leptospiral evolution and pathogenicity.the whole genome analysis of two strains of the first intermediately pathogenic leptospiral species to be sequenced (leptospira licerasiae strains var010 and mmd0835) provides insight into their pathogenic potential and deepens our understanding of leptospiral evolution. comparative analysis of eight leptospiral genomes shows the existence of a core leptospiral genome comprising 1547 genes and 452 conserved genes restricted to infectious species (including l. licerasiae) that are likely to be pa ...201223145189
virulence factor regulator (vfr) controls virulence-associated phenotypes in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 by a quorum sensing-independent mechanism.virulence factor regulator (vfr) is a member of the cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (camp) receptor proteins that regulate the expression of many important virulence genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa. the role of vfr in pathogenicity has not been elucidated fully in phytopathogenic bacteria. to investigate the function of vfr in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, the vfr gene was disrupted. the virulence of the vfr mutant towards host tobacco plants was attenuated significantly, and the in ...201323145783
functional analysis of arabidopsis mutants points to novel roles for glutathione in coupling h(2)o(2) to activation of salicylic acid accumulation and signaling.through its interaction with h(2)o(2), glutathione is a candidate for transmission of signals in plant responses to pathogens, but identification of signaling roles is complicated by its antioxidant function. using a genetic approach based on a conditional catalase-deficient arabidopsis mutant, cat2, this study aimed at establishing whether gsh plays an important functional role in the transmission of signals downstream of h(2)o(2).201323148658
linking ligand perception by pepr pattern recognition receptors to cytosolic ca2+ elevation and downstream immune signaling in plants.little is known about molecular steps linking perception of pathogen invasion by cell surface sentry proteins acting as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to downstream cytosolic ca(2+) elevation, a critical step in plant immune signaling cascades. some prrs recognize molecules (such as flagellin) associated with microbial pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pamps), whereas others bind endogenous plant compounds (damage-associated molecular patterns, damps) such as peptides rele ...201223150556
the large universal pantoea plasmid lpp-1 plays a major role in biological and ecological diversification.pantoea spp. are frequently isolated from a wide range of ecological niches and have various biological roles, as plant epi- or endophytes, biocontrol agents, plant-growth promoters or as pathogens of both plant and animal hosts. this suggests that members of this genus have undergone extensive genotypic diversification. one means by which this occurs among bacteria is through the acquisition and maintenance of plasmids. here, we have analyzed and compared the sequences of a large plasmid common ...201223151240
the impact of global change factors on redox signaling underpinning stress tolerance. 201223151347
the impact of global change factors on redox signaling underpinning stress tolerance. 201223151347
structure of the catalytic domain of the salmonella virulence factor ssei.ssei is secreted into host cells by salmonella and contributes to the establishment of systemic infections. the crystal structure of the c-terminal domain of ssei has been solved to 1.70 å resolution, revealing it to be a member of the cysteine protease superfamily with a catalytic triad consisting of cys178, his216 and asp231 that is critical to its virulence activities. structure-based analysis revealed that ssei is likely to possess either acyl hydrolase or acyltransferase activity, placing t ...201223151626
co-expression analysis identifies putative targets for cbp60g and sard1 regulation.salicylic acid is a critical signalling component in plant defence responses. in arabidopsis, isochorismate synthase encoded by sid2 is essential for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in response to biotic challenges. recently, both the calmodulin binding protein cbp60g and its closest homolog, the non-calmodulin binding sard1, have been shown to bind to the promoter region of sid2. loss of both cbp60g and sard1 severely impacts the plants ability to produce sa in response to bacterial inoculat ...201223153277
contribution of nitrate assimilation to the fitness of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a on plants.the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae to use nitrate as a nitrogen source in culture and on leaves was assessed. substantial amounts of leaf surface nitrate were detected directly and by use of a bioreporter of nitrate on bean plants grown with a variety of nitrogen sources. while a nitrate reductase mutant, p. syringae δnasb, exhibited greatly reduced growth in culture with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, it exhibited population sizes similar to those of the wild-type strain on ...201323160124
diverse microhabitats experienced by halomonas variabilis on salt-secreting leaves.the leaf surfaces of the salt-excreting tree tamarix aphylla harbor a wide diversity of halophilic microorganisms, including halomonas sp., but little is known of the factors that shape community composition in this extreme habitat. we isolated a strain of halomonas variabilis from the leaf surface of t. aphylla and used it to determine the heterogeneity of salt concentrations experienced by bacteria in this environment. this halophilic strain was transformed with a prou::gfp reporter gene fusio ...201323160133
identification and characterization of a high-affinity choline uptake system of brucella abortus.phosphatidylcholine (pc), a common phospholipid of the eukaryotic cell membrane, is present in the cell envelope of the intracellular pathogen brucella abortus, the etiological agent of bovine brucellosis. in this pathogen, the biosynthesis of pc proceeds mainly through the phosphatidylcholine synthase pathway; hence, it relies on the presence of choline in the milieu. these observations imply that b. abortus encodes an as-yet-unknown choline uptake system. taking advantage of the requirement of ...201323161032
identification of two novel endoplasmic reticulum body-specific integral membrane proteins.the endoplasmic reticulum (er) body, a large compartment specific to the brassicales, accumulates β-glucosidase and possibly plays a role in the defense against pathogens and herbivores. although the er body is a subdomain of the er, it is unclear whether any er body-specific membrane protein exists. in this study, we identified two integral membrane proteins of the er body in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and termed them membrane protein of endoplasmic reticulum body1 (meb1) and meb2. in a ...201223166355
identification of two novel endoplasmic reticulum body-specific integral membrane proteins.the endoplasmic reticulum (er) body, a large compartment specific to the brassicales, accumulates β-glucosidase and possibly plays a role in the defense against pathogens and herbivores. although the er body is a subdomain of the er, it is unclear whether any er body-specific membrane protein exists. in this study, we identified two integral membrane proteins of the er body in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and termed them membrane protein of endoplasmic reticulum body1 (meb1) and meb2. in a ...201223166355
a u-box e3 ubiquitin ligase, pub20, interacts with the arabidopsis g-protein β subunit, agb1.an arabidopsis u-box e3 ubiquitin ligase plant u-box 20 (pub20; alternatively called atcmpg1) was identified as a possible interactor of the arabidopsis g-protein β subunit, agb1, by yeast two-hybrid screening. a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) assay showed that pub20 interacted with agb1 in the nuclei and the cytosol. the expression levels of pub20 and its closest homolog, pub21 were stable under many conditions. gus driven by the pub20 promoter was active in anthers, pollen, pr ...201223166612
structure of the type iii secretion effector protein exou in complex with its chaperone spcu.disease causing bacteria often manipulate host cells in a way that facilitates the infectious process. many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria accomplish this by using type iii secretion systems. in these complex secretion pathways, bacterial chaperones direct effector proteins to a needle-like secretion apparatus, which then delivers the effector protein into the host cell cytosol. the effector protein exou and its chaperone spcu are components of the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii secretion sy ...201223166655
vascular plant one-zinc-finger protein 1/2 transcription factors regulate abiotic and biotic stress responses in arabidopsis.plants adapt to abiotic and biotic stresses by activating abscisic acid-mediated (aba) abiotic stress-responsive and salicylic acid-(sa) or jasmonic acid-mediated (ja) biotic stress-responsive pathways, respectively. although the abiotic stress-responsive pathway interacts antagonistically with the biotic stress-responsive pathways, the mechanisms that regulate these pathways remain largely unknown. in this study, we provide insight into the function of vascular plant one-zinc-finger proteins (v ...201323167462
synergies between rna degradation and trans-translation in streptococcus pneumoniae: cross regulation and co-transcription of rnase r and smpb.ribonuclease r (rnase r) is an exoribonuclease that recognizes and degrades a wide range of rna molecules. it is a stress-induced protein shown to be important for the establishment of virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. rnase r has also been implicated in the trans-translation process. transfer-messenger rna (tmrna/ssra rna) and smpb are the main effectors of trans-translation, an rna and protein quality control system that resolves challenges associated with stalled ribosomes on non-stop ...201223167513
transcription factor-dependent nuclear localization of a transcriptional repressor in jasmonate hormone signaling.the plant hormone jasmonate (ja) plays an important role in regulating growth, development and immunity. a key step in ja signaling is ligand-dependent assembly of a coreceptor complex consisting of the f-box protein coi1 and jaz transcriptional repressors. assembly of this receptor complex results in proteasome-mediated degradation of jaz repressors, which at resting state bind to and repress the myc transcription factors. although the ja receptor complex is believed to function within the nucl ...201223169619
the ubiquitin ligase pub22 targets a subunit of the exocyst complex required for pamp-triggered responses in arabidopsis.plant pathogens are perceived by pattern recognition receptors, which are activated upon binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). ubiquitination and vesicle trafficking have been linked to the regulation of immune signaling. however, little information exists about components of vesicle trafficking involved in immune signaling and the mechanisms that regulate them. in this study, we identified arabidopsis thaliana exo70b2, a subunit of the exocyst complex that mediates vesicle ...201223170036
iron-regulated metabolites produced by pseudomonas fluorescens wcs374r are not required for eliciting induced systemic resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in arabidopsis.the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium pseudomonas fluorescens wcs374r produces several iron-regulated metabolites, including the fluorescent siderophore pseudobactin (psb374), salicylic acid (sa), and pseudomonine (psm), a siderophore that contains a sa moiety. after purification of psb374 from culture supernatant of wcs374r, its structure was determined following isoelectrofocusing and tandem mass spectrometry, and found to be identical to the fluorescent siderophore produced by p. fluoresc ...201223170230
genomic insights into strategies used by xanthomonas albilineans with its reduced artillery to spread within sugarcane xylem vessels.xanthomonas albilineans causes leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. x. albilineans exhibits distinctive pathogenic mechanisms, ecology and taxonomy compared to other species of xanthomonas. for example, this species produces a potent dna gyrase inhibitor called albicidin that is largely responsible for inducing disease symptoms; its habitat is limited to xylem; and the species exhibits large variability. a first manuscript on the complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic x. albilin ...201223171051
genome sequence of the necrotrophic fungus penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus.penicillium digitatum is a fungal necrotroph causing a common citrus postharvest disease known as green mold. in order to gain insight into the genetic bases of its virulence mechanisms and its high degree of host-specificity, the genomes of two p. digitatum strains that differ in their antifungal resistance traits have been sequenced and compared with those of 28 other pezizomycotina.201223171342
downy mildew resistance induced by trichoderma harzianum t39 in susceptible grapevines partially mimics transcriptional changes of resistant genotypes.downy mildew, caused by plasmopara viticola, is one of the most severe diseases of grapevine and is commonly controlled by fungicide treatments. the beneficial microorganism trichoderma harzianum t39 (t39) can induce resistance to downy mildew, although the molecular events associated with this process have not yet been elucidated in grapevine. a next generation rna sequencing (rna-seq) approach was used to study global transcriptional changes associated with resistance induced by t39 in vitis v ...201223173562
conservation of nlr-triggered immunity across plant lineages.the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (nlr) family of plant receptors detects pathogen-derived molecules, designated effectors, inside host cells and mediates innate immune responses to pathogenic invaders. genetic evidence revealed species-specific coevolution of many nlrs with effectors from host-adapted pathogens, suggesting that the specificity of these nlrs is restricted to the host or closely related plant species. however, we report that an nlr immune receptor (mla1) from ...201223175786
small rnas and their role in biofilm formation.the formation of biofilms is initiated by bacteria transitioning from the planktonic to the surface-associated mode of growth. several regulatory systems have been described to govern the initiation and subsequent formation of biofilms. recent evidence suggests that regulatory networks governing the decision of bacteria whether to attach and form biofilms or remain as planktonic cells are further subject to regulation by small non-coding rnas (srnas). this is accomplished by srnas fine-tuning re ...201223178000
small rnas and their role in biofilm formation.the formation of biofilms is initiated by bacteria transitioning from the planktonic to the surface-associated mode of growth. several regulatory systems have been described to govern the initiation and subsequent formation of biofilms. recent evidence suggests that regulatory networks governing the decision of bacteria whether to attach and form biofilms or remain as planktonic cells are further subject to regulation by small non-coding rnas (srnas). this is accomplished by srnas fine-tuning re ...201223178000
genes encoding plant-specific class iii peroxidases are responsible for increased cold tolerance of the brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 mutant.we previously reported that one of the brassinosteroidinsensitive mutants, bri1-9, showed increased cold tolerance compared with both wild type and bri1-overexpressing transgenic plants, despite its severe growth retardation. this increased tolerance in bri1-9 resulted from the constitutively high expression of stress-inducible genes under normal conditions. in this report, we focused on the genes encoding class iii plant peroxidases (atprxs) because we found that, compared with wild type, bri1- ...201223180292
genome analysis of a simultaneously predatory and prey-independent, novel bdellovibrio bacteriovorus from the river tiber, supports in silico predictions of both ancient and recent lateral gene transfer from diverse bacteria.evolution equipped bdellovibrio bacteriovorus predatory bacteria to invade other bacteria, digesting and replicating, sealed within them thus preventing nutrient-sharing with organisms in the surrounding environment. bdellovibrio were previously described as "obligate predators" because only by mutations, often in gene bd0108, are 1 in ~1x10(7) of predatory lab strains of bdellovibrio converted to prey-independent growth. a previous genomic analysis of b. bacteriovorus strain hd100 suggested tha ...201223181807
recruitment and rearrangement of three different genetic determinants into a conjugative plasmid increase copper resistance in pseudomonas syringae.we describe the genetic organization of a copper-resistant plasmid containing copg and cuscba genes in the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae. chromosomal variants of czccba and a plasmid variant of cuscba were present in different p. syringae pathovar strains. transformation of the copper-sensitive pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ff5 strain with copg or cuscba conferred copper resistance, and quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) experiments confirmed their induction by copper.201323183969
prokaryotic caspase homologs: phylogenetic patterns and functional characteristics reveal considerable diversity.caspases accomplish initiation and execution of apoptosis, a programmed cell death process specific to metazoans. the existence of prokaryotic caspase homologs, termed metacaspases, has been known for slightly more than a decade. despite their potential connection to the evolution of programmed cell death in eukaryotes, the phylogenetic distribution and functions of these prokaryotic metacaspase sequences are largely uncharted, while a few experiments imply involvement in programmed cell death. ...201223185476
ethylene synthesis and regulated expression of recombinant protein in synechocystis sp. pcc 6803.the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae catalyzes the synthesis of ethylene which can be easily detected in the headspace of closed cultures. a synthetic codon-optimized gene encoding n-terminal his-tagged efe (efeh) was expressed in synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 (synechocystis) and escherichia coli (e. coli) under the control of diverse promoters in a self-replicating broad host-range plasmid. ethylene synthesis was stably maintained in both organisms in contrast to earlier wor ...201223185630
the keep on going protein of arabidopsis regulates intracellular protein trafficking and is degraded during fungal infection.in plants, the trans-golgi network and early endosomes (tgn/ee) function as the central junction for major endomembrane trafficking events, including endocytosis and secretion. here, we demonstrate that the keep on going (keg) protein of arabidopsis thaliana localizes to the tgn/ee and plays an essential role in multiple intracellular trafficking processes. loss-of-function keg mutants exhibited severe defects in cell expansion, which correlated with defects in vacuole morphology. confocal micro ...201223192225
in planta expression or delivery of potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae effectors me10 and me23 enhances aphid fecundity.the interactions between aphids and their host plants seem to be analogous to those of plant-microbial pathogens. unlike microbial pathogen effectors, little is known about aphid effectors and their ability to interfere with host immunity. to date, only three functional aphid effectors have been reported. to identify potato aphid (macrosiphum euphorbiae) effectors, we developed a salivary gland transcriptome using illumina technology. we generated 85 million illumina reads from salivary glands a ...201323194342
immunological characterization of a gida mutant strain of salmonella for potential use in a live-attenuated vaccine.salmonella is often associated with gastrointestinal disease outbreaks in humans throughout the world due to the consumption of contaminated food. our previous studies have shown that deletion of glucose-inhibited division gene (gida) significantly attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (stm) virulence in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. most importantly, immunization with the gida mutant protected mice from a lethal dose challenge of wild-type stm. in this study, we fu ...201223194372
learning virulent proteins from integrated query networks.methods of weakening and attenuating pathogens' abilities to infect and propagate in a host, thus allowing the natural immune system to more easily decimate invaders, have gained attention as alternatives to broad-spectrum targeting approaches. the following work describes a technique to identifying proteins involved in virulence by relying on latent information computationally gathered across biological repositories, applicable to both generic and specific virulence categories.201223198735
the tomato rlk superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the lrrii-rlk subfamily in antiviral defense.receptor-like kinases (rlks) play key roles during development and in responses to the environment. despite the relevance of the rlk family and the completion of the tomato genome sequencing, the tomato rlk family has not yet been characterized, and a framework for functional predictions of the members of the family is lacking.201223198823
silencing and innate immunity in plant defense against viral and non-viral pathogens.the frontline of plant defense against non-viral pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and oomycetes is provided by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (pti). to counteract this innate defense, pathogens deploy effector proteins with a primary function to suppress pti. in specific cases, plants have evolved intracellular resistance (r) proteins detecting isolate-specific pathogen effec ...201223202495
nitric oxide-dependent posttranslational modification in plants: an update.nitric oxide (no) has been demonstrated as an essential regulator of several physiological processes in plants. the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying its critical role constitutes a major field of research. no can exert its biological function through different ways, such as the modulation of gene expression, the mobilization of second messengers, or interplays with protein kinases. besides this signaling events, no can be responsible of the posttranslational modifications (ptm ...201223203119
the coronatine toxin of pseudomonas syringae is a multifunctional suppressor of arabidopsis defense.the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) promotes various aspects of pseudomonas syringae virulence, including invasion through stomata, growth in the apoplast, and induction of disease symptoms. cor is a structural mimic of active jasmonic acid (ja) conjugates. known activities of cor are mediated through its binding to the f-box-containing ja coreceptor coronatine insensitive1. by analyzing the interaction of p. syringae mutants with arabidopsis thaliana mutants, we demonstrate that, in the apoplastic ...201223204405
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