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evolutionary genomics of host-use in bifurcating demes of rna virus phi-6.viruses are exceedingly diverse in their evolved strategies to manipulate hosts for viral replication. however, despite these differences, most virus populations will occasionally experience two commonly-encountered challenges: growth in variable host environments, and growth under fluctuating population sizes. we used the segmented rna bacteriophage ϕ6 as a model for studying the evolutionary genomics of virus adaptation in the face of host switches and parametrically varying population sizes. ...201222913547
the pepper mlo gene, camlo2, is involved in the susceptibility cell-death response and bacterial and oomycete proliferation.loss-of-function alleles of the mildew resistance locus o (mlo) gene provide broad-spectrum powdery mildew disease resistance. here, we identified a pepper (capsicum annuum) mlo gene (camlo2) that is transcriptionally induced by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) infection. topology and subcellular localization analyses reveal that camlo2 is a plasma membrane-anchored and amphiphilic ca²⁺-dependent calmodulin-binding protein. camlo2 expression is up-regulated by xcv and salicylic acid, ...201222913752
ehrlichia chaffeensis tandem repeat proteins and ank200 are type 1 secretion system substrates related to the repeats-in-toxin exoprotein family.ehrlichia chaffeensis has type 1 and 4 secretion systems (t1ss and t4ss), but the substrates have not been identified. potential substrates include secreted tandem repeat protein (trp) 47, trp120, and trp32, and the ankyrin repeat protein, ank200, that are involved in molecular host-pathogen interactions including dna binding and a network of protein-protein interactions with host targets associated with signaling, transcriptional regulation, vesicle trafficking, and apoptosis. in this study we ...201122919588
genetic manipulation of staphylococci-breaking through the barrier.most strains of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis possess a strong restriction barrier that hinders exchange of dna. recently, major advances have been made in identifying and characterizing the restriction-modification (rm) systems involved. in particular a novel type iv restriction enzyme that recognizes cytosine methylated dna has been shown to be the major barrier to transfer of plasmid dna from escherichia coli into s. aureus and s. epidermidis. while the conserved type i ...201222919640
antimicrobial activities of isothiocyanates against campylobacter jejuni isolates.food-borne human infection with campylobacter jejuni is a medical concern in both industrialized and developing countries. efficient eradication of c. jejuni reservoirs within live animals and processed foods is limited by the development of antimicrobial resistances and by practical problems related to the use of conventional antibiotics in food processes. we have investigated the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of two phytochemicals, allyl-isothiocyanate (aitc), and benzyl isothiocy ...201222919644
bacterial toxin effector-membrane targeting: outside in, then back again.pathogenic bacteria utilize multiple approaches to establish infection and mediate their toxicity to eukaryotic cells. dedicated protein machines deposit toxic effectors directly inside the host, whereas secreted toxins must enter cells independently of other bacterial components. regardless of how they reach the cytosol, these bacterial proteins must accurately identify their intracellular target before they can manipulate the host cell to benefit their associated bacteria. within eukaryotic ce ...201222919666
the shoot apical meristem regulatory peptide clv3 does not activate innate immunity.the arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase flagellin sensing2 (fls2) is required for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in innate immunity. recently, fls2 was proposed to act as a multispecific receptor recognizing unrelated exogenous and endogenous peptide ligands, including clavata3 (clv3), a key regulator of shoot meristem stem cell production. here, we report experimental evidence demonstrating that fls2 does not recognize clv3 and that the shoot apical meristem is immu ...201222923673
fls2-mediated responses to ax21-derived peptides: response to the mueller et al. commentary. 201222923675
complexity in differential peptide-receptor signaling: response to segonzac et al. and mueller et al. commentaries. 201222923676
dissection of two soybean qtl conferring partial resistance to phytophthora sojae through sequence and gene expression analysis.phytophthora sojae is the primary pathogen of soybeans that are grown on poorly drained soils. race-specific resistance to p. sojae in soybean is gene-for-gene, although in many areas of the us and worldwide there are populations that have adapted to the most commonly deployed resistance to p. sojae ( rps) genes. hence, this system has received increased attention towards identifying mechanisms and molecular markers associated with partial resistance to this pathogen. several quantitative trait ...201222925529
nitric oxide-mediated maintenance of redox homeostasis contributes to npr1-dependent plant innate immunity triggered by lipopolysaccharides.the perception of lipopolysaccharides (lps) by plant cells can lead to nitric oxide (no) production and defense gene induction. however, the signaling cascades underlying these cellular responses have not yet been resolved. this work investigated the biosynthetic origin of no and the role of nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 (npr1) to gain insight into the mechanism involved in lps-induced resistance of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). analysis of inhibitors and mutants showed that ...201222926319
oxidative stress acts on special membrane proteins to reduce the viability of pseudomonas syringae pv tomato.reactive oxygen species (ros) play a vital role in reducing the viability of invading pathogens during plant-pathogen interactions. to understand how oxidative stress caused by ros reduces cell viability, it is important to identify the proteins affected by ros. in the present study, we investigated the changes in the expression of proteins from the outer and inner membrane fractions in pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 under oxidative stress through membrane subproteomics. a total number of ...201222928751
probing, by self-assembly, the number of potential binding sites for minor protein subunits in the procapsid of double-stranded rna bacteriophage φ6.the double-stranded rna bacteriophage φ6 is an extensively studied prokaryotic model system for virus assembly. there are established in vitro assembly protocols available for the φ6 system for obtaining infectious particles from purified protein and rna constituents. the polymerase complex is a multifunctional nanomachine that replicates, transcribes, and translocates viral rna molecules in a highly specific manner. the complex is composed of (i) the major structural protein (p1), forming a t=1 ...201222933292
the role of bacterial enhancer binding proteins as specialized activators of σ54-dependent transcription.bacterial enhancer binding proteins (bebps) are transcriptional activators that assemble as hexameric rings in their active forms and utilize atp hydrolysis to remodel the conformation of rna polymerase containing the alternative sigma factor σ(54). we present a comprehensive and detailed summary of recent advances in our understanding of how these specialized molecular machines function. the review is structured by introducing each of the three domains in turn: the central catalytic domain, the ...201222933558
regulation of the histidine utilization (hut) system in bacteria.the ability to degrade the amino acid histidine to ammonia, glutamate, and a one-carbon compound (formate or formamide) is a property that is widely distributed among bacteria. the four or five enzymatic steps of the pathway are highly conserved, and the chemistry of the reactions displays several unusual features, including the rearrangement of a portion of the histidase polypeptide chain to yield an unusual imidazole structure at the active site and the use of a tightly bound nad molecule as a ...201222933560
advances in bacteriophage-mediated control of plant pathogens.there is continuing pressure to maximise food production given a growing global human population. bacterial pathogens that infect important agricultural plants (phytopathogens) can reduce plant growth and the subsequent crop yield. currently, phytopathogens are controlled through management programmes, which can include the application of antibiotics and copper sprays. however, the emergence of resistant bacteria and the desire to reduce usage of toxic products that accumulate in the environment ...201222934116
biocontrol of tomato wilt disease by bacillus subtilis isolates from natural environments depends on conserved genes mediating biofilm formation.bacillus subtilis and other bacilli have long been used as biological control agents against plant bacterial diseases but the mechanisms by which the bacteria confer protection are not well understood. our goal in this study was to isolate strains of b. subtilis that exhibit high levels of biocontrol efficacy from natural environments and to investigate the mechanisms by which these strains confer plant protection. we screened a total of 60 isolates collected from various locations across china ...201222934631
biocontrol of tomato wilt disease by bacillus subtilis isolates from natural environments depends on conserved genes mediating biofilm formation.bacillus subtilis and other bacilli have long been used as biological control agents against plant bacterial diseases but the mechanisms by which the bacteria confer protection are not well understood. our goal in this study was to isolate strains of b. subtilis that exhibit high levels of biocontrol efficacy from natural environments and to investigate the mechanisms by which these strains confer plant protection. we screened a total of 60 isolates collected from various locations across china ...201222934631
14-3-3-regulated ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase cpk3 is required for sphingolipid-induced cell death in arabidopsis.in eukaryotic cells, sphingoid long chain bases (lcbs) such as sphingosine or phytosphingosine (phs) behave as second messengers involved in various processes including programmed cell death (pcd). in plants, induction of pcd by lcbs has now been described, but the signalling pathway is still enigmatic. using arabidopsis, we identify new key steps in this pathway. we demonstrate that phs induces activation of the calcium-dependent kinase cpk3, which phosphorylates its binding partners, the 14-3- ...201222935611
14-3-3-regulated ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase cpk3 is required for sphingolipid-induced cell death in arabidopsis.in eukaryotic cells, sphingoid long chain bases (lcbs) such as sphingosine or phytosphingosine (phs) behave as second messengers involved in various processes including programmed cell death (pcd). in plants, induction of pcd by lcbs has now been described, but the signalling pathway is still enigmatic. using arabidopsis, we identify new key steps in this pathway. we demonstrate that phs induces activation of the calcium-dependent kinase cpk3, which phosphorylates its binding partners, the 14-3- ...201222935611
receptor-like kinase complexes in plant innate immunity.receptor-like kinases (rlks) are surface localized, transmembrane receptors comprising a large family of well-studied kinases. rlks signal through their transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains with the aid of various interacting partners and downstream components. the n-terminal extracellular domain defines ligand specificity, and rlk families are sub-classed according to this domain. the most studied of these subfamilies include those with (1) leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains, (2) lysm domains ...201222936944
phylogenetic analysis of a gene cluster encoding an additional, rhizobial-like type iii secretion system that is narrowly distributed among pseudomonas syringae strains.the central role of type iii secretion systems (t3ss) in bacteria-plant interactions is well established, yet unexpected findings are being uncovered through bacterial genome sequencing. some pseudomonas syringae strains possess an uncharacterized cluster of genes encoding putative components of a second t3ss (t3ss-2) in addition to the well characterized hrc1 t3ss which is associated with disease lesions in host plants and with the triggering of hypersensitive response in non-host plants. the a ...201222937899
changes in cytosolic atp levels and intracellular morphology during bacteria-induced hypersensitive cell death as revealed by real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging.hypersensitive cell death is known to involve dynamic remodeling of intracellular structures that uses energy released during atp hydrolysis. however, the relationship between intracellular structural changes and atp levels during hypersensitive cell death remains unclear. here, to visualize atp dynamics directly in real time in individual living plant cells, we applied a genetically encoded förster resonance energy transfer (fret)-based fluorescent atp indicator, ateam1.03-nd/na, for plant cell ...201222942251
hr4 gene is induced in the arabidopsis-trichoderma atroviride beneficial interaction.plants are constantly exposed to microbes, for this reason they have evolved sophisticated strategies to perceive and identify biotic interactions. thus, plants have large collections of so-called resistance (r) proteins that recognize specific microbe factors as signals of invasion. one of these proteins is codified by the arabidopsis thaliana hr4 gene in the col-0 ecotype that is homologous to rpw8 genes present in the ms-0 ecotype. in this study, we investigated the expression patterns of the ...201222942755
carbon source and cell density-dependent regulation of type iii secretion system gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato dc3000.pseudomonas syringae utilizes a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by the hrp/hrc genes to translocate virulence proteins called effectors into plant cells. to ensure that the t3ss functions at appropriate times during infection, hrp/hrc and effector gene expression is modulated by environmental conditions and a complex network of transcription factors. the sigma factor hrpl activates hrp/hrc and effector genes, while σ(54) and enhancer binding proteins hrpr and hrps regulate hrpl. to bett ...201522944041
methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans.a methyl (me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. the monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the me groups on the sugar vary with species. methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. this review summarises ...201222944672
constitutive expression of transgenes encoding derivatives of the synthetic antimicrobial peptide bp100: impact on rice host plant fitness.the biopeptide bp100 is a synthetic and strongly cationic α-helical undecapeptide with high, specific antibacterial activity against economically important plant-pathogenic bacteria, and very low toxicity. it was selected from a library of synthetic peptides, along with other peptides with activities against relevant bacterial and fungal species. expression of the bp100 series of peptides in plants is of major interest to establish disease-resistant plants and facilitate molecular farming. speci ...201222947243
chemical methods to interrogate bacterial quorum sensing pathways.bacteria frequently manifest distinct phenotypes as a function of cell density in a phenomenon known as quorum sensing (qs). this intercellular signalling process is mediated by "chemical languages" comprised of low-molecular weight signals, known as autoinducers, and their cognate receptor proteins. as many of the phenotypes regulated by qs can have a significant impact on the success of pathogenic or mutualistic prokaryotic-eukaryotic interactions, there is considerable interest in methods to ...201222948815
reproductive clonality of pathogens: a perspective on pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasitic protozoa.we propose that clonal evolution in micropathogens be defined as restrained recombination on an evolutionary scale, with genetic exchange scarce enough to not break the prevalent pattern of clonal population structure, a definition already widely used for all kinds of pathogens, although not clearly formulated by many scientists and rejected by others. the two main manifestations of clonal evolution are strong linkage disequilibrium (ld) and widespread genetic clustering ("near-clading"). we hyp ...201222949662
fluoride resistance and transport by riboswitch-controlled clc antiporters.a subclass of bacterial clc anion-transporting proteins, phylogenetically distant from long-studied clcs, was recently shown to be specifically up-regulated by f(-). we establish here that a set of randomly selected representatives from this "clc(f)" clade protect escherichia coli from f(-) toxicity, and that the purified proteins catalyze transport of f(-) in liposomes. sequence alignments and membrane transport experiments using (19)f nmr, osmotic response assays, and planar lipid bilayer reco ...201222949689
characterization of copper-resistant bacteria and bacterial communities from copper-polluted agricultural soils of central chile.copper mining has led to cu pollution in agricultural soils. in this report, the effects of cu pollution on bacterial communities of agricultural soils from valparaiso region, central chile, were studied. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of the 16s rrna genes was used for the characterization of bacterial communities from cu-polluted and non-polluted soils. cu-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from cu-polluted soils and characterized.201222950448
new secreted toxins and immunity proteins encoded within the type vi secretion system gene cluster of serratia marcescens.protein secretion systems are critical to bacterial virulence and interactions with other organisms. the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is found in many bacterial species and is used to target either eukaryotic cells or competitor bacteria. however, t6ss-secreted proteins have proven surprisingly elusive. here, we identified two secreted substrates of the antibacterial t6ss from the opportunistic human pathogen, serratia marcescens. ssp1 and ssp2, both encoded within the t6ss gene cluster, were ...201222957938
the maize cystatin cc9 interacts with apoplastic cysteine proteases.in a recent study we identified corn cystain9 (cc9) as a novel compatibility factor for the interaction of the biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis with its host plant maize. cc9 is transcriptionally induced during the compatible interaction with u. maydis and localizes in the maize apoplast where it inhibits apoplastic papain-like cysteine proteases. the proteases are activated during incompatible interaction and salicylic acid (sa) treatment and, in turn, are sufficient to induce sa signalin ...201222960758
novel plant immune-priming compounds identified via high-throughput chemical screening target salicylic acid glucosyltransferases in arabidopsis.plant activators are compounds, such as analogs of the defense hormone salicylic acid (sa), that protect plants from pathogens by activating the plant immune system. although some plant activators have been widely used in agriculture, the molecular mechanisms of immune induction are largely unknown. using a newly established high-throughput screening procedure that screens for compounds that specifically potentiate pathogen-activated cell death in arabidopsis thaliana cultured suspension cells, ...201222960909
alternative oxidase in resistance to biotic stresses: nicotiana attenuata aox contributes to resistance to a pathogen and a piercing-sucking insect but not manduca sexta larvae.the role of the alternative respiratory pathway in the protection of plants against biotic stress was examined in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana attenuata) plants (iraox) silenced in the expression of alternative oxidase (aox) gene. wild-type and iraox plants were independently challenged with (1) chewing herbivores (manduca sexta), (2) piercing-sucking insects (empoasca spp.), and (3) bacterial pathogens (pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000), showing that all these treatments can strongly elic ...201222961128
biotechnological and safety characterization of enterococcus lactis, a recently described species of dairy origin.the biotechnological and safety properties of a recently described enterococcal species, enterococcus lactis, were investigated. with regard to the technological properties, in milk all the strains tested had weak acidifying and proteolytic activities, generally medium reduction activity over 24 h (-102 mv < eh < -2 mv) and low lipolytic activity on tributyrin agar. the isolates were tested for resistance against 14 antibiotics and none of the studied strains were classified as resistant to clin ...201322961639
constitutive activation of brassinosteroid signaling in the arabidopsis elongated-d/bak1 mutant.defects in brassinosteroid (br) biosynthetic or signaling genes result in dwarfed plants, whereas overexpression of these genes increases overall stature. an arabidopsis elongated-d (elg-d) mutant shares phenotypic similarities with br overexpression lines, suggesting its implication in br pathways. here, we determine how elg-d affects br signaling. since elg-d rescued dwarfism in bri1-5 plants, a br receptor mutant, but not in br-insensitive bin2/dwf12-1d plants, elg-d appears to act between br ...201222961663
characterization of a ferrous iron-responsive two-component system in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract, has only four identified two-component signal transduction systems. one of these, an ortholog to the qsebc (quorum-sensing escherichia coli) system, was characterized. this system, designated firrs, was found to be transcribed in an operon with a gene encoding a small, predicted periplasmic protein with an unknown function, ygiw. the ygiw-firrs operon exhibited a uniq ...201222961857
overexpression of a novel biotrophy-specific colletotrichum truncatum effector, ctnudix, in hemibiotrophic fungal phytopathogens causes incompatibility with their host plants.the hemibiotrophic fungus colletotrichum truncatum causes anthracnose disease on lentils and a few other grain legumes. it shows initial symptomless intracellular growth, where colonized host cells remain viable (biotrophy), and then switches to necrotrophic growth, killing the colonized host plant tissues. here, we report a novel effector gene, ctnudix, from c. truncatum that is exclusively expressed during the late biotrophic phase (before the switch to necrotrophy) and elicits a hypersensitiv ...201322962277
rosette iron deficiency transcript and microrna profiling reveals links between copper and iron homeostasis in arabidopsis thaliana.iron (fe) is an essential plant micronutrient, and its deficiency limits plant growth and development on alkaline soils. under fe deficiency, plant responses include up-regulation of genes involved in fe uptake from the soil. however, little is known about shoot responses to fe deficiency. using microarrays to probe gene expression in kas-1 and tsu-1 ecotypes of arabidopsis thaliana, and comparison with existing col-0 data, revealed conserved rosette gene expression responses to fe deficiency. f ...201222962679
"listening in" on how a bacterium takes over the plant vascular system.bacteria that infect the plant vascular system are among the most destructive kind of plant pathogens because pathogen proliferation in the vascular system will sooner or later shut down the plant's water and nutrient supply and necessarily lead to wilting and, in the worst case, death of the entire plant. how bacterial plant pathogens adapted to life in the plant vascular system is still poorly understood. as described in a recent article, caitilyn allen and her group studied the archetypical v ...201222967979
hdt701, a histone h4 deacetylase, negatively regulates plant innate immunity by modulating histone h4 acetylation of defense-related genes in rice.histone acetylation and deacetylation play an important role in the modification of chromatin structure and regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. chromatin acetylation status is modulated antagonistically by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (hdacs). in this study, we characterized the function of histone deacetylase701 (hdt701), a member of the plant-specific hd2 subfamily of hdacs, in rice (oryza sativa) innate immunity. transcription of hdt701 is increased in the comp ...201222968716
rhamnolipids elicit defense responses and induce disease resistance against biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens that require different signaling pathways in arabidopsis and highlight a central role for salicylic acid.plant resistance to phytopathogenic microorganisms mainly relies on the activation of an innate immune response usually launched after recognition by the plant cells of microbe-associated molecular patterns. the plant hormones, salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid, and ethylene have emerged as key players in the signaling networks involved in plant immunity. rhamnolipids (rls) are glycolipids produced by bacteria and are involved in surface motility and biofilm development. here we report that rls ...201222968829
ectopic expression of hrf1 enhances bacterial resistance via regulation of diterpene phytoalexins, silicon and reactive oxygen species burst in rice.harpin proteins as elicitor derived from plant gram negative bacteria such as xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), erwinia amylovora induce disease resistance in plants by activating multiple defense responses. however, it is unclear whether phytoalexin production and ros burst are involved in the disease resistance conferred by the expression of the harpin(xoo) protein in rice. in this article, ectopic expression of hrf1 in rice enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. accompanying with the act ...201222970151
ubiquitin initiates sorting of golgi and plasma membrane proteins into the vacuolar degradation pathway.in yeast and mammals, many plasma membrane (pm) proteins destined for degradation are tagged with ubiquitin. these ubiquitinated proteins are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles and are transported to early endosomal compartments. there, ubiquitinated proteins are sorted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (escrt) machinery into the intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes. degradation of these proteins occurs after endosomes fuse with lysosomes/lytic vacuoles ...201222970698
microbe-associated molecular patterns-triggered root responses mediate beneficial rhizobacterial recruitment in arabidopsis.this study demonstrated that foliar infection by pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 induced malic acid (ma) transporter (aluminum-activated malate transporter1 [almt1]) expression leading to increased ma titers in the rhizosphere of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). ma secretion in the rhizosphere increased beneficial rhizobacteria bacillus subtilis fb17 (hereafter fb17) titers causing an induced systemic resistance response in plants against p. syringae pv tomato dc3000. having shown that ...201222972705
activation of r-mediated innate immunity and disease susceptibility is affected by mutations in a cytosolic o-acetylserine (thiol) lyase in arabidopsis.o-acetylserine (thiol) lyases (oastls) are evolutionarily conserved proteins among many prokaryotes and eukaryotes that perform sulfur acquisition and synthesis of cysteine. a mutation in the cytosolic oastl-a1 protein onset of leaf death3 (old3) was previously shown to reduce the oastl activity of the old3-1 protein in vitro and cause auto-necrosis in specific arabidopsis accessions. here we investigated why a mutation in this protein causes auto-necrosis in some but not other accessions. the a ...201322974487
organelle signaling: how stressed chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus.plastids are able to relay information to the nucleus to regulate stress responses. a new genetic screen has identified an isoprenoid intermediate that accumulates in stressed plastids and acts as a novel retrograde signal.201222974998
expression of pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors in yeast under stress conditions reveals that hopx1 attenuates activation of the high osmolarity glycerol map kinase pathway.the gram-negative bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) is the causal agent of speck disease in tomato. pst pathogenicity depends on a type iii secretion system that delivers effector proteins into host cells, where they promote disease by manipulating processes to the advantage of the pathogen. previous studies identified seven pst effectors that inhibit growth when expressed in yeast under normal growth conditions, suggesting that they interfere with cellular processes conserved in y ...201222977090
functional and structural characterization of paem, a colicin m-like bacteriocin produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa.colicin m (colm) is the only enzymatic colicin reported to date that inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis. it catalyzes the specific degradation of the lipid intermediates involved in this pathway, thereby provoking lysis of susceptible escherichia coli cells. a gene encoding a homologue of colm was detected within the exou-containing genomic island a carried by certain pathogenic pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. this bacteriocin (pyocin) that we have named paem was crystallized, and its ...201222977250
alternative oxidase impacts the plant response to biotic stress by influencing the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species.previously, we showed that inoculation of tobacco with pseudomonas syringae incompatible pv. maculicola results in a rapid and persistent burst of superoxide (o(2) (-) ) from mitochondria, no change in amount of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (aox) and induction of the hypersensitive response (hr). however, inoculation with incompatible pv. phaseolicola resulted in increased aox, no o(2) (-) burst and no hr. here, we show that in transgenic plants unable to induce aox in response to pv. phase ...201322978428
genome wide identification of chilling responsive micrornas in prunus persica.micrornas (mirnas) are small rnas (srnas) approximately 21 nucleotides in length that negatively control gene expression by cleaving or inhibiting the translation of target gene transcripts. within this context, mirnas and sirnas are coming to the forefront as molecular mediators of gene regulation in plant responses to annual temperature cycling and cold stress. for this reason, we chose to identify and characterize the conserved and non-conserved mirna component of peach (prunus persica (l.) b ...201222978558
minutissamides e-l, antiproliferative cyclic lipodecapeptides from the cultured freshwater cyanobacterium cf. anabaena sp.the extract of uic 10035, a strain obtained from a sample collected near the town of homestead, south florida, showed antiproliferative activity against mda-mb-435 cells. bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of a series of cyclic lipodecapeptides, named minutissamides e-l (1-8). the planar structures were determined by analysis of hresims, tandem ms, and 1d and 2d nmr data, and the stereoconfigurations were assigned by lc-ms analysis of the marfey's derivatives after acid hydrolysi ...201222980217
a modular cell-based biosensor using engineered genetic logic circuits to detect and integrate multiple environmental signals.cells perceive a wide variety of cellular and environmental signals, which are often processed combinatorially to generate particular phenotypic responses. here, we employ both single and mixed cell type populations, pre-programmed with engineered modular cell signalling and sensing circuits, as processing units to detect and integrate multiple environmental signals. based on an engineered modular genetic and logic gate, we report the construction of a set of scalable synthetic microbe-based bio ...201322981411
genome-wide identification and analysis of the tify gene family in grape.the tify gene family constitutes a plant-specific group of genes with a broad range of functions. this family encodes four subfamilies of proteins, including zml, tify, ppd and jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins. jaz proteins are targets of the scf(coi1) complex, and function as negative regulators in the ja signaling pathway. recently, it has been reported in both arabidopsis and rice that tify genes, and especially jaz genes, may be involved in plant defense against insect feeding, wounding, ...201222984514
the salicylic acid receptor npr3 is a negative regulator of the transcriptional defense response during early flower development in arabidopsis.arabidopsis non-expressor of pr1 (npr1) is a transcription co-activator that plays a central role in regulating the transcriptional response to plant pathogens. the npr family consists of npr1 and five npr1-like genes. the npr1 paralog npr3 has recently been shown to function as a receptor of the plant hormone salicylic acid and to mediate proteosomal degradation of npr1. the function of npr3 protein during early flower development was revealed through a detailed molecular-genetic analysis inclu ...201322986789
distinct regions of the pseudomonas syringae coiled-coil effector avrrps4 are required for activation of immunity.gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins into plant cells to subvert host defenses. these effectors can be recognized by plant nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat immune receptors, triggering defense responses that restrict pathogen growth. avrrps4, an effector protein from pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, triggers rps4-dependent immunity in resistant accessions of arabidopsis. to better understand the molecular basis of avrrps4-triggered immunity, we determined the ...201222988101
the salicylic acid dependent and independent effects of nmd in plants.in eukaryotes, nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) targets aberrant and selected non-aberrant mrnas for destruction. a recent screen for mrnas showing increased abundance in arabidopsis nmd-deficient mutants revealed that most are associated with the salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defense pathway. mrnas with conserved peptide upstream open reading frames (cpuorfs or cuorfs) are hugely overrepresented among the smaller class of nmd-regulated transcripts not associated with sa. here we show that the ...201222990450
"light-tagged" bacteriophage as a diagnostic tool for the detection of phytopathogens.detection of the phytopathogen pseudomonas cannabina pv alisalensis, the causal agent of bacterial blight of crucifers is essential for managing this disease. a phage-based diagnostic assay was developed that detects and identifies p. cannabina pv alisalensis from cultures and diseased plant specimens. a recombinant "light-tagged" reporter phage was generated by integrating the luxab genes into the p. cannabina pv alisalensis phage pbspca1 genome. pbspca1::luxab is viable, stable and detects p. ...201322990589
molecular characterization of an ice nucleation protein variant (inaq) from pseudomonas syringae and the analysis of its transmembrane transport activity in escherichia coli.the ice nucleation protein (inp) of pseudomonas syringae has gained scientific interest not only because of its pathogenicity of foliar necroses but also for its wide range of potential applications, such as in snow making, frozen food preparation, and surface-display system development. however, studies on the transport activity of inp remain lacking. in the present study, a newly identified inp-gene variant, inaq, from a p. syringae mb03 strain was cloned. its structural domains, signal sequen ...201222991498
pseudomonas syringae self-protection from tabtoxinine-β-lactam by ligase tblf and acetylase ttr.plant pathogenic pseudomonas syringae produce the hydroxy-β-lactam antimetabolite tabtoxinine-β-lactam (tβl) as a time-dependent inactivating glutamine analogue of plant glutamine synthetases. the producing pseudomonads use multiple modes of self-protection, two of which are characterized in this study. the first is the dipeptide ligase tblf which converts tabtoxinine-β-lactam to the tβl-thr dipeptide known as tabtoxin. the dipeptide is not recognized by glutamine synthetase. this represents a t ...201222994681
the crystal structure of the lipid ii-degrading bacteriocin syringacin m suggests unexpected evolutionary relationships between colicin m-like bacteriocins.colicin-like bacteriocins show potential as next generation antibiotics with clinical and agricultural applications. key to these potential applications is their high potency and species specificity that enables a single pathogenic species to be targeted with minimal disturbance of the wider microbial community. here we present the structure and function of the colicin m-like bacteriocin, syringacin m from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. syringacin m kills susceptible cells through a hig ...201222995910
identification of novel type iii effectors using latent dirichlet allocation.among the six secretion systems identified in gram-negative bacteria, the type iii secretion system (t3ss) plays important roles in the disease development of pathogens. t3ss has attracted a great deal of research interests. however, the secretion mechanism has not been fully understood yet. especially, the identification of effectors (secreted proteins) is an important and challenging task. this paper adopts machine learning methods to identify type iii secreted effectors (t3ses). we extract fe ...201222997537
immunity's fourth dimension: approaching the circadian-immune connection.the circadian system ensures the generation and maintenance of self-sustained ~24-h rhythms in physiology that are linked to internal and environmental changes. in mammals, daily variations in light intensity and other cues are integrated by a hypothalamic master clock that conveys circadian information to peripheral molecular clocks that orchestrate physiology. multiple immune parameters also vary throughout the day and disruption of circadian homeostasis is associated with immune-related disea ...201223000010
identification and evaluation of twin-arginine translocase inhibitors.the twin-arginine translocase (tat) in some bacterial pathogens, including pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia pseudomallei, and mycobacterium tuberculosis, contributes to pathogenesis by translocating extracellular virulence determinants across the inner membrane into the periplasm, thereby allowing access to the xcp (type ii) secretory system for further export in gram-negative organisms, or directly to the outside surface of the cell, as in m. tuberculosis. tat-mediated secretion appreciably ...201223006747
an amino acid substitution inhibits specialist herbivore production of an antagonist effector and recovers insect-induced plant defenses.plants respond to insect herbivory through the production of biochemicals that function as either direct defenses or indirect defenses via the attraction of natural enemies. while attack by closely related insect pests can result in distinctive levels of induced plant defenses, precise biochemical mechanisms responsible for differing responses remain largely unknown. cowpea (vigna unguiculata) responds to fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory through the detection of fragments of chlor ...201223008466
genome sequence of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. panici lmg 2367.pseudomonas syringae pv. panici is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing brown stripe disease in economically important crops worldwide. here, we announce the draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. panici lmg2367 to provide further valuable insights for comparison of the pathovars among species pseudomonas syringae.201223012277
copper starvation-inducible protein for cytochrome oxidase biogenesis in bradyrhizobium japonicum.microarray analysis of bradyrhizobium japonicum grown under copper limitation uncovered five genes named pcuabcde, which are co-transcribed and co-regulated as an operon. the predicted gene products are periplasmic proteins (pcua, pcuc, and pcud), a tonb-dependent outer membrane receptor (pcub), and a cytoplasmic membrane-integral protein (pcue). homologs of pcuc and pcue had been discovered in other bacteria, namely pcu(a)c and ycnj, where they play a role in cytochrome oxidase biogenesis and c ...201223012364
dispersion by pseudomonas aeruginosa requires an unusual posttranslational modification of bdla.dispersion enables biofilm bacteria to transit from the biofilm to the planktonic growth state and to spawn novel communities in new locales. although the chemotaxis protein bdla plays a role in the dispersion of pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in response to environmental cues, little is known about regulation of bdla activity or how bdla modulates the dispersion response. here, we demonstrate that bdla in its native form is inactive and is activated upon nonprocessive proteolysis at a clpp-pro ...201223012421
glyphosate effects on plant mineral nutrition, crop rhizosphere microbiota, and plant disease in glyphosate-resistant crops.claims have been made recently that glyphosate-resistant (gr) crops sometimes have mineral deficiencies and increased plant disease. this review evaluates the literature that is germane to these claims. our conclusions are: (1) although there is conflicting literature on the effects of glyphosate on mineral nutrition on gr crops, most of the literature indicates that mineral nutrition in gr crops is not affected by either the gr trait or by application of glyphosate; (2) most of the available da ...201223013354
virulence of the pseudomonas fluorescens clinical strain mfn1032 towards dictyostelium discoideum and macrophages in relation with type iii secretion system.pseudomonas fluorescens biovar i mfn1032 is a clinical isolate able to grow at 37°c. this strain displays secretion-mediated hemolytic activity involving phospholipase c and cyclolipopeptides, and a cell-associated hemolytic activity distinct from the secreted hemolytic activity. cell-associated hemolysis is independent of biosurfactant production and remains in a gaca mutant. disruption of the hrpu-like operon (the basal part of type iii secretion system from rhizospheric strains) suppresses th ...201223020706
arabidopsis defense against botrytis cinerea: chronology and regulation deciphered by high-resolution temporal transcriptomic analysis.transcriptional reprogramming forms a major part of a plant's response to pathogen infection. many individual components and pathways operating during plant defense have been identified, but our knowledge of how these different components interact is still rudimentary. we generated a high-resolution time series of gene expression profiles from a single arabidopsis thaliana leaf during infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. approximately one-third of the arabidopsis genom ...201223023172
a new bacterial disease on mandevilla sanderi, caused by pseudomonas savastanoi: lessons learned for bacterial diversity studies.leaf lesions of mandevilla sanderi were shown to be caused by pseudomonas savastanoi. while box fingerprints were similar for p. savastanoi isolates from different host plants, plasmid restriction patterns and sequencing of plasmid-located pathogenicity determinants revealed that mandevilla isolates contained similar plasmids distinct from those of other isolates. a repa-based detection method was established.201223023746
insight into the structure-function relationship of the nonheme iron halogenases involved in the biosynthesis of 4-chlorothreonine --thr3 from streptomyces sp. oh-5093 and syrb2 from pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b301dr.molecular cloning of the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in the production of free 4-chlorothreonine in streptomyces sp. oh-5093 showed the presence of six orfs: thr1, thr2, thr3, orf1, orf2 and thr4. according to bioinformatic analysis, thr1, thr2, thr3 and thr4 encode a free-standing adenylation domain, a carrier protein, an fe(ii) nonheme α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenase and a thioesterase, respectively, indicating the role of these genes in the activation and halogenation of threonine ...201223025743
the non-flagellar type iii secretion system evolved from the bacterial flagellum and diversified into host-cell adapted systems.type 3 secretion systems (t3sss) are essential components of two complex bacterial machineries: the flagellum, which drives cell motility, and the non-flagellar t3ss (nf-t3ss), which delivers effectors into eukaryotic cells. yet the origin, specialization, and diversification of these machineries remained unclear. we developed computational tools to identify homologous components of the two systems and to discriminate between them. our analysis of >1,000 genomes identified 921 t3sss, including 2 ...201223028376
comparison of intact arabidopsis thaliana leaf transcript profiles during treatment with inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport and tca cycle.plant mitochondria signal to the nucleus leading to altered transcription of nuclear genes by a process called mitochondrial retrograde regulation (mrr). mrr is implicated in metabolic homeostasis and responses to stress conditions. mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtros) are a mrr signaling component, but whether all mrr requires ros is not established. inhibition of the cytochrome respiratory pathway by antimycin a (aa) or the tca cycle by monofluoroacetate (mfa), each of which initiates ...201223028523
involvement of microrna-mediated gene expression regulation in the pathological development of stem canker disease in populus trichocarpa.micrornas (mirnas), a type of short (21-23 nucleotides), non-coding rna molecule, mediate repressive gene regulation through rna silencing at the post-transcriptional level, and play an important role in defense and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. in the present study, affymetrix® mirna array, real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for mirnas and their targets, and mirna promoter analysis were used to validate the gene expression patterns of mirnas in populus trichocarpa plantlets induced wi ...201223028709
diversities in virulence, antifungal activity, pigmentation and dna fingerprint among strains of burkholderia glumae.burkholderia glumae is the primary causal agent of bacterial panicle blight of rice. in this study, 11 naturally avirulent and nine virulent strains of b. glumae native to the southern united states were characterized in terms of virulence in rice and onion, toxofalvin production, antifungal activity, pigmentation and genomic structure. virulence of b. glumae strains on rice panicles was highly correlated to virulence on onion bulb scales, suggesting that onion bulb can be a convenient alternati ...201223028972
the destructive citrus pathogen, 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' encodes a functional flagellin characteristic of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern.huanglongbing (hlb) is presently the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. as an intracellular plant pathogen and insect symbiont, the hlb bacterium, 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (las), retains the entire flagellum-encoding gene cluster in its significantly reduced genome. las encodes a flagellin and hook-associated protein (fla) of 452 amino acids that contains a conserved 22 amino acid domain (flg22) at positions 29 to 50 in the n-terminus. the phenotypic alteration in motility of ...201223029520
thermal control of microbial development and virulence: molecular mechanisms of microbial temperature sensing.temperature is a critical and ubiquitous environmental signal that governs the development and virulence of diverse microbial species, including viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. microbial survival is contingent upon initiating appropriate responses to the cellular stress induced by severe environmental temperature change. in the case of microbial pathogens, development and virulence are often coupled to sensing host physiological temperatures. as such, microbes have developed di ...201223033469
interpreting genomic data via entropic dissection.since the emergence of high-throughput genome sequencing platforms and more recently the next-generation platforms, the genome databases are growing at an astronomical rate. tremendous efforts have been invested in recent years in understanding intriguing complexities beneath the vast ocean of genomic data. this is apparent in the spurt of computational methods for interpreting these data in the past few years. genomic data interpretation is notoriously difficult, partly owing to the inherent he ...201223036836
interpreting genomic data via entropic dissection.since the emergence of high-throughput genome sequencing platforms and more recently the next-generation platforms, the genome databases are growing at an astronomical rate. tremendous efforts have been invested in recent years in understanding intriguing complexities beneath the vast ocean of genomic data. this is apparent in the spurt of computational methods for interpreting these data in the past few years. genomic data interpretation is notoriously difficult, partly owing to the inherent he ...201223036836
disruption of abscisic acid signaling constitutively activates arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.plant resistance to necrotrophic fungi is regulated by a complex set of signaling pathways that includes those mediated by the hormones salicylic acid (sa), ethylene (et), jasmonic acid (ja), and abscisic acid (aba). the role of aba in plant resistance remains controversial, as positive and negative regulatory functions have been described depending on the plant-pathogen interaction analyzed. here, we show that aba signaling negatively regulates arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to t ...201223037505
virulence factors are released in association with outer membrane vesicles of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato t1 during normal growth.outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are released from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato t1 (pst t1) during their normal growth. these extracellular compartments are comprised of a complete set of biological macromolecules that includes proteins, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, etc. it is evident from proteomics analyses the omvs of pst t1 contain membrane- and virulence-associated proteins. in addition, omvs of this organism are also associated with phytotoxin, coronatine. therefore, omvs of pst t1 must p ...201323043909
ter-dependent stress response systems: novel pathways related to metal sensing, production of a nucleoside-like metabolite, and dna-processing.the mode of action of the bacterial ter cluster and tela genes, implicated in natural resistance to tellurite and other xenobiotic toxic compounds, pore-forming colicins and several bacteriophages, has remained enigmatic for almost two decades. using comparative genomics, sequence-profile searches and structural analysis we present evidence that the ter gene products and their functional partners constitute previously underappreciated, chemical stress response and anti-viral defense systems of b ...201223044854
application of synthetic biology in cyanobacteria and algae.cyanobacteria and algae are becoming increasingly attractive cell factories for producing renewable biofuels and chemicals due to their ability to capture solar energy and co(2) and their relatively simple genetic background for genetic manipulation. increasing research efforts from the synthetic biology approach have been made in recent years to modify cyanobacteria and algae for various biotechnological applications. in this article, we critically review recent progresses in developing genetic ...201223049529
imprimatinc1, a novel plant immune-priming compound, functions as a partial agonist of salicylic acid.plant activators are agrochemicals that protect crops from pathogens. they confer durable resistance to a broad range of diseases by activating intrinsic immune mechanisms in plants. to obtain leads regarding useful compounds, we have screened a chemical library using an established method that allows selective identification of immune-priming compounds. here, we report the characterisation of one of the isolated chemicals, imprimatinc1, and its structural derivative imprimatinc2. imprimatinc1 f ...201223050089
expression and surface display of cellulomonas endoglucanase in the ethanologenic bacterium zymobacter palmae.in order to reduce the cost of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, we developed a tool for cell surface display of cellulolytic enzymes on the ethanologenic bacterium zymobacter palmae. z. palmae is a novel ethanol-fermenting bacterium capable of utilizing a broad range of sugar substrates, but not cellulose. therefore, to express and display heterologous cellulolytic enzymes on the z. palmae cell surface, we utilized the cell-surface display motif of the pseudomonas ice nucleati ...201223053081
variation in extragenic repetitive dna sequences in pseudomonas syringae and potential use of modified rep primers in the identification of closely related isolates.in this study, pseudomonas syringe pathovars isolated from olive, tomato and bean were identified by species-specific pcr and their genetic diversity was assessed by repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr. reverse universal primers for rep-pcr were designed by using the bases of a, t, g or c at the positions of 1, 4 and 11 to identify additional polymorphism in the banding patterns. binding of the primers to different annealing sites in the genome revealed additional fingerprint patterns in ...201223055805
length bias correction in gene ontology enrichment analysis using logistic regression.when assessing differential gene expression from rna sequencing data, commonly used statistical tests tend to have greater power to detect differential expression of genes encoding longer transcripts. this phenomenon, called "length bias", will influence subsequent analyses such as gene ontology enrichment analysis. in the presence of length bias, gene ontology categories that include longer genes are more likely to be identified as enriched. these categories, however, are not necessarily biolog ...201223056249
comparative transcriptional analysis of homologous pathogenic and non-pathogenic lawsonia intracellularis isolates in infected porcine cells.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy. this disease affects various animal species, including nonhuman primates, has been endemic in pigs, and is an emerging concern in horses. non-pathogenic variants obtained through multiple passages in vitro do not induce disease, but bacterial isolates at low passage induce clinical and pathological changes. we hypothesize that genes differentially expressed between pathogenic (passage 10) and non-pathogenic (passage 60 ...201223056413
a boolean model of the cardiac gene regulatory network determining first and second heart field identity.two types of distinct cardiac progenitor cell populations can be identified during early heart development: the first heart field (fhf) and second heart field (shf) lineage that later form the mature heart. they can be characterized by differential expression of transcription and signaling factors. these regulatory factors influence each other forming a gene regulatory network. here, we present a core gene regulatory network for early cardiac development based on published temporal and spatial e ...201223056457
methylobacterium-induced endophyte community changes correspond with protection of plants against pathogen attack.plant inoculation with endophytic bacteria that normally live inside the plant without harming the host is a highly promising approach for biological disease control. the mechanism of resistance induction by beneficial bacteria is poorly understood, because pathways are only partly known and systemic responses are typically not seen. the innate endophytic community structures change in response to external factors such as inoculation, and bacterial endophytes can exhibit direct or indirect antag ...201223056459
expression of the gene for resistance to phaseolotoxin (argk) depends on the activity of genes phtabc in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola produces phaseolotoxin in a temperature dependent manner, being optimally produced between 18°c and 20°c, while no detectable amounts are present above 28°c. phaseolotoxin is an effective inhibitor of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (octase) activity from plant, mammalian and bacterial sources and causes a phenotypic requirement for arginine. to protect the cell from its own toxin, p. syringae pv. phaseolicola synthesizes a phaseolotoxin-resista ...201223056465
characterization of nitric oxide-inducing lipid a derived from mesorhizobium loti lipopolysaccharide.mesorhizobium loti is a member of the rhizobia and forms nitrogen-fixing symbioses with several lotus species. recently, it was reported that m. loti bacterial cells and their lipopolysaccharide (lps) preparations transiently induced nitric oxide (no) production in the roots of l. japonicus. we subsequently found that polysaccharides and the lipid a moiety were responsible for this no induction. in this study, we elucidated the chemical structure of m. loti lipid a and characterized its no-induc ...201223059724
14-3-3 proteins sgf14c and sgf14l play critical roles during soybean nodulation.the soybean (glycine max) genome contains 18 members of the 14-3-3 protein family, but little is known about their association with specific phenotypes. here, we report that the glyma0529080 soybean g-box factor 14-3-3c (sgf14c) and glyma08g12220 (sgf14l) genes, encoding 14-3-3 proteins, appear to play essential roles in soybean nodulation. quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western-immunoblot analyses showed that sgf14c mrna and protein levels were specifically inc ...201223060368
how membranes shape plant symbioses: signaling and transport in nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza.as sessile organisms that cannot evade adverse environmental conditions, plants have evolved various adaptive strategies to cope with environmental stresses. one of the most successful adaptations is the formation of symbiotic associations with beneficial microbes. in these mutualistic interactions the partners exchange essential nutrients and improve their resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. in arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) and in root nodule symbiosis (rns), am fungi and rhizobia, respecti ...201223060892
acyl coa binding proteins are required for cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes.fatty acids (fa) and lipids are well known regulators of plant defense. our previous studies have shown that components of prokaryotic (plastidal) fa biosynthesis pathway regulate various aspects of plant defense. here, we investigated the defense related roles of the soluble acyl coa binding proteins (acbps), which are thought to facilitate the intracellular transport of fa/lipids. we show that acbp3 and 4 are required for maintaining normal lipid levels and that acbp3 contributes to the lipid ...201223060893
a salicylic acid-induced rice (oryza sativa l.) transcription factor oswrky77 is involved in disease resistance of arabidopsis thaliana.plant wrky transcription factors act as either positive or negative regulators of plant basal disease resistance. to comprehensively characterise the complicated functional network, we isolated oswrky77 from rice seedlings treated with salicylic acid. oswrky77 is a typical wrky transcription factor, based on in its protein structure analysis, nuclear localisation of the fused oswrky77-gfp protein and gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay binding, which demonstrated that oswrky77 was able to b ...201323061987
the tyrosine-sulfated peptide receptors pskr1 and psy1r modify the immunity of arabidopsis to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens in an antagonistic manner.the tyrosine-sulfated peptides pskα and psy1 bind to specific leucine-rich repeat surface receptor kinases and control cell proliferation in plants. in a reverse genetic screen, we identified the phytosulfokine (psk) receptor pskr1 as an important component of plant defense. multiple independent loss-of-function mutants in pskr1 are more resistant to biotrophic bacteria, show enhanced pathogen-associated molecular pattern responses and less lesion formation after infection with the bacterial pat ...201323062058
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